Linear Circuit Analysis (ELEN-1100)

Lecture # 16: Operational Amplifier

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Slide credits
Photos on slide 5 are taken from internet.

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Contents
What is operational amplifier (OP-AMP) ?
Terminal behavior of op-amp
Regions of operation
Linear operating region
Virtual short
How to verify the linear region operation ?
Input current constraints
Simplification of OP-AMP symbol
Example 5.1
Assessment problem 5.1
Cite as: Hadeed Sher, course materials for ELEN-1100 Linear Circuit Analysis, Spring 2017. (http://pveducator.blogspot.com), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
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What is operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) ?
It is an electronic circuit.
In this course the focus will be on the terminal
behaviour of op-amp for circuit designing.
Circuit model requires a dependent source and hence
practical experience is acquired.
It can be used with resistance for summing, scaling,
sign changing and subtraction.
A black box approach will be used i.e we dont care
about the internal structure and voltage/current
inside the op-amp.

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What is operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) ?

Cite as: Hadeed Sher, course materials for ELEN-1100 Linear Circuit Analysis, Spring 2017. (http://pveducator.blogspot.com), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
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What is operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) ?
For circuit analysis the interest is in the following
pins
Non-inverting input
Inverting input
Output
V-
V+
The offset null is usually used to compensate for the
ageing and imperfections.
Pin 8 is named NC which means it is not connected
internally and hence it has no importance.
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Terminal behavior of op-amp
The voltage is measured wrt to common node
Apply node voltage convention
Vcc is between V+ and ground.
-Vcc is between V- and ground.
Vn is voltage between inverting
terminal and ground.
Vp is voltage between non-inverting terminal and
ground.
Vo is output voltage between output terminal and
ground.
Cite as: Hadeed Sher, course materials for ELEN-1100 Linear Circuit Analysis, Spring 2017. (http://pveducator.blogspot.com), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
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Terminal behavior of op-amp
All currents enter the node.
Ic+ is current into V+.
Ic- is current into V-.
Io is current into output terminal.
Ip is current into non inverting
input terminal.
In is current into inverting input terminal.

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Regions of operation
It has three regions of operation.
Linear region
-VccA(Vp-Vn) +Vcc
+ve saturation region
A(Vp-Vn) >+Vcc
-ve saturation region
A(Vp-Vn) <-Vcc

Only linear region is of interest in this course.

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Linear operating region
In linear region
Vo=-VccA(Vp-Vn) +Vcc
Typically Vcc is less than 20V
Typically A>10,000 or 104
Therefore, |Vp-Vn| should be less than 20/104=2mV
This is a very small value compared to the node
voltages therefore it can be assumed to be zero.
Therefore,
Vp=Vn
This equation is called as virtual short.

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Virtual short
How is it possible ?
Because a signal is fedback from
output to the inverting terminal.
This is called negative feedback because the output
signal subtracts from the input.
Due to the proportional relation to the difference of
input the output also decreases and hence the device
stays in linear region.
A circuit without a feedback path normally goes into
saturation region even with a feedback path linear
region is not ensured.
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How to verify the linear region operation ?
We do this by analysis.
For example we assume an op-amp in linear region
and we compute the output to be at 10V
On examining the circuit we discover that Vcc is 6V
which is not true because an op amp output cannot
be greater than the Vcc.
Therefore, our assumption is wrong and that the
circuit is saturated at 6V

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Input current constraints
Ideally, the input resistance is infinite therefore
Ip=In=0
Io0
This is not based on the assumption that the op-amp
is operating in linear region.
If we apply KCL on op-amp the sum of all the
currents entering in an op-amp is zero.
ip+in+Io+Ic++Ic-=0
Io=-(Ic++Ic-)
This means that even if input
current is zero output has
sufficient current
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Simplification of op-amp symbol
Omit the biasing voltage supply.
In linear region the Vcc+ and Vcc- do not have a role in
circuit analysis.
This does not mean Io=-(Ip+In)

The linear region must be

within Vcc+ and Vcc-
If Vcc+=15V and Vcc-=10V then Vo=-10Vo15V
The gain A is assumed to be constant in this
course.

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Example 5.1 [8th ed.]
Find Vo if Va=1V and Vb=0V
Assume Vcc+=10V and Vcc-=-10V
Writing node equation at inverting input terminal
Vn=Vp (from virtual short)
Vp=Vb
Vn=0V
i25=i100=in
Apply Ohms law
i25=(Va-Vn)/25000=Va/25000=(1/25)mA
i100=(Vo-Vn)/100=(Vo/100)mA

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Example 5.1 [8th ed.]
Applying current constraint in=0
(1/25k)+Vo/100k=0
Vo=-4
-10Vo 10 it is in linear region

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Example 5.1 [8th ed.]
Find Vo if Va=1V and Vb=2V
Assume Vcc+=10V and Vcc-=-10V
Writing node equation at inverting input terminal
Vn=Vp (from virtual short)
Vp=Vb=2
Vn=2V
Apply Ohms law

i25=(Va-Vn)/25000=(1-2)/25000=(-1/25)mA
i100=(Vo-Vn)/100=(Vo-2/100)mA
i25=-i100 Therefore, Vo=6V (linear region)
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Example 5.1 [8th ed.]
If Va=1.5 what should be the range of Vb in linear
region?
Assume Vcc+=10V and Vcc-=-10V
Vn=Vp=Vb
i25=-i100
Applying nodal method at Va
1.5-Vb/25=Vo-Vb/100
Vb=1/5(6+Vo)
For linear operation the Vo should be within -10 to 10V
range. Substituting the values we get
0.8VVb 3.2V
Cite as: Hadeed Sher, course materials for ELEN-1100 Linear Circuit Analysis, Spring 2017. (http://pveducator.blogspot.com), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
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Assessment problem 5.1 [8th ed.]
For Va=-2.4V find Vo.
Assume Vcc+=10V and Vcc-=-15V
Vn=Vp=0
-i80=i16
i16=(Va/16)mA=-0.15mA
i80=(Vo/80)mA
-0.15mA=(Vo/80)mA
Vo=12V=10V (because the op-amp is saturated)

Cite as: Hadeed Sher, course materials for ELEN-1100 Linear Circuit Analysis, Spring 2017. (http://pveducator.blogspot.com), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
and Information Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
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