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ABSTRACT- The biochemical and histopathological changes in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi isolated
from camels in El-Gadarif State, Sudan, were studied. A number of 18 adult male outbred albino rats, weighing between
133-137g were used in the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each (A,B and E). Group A and B were
intraperitoneally infected with T. evansi (Showak stabilate) with 1104 trypanosoma for the inoculum. Group B was given
quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group E was left healthy uninfected controls for
the stabilate. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and phosphorus; compared to significant increase in
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and total protein in groups (A
and B). Microscopically, the brain tissues of the infected rats revealed acute congestion of the meningeal capillaries,
perivascular oedema, neuronecrosis (vaculation), gliosis and trypomastigotes in dilated capillaries. The lung revealed
oedema, congestion, multifocal alveolar emphysema, hyperplasia of the peri-bronchiolar lymphoid tissues and
haemorrhages. The spleen showed extensive haemorrhages, haemosiderosis and aggregation of histiocytes resulting in
multinuclear giant cells formation. The kidneys showed acute congestion of the glomerular tufts. All tissues obtained
showed exactly the same histopathological changes. No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the liver
and heart. The most consistent histopathological changes were seen in the brain, lungs, spleen and kidneys. These changes
were consistent with trypanosome infection and were conrmed by the presence of trypanosomes in most of the tissue
sections examined.
Key-words- histopathological, biochemical, changes, T. evansi, dromedary camels, Sudan
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
and kidneys. Microscopically, the liver revealed lesions peak of parasitemia, the rat was anesthetized with
varying from vacuolar degeneration, coagulative necrosis chloroform inhalation, and with the help of a disposable
along with congestion and haemorrhages [3]. Spleen syringe, blood was collected aseptically in EDTA
showed extensive haemorrhages in red pulp area, anticoagulant by cardiac puncture. Using Neubaeurs
haemosiderosis and aggregation of histiocytes resulting in counter, the trypanosome titre was determined in order to
multinuclear giant cell formation. Lungs revealed oedema, be diluted to 1x104 trypanosoma for the inoculum.
congestion and mild inammatory changes. Brain revealed
mild degenerative changes along with congestion of Experimental animals
meningeal blood vessels. Kidneys showed tubular Eighteen (18) adult male outbred Albino rats, weighing
degeneration, congestion and cellular inltration. Heart between 133 to 137 g were used in this study. The rats were
revealed mild degenerative changes along with interstitial divided into 3 groups, each containing 6 of rats and were
oedema [3]. kept in a cage in the same environment with controlled
The biochemical changes associated with T. evansi temperature (25 30C) and humidity around 60-70% RH.
infection in pregnant and non-pregnant camels were
investigated [4]. Based on pregnancy diagnosis and Experimental design and grouping
serological findings, camels were classified into four The distribution of the experimental rats into 3 groups of 6
groups as non-pregnant healthy camels, non-pregnant rats each group. Group A, the control group, was infected
camels infected with T. evansi, pregnant healthy camels and with T. evansi (Showak stabilate) and left without
pregnant camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The treatment. Group B was infected with T. evansi (Showak
results revealed significant decreases in serum total stabilate) and was treated with the quinapyramine sulphate
proteins, albumin and globulin levels; and significant (20mg/kg bwt), after the parasite is seen (at the patency).
increases in serum total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen Group E was uninfected healthy control for Showak Stock.
(BUN) levels in pregnant camels infected with T. evansi
compared with healthy pregnant camels. On the other hand, Trypanosome sub-inoculation
there were hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia in Sub-inoculation of the experiment group A and group B
healthy pregnant camels compared with non-pregnant carried out intraperitoneally with the help of a sterile
camels. It was concluded that the biochemical changes insulin syringe. Rat blood containing 1104 trypanosomes
associated with T. evansi infection in pregnant camels were in 0.2 ml volume was inoculated in each rat individually at
hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia and day zero. The number of inoculated flagellates was
increased serum total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen estimated by Neubauer chamber and the dilutions to obtain
(BUN) levels [4]. the titre of the inoculum were made in sterile phosphate
buffer saline with glucose (PSG).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table.1. The experimental design of the showak stabilate
Ethics statement and protocol of treatment with Quinapyramine
The study protocol approved by the Faculty of Veterinary sulphate
Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology,
according to their guidelines for sampling domestic animals Group Stabilate Parasite Treatment protocol
in Sudan and is in compliance with the animal welfare of
the Sudan. A Showak T. evansi Infected not treated
Study area
This parasite was isolated from a camel at village within B Showak T. evansi Infected and Treated with
the vicinity of the Showak area, El-Gadarif State, Sudan. Q.S. (20mg/kgbwt)
The study duration was one year.
E Uninfected Healthy Control for Showak Stock
Preparation of the inocula
A strain of T. evansi originated from a naturally infected
camel from Showak, El-Gadarif State was used in this Estimation of parasitaemia
study. One albino rat was infected intraperitoneally with All infected rats were bled daily as preferred by Eisler et al.
blood that was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, containing [5], from the tip of the tail for trypanosomes detection
1104 parasites/animal to obtain a large amount of the using the following parasitological diagnostic methods:
parasite for blood inoculation of experimental groups.
Parasitemia in the inoculated rat was regularly monitored Wet preparation
by collecting blood from the tail vein and analyzing it by A drop of blood was mounted on a microscopic slide
light microscopy. Blood samples showing actively motile covered with 22x22 mm glass cover slip. Counts of parasite
organisms with characteristic agellar movement were per field or per preparation were determined.
considered as positive for the presence of T. evansi. At the
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
Haemocytometer count The response of Showak stabilate to Quinapyramine
The presence and degree of parasitaemia was determined Sulphate in group (A)
daily for each rat by examining tail blood. A drop (5 l) of Rats inoculated by 1X104 of the Showak stabilate of
blood was collected from the tail and mixed with Trpanosoma evansi but were not treated with
trypanosome counting reagent (45 l). Parasitaemia was Quinapyramine sulphate (A group) inflicted high
counted as for WBC count using Neubeaur counter and the mortalities during the experiment period where 1 died at
result was designated as a number of parasites per ml of day 16 post infection (pi), 1 at day 21, 1 at day 25, 2 at day
blood. Parasitaemia was counted using 40X magnification 26 and 1 at day 28 with a mean survival period of 23.2
during the 60 days of experiment. 4.8.
group) Showak stabilate and rats infected-treated (B parasitaemia fluctuated between log 7.8 to log 8.0 till
group)
10 10
the end of the study period. The drug has effect on
Treatment Strains Mean Std. N parasitaemia till day 26 (Fig.1).
Deviation
Not treated Showak 5.43 2.85 28
reated Showak 4.79 2.94 61
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
9
8
7
6
Parasitaemia log 10 5
Mean of Showak control
4
Mean of Showak Drug
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Days pos t infection
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
Brain
Brain revealed acute congestion of meningeal capillaries, perivascular oedema, occluded capillaries parasitic emboli,
neuronecrosis (vaculations), gliosis and trypomastigotes in dilated capillaries were also seen. Trypanosomes were
observed in congested blood vessels of brain in rat died of teaming parasitaemia (Fig. 2).
Spleen
Spleen exhibited extensive haemorrhages and acute
congestion along with segregation of lymphoid follicles,
hyperplasia, reticuloendothelial cells and hypertrophy.
Considerable amount of amorphous haemosiderin granules
was evident in most of the sections of spleen (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Lung section showing congestion, oedema,
hemorrhages and emphysema (H & E stain)
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
No significant histopathological alterations were observed
in the heart (Fig. 7).
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
of total protein was increased in rats experimentally these findings contradict the observations of Taiwo et al.
infected with T. evansi. Also, it was in agreement with the [40] during an infection of sheep with T. congolense. The
result reported by Orhue et al. [24]; Ekanem and Yusuf [25] causes of elevation of GOT and GPT levels in the serum
and Sow et al. [26], who found that the concentration of were attributed, mainly, to the necrosis of the liver, skeletal
total protein was increased in rats experimentaly infected muscles and kidneys [46] or, partly, due to cellular damage
with T. brucei. and T. brucei-infected rabbits. The increase caused by lyses or destruction of the trypanosomes [34].
in protein levels during the chronic phase of the infection is The main histopathological changes in the brain which
usually attributed to the increase in globulin levels, as a revealed acute congestion of meningeal capillaries with
result of the immune response by the animals to the perivascular oedema agreed with the result reported by
infection [27-29]. In the present study, the serum glucose in Dargantes et al. [12], Doyle et al. [47] and Reham and
the infected groups (A and B), has decreased during the Magdi [48]. Moreover, the presence of occluded capillaries,
study, which is similar to the result reported by Sivajothi et parasitic emboli, neuronecrosis (vaculations), gliosis and
al. [18]; Sinha et al. [30]; Arora and Pathok [22] and Samia trypomastigotes in dilated capillaries were also reported by
et al. [23], who found that the concentration of glucose was Biswas et al. [49] in rats infected by T. evansi. The changes
decreased in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi. in the brain might be due to toxic substances released by the
This situation could be explained by the parasites need for parasite. Also, the pathological changes in the brain could
glucose for their cellular metabolism through their be attributed to the constant irritation caused by the
glycolytic pathway [31]. However, this finding was not in presence of the parasites.
agreement with that reported by Youssif et al. [15] w h o The main histopathological changes in the lungs revealed
f o u n d that goats infected by T. evansi had increased level oedema, congestion and multifocal alveolar emphysema
of glucose. which is in agreement with the results reported by Takeet
The serum values of creatinine in the infected groups (A and Fagbemi [50], Reham and Magdi [48] and Sivajothi et
and B), have not increased progressively during the study. al. [51]. The congestion and oedema in the lungs were
This non-progressive increase of creatinine is in agreement mainly due to the inammatory response to the parasite
with the results obtained in a T. cruzi infection in mice [32], resulting in vasodilatation and exudation in the focal areas,
T. brucei infected animals [18; 33-34] and T. b. brucei atelectasis, increased cellularity of the alveolar wall,
infected rats [21; 35]. However, these results were not in hyperplasia of the peri-bronchiolar lymphoid tissues and
agreement with those obtained by Luckins [36]; Chaudhary perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes around small blood
and Iqbal [37] a n d Youssif et al. [15]. The increase of vessels (venules and arterioles) and haemorrhages. Similar
creatinine due to increase in skeletal muscle disease, type of changes were also observed in the lungs of rats
myocardial injury or necrosis and cerebral cortical necrosis, experimentally infected with T. evansi [49; 52]. However,
also, could be due to destruction of kidney cells resulting in these findings were not in line with those reported by Nagle
the inability of the kidneys to excrete creatinine [35]. The et al. [53] who observed no changes in the lungs of
serum values of albumin in the groups (A and B), were T. rhodesiense infected rabbits.
increased during the study. The increase of albumin The main histopathological changes in the spleen which
disagreed with the results reported by Arora and Pathok included extensive haemorrhages and acute congestion
[22] and Samia et al. [23] who found that the concentration along with segregation of lymphoid follicles, hyperplasia,
of albumin was depressed in rats experimentally infected reticuloendothelial cells and hypertrophy were similar to
with T. evansi. Also, the result reported by Megahed et al. the results reported by Sivajothi et al. [51]. Considerable
[4] found that the concentration of albumin was decreased amount of amorphous haemosiderin granules was evident
in pregnant camels infected with T. evansi compared with in most of the sections of spleen which agrees with the
healthy pregnant camels and, also, a decrease of albumin in findings of Reham and Magdi [48] as well as with the
camels infected by T. evansi was further reported by findings reported by Bal et al. [3] in rats infected with
Hussain et al. [17]. T. evansi. Initial changes in the spleen might be due to
In the present study the serum phosphorus in the groups A immediate hypersensitivity to T. evansi.
and B, were decreased during the study, which is similar to The main histopathological changes in the kidneys which
the result reported by Youssif et al. [15] in goats infected included acute congestion of the glomerular tuft agreed
by T. evansi but is not similar with that reported in sheep with the result reported by Bal et al. [3] and Sivajothi et al.
infected with T. congolense [38-39]. This decrease of [51] in the rats infected with T. evansi and similar, also,
phosphorus might be due to renal excretion. with the result reported by Onah et al. [54] and Auduo et
The serum values of GOT and GPT in the infected groups al. [55]. It has been reported that changes in the kidneys are
(A and B), were increased during the study. This increase mainly due to the toxins produced by the parasite and the
was in agreement with the results obtained during an accumulation of immune complexes which impair the
infection in sheep by T. brucei [21; 40], T. vivax infection of structure and function of the kidney [56-57].
cattle and sheep [41], T. congolense infection of goats [42] The lack of significant histopathological alterations
and in dogs infected with T. brucei [43]. Other studies have observed in the liver in this study was similar to the result
reported elevated serum enzymes [22; 33; 44-45]. However, reported by Adewale et al. [58]; but, however, it was not
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017
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