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Procedia Engineering 113 (2015) 198 202

International Conference on Oil and Gas Engineering, OGE-2015

Heat waste use for additional electricity generating using magnets

thermal power plants
Gabrielyan D.A.a*, Semenov V.V.a, Uteshev A.A.a, Fedyaeva O.A.b Shubenkova E.G.b
a
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University),"
125993 Volokolamskoye Sh.4, Moscow, Russian Federation
b
Omsk State Technical University, 11, Mira Pr., Omsk 644050, Russian Federation

Abstract

Waste heat disposal in large thermal power plants and power generators, nuclear power, oil and gas industry, from aviation and
space power systems, where a large amount of coolant circulates with low temperatures (0 - 150C) will increase a release of
electrical power and the facility efficiency. The paper suggests the use of magnetothermal power devices for recycling the waste
heat from oil and gas companies and other waste heat sources; the method of calculating the mechanical power of the unit with
respect to the heat emission utilization; the calculation results and the positive effect from the disposal of low-grade heat sources.
2015
2015TheTheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Publishedbyby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the Omsk State Technical University.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Omsk State Technical University
Keywords: thermal waste; oil and gas industry; electricity generation ; thermomagnetic effect; magnetocaloric power plant

1. Introduction

Most engineering and natural processes, including oil and gas companies, and aerospace systems, are
accompanied with a big amount of heat that is not used in the process cycle and dissipates in the environment [1,2].
Such heat, mostly, is a low-grade, and its usage in a traditional way (for example, by thermoelectric converters) is
ineffective because of the low temperature difference of hot and cold sources. The aim of the paper is to define the
use of secondary thermal resources (thermal emission) prospects of various industrial facilities, in particular, oil and
gas companies. Involvement of thermal waste into generation of additional electricity will allow the company to
increase energy efficiency - a source of heat emissions, reduce costs of the initial energy flow (fuel). [3]

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-913-675-55-77.

E-mail address: david@gbrl.ru

1877-7058 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Omsk State Technical University
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.319
 D.A. Gabrielyan et al. / Procedia Engineering 113 (2015) 198 202 199

2. Heat secondary energy resources of oil and gas industry

The multistage technological processes of oil and gas and petrochemical industry are closely related with the
formation and usage of thermal resources of various capacities. High-grade thermal resources are used in a
secondary energy resources, internal and external use, for example, for steam generation in power systems [4]. At
the same time, in most cases low-grade heat (LGH) is discharged into the environment. The latter forms a significant
proportion of the thermal losses of the business, and increases thermal pollution near the company. In general, LGH
is determined, as the result of various process equipment (exhaust heat of refrigerant, the heat of the exhaust gas
propulsion systems, heat losses of various equipment and the like), and naturally occurring heat (heat of solar
radiation , geothermal water).
The main sources of LGH in oil and gas and petrochemical industries are steam boilers and condensate after the
water circulating from the cooler and condenser having a total capacity of approximately 100 MW of heat. At the
same time this steam temperature is characterized by near 135 - 150C and losses 3-5 kg/s, and the circulating water
- 15C to 50C and losses up to 25 kg/s [5]. Due to the low temperatures the use of recycled water with existing
energy conversion technologies (for example, thermoelectric converters) cannot give significant effect. However,
today the direction of developing the use of thermo-magnetic and magneto caloric effect technique allows to use
low-grade energy for extra power generation [6,7].

3. Study subject. Magneto caloric power plant.

Thermal-magnetic effect is characterized with dependence of magnetization (total magnetic moment) of the
magnet on its temperature. The sharp decline in the value of the ferromagnetmagnetization at the Curie point is due
to magnetic phase transition of the magnetic sub lattice in the paramagnetic state [7]. This magnetic phase transition
is reversible and the operation cycle of the power device can be arranged on its base. The operation principle of the
thermomagnetic power plant (TMPP) is schematically shown in Fig.1. Ferromagnetic working body 2 while entering
the magnetic field formed with permanent magnets 1, is spontaneously magnetized and the force of attraction F 1
(Fig.1.a) starts to act and moves the ferromagnetic along magnetic induction gradient.

Fig. 1. Principle of TMPP operation. 1 - permanent magnets; 2- operating ferromagnetic body 3 - pole gap.

To reduce braking force F2, which does not allow the working fluid to leave pole gap 3, thermal effect on the
body work is produced. Changing the magnetization of the body due to its heating leads to a equality violation of
forces F1 and F2 and the working body acquires unidirectional motion, leaving the magnetic field. Especially strong
this effect is at the Curie point Tc, near the magnetic phase transition of the magnet from the ferromagnetic to the
paramagnetic state. In order to organize the rotational motion the body working elements are built on a circular path.
Acting on the working body force is determined with the following expression:
200 D.A. Gabrielyan et al. / Procedia Engineering 113 (2015) 198 202

V (1)

wherem is the mass of this working element, if the element is a component, then the formula determines only the
magnetic material mass; (H, T) is specific magnetization of the operating element, which depends on the force of
the external magnetic field H and the element temperature T; dB/dx is gradient magnetic induction along the
magnetic force.
When creating a torque on the thermomagnetic engine shaft 1 (Fig.2.) due to cyclic heating and cooling of the
active working elements (AWE) of the rotor disk with coolant inlet 4 and 5 of the electrical energy generated in the
generator 2, it is then supplied to the consumer 3. Used in a loop coolants are discharged through coolant removal 6
and further can be directed to be used in other devices or again focused on the inlet 4 and 5 in closed systems.
It is generally known that the mechanical output of the rotating disk is equal to multiply the torque with the
rotation angular velocity. The power of F = Fmag is the power of magnetic attraction acting on TME active work
elements. It is defined as the difference between the forces acting on running AWE, and braking forces acting on the
AWE output from the magnetic system.

Fig. 2. The concept of setting: 1 is thermomagnetic engine; 2 is an electric generator; 3 is electricity consumers (devices of various types,
electrical network, etc.); 4 is hot coolant inlet (primary or secondary heat resources); 5 is cold coolant inlet (primary or secondary heat
resources); 6 is coolant removal in a mixed form or two streams in the case of the heating medium circuit separation.

Due to the strong dependence of the magnetic material magnetization from the temperature near the Curie point
the body [8] can make the magnetic phase transition in the redistribution of a few degrees, which greatly reduce the
cost of heat.
Two ferromagnetic materials for the working fluid used in the thermomagnetic energy conversion technology are
presented in [9]. Gadolinium (Gd, 64th element of the periodic table) is the most widely used as in the magnetic
refrigeration, as to generate electricity by thermomagnetic effect; though the temperatures should be near room
temperature (0 - 100C), MnFeP0.45As0.55 is considered a promising material with better magnetic characteristics in
comparison with gadolinium alloy. The Curie point is just above the room temperature and is 300- 320 K, depending
on the external magnetic field. Alloy MnFeP0.45As0.55 has stronger dependence of the specific magnetization on
temperature than Gd (Fig.3.), and it allows to capture several times higher values of mechanical and thermal capacity
of the device for all equal geometrical parameters.
 D.A. Gabrielyan et al. / Procedia Engineering 113 (2015) 198 202 201

4. Results and discussion

Let us consider the calculation results of mechanical power for TME from a disk diameter of 1m to 738 active
working elements in the form of plates with dimensions 100x10x1 mm with step 3 mm. The material parameters of
Gd, MnFeP0.45As0.55 are presented below (Table 1.):

Table 1. Parameters of magnetocaloric materials (Gd, MnFeP0.45As0.55)at the level of the external magnetic field of 1T and the temperature
differential TAER on the elements = 10K near the Curie point, i.e., TC 5K.

Cp, J/kg
Tc, K , m2/kg
Material AWE , kg/m3 (0l) m1, kg m, kg
(0) (1l)
1/2
Gd 294 360/230 28.7 5.82
651.5/
MnFeP0.45As0.55 300 7256 75.2 0.0072 5.31
578.2

The installation magnetic system consists of two permanent magnets to form a pole gap of variable cross section
along the rotor disk rotation. The gradient of the magnetic induction in the system is 13.77 T/m. Increasing the
number of magnetic systems on a TMPP single rotary disc will lead to a linear increase in force moment and,
consequently, the mechanical power plant. It is advisable to establish six magnetic systems for speed reasons and
possible heat-exchange processes and the imposition of magnetic fields on the disk 1m in diameter. The grip area is
subject to a magnetic system 28 AWE [10].
Using the calculation method [8, 10] and all the data for materials and installation sites we can obtain the
following results shown in the table (Table 2.):

Table 2. Characteristics for different materials TMPP AWE (Gd, MnFeP0.45As0.55) (F1, W1 is the power of one plate and the power of one
magnetic system; FMS is power with a magnetic system; F, W is total power and 6-power and magnetic systems).

Cp, J/kg
, m2/kg
Material AWE Tc, K (0l) , kg/m3 (0l) m1, kg m, kg
(1)
1/2
Gd 294 7890 360/230 28.7 0.008 5.82
651.5/
MnFeP0.45As0.55 300 7256 75.2 0.0072 5.31
578.2

Generated mechanical power TME during heating and cooling of its AWE with TMPP main sources in oil and
gas and petrochemical industries (thermal water with the temperature near 50C and cold water with the temperature
close to 15C) is a little more than 5.3 kW from single disk with 1m diameter. At the same time 6 magnetic systems
exciting 168 AWE are involved in creating the power. It means that for heating about 15 kJ of heat energy is
consumed, assuming that the disc is doing an average of 3 turns in 1 second, the total amount of heat per second is
45 kJ, and it will be the heat flow capacity. Such heat flow corresponds to the water flow at 50C and is equal to 0.2
kg/s.

5. Conclusion

Consumption of warm water withdrawn from refrigerators and capacitors in oil and gas industry is 25 kg/s [5].
On the estimations basis, one can assume that the additional mechanical energy, and subsequently electric one
generated from the secondary heat energy resources utilization using a thermomagnetic engines is up to 500 kW
202 D.A. Gabrielyan et al. / Procedia Engineering 113 (2015) 198 202

(with appropriate scaling and increasing the number of rotor disks and magnetic systems). This significant additional
energy can be used as within the enterprise as it can be filed into the general power supply network.
A significant increase in power TMPP is possible due to:
x Increasing values of magnetic induction in the magnetic system. Nowadays due to permanent magnets it is
possible to receive magnetic field with level 2T, though it increases and complicates the design [11]. Due to
electromagnets and superconducting magnets there can be achieved values from 5 to 10T and more but they
require additional expenses of power and cooling, and such system costs several times more expensive then
systems on permanent magnets [12]. Therefore, new magnetical materials synthesis with application of
nanotechnology to get permanent magnets of new generation will serious push the increase of device
effectiveness;
x Selection and development of better soft magnetic (magnetocaloric) materials. The new magnetic material as
compared with gadolinium must possess the best thermal (have lower heat capacity and higher thermal
conductivity) and the magnetic properties (high values of specific magnetization at the same level of magnetic
field and temperature difference);
x New designs of TMPP main units and their optimization applied to the specific problem.

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