Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms.

A stable
compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the
separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms ... a
chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are:

Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms.

Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and
attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each
other.

Other types of bonds include metallic bonds and hydrogen bonding. The attractive
forces between molecules in a liquid can be characterized as van der Waals bonds.

Covalent Bonds
Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two
atoms, in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable
molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration
for each atom.

Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule.
The halogens such as chlorine also exist as diatomic gases by forming covalent bonds.
The nitrogen and oxygen which makes up the bulk of the atmosphere also exhibits
covalent bonding in forming diatomic molecules.
Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns
possible, which means that they have a tendency to complete or fill
their outermost electron orbits. They join with other atoms to do just
that.
The force that holds atoms together in collections known
as molecules is referred to as a chemical bond.
There are two main types and some secondary types of chemical
bonds:
Ionic boning involves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an
electron while one atom loses an electron. One of the resulting ions
carries a negative charge (anion), and the other ion carries a positive
charge (cation). Because opposite charges attract, the atoms bond
together to form a molecule.

The most common bond in organic molecules, a covalent

bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. The pair
of shared electrons forms a new orbit that extends around the nuclei
of both atoms, producing a molecule.
There are two secondary types of covalent bonds that are relevant to
biology polar bonds and hydrogen bonds.
Two atoms connected by a covalent bond may exert different
attractions for the electrons in the bond, producing an unevenly
distributed charge. The result is known as a polar bond, an
intermediate case between ionic and covalent bonding, with one end
of the molecule slightly negatively charged and the other end slightly
positively charged.

These slight imbalances in charge distribution are indicated in the

figure by lowercase delta symbols with a charge superscript (+ or ).
Although the resulting molecule is neutral, at close distances the
uneven charge distribution can be important. Water is an example of a
polar molecule; the oxygen end has a slight positive charge whereas
the hydrogen ends are slightly negative. Polarity explains why some
substances dissolve readily in water and others do not.
Because theyre polarized, two adjacent H2O (water) molecules can
form a linkage known as a hydrogen bond, where the
(electronegative) hydrogen atom of one H2O molecule is
electrostatically attracted to the (electropositive) oxygen atom of an
adjacent water molecule.

Consequently, molecules of water join together transiently in a

hydrogen-bonded lattice. Hydrogen bonds have only about 1/20 the
strength of a covalent bond, yet even this force is sufficient to affect
the structure of water, producing many of its unique properties, such
as high surface tension, specific heat, and heat of vaporization.
Hydrogen bonds are important in many life processes, such as in
replication and defining the shape of DNA molecules.
 Ionic bonds( strong bond) are a type of chemical bond based
on electrostatic forces between two oppositely-charged ions. It is
basically the transfer of one electron from one atom to another
It is basically the transfer of one electron from one atom to
another
It is formed by transfer of electron

It is formed between a metal and a nonmetal atom

Consists of electrostic force between (+) and (-) ions

According to the octet theory when an atom takes part in a

chemical bonding it tends to be more stable like the Nobel gas.
For that they need to fill with 8 electrons at its valance shell. As
Ionic bond made by the transfer of electrons, the atoms which
took part in the bonding neither it will lose electron or gain
electron. Metals have 2-3 electrons at valance shell it is easy for
them lose electron & non-metal are very suitable at electron
gaining. After losing electron the metal turns into (+) ion and after
gaining electron non-metal become (-) ion. The electrostatic
force between (+) and (-) ions create the Ionic bonding.

Covalent bond (weak bond): This type of chemical bonding is

made of Sharing of electrons among the atoms.
 It is made by sharing of electron

It is formed between non-metal atoms

It is consists of a shared pair of electrons between atoms

In covalent bonding atoms still want to achieve a noble gas

configuration. But rather than losing or gaining electrons atoms
now share an electron pair. The shared electron pair is called a
bonding pair electrons.
Each outer shell has 8 electrons

Forces (bonds) between atoms in the molecule very strong

Hydrogen bonds (weak bond) - A hydrogen atom covalently

bonded to an electronegative atom N, O or F
A lone pair of electrons on the electronegative atom takes part in
bonding with Hydrogen

A classic example of ionic bonding is between Na and Cl.

A covalent bond is made and hydrogen gas (H2) is
formed.

Where can noble gas be found?

They are gases found in Group 0 of the Periodic table. They are gases
found in Group 0 of the Periodic table.
They are gases which are unreactive or stable.
Indicates that they do not react with other atoms to form
compound
 Each noble gas has a fully filled valence shell
Noble gases have duplet or octet configuration.
Therefore, they do not need to react to become stable.

During a chemical reaction, atoms of the elements joined together to

form ionic compound or covalent compound.
Two types of chemical bonding:
1. Ionic bonding- between metals and non- metals
2. Covalent bonding between non-metals
During bonding
Non-metallic atoms take in (accept) electrons and change into
negative ions or anions.