Newtonian and non-newtonian

behavior of fluids
 Classification of fluid behavior
One may classify fluids in two different ways:
either according to their response to the
externally applied pressure or
according to the effects produced under the
action of a shear stress.
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian
 Newtonian fluids
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as
Newtonian fluids
Consider a thin layer of a fluid contained between two parallel
planes a distance dy apart
 Newtonian fluids
Newton's law of viscosity is given by

dv

dy
= shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
dv/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity
gradient
 Newtonian fluids
The constant of proportionality, , is called
Newtonian viscosity Independent of shear
rate or shear stress
Depends only on the material and its T and P
The plot of shear stress against shear rate for
a Newtonian fluid, Newtonian fluid, flow curve
flow curve or rheogram rheogram is a straight
line of slope, , and passing through the origin
 Examples of Newtonian fluids

all gases
most liquids which have simpler molecular formula
and low molecular weight such as Water, Benzene,
ethyl alcohol, CCl4, Hexane
solution of low molecular weight ,
inorganic salts,
molten metal and salts are Newtonian fluids.
 Non-Newtonian fluids

Fluids which do not obey the Newton's law of

viscosity are called as non-Newtonian fluids
dv

dy

is the apparent viscosity and is not constant

for non-Newtonian fluids
 Apparent Viscosity

If the viscosity is influenced by the shear rate,

it is important to specify that the values are
different from the constant ones of an ideally
viscous fluid. The values obtained are
'apparent viscosity' or 'apparent shear viscosity'
values
 Examples of Non-Newtonian fluids
Generally non-Newtonian fluids are complex
mixtures such as
Slurries
Pastes
Gels
polymer solutions etc
 Various non-Newtonian Behaviors

Time-independent:
Time-dependent
Viscoelastic
 Time-Independent Fluid Behavior
Fluids for which the rate of shear at any point
is determined only by the value of the shear
stress at that point at that instant; these fluids
are variously known as time independent,
purely viscous. these fluids may be further
subdivided into three different types:
Shear-thinning or pseudoplastics
Visco-plastics
Shear-thickening or dilatant
 Time-Independent Fluid Behavior
1. Shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluids
A shear-thinning or pseudoplastic substance is
characterized by an apparent viscosity that
decreases with increasing shear rate the rate of
decrease of the apparent viscosity is not the
same for each fluid
 The Power-Law or Ostwald-De
Waele Model
The relationship between shear stress and shear
rate for pseudoplastic fluids can often be
approximated by a straight line over a limited
range of shear rate, and hence this part of the flow
curve can be described by the power-law
expression
yx =m(yx)n
Where n and m, known as the power-law index
and the fluid consistency coefficient, for a
Newtonian fluid=1 and for a pseudoplastic
substance n<1
flow curves for different types of non-
Newtonian fluids
 Pseudoplastics

Flow of pseudoplastics is consistent

with the random coil model of polymer
solutions and melts. At low stress, flow
occurs by random coils moving past
each other w/o coil deformation. At
moderate stress, the coils are deformed
and slip past each other more easily. At
high stress, the coils are distorted as
much as possible and offer low
resistance to flow.
Pseudoplastic (Shear thinning) Foods
Shear
stress

Shear rate

Examples:
Banana puree
Orange juice concentrate
Oyster sauce
 Shear Thinning Behavior
Shear thinning behavior is often a result of:
Orientation of non-spherical particles in the direction of
flow. An example of this phenomenon is the pumping of
fiber slurries
Orientation of polymer chains in the direction of flow and
breaking of polymer chains during flow. An example is
polymer melt extrusion
Deformation of spherical droplets to elliptical droplets in
an emulsion. An industrial application where this
phenomenon can occur is in the production of low fat
margarine
Breaking of particle aggregates in suspensions. An
example would be stirring paint
 2. Viscoplastic Fluid Behavior
Viscoplastic fluids behave as if they have a yield stress (t0). Until t0
is exceeded they do not appear to flow. A Bingham plastic fluid has
a constant plastic viscosity
yx 0B B yx for yx 0B

yx 0 for yx 0B

Often the two model parameters t0B and mB are treated as curve fitting
constants, even when there is no true yield stress

3. Shear-thickening or Dilatant Fluid Behavior

Eq. (*) is applicable with n>1.
Viscosity increases with shear stress. Dilatant: shear thickening
fluids that contain suspended solids. Solids can become close
packed under shear
Dilatant (Shear thickening) Foods

Shear
stress

Shear rate

Examples:
Liquid Chocolate
40% Corn starch solution
 Time-dependent Fluid Behavior

The apparent viscosity of a fluid changes with

time as the fluid is continuously sheared

Thixotropic
Rheopectic
 Thixotropic
If the apparent viscosity decreases with time
e.g. paints, cream, aqueous iron oxide gels,
some drilling mud's
Result of a break down in the microstructure of
the material as shearing continues
This happens when the sheer is exceeded of a
limit
It leads to non-linear stress-strain behavior
Thixotropy in a Cement Paste
Typical experimental data showing thixotropic
behavior in red mud suspension
 Rheopectic
Is the rare property of some non-newtonian
fluids if the apparent viscosity increases with
time
The longer the fluid undergoes shearing force,
the higher its viscosity
Examples are gypsum pastes and printer inks
Also termed as negative thixotropy
Rheopectic behavior in a saturated
polyester
 Qualitative shear stressshear rate
behavior for thixotropic and rheopectic
materials
Time dependent behaviors
 Time independent Time dependent

+
_ + _

A B C D E F G

Non - newtonian

Rheological curves of Time - Independent and Time Dependent Liquids

 Visco-elastic Fluid Behavior

A visco-elastic fluid displays both elastic and

viscous properties. A true visco-elastic fluid
gives time dependent behavior

Examples

steel or aluminum
Quartz
 Some phenomena in viscoelastic
materials are
If the stress is held constant, the strain
increases with time
If the strain is held constant, the stress
decreases with time
During rolling, frictional resistance occurs
 Types of viscoelasticity
Linear viscoelasticity
o It usually happens when the deformations are
Small
Nonlinear viscoelasticity
o Usually happens when the deformations are
Large
 Measuring viscoelasticity

broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS)

resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)
 EXTRA Note

Newtonian fluids
At any shear plane there are two equal and
opposite shear stress
a positive one on the slower moving fluid and
a negative on the faster moving fluid layer

The Negative sign on the right hand side of

equation indicates that shear stress is a
measure of the resistance to motion.
 EXTRA Note

Newtonian fluids
For an incompressible fluid of density

The quantity Vx is the linear momentum in the x

direction per unit volume (momentum concentration).
yx represent the momentum flux in y direction
The negative sign indicates that the momentum
transfer occurs in the direction of decreasing velocity
 EXTRA Note

Different Fluid
 EXTRA Note

Each of these lines can be represented by the equation

where A, B and n are constants. For Newtonian fluids A = 0, B = m

and n = 1.

Below are brief description of the physical properties of the several

categories:
Plastic: Shear stress must reach a certain minimum before flow
commences.
Bingham plastic: As with the plastic above a minimum shear stress
must be achieved. With this classification n = 1. An example is
sewage sludge.
Pseudo-plastic: No minimum shear stress necessary and the
viscosity decreases with rate of shear, e.g. colloidial substances like
clay, milk and cement.
 EXTRA Note
Dilatant substances; Viscosity increases with rate of
shear e.g. quicksand.
Thixotropic substances: Viscosity decreases with length
of time shear force is applied e.g. thixotropic jelly
paints.
Rheopectic substances: Viscosity increases with length
of time shear force is applied
Viscoelastic materials: Similar to Newtonian but if
there is a sudden large change in shear they behave
like plastic.
There is also one more - which is not real, it does not
exist - known as the ideal fluid. This is a fluid which is
assumed to have no viscosity. This is a useful concept
when theoretical solutions are being considered - it
does help achieve some practically useful solutions.