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6.

CIRCULATION

Introduction
1) Origin of the Circulatory System :
Whole circulatory system: Mesoderm of embryo
Except inner lining of blood vessels and heart: Endodermal origin

2) Evolution of Circulatory System in Animal Kingdom :

SR. NO. Phylum Type of Circulation Circulatory Fluid


1 Protozoa Intracellular circulation Cytoplasm
Through cyclosis
2 Porifera Extracellular circulation Water circulation
Extra-organismic circulation
3 Coelentrata Extracellular circulation Water circulation
Extra-organismic circulation
Gastrovascular system
4 Platyhelminthes Parenchymal circulation No fluid
Diffusion
5 Aschehelmenthes Extracellular circulation Pseudocoelomic fluid
Intra-organismic circulation
Pseudocoelomic circulation
6 Annelida Closed Circulation Blood
7 Arthropoda Open Circulation Haemolymph
8 Mollusca Open circulation except cephalopods Haemolymph / Blood
9 Ecchinodermata Watervascular system Water circulation
Ambulacral system
10 Hemichordata Closed circulation Blood

3) Medium of Transportation :
Two Types :
i) Water Circulation System :
Water is the medium of transportation.
E.g. sponges(water canal system), Hydra (gastrovascularsystem), star fish (ambulacral system)
ii) Blood Vascular System :
Blood is the medium of transportation in association with pumping organ (heart)
E.g. vertebrates, annelids

4) Difference between the open and the closed circulatory system :

Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System


Here the circulating fluid moves in an open space. Here the circulating fluid moves within a closed space
The open space is called sinus/lacuna/haemocoel. The closed space is called blood vessels.
The fluid is called haemolymph. The fluid is called blood.
Haemolymph moves under low pressure. Blood moves under high pressure.
Haemolymph comes in direct contact with cells. Blooddoes not come in direct contact with cells.

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Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System


There are no capillaries. There are arteries, veins and capillaries.
There is no true heart. There is a true heart.
This system is less efficient. This system is more efficient.
Insects can get by with this type system because they Found in higher animals.
have numerous openings in their bodies (spiracles)
that allow theblood to come into contact with air
E.g. arthropods and molluscs E.g. annelids (earthworm), some molluscs (such as squid,
octopus) and all vertebrates

BLOOD
1) R.B.C.s. :
i) R.B.C.s do not have nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, centriole, lysosomes.
ii) They contain 2, 3 DPG.
iii) All mammals have enucleated RBCs except camels, lamas and sloth.
iv) RBCs are counted on a haemocytometer, whereas haemoglobin estimation is done on a haemometer.
v) Composition : 60% water, 40% solids out of which 29% - haemoglobin
vi) Haemoglobin is Fe++ based, present in most vertebrates, in earthworm it is directly dissolved in plasma
vii) Haemocyanin is Cu++ based, present in - molluscs & crustaceans
viii) Haemoglobin :
a) 1 RBC contains 280 million molecules of haemoglobin.
b) 1 haemoglobin is made up of 4 parts of iron containing haem and 4 chains of non iron part called globulin which
has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
c) 1 molecule of haemoglobin can transport 4 molecules of O2.
d) Haemoglobin has maximum affinity for CO followed by CO2andO2.
e) When haemoglobin combines with CO it forms carboxyhaemoglobin. With CO2 it forms carbaminohaemoglobin
and with O2 it forms oxyhaemoglobin.
f) Haemoglobin values for males 14 18 gms/dL
for females 11.5 16.5 gms/dL
for infants 23 gms/dL
g) Foetuses contain foetal type of haemoglobin which is made up of 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains. This type of
haemoglobin works at 50% efficiency.
h) Thalassaemic patients have haemoglobin which contains 2 alpha and 2 delta chains.

Breakdown of haemoglobin:
a) Haemoglobin is broken down by the liver and spleen. Spleen is called the graveyard of RBCs.
b) Haemoglobin is first separated into its two main components haem and globulin.
c) The globulin chains which are detached are sent to plasma for re-use.
d) The iron from haem is first extracted to be stored in the liver in the form of ferritin.
e) The remaining haem is broken down by multiple chemical reactions to form biliverdin and bilirubin which is
finally given to the small intestine for removal.
f) The normal count of bilirubin is approx. 0.5 mg/dL.
g) If this value exceeds 3 times its normal value it results in yellowishness of skin called jaundice.
h) Yellow discolouration of sclera is called icterus.
ix) RBCs also contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase which catalyses the reaction between CO2 and H2O to form carbonic

acid. This carbonic acid splits into H+ and HCO3 . The HCO3 then combine with Na+ or K+ ions to form carbonates of
sodium or potassium which act as buffers.

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x) Diseases of RBC
i) Decrease in RBC count - erythropenia
ii) Increase in RBC count - polycythemia
iii) Lack of oxygen carrying capacity of blood - anaemia
iv) Types of anaemia

Sr. No. Type of Anaemia Cause


1) Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) lack of iron in diet/ decreased absorption of iron in the body
2) Megaloblastic Anaemia Deficiency of vit. B12 & Folic acid
3) Pernicious Anaemia Deficiency of folic acid
4) Haemolytic Anaemia due to excess breakdown of RBCs
5) Sickle Cell Anaemia defect in beta- globulin chain where on the 6th position glutamic acid is
replaced by valine

2) Platelets :
i) Function of platelets is clotting of blood.
ii) Blood has natural anticoagulants called heparin and antithrombin
iii) Vitamin K is required for the formation of prothrombin.
iv) Ca++ is required for clotting process.
v) Artificial anticoagulants contain oxalates, citrates and bicarbonates and are used to store blood in a blood bank.
vi) A natural anticoagulant called hirudin is derived from the saliva of leeches.
vii) Diseases of platelets:
a) Decrease in platelet count Thrombocytopenia
b) Increase in platelet count Thrombocytosis
viii) Disorders of clotting :
ix) Deficiency of clotting factors leads to clotting disorders.
a) Deficiency of factor :
VIII Haemophilia A
IX Haemophilia B
XI Haemophilia C
b) Haemophilia is also called as Bleeders disease/ Royal disease.
x) Thrombosis- Formation of a clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood
xi) Embolism- occurs when an object (usually a blood clot) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation)
andcauses a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body.

Blood Vessels
1) Blood Vessels :
i) Blood vessels of the blood vessels Vasa vasorum.
ii) Arteries Their tunica media may contain only scattered modified smooth muscle cells called pericytes.
iii) Arterioles can control blood flow to the capillary beds they supply; blood flow changes from pulsatile to smooth.
Arterioles finally break up into blood capillaries.
They are more susceptible to injury & diseases e.g. Atherosclerosis.
iv) Capillaries :
Discovered by Marcello Malpighi, 1661
Blood flow is at its slowest through the capillaries because they are the narrowest vessels which means they have the
greatest friction which restricts blood flow.
This slow velocity aids the exchange of materials.
v) Types of capillaries
a) Continuous capillaries
b) Fenestrated capillaries
c) Discontinuous capillaries

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a) Continuous capillaries :

1) Most common type


2) Surrounded by a basement membrane
3) Have tight occluding junctions and gap junctions between cells;
4) No pores or spaces between cells in walls.
5) Abundant in brain, parenchyma, connective tissues, skeletal muscle.
b) Fenestrated capillaries :

1) Also called perforated capillaries


2) Pores penetrate the endothelial cells
3) Found in tissues where rapid exchange of substances occurs
4) Present in villi of the intestinal wall, endocrine tissues, renal glomerulus & around renal tubules, choroid
plexus, mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, ciliary body of eye etc.

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c) Discontinuous capillaries :

1) Also called sinusoidal capillaries


2) Form incomplete endothelial barrier between vascular channel and organ parenchyma
3) highly convoluted and with enlarged diameter (30-40 um)
4) open spaces present between endothelial cells
5) in some, many small multiple fenestrations penetrate the endothelial cells
6) phagocytic cells present in and around the endothelial layer
7) endothelium lacks a continuous basal lamina
8) abundant in liver sinusoids (Kupffer cells) and hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow and spleen.

2) Portal System :
i) Portal vein It collects blood from one organ by a set of capillaries and distributes that blood, into a second organ
through another set of capillaries instead of sending the blood directly into the vena cava or the heart.
ii) Types of portal system :
a) Hepatic portal system
b) Renal portal system
c) Hypophysial portal system

Hepatic Portal System

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i) Occurs in all vertebrates


ii) Brings venous blood directly from digestive tract, spleen, pancreas and gall bladder to liver
iii) Pours blood from digestive system into the liver
iv) This blood is collected by hepatic veins and poured into post caval to be returned to the heart
v) This system functions as a short circuit for:
a) Removal of glucose, amino acids and other nutrients
b) Deamination of extra amino acids and conversion of harmful ammonia into urea
c) Separation of chemical and their detoxification
d) Direct pouring of liver products into venous blood
vi) Portal vein is about 8 cm long

Renal Portal System

i) It consists of renal portal veins that brings blood from posterior part of the body directly into kidneys for removal of
waste products
ii) It is well developed in fishes and amphibians, reduced in reptiles and birds and absent in mammals

Hypophysial Portal System

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i) It is a portal system formed by a vein from hypothalamus which breaks up into capillaries in hypophysis or pituitary
gland.
ii) Formed by union of capillaries and venules in hypothalamus
iii) Portal vein enters anterior lobe of pituitary gland or adenohypophysis where it breaks up into capillaries
iv) Hypophysial portal system is a short circuit arrangement
v) Hypothalamus produces a number of hormones for controlling endocrine activity of adenohypophysis
vi) They are pored into blood in hypothalamus
vii) The same is directly drained by hypophysial portal vein into adenohypophysis

3) Names of some important blood vessels :


i) Radial : artery of the forearm.
ii) Brachial : artery of the arm.
iii) Femoral : vessel carrying blood to the thigh.
iv) Common carotid : vessel carrying blood to the neck.
v) External carotid : neck vessel carrying blood to the face.
vi) Internal carotid : neck vessel carrying blood to the brain.
vii) Coronary artery : blood vessel of the heart
viii) Thoracic aorta : main artery of the thorax.
ix) Renal : vessel carrying blood to the kidneys.

4) Diseases of Blood vessels :


i) Arteriosclerosis :
Stiffening of arteries due to loss of elasticity
ii) Atherosclerosis :
Deposition of cholesterol or nicotine within the blood vessel leading to occlusion of the blood vessel.
iii) Aneurysm :
a) Localized bulge of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall.
b) Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta.
c) Can burst and lead to death at any time.
iv) Varicose veins :
Dilated and tortuous veins causing pooling of blood. Caused due to defective venous valves.
v) Haemorrhage :
a) Haemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the body
b) Haemorrhage generally becomes dangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or
c) Hypotension (low blood pressure)
vi) Hematoma :
Collection of blood due to internal bleeding (bruise)

HEART

1) Human Heart :
i) Human heart
The human heart beats appox. 72 times per minute, 100,0000 times per day.
a) External structure :
1) Situated in between 2 lungs in a space called the mediastinum.
2) The apex of the heart is made up by the left ventricle.
b) Internal structure :
1) The inner wall of atria show a series of transverse muscular ridges: musculi pectinati which give the
appearance of the teeth of a comb (combed muscles).
2) Valves :
i) Opening of Superior Vena Cava Haversian valve
ii) Opening of Inferior Vena Cava Eustachian valve
iii) Opening of Coronary Sinus Thebesian valve

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c) Histology of the heart :


The heart wall made up of 3 layers:
1) Epicardium: outermost; mesodermal in origin; made of simple squamous epithelium
2) Myocardium: middle; thickest, mesodermal; made of cardiac muscles which are striated but involuntary
3) Endocardium: innermost; endodermal in origin; made of simple squamous epithelium

Distribution of blood to different organs :

Parts Percentage of blood received


Heart muscles 10%
Brain 15%
Digestive tract 25%
Kidneys 20%
Other organs 30%

2) Evolution of the heart in vertebrates :


Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
2 chambered heart 3 chambered heart incompletely 4 chambered 4 chambered heart 4 chambered heart
Single circulation Double circulation heart(except crocodiles) Double circulation Double circulation
Double circulation

3) Neurogenic v/s Myogenic heart :

Neurogenic heart Myogenic heart


Impulse of heart beat comes from outside heart. The impulse of heart beat develops within the heart itself.
Impulse is generated by nervous system Impulse is generated by a special muscular tissue
Nerve fibres are spread over the heart to bringabout There are special conducting muscle fibres for spreading the
contraction and relaxation impulse
Heart will stop beating if removed from the body. If the heart is removed from the body It will continue to beat for
some time, if it is suppliedwith proper nourishment and favourable
conditions.
e.g. heart of molluscs e.g. heart of vertebrates

4) Heart Rate:
In mammals, smaller animals have higher heart beat
i) Rabbit: 200/min
ii) Sparrow: 500/min
iii) Canary: 1000/min
iv) Elephant: 28/min
v) Frog: 64/min
vi) Rat: 300/min
vii) Shrew: 800/min (maximum)
viii) Blue whale: 25/min (minimum)

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Causes of tachycardia & bradycardia :

Tachycardia Bradycardia
Heart rate more than 90 per minute for an average adult. Heart rate less than 60 per minute for an average adult.
Increase in blood pressure in the vena cava Increase in blood pressure in aorta and large arteries
Increase in blood CO2 concentration Decrease in blood CO2 concentration
Decrease in blood O2 concentration Increase in blood O2 concentration
Decrease in blood pH Increase in blood pH
Increase in body temperature (core temperature) Decrease in body temperature (core temperature)
Increase in hormone adrenaline Decrease in adrenaline/ Increase in acetylcholine
Increase in the nervous input from pain receptors Parasympathetic stimulation

The ratio of heart rate to respiratory rate in an average adult under normal circumstances is 4 : 1

5) Heart Sounds :
i) Heart beats are listened with the help of an instrument called Stethoscope.
ii) Stethoscope invented by Laennec.
iii) The study of heart sounds by marking them on a graph: Phonocardiography
iv) Heart Sounds
a) Ist Sound :
1) This is a contraction sound which denotes the beginning of ventricle contraction
2) Arises due to closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valve.
3) Weak and appears in the form of Lubb
4) Duration of 0.15 second and a frequency of 25-45 Hz
b) IInd Sound :
1) This is a diastolic sound which denotes the beginning of ventricular diastole
2) Arises due to the closing of the semi-lunar valves of the two arches
3) Heard in the form of Dup
4) Duration of 0.12 seconds with a frequency of 50 Hz
v) Heart sounds give valuable information about working of valves.
vi) Any damage to these valves effects the quality of sound.
vii) The abnormal heart sound due to damaged valve is called a Heart murmur.

6) Diseases of the heart :


i) Myocardial infarction :
a) Also called as Heart attack.
b) Usually due to a blockage in the coronary arterydue to a plaque (fat, cholesterol, and calcium)
c) Leads to insufficient blood supply to a part of cardiac muscle.
d) Initially there is low oxygen supply to cardiac muscles called Myocardial ischaemia.
e) Later on it leads to the death of cardiac muscles called myocardial infarction.
f) Signs of heart attack :
1) chest pain
2) pain or discomfort in the upper body (arms, back, neck, jaws or stomach)
3) shortness of breath (usually occurs at the same time as chest pain)
4) cold sweat
5) nausea or vomiting
6) light headedness
ii) Angina pectoris
a) Sclerosis of the coronary arteries can cause pain in the chest
b) This anginal pain usually starts in the centre of the chest and spreads down the left arm
c) The chest pain may be associated with restlessness, fear or anxiety, a pale skin, profuse sweating and vomiting
(all because of increase adrenergic discharge)
d) The pain lasts for only a few moments
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iii) Heart block


a) Condition in which the SA (sinus node) is normal but the impulses are interrupted at any point along the
conducting system of the heart
b) Thus impulses do not follow the normal conduction pathway
c) Two common types of heart block:
d) AV block : occurs at the AV node (atrioventricular node); impulses from the SA node do not reach the AV node.
e) Bundle branch block: involves one of the branches of the bundle of His
iv) Cardiac arrest
It is the complete stoppage of the heart beat (sudden and complete loss of cardiac-function).
v) Heart failure
It is the state of heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the need of the body.
vi) Cardiomegaly :
Enlargement of the heart.
vii) Rheumatic heart disease
a) The patient may have an acute rheumatic fever, joint pains and infection of throat
b) Rheumatic fever may cause permanent damage of one or more valves (mitral or aortic semilunar valves),
pericarditis and myocarditis.
viii) Congenital heart diseases
a) Defects or diseases of theheart from the birth: congenital heart diseases
b) Occur due to some error in the development of the heart
c) Some of these defects may be due to an infectious disease like rubella (German measles) in the mother or
administration of some harmful drugs during first three months of pregnancy
d) A small number of cases of congenital heart diseases are associated with chromosomal abnormalities.

7) Laws related to the cardiovascular system :


i) Frank - Starling Law :
The law states that: The more the cardiac muscle is stretched within its physiological limits, the more forcibly it will contract.
ii) Mareys law of heart :
There is an inverse relationship between rate of heart beat and blood pressure.

8) ECG :
i) Einthoven invented ECG for recording heart conditions. He is known as the father of ECG.
ii) Abnormalities of ECG.
a) Enlargement of the P wave indicates enlargement of the atria
b) Long P-R interval seen in atherosclerotic heart disease and rheumatic fever.This is due to the inflammation of
atria and AV node
c) Enlarged Q and R waves indicate a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
d) S-T segment elevation - in acute myocardial infarction and depressed when the heart muscle receives insufficient
oxygen.
e) Flat T wave - when the heart muscles receive insufficient oxygen as in atherosclerotic heart disease
f) Elevated T wave - the bodys potassium level is increased

9) Foetal circulation :
i) Foetus depends completely on the mother and her placenta
ii) Foetal circulation differs mainly from the adult one by the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
a) Ductus venosus: between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
b) Foramen ovale: between the right and left atrium (i.e. opening in interatrial septum)
c) Ductus arteriosus: between the pulmonary artery and descending (dorsal) aorta
iii) Rationale of these shunts is to divert the oxygenated blood from the less functioning organs as lungs, liver, kidney and
intestine as placenta carries their functions, to the brain, heart and other parts of the body
iv) Shunts are sealed after birth.
v) If remains opens then it is known as hole in the heart which is closed by surgery or giving medicine
vi) Blue baby: name given to an abnormal human baby who has a hole in the ventricular septum so that oxygenated and
less oxygenated blood mix
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1) Cysterna Chyli: expanded abdominal portion of the thoracic duct; this is where fat enter the lymphatic system.

2) Spleen
i) Located in the superior, posterior, left abdominal cavity
ii) Contains largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body
iii) Performs the same function for blood that lymph nodes perform for lymph; the spleen filters the blood.
iv) It contains the red pulp and white pulp.
v) Red pulp :
a) area of the spleen that contains large numbers of RBCs
b) structural framework of the red pulp consists of a network of reticular fibres
c) rich in macrophages
d) mainly concerned with disposing of worn out red blood cells and blood borne pathogens
vi) White pulp :
a) area of the spleen that resembles lymphoid nodules
b) composed mostly of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibres
c) involved with the immune functions of the spleen
vii) Functions :
a) Destruction of worn-out red corpuscles: worn-out RBCs are phagocytized by the free and fixed macrophages
present in the spleen; often described as the graveyard or slaughter house of the worn-out erythrocytes.
b) Reservoir for red corpuscles: When the animal is at rest and needs less oxygen due to slow metabolism, some
red corpuscles are withdrawn from circulation and stored in the spleen. During active life, when the animal
requires more oxygen, also in case of haemorrhage (blood loss in injury), stored red corpuscles are released into
the blood stream.
c) Formation of agranulocytes: Lymphocytes & monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and spleen besides
thymus and lymph nodes.
d) Production of antibodies: Plasma cells present in the spleen produce antibodies, the protective proteins that
provide immunity
e) Storage of iron: Iron freed from the haemoglobin of the worn-out RBCs is stored in the macrophages till it is
needed for reuse in the synthesis of fresh haemoglobin
f) Erythropoiesis : In the embryo, spleen produces new RBCs
g) Disposal of foreign elements: macrophages of the spleen engulf and destroy foreign germs and other substances
entering the blood

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EXERCISE - 1
1. In open vascular system, the circulating fluid is called 12. Which two of the following changes (i-iv) usually tend
(a) perilymph (b) lymphatic fluid to occur in the plain dwellers when they move to high
(c) haemolymph (d) blood altitudes (3, 500 m or more) ?
(i) Increase in red blood cell size
2. Which one of the following has an open circulatory (ii) Increase in red blood cell production
system ? (iii) Increase in breathing rate
(a) Pheretima (b) Periplaneta (iv) Increase in thrombocyte count
(c) Hirudinaria (d) Octopus (a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii)
3. Which of the following has a closed type of circulatory
system? 13. RBCs do not occur in
(a) Cockroach (b) Fish (a) frog (b) cow
(c) Scorpion (d) Limulus (c) camel (d) cockroach

4. The circulatory system of cockroach is 14. Haemoglobin is


(a) Closed (b) Lacunar (a) an oxygen carrier in human blood
(c) Simple (d) Complex (b) a protein used as food supplement
(c) an oxygen scavenger in root nodules
5. Circulatory system of earthworm is (d) a plant protein with high lysine content
(a) open (b) closed
(c) both above (d) open anteriorly 15. Haemoglobin molecule is made up of
(a) one a -chain and one - chains
6. Serum is (b) two a -chains and two - chains
(a) Blood without fibrinogen (c) two a -chains and one - chain
(b) Lymph without corpuscles (d) one a -chain and two - chains
(c) Blood without corpuscles and fibrinogen
(d) Lymph 16. Carbon monoxide is a more harmful pollutant because it
(a) has more affinity for haemoglobin
7. Which is the principal cation in the plasma of the blood ? (b) reacts quickly with UV radiations
(a) Magnesium (b) Sodium (c) has less affinity for Hb
(c) Potassium (d) Calcium (d) cannot compete with oxygen

8. The pH of blood is 17. Carbonic anhydrase occurs in


(a) between 7-8 (b) between 2 - 4 (a) lymphocytes (b) blood plasma
(c) between 12-14 (d) between 2 - 5 (c) RBC (d) leucocytes

9. Primary blood cells are formed in 18. Sickle cell anaemia is characterised by
(a) plasma (b) bone marrow (a) leukemia (b) polycythemia
(c) liver (d) spleen (c) mental retardation (d) haemolytic anaemia

10. Life span of RBCs is 19. Sickle cell anaemia is due to


(a) 50 days (b) 70 days (a) change of amino acid in a -chain of haemoglobin
(c) 120 days (d) 220 days (b) change of amino acid in -chain of haemoglobin
(c) change of amino acid in both a and chains of or
11. The number of erythrocytes in human are _________per -chain of haemoglobin
mm3 of blood (d) change of amino acid in either a or -chain of
(a) 600000 (b) 400000 haemoglobin
(c) 5000000 (d) 550000

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20. Which of the following is absent in an RBC (b) A - Eosinophil, B - Lymphocyte, C - Neutrophil,
(a) lysosomes (b) nucleus D - Monocyte
(c) mitochondria (d) All of the above (c) A - Erythrocyte, B - Basophil, C - Neutrophil,
D - Lympnocyte
21. Cells formed in bone marrow include (d) A - Eosinophil, B - Monocyte, C - Neutrophil,
(a) RBC (b) RBC and leucocytes D - Lymphocyte
(c) leucocytes (d) lymphocytes
28. Which one engulfs pathogens rapidly?
22. The granulatory white blood corpuscles are (a) Acidophils (b) Monocytes
(a) basophils, eosinophils and neutrophis (c) Basophils (d) Neutrophils
(b) basophils and monocytes
(c) eosinophis and lymphocytes 29. Immunoglobulins are producted by
(d) lymphocytes and monocytes (a) lymphocytes (b) spleen
(c) leucocytes (d) monocytes
23. Agranulocytes are
(a) eosinophis (b) neutrophils 30. Which of the following corpuscles is the scavenger WBC
(c) basophis (d) monocytes (a) Eosinophis (b) Monocytes
(c) Neutrophils (d) Lymphocytes
24. Granules are not present in
(a) lymphocytes (b) neutrophils 31. Passage of WBCs out of blood capillaries to the site of
(c) basophils (d) eosinophils injury is known as
(a) haemopoesis (b) haemolysis
25. The most abundant granulocytes in human blood are (c) phagocytosis (d) diapedesis
(a) basophis (b) eosinophis
(c) neutrophils (d) monocytes 32. Which of the following represent the correct sequence
of events for defence by leucocytes?
26. Match the types of WBC listed under Column-I with the (a) Inflammation, diapedesis, chemotaxis,
shape of nucleus given under Column-II and select the phagocytosis, digestion
correct option from codes given below (b) Chemotaxis, inflammation, phagocytosis,
Column-I Column-II digestion diapedesis
(A) Neutrophils (i) Kidney-shaped (c) Diapedesis, digestion, inflammation,
(B) Eosinophils (ii) S-shaped phagocytosis, chemotaxis
(C) Basophils (iii) 3 to 5 lobes (d) Inflammation, chemotaxis, diapedesis,
(D) Monocytes (iv) 2 lobes phagocytosis, digestion
(v) Disc-shaped
(a) A - (iii), B - (v), C - (i), D - (ii) 33. The blood cancer is known as
(b) A - (v), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (iv) (a) leukaemia (b) thrombosis
(C) A - (ii), B - (i), C - (v), D - (iii) (c) haemolysis (d) haemophilia
(d) A - (iii), B - (iv), C - (ii), D - (i)
34. In mammals, histamine is secreted by
27. Study the given figure and identify the cells labelled as (a) fibroblasts (b) histocytes
A, B, C and D (c) lymphocytes (d) mast cells

35. Megakaryocytes give rise to


(a) erythrocytes (b) granulocytes
(c) agranulocytes (d) thrombocytes

36. Which are not true cells in the blood ?


(a) Platelets (b) Monocytes
(a) A - Eosinophil, B - Erythrocyte, C - Neutrophil, (c) Neutrophils (d) Basophils
D - Basophil

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37. The number of platelets in human are ___ per mm3 of 46. Which of the following statements is true for lymph?
blood (a) WBCs and serum
(a) 5 million (b) 10 lakh (b) All components of blood except RBCs Platelets
(c) 2.5 lakhs (d) 2.5 millions and some proteins
(c) RBCs, WBCs and plasma
38. Thrombocytopenic purpura is a haemorrhagic disorder. (d) RBCs, proteins and platelets
This is because of
(a) very high platelet count 47. The difference between blood and lymph is
(b) very low platelet count (a) blood has RBCs and WBCs, while lymph has no
(c) low concentration of fibrinogen cells
(d) absence of vitamin-K (b) blood has RBCs and WBCs, while lymph has only
WBCs
39. Blood clotting is prevented by the presence of (c) blood has WBCs, while lymph has RBCs
(a) Vitamin K (b) Calcium ions (d) blood has dissolve salt, while lymph has no cells
(c) Heparin (d) Thrombin
48. Which of the following is not main function of lymph
40. During the process of blood coagulation vitamin K helps glands ?
in the (a) Forming WBC (b) Forming antibodies
(a) formation of thromboplastin (c) Forming RBC (d) Destroying bacteria
(b) formation of prothrombin
(c) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 49. Lymphoid tissue is found in
(d) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (a) thymus (b) tonsils
(c) lymph nodes (d) all of these
41. Coagulation of blood in blood vessels in living body is
initiated by 50. Spleen is _____ organ is adults
(a) prothrombin (a) haemopoietic (b) lymphoid
(b) thromboplastin (c) reproductive (d) celluloid
(c) prothrombin and calcium together
(d) plasminogen and calcium together 51. Which is correct for artery?
(a) Thick-walled in which blood flows at high
42. Removal of calcium from freshly collected blood would pressure
(a) cause delayed clotting (b) Thin-walled and blood flow with low pressure
(b) prevent clotting (c) Thick-walled and blood flow with low pressure
(c) cause immediate clotting (d) None of the above
(d) prevent destruction of haemoglobin
52. Carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to
43. Haemophilia is (a) lungs (b) intestine
(a) royal disease (c) brain (d) None of these
(b) faulty blood clotting
(c) Both (a) and (b) 53. Pulse beat is measured from
(d) mosquito having haemocoel (a) arteries (b) veins
(c) capillaries (d) nerves
44. Which of the following acts as middle man of the body?
(a) Plasma (b) Lymph 54. Arteries carry oxygenated blood except-artery
(c) RBCs (d) WBCs (a) pulmonary (b) cardiac
(c) hepatic (d) systemic
45. The lymph serves to
(a) transport oxygen to the brain 55. The thickening of walls of arteries is called
(b) transport carbon dioxide to the lungs (a) arthritis (b) atherosclerosis
(c) return the interstitial fluid to the blood (c) anaeurysm (d) Both (a) and (c)
(d) return the WBCs and RBCs to the lymph nodes

Circulation
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56. A vein possesses a large lumen because 63. Maximum surface area of circulating system is seen in
(a) tunica media and tunica externa form a single coat (a) heart (b) capillaries
(b) tunica interna and tunica media form a single coat (c) arterioles (d) veins
(c) tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa
are thin 64. Which of the following portal systems are present in
(d) tunica media is a thin coat humans
(a) hepatic portal system
57. Given below are the figures of blood vessels. Identify (b) hypophyseal portal system
them and select the correct option (c) renal portal system
(d) both a and b

65. A portal system is one in which


(a) a vein starts from an organ and ends up in the
heart
(b) an artery breaks up in an organ and restarts by
the union of its capillaries
(c) the blood from the gut is brought into kidney
before it is poured into post caval
(d) a vein breaks up in an organ into capillaries and
restarts by their union as new vein from the same
organ.
A B C
(a) Capillary Vein Artery 66. Which one of the following vein breaks up into capillaries ?
(b) Artery Capillary Vein (a) Renal vein (b) Hepatic portal vein
(c) Vein Capillary Artery (c) Pelvic vein (d) Pulmonary vein
(d) Vein Artery Capillary
67. Which of the following carries blood rich in food materials,
58. In veins, valves are present to check backward flow of such as glucose and amino acids, from intestine to liver ?
blood flowing at (a) dorsal aorta (b) mesentric artery
(a) high pressure (c) renal portal vein (d) hepatic portal vein
(b) low pressure
(c) atmospheric pressure 68. Which of the following vein has least amount of urea ?
(d) all of these (a) Pulmonary vein (b) Hepatic portal vein
(c) Hepatic vein (d) Renal vein
59. One of the following blood vessel is with valves
(a) Artery (b) Pulmonary artery 69. Blood pressure is defined as the force with which blood
(c) Vein (d) Aorta (a) pushes against the wall of the blood vessels
(b) is pushed to the legs
60. Which of the following has no muscular wall? (c) comes out of the atrium
(a) Artery (b) Vein (d) comes out of the ventricle
(c) Arteriole (d) Capillary
70. Blood pressure is measured by
61. Wall of blood capillary is formed of (a) Sphygmomanometer (b) Stethosecope
(a) haemocytes (b) parietal cells (c) Electrocardiogram (d) Phonocardigram
(c) endothelial cells (d) oxyntic cells
71. An adult human with average health has systolic and
62. Maximum amount of oxygen is lost from the blood in the diastolic pressure as
(a) capillaries surrounding the tissue cells (a) 80 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
(b) arteries of the body (b) 70 mm Hg and 120 mm Hg
(c) capillaries surrounding the alveoli (c) 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
(d) left auricle of the heart (d) 50 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg

Circulation
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72. Pulse pressure of a normal adult is 80. In diagram of the vertical section of human heart given
(a) 80 mm Hg (b) 40 mm Hg here, certain parts have been indicated by alphabets.
(c) 200 mm Hg (d) 120 mm Hg Choose the answer in which these alphabets have been
correctly matched with the parts they indicate.
73. Manifestation of increase in the blood pressure of a
person is called
(a) hypertension (b) artherosclerosis
(c) arteriosc lerosis (d) None of these

74. With advancing age, a person is likely to suffer from


hypertension because
(a) arteries lose elasticity
(b) adequate blood is not produced
(c) heart wall becomes weaker
(d) none of these

75. Blood pressure lower than 120/80 mm Hg may be a sign of


(a) A-Aorta B-Pulmonary vein C-Pulmonary arteries
(a) hypotension (b) hypertension
D-Left ventricle E-semilunar valves F-Left auricle
(c) respiratory problem (d) disease
G-Right auticle H-Superior vena cava I-Right
ventricle J-Tricuspid valves K-Inferior vena cava
76. Pulmonary artery drains the deoxygenated blood from
(b) A-Aorta B-Pulmonary artery C-Pulmonary veins
(a) right atrium (b) right ventricle
D-Left auricle E-Tricuspid valves F- Left ventricle
(c) left atrium (d) left ventricle
G-Right ventricle H- Inferior vena cava I-Right
ventricle J- Semilunar valves K-Superior vena
77. Pulmonary artery is different from pulmonary vein
cava
because it has
(c) A-Aorta B-Superior vena cava C- Inferior vena
(a) larger lumen (b) thick muscular walls
cava D-Right ventricle E-Tricuspid valves and
(c) no endothelium (d) valves
mitral valves F-Right auticle G-Left auricle H-
Pulmonary vein I- Left ventricle J-Semilunar
78. The pericardium and the pericardial fluid help in
valves K-Pulmonary artery
(a) protecting the heart from friction, shocks and
(d) A-Aorta B-Superior vena cava C-Inferior vena
keeps it moist
cava D-Left ventricle E-Semilunar valves F-Left
(b) pumping the blood
auricle G-Right auticle H-Pulmonary artery I-Right
(c) receiving the blood from various parts of the body
ventricle J-Tricuspid valves K-Pulmonary vein
(d) None of the above

81. Heart wall is made up of


79. Choose the schematic diagram which properly represents
(a) fibrous pericardium, epicardium, visceral layer
pulmonary circulation in humans
Oxygenated
(b) serous pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
(a) Right ventricle 
blood
o (c) fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral
Deoxygenated
Lungs  o Left auricle pericardium
blood
(d) epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Deoxygenated
(b) Right ventricle 
blood
o
Oxygenated
Lungs  o Left auricle 82. Foramen ovale
blood
(a) connects the two atria in the foetal heart
Deoxygenated
(c) Left auricle 
blood
o (b) is a condition in which the heart valves do not
Oxygenated completely close
Lungs 
blood
o Right ventricle
(c) is a shallow depression in the interventricular
Oxygenated
(d) Left auricle 
blood
o septum
Deoxygenated (d) is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and
Lungs 
blood
o Right ventricle
the aorta in the foetus

Circulation
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83. Tricuspid valve is found in between Oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood


(a) sinus venosus and right auricle body tissues away from body tissues
(b) right auricle and right ventricle (a) B A
(c) left ventricle and left auricle (b) B C
(d) ventricle and aorta (c) C A
(d) C D
84. The thread-like tendons of papillary muscles inserted
upon the flaps of tricuspid and bicuspid valves ae 90. Right part of heart is concerned with
(a) chordae tendinae (b) yellow elastin fibres (a) oxygenating the blood
(c) reticulate fibres (d) collagen fibres (b) carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs for
oxygenating
85. Which of the following chamber of heart has the thickest (c) supplying blood to heart muscles
muscular wall ? (d) carrying oxyganated blood to all parts of body
(a) Left auricle (b) Left ventricle
(c) Right ventricle (d) Right auricle 91. The oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in man do not
mix because of
86. Bicuspid valve allows blood from (a) inter auricular septum
(a) right auricle to left ventricle (b) interventriculas septum
(b) right auricle to right ventricle (c) both a and b
(c) left auricle to left ventricle (d) auriculo-ventricular septum
(d) post caval to heart
92. Papillary muscles are present in
87. Nature of valves in the heart is (a) ventricles of heart (b) ventricles of brain
(a) membranous (b) muscular (c) hypothalamus (d) medulla oblongata
(c) tendinous (d) ligamentous
93. The first heart sound is produced when
88. The pre-caval veins collect blood from (a) diastole begins
(a) trunk and hind limbs (b) semilunar valve close quickly
(b) fore limbs and hind limbs (c) interventricular pressure decreases
(c) head and fore limbs (d) bicuspid and tricuspid valve close quickly
(d) head and hind limbs
94. Cardiac output signifies the amount of blood
89. The diagram shows the heart with its main blood vessels. (a) entering the heart per unit time
(b) entering the lung per unit time
(c) leaving the heart per unit time
(d ) leaving the lung per unit time

95. Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood


(a) received by the heart in one minute
(b) pumped by each ventricle per minute
(c) pumped by both ventricles per second
(d ) pumped by the left atrium per hour

96. Cardiac output is


(a) the product of heart rate and stroke volume
(b) the product of auricular and ventricular volume
(c) the blood pumped the heart in one minute
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to the body (d ) Both (a) and (c)
tissues and deoxygenated blood away from the body
tissues ? 97. The cardiac output in man under resting conditions is
about
(a) 2 L/min (b) 4 L/min
(c) 5 L/min (d ) 7 L/min
Circulation
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98. The volume of blood each ventricle pumps out during a 108. The atrio-ventricular node is situated
cardiac cycle is about (a) near the bicuspid valve
(a) 70 mL (b) 5000 mL (b) in between the atrium
(c) 7L (d) 1200 mL (c) at the base of inter-auricular septum
(d ) in the left ventricle
99. Which part of the circulatory system serves to supply
blood to the heart? 109. Bundle of His is a network of
(a) Coronary (b) Portal (a) Nerve fibres found throughout the heart
(c) Pulmonary (d) Systemic (b) Muscle fibres distributed throughout the heart
walls
100. Cardiac cycle in man takes about (c) Muscle fibres found only in the ventricle wall
(a) 0.5 s (b) 1.0 s (d) Nerve fibres distributed in ventricles
(c) 1.2 s (d ) 0.8 s
110. The correct route through which pulse-making impulse
101. In diastole, heart is filled by travels in the heart is
(a) mixed blood (b) venous blood (a) AV node o Bundle of His o SA node o Purkinje
(c) oxygenated blood (d) deoxygenated blood fibres o Heart muscles
(b) AV node o SA node o Purkinje fibres o Bundle
102. Innervation of heart in the intact higher animals is of His o Heart muscles
primarily meant for (c) SA node o Purkinje fibres o Bundle of His o
(a) initiation of heart beat AVV node o Heart muscles
(b) regulation of heart beat (d) SA node o AV node o Bundle of His o Purkinje
(c) release of acetylcholine only fibres o Heart muscles
(d ) release of adrenaline only
111. Adrenaline directly affects
103. Heart of Heart is (a) islets of Langerhans
(a) SA- node (b) AV-node (b) sinoatrial node
(c) bundle of His (d) Purkinje fibres (c) oxyntic cells of stomach
(d) dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
104. Pacemaker of heart is
(a) AV node (b) bundle of His 112. Tachycardia is
(c) SA node (d) Purkinje fibres (a) fast heart rate (b) slow heart rate
(c) stop heart rate (d) normal heart rate
105. Since it is the sinu-auricular node, which initiates the
impulses in the heart of mammal, the heart is called 113. Heart rate is increased by all of the following except
(a) cholinergic (b) adrenergic (a) anoxia
(c) neurogenic (d ) myogenic (b) moderate CO2 excess
(c) elevated body temperature
106. SA-node is located in (d ) increased intracranial pressure
(a) lower lateral wall of right atrium
(b) upper lateral wall of right atrium 114. Myocardial infarction is
(c) upper lateral wall of left atrium (a) infection of heart muscles
(d) lower lateral wall of left atrium (b) death of heart muscles
(c) clot in blood vessel
107. Impulse originating from sinu-atrial node are transmitted (d ) breakage of coronary vessel.
to the
(a) atrio-ventricular node 115. A heart murmur indicates a defective
(b) bundle of His (a) Sinuauricular node
(c) pacemaker (b) Atrioventricular node
(d) Purkinje system (c) Bundle of His
(d) Heart valve

Circulation
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116. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct 122. ECG depicts the depolarisation and repolarisation
option from the codes given below processes during the cardiac cycle. In the ECG of a
Column-I Column-II normal healthy individual one of the following waves is
(A) Heart failure (i) Heart muscle is not represented.
suddenly damaged (a) Depolarisation of atria
by an inadequate (b) Repolarisation of atria
blood supply (c) Depolarisation of ventricles
(B) Cardiac arrest (ii) Chest pain due to (d) Repolarisation of ventricles
inadequate O2
reaching the heart 123. Which of the following statements is correct ?
muscles (a) The T-wave in an ECG represents excitation of
(C) Heart attack (iii) Atherosclerosis ventricles
(D) Coronary artery (iv) Heart not pumping (b) The sum of P and T waves in a given time period
disease (CAD) blood effectively can determine the heart beat rate of an individual
enough to meet the (c) The end of the P-wave marks the end of the systole
needs of the body (d) In a standard ECG, a person is connected to the
(E) Angina pectoris (v) Heart stops beating machine with three electrical limb leads
(a) A - (iv), B - (v), C - (i), D - (iii), E - (ii)
(b) A - (v), B - (iv), C - (i), D - (iii), E - (ii) 124. If there is a blockage between the AV node and AV bundle,
(c) A - (iv), B - (v), C - (i), D - (ii), E - (iii) how will this affect the appearance of the EGG ?
(d) A - (v), B - (iv), C - (ii), D - (iii), E - (i) (a) P-R interval would be smaller
(b) QRS interval wo uld be longer
117. ECG is a measure of (c) there would be more P waves than QRS complexes
(a) rate of heart beat (d ) there would be more QRS complexes than P waves
(b) difference in electric potential
(c) volume of blood pumped 125. Which of the following is the diagrammatic representation
(d) ventricular contraction of standard electrocardiogram (ECG) ?

118. ECG method is the way to detect


(a) heart attack (b) heart block
(c) coronary thrombosis (d ) all above
(a)
119. During ECG of heart ventricular systole is during
(a) PQR (b) PQ
(c) QR (d) ST

120. The repolarization phase of cardiac cycle is represented


(b)
by which portion of a ECG?
(a) P (b) QRS
(c) S (d ) T

121. Which of the following correctly explains a phase/ event


in cardiac cycle in a standard electrocardiogram? (c)
(a) QRS complex indicates atrial contraction.
(b) QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization
(c) Time between S and T represents atrial systole.
(d) P-wave indicates beginning of ventricular
contraction
(d)

Circulation
..147..

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)

21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)

31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b)

41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (b)

51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)

61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (a)

71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (b)

81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (a) 85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (c) 90. (b)

91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (c) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (d)

101. (d) 102. (b) 103. (a) 104. (c) 105. (d) 106. (b) 107. (a) 108. (c) 109. (c) 110. (d)

111. (b) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (b) 115. (d) 116. (a) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (d) 120. (d)

121. (b) 122. (b) 123. (d) 124. (c) 125. (d)

Dream on !!
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Circulation

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