Balkan crisis over view

The Balkan Wars were a sharp and series of conflicts fought in southeastern Europe.
The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 initiated a period of conflict that severely damaged
southeastern Europe until 1918 and remained in existence in one form or another into
the 21st century. These Balkan wars originated in the aspirations of the nationalist
states of southeastern Europe. Concept of nationalism allowing people to identify
themselves with a territory on which they were entitled to establish a state and
government of their own.

Balkan war

The Balkan wars were a result of the collapsing and retreating Ottoman Empire who
had control of the area at the time. These wars were the first concerted effort by the
Balkan peoples to emulate the Italian and German examples and establish large
nationalist states

First war

The Balkan League was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded
in 1912 between the Balkan states of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro. The
Bulgarians looked to Russia as their Great-Power patron. Russian diplomacy began
pressuring the two countries, Serbia and Bulgaria, to reach a compromise and form an
alliance. Another issue that initiated the formation of the League was the Albanian
Uprising in 1911. Bulgaria refused to commit to any agreement on the distribution of
territorial gains, unlike its deal with Serbia over Macedonia. On may 1913
participants of Balkan war signed peace treaty in London. Bulgaria was dissatisfied
over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, which provoked the start of the Second
Balkan War.

Treaty of London
1. Greece and turkey didnt signed the treaty.
2. The Balkan allies demanded a war indemnity.
3. The long delay in the negotiations was largely due to differences among the
allies regarding the division of the spoils. Mutual hatred and suspicion and
conflicting territorial ambitions made agreement almost impossible

Second Balkan war

Bulgarias main objective in the Balkan War was Macedonia. Bulgaria launched a
surprise attack on its former Balkan League allies. Greeks, Serbians and Romanians
quickly defeated the Bulgarians. Second Balkan War finished the Turkish rule in the
Balkans. existence of Balkan League. From that time Bulgaria had to seek for a new
political partner. Peace treaty signed in Bucharest, in August 1913 and Constantinople
in September 1913 concluded the Second Balkan War.
Treaty of Bucharest

1. Bulgaria had been completely isolated in the Second Balkan War.

2. SERBIA'S GAIN IN TERRITORY.
3. GREECE'S GAIN IN TERRITORY

Fundamental defects of the Treaty- 1) the boundaries which it drew bore little relation
to the nationality of the inhabitants of the districts affected, and that
(2) the punishment meted out to Bulgaria, while perhaps deserved in the light of her
great offense in bringing on the, Second Balkan War, was so severe that she could not
accept the treaty as a permanent settlement.

Consequences
The Balkan Wars resulted in huge casualties. The Bulgarians lost around 65,000 men,
the Greeks 9,500, the Montenegrins, 3,000, and the Serbs at least 36,000. The
Ottomans lost as many as 125,000 dead.
Another important consequence of the Balkan Wars was the alienation of Bulgaria
from Russia. Until 1913, Bulgaria had been Russias most important client in the
Balkan region.

Role of UN- The United Nations has often been called upon to prevent dangerous
situations from escalating into war, to persuade opposing parties to settle their
differences at the conference table rather than on the battlefield, and help restore
peace when conflicts occur.

1. when the Security Council imposed an arms embargo and invited the
Secretary General to offer his assistance in support of the peace efforts of the
European Community.

2. United Nation plan the Security Council established the to United Nations
Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
3. UNPROFOR' s mandate was to ensure that such areas were vacated by the
peoples army and protect the people from arm attacks.

4. Security Council imposed wide.:. Ranging economic sanctions

5. United Nations commission on Human Rights appointed a Special Reporter to

investigate the situation
6. In October, the Security Council banned all military flights over Bosnia and
Herzegovina, instituting a "no-fly zone".

7. Security Council established an International criminal Tribunal for the former

Yugoslavia, to prosecute persons responsible for having committed or ordered
serious violations of international humanitarian law. It was the first time the
United Nations established an international criminal court with jurisdiction to
prosecute crimes committed during armed conflict.

8. Security Council authorized UNPROFOR to use force, including air power, in

reply to attacks against the safe areas by the Bosnian side.
9. Secretary General requested the North Atlantic council of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) to use air strikes. On 9 February, the North
Atlantic Council authorized such air strikes.

10. Authorities in the United Nations Protected Areas concluded a cease-fire

agreement. The implementation of the agreement implied the interposition of
UNPROFOR in a zone of separation.

11. Security Council replaced UNPROFOR with three separate but inter linked
peacekeeping operations: the United Nations Confidence Restoration
operation in Croatia (UNCRO}, and the United Nations Preventive
Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) in the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia.

12. The Dayton agreement or otherwise known as "American Peace" was

concluded on November 22,1995. The "American peace" Agreement
confirmed the sovereignty and independence of Bosnia Herzegovina, now a
dual or two parts state.

13. NATO targeted the Serbs and conducted the most destructive bombings on the
Kosovo Serb positions. The charter clearly prohibits any use of force, except
in self-defense, unless the Security Council has authorized it

14.