Hydraulic Machines III

DEPARTAMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III
DEVELOPMENT TUTORIALS
Volume 1
Solutions Developed by: DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng. Student at the Vaal University of Technology
PREFACE
These Tutorial Solutions notes are developed based in current syllabus of the subject Hydraulic
Machines III, as offered at the Vaal University of Technology. It would otherwise have been
necessary to prescribe five different handbooks.
The notes are set up in such a way as to make it as leaner friendly as possible.
These Tutorial Solutions contains three major sections: (a) Open Channel Flow, (b) Centrifugal
Pump, (c) Turbines.
In these notes I used Mathcad Engineering software to approach all the questions in order to
get accurate values in the calculations.
Mathcad is the industry standard calculation software for technical professionals,

educators, and university students. Mathcad is as versatile and powerful as programming
languages. Plus, it is fully wired to take advantage of the Internet and other applications you
use every day.
I wish that you will find this a learning (hopefully an enjoyable) experience.
My sincere wish to helpful knowledge of my all lectures at the Vaal University of Technology
specially AN Peleowo, AS Postma, DW Spiret and EK Tshitshonu.
DF Sozinando
2011
CONTENTS
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW - TUTORIAL ---------------------------- PAGE 1-14
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - TUTORIAL ------------------------------ PAGE 15-51
TURBINES - TUTORIAL ------------------------------------------- PAGE 52-66

HYDRAULIC MACHINES III OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
student at Vaal University of Technology
1 - Compute the hydraulic radius for section show in Fig. below if water flows at a depth of 88.9m m. The section
is that of a rain gutter for a house?
Solution:
B := 152.4 mm D := 88.9 mm h := 50.8 mm L := B - 101.6 mm = 50.8 mm
A := ( B D ) - 1 h L = 0.012 m2 x :=
2 2
h + L = 0.072 m
2

P := D + ( B - L) + x + ( D - h) P = 0.3 m
A
Z := Z = 0.041 m Z = 1.606 in
P
1
1 - Compute the hydraulic radius for section show in Fig. below if water flows at a depth of 88.9m m. The section
is that of a rain gutter for a house?
Solution:
B := 152.4 mm D := 88.9 mm h := 50.8 mm L := B - 101.6 mm = 50.8 mm
A := ( B D ) - 1 h L = 0.012 m2 x :=
2 2
h + L = 0.072 m
2

P := D + ( B - L) + x + ( D - h) P = 0.3 m
A
Z := Z = 0.041 m Z = 1.606 in
P
1
Consider a rectangular section maximum discharge
A = BD
-1
B = A D
P = B + 2 D
-1
P = A D + 2D
dP
For maximum discharge wetted perimeter (P) will be maximum when: =0
dD
dP -2
= -A D +2=0
dD
2
A D = 2
2
A = 2 D
2
B D = 2 D
B = 2 D for maximum discharge

2-A drainage structure for an industrial park has a trapez oidal cross section sim ilar to that shown in Fig. The
bottom width is 1.067 m and the sides are inclined at an angle of 60 deg from the horizontal. Compute the
hydraulic radius for this channel when the fluid depth is 0.457 m ?
Solution:
b := 1.067 m := 60deg := 30deg D := 0.457 m
L := 1m
Given
D L
= L := Find( L) L = 0.264 m
sin( ) sin( )
1 2 2 2
B := 2 L + b = 1.595 m A := D ( B + b ) = 0.608 m x := D + L = 0.528 m
2
A
P := 2 x + b = 2.122 m Z := Z = 0.287 m
P
3
3-Compute the hydraulic radius for a trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 150m m and with sides that pitch
15mm horizontally for a vertical change of 10mm . That is, the ratio of L/D in Fig. is 1.50. The depth of fluid in the
channel is 62mm
Solution:
b := 150mm D := 62mm h := 15mm v := 10mm
:= 33.69deg := 56.31deg
L
= 1.50 solve , L 93.0 mm L := 93.0 mm
D
2 2
x := L +D x = 0.112 m
B := 2 L + b B = 0.336 m
P := 2 x + b P = 0.374 m
1 2 A
A := D( B + b) A = 0.015 m Z := = 40.333 mm
2 P
4
4-Computer the hydraulic radius for the channel show in Fig. if the water depth is 2.50m?
Solution:
Consider the trapezion A1
1
:= atan = 26.565 deg ( 90deg - ) = 63.435 deg
2
:= 63.435deg D 1 := ( 2.5m - 0.6m) b := 1.0m
L := 1m
Given
D1 L
= L := Find( L) L = 3.8 m
sin( ) sin( )
1 2
B := 2 L + b A1 := D 1 ( B + b ) = 9.12 m
2
x := (D1) 2 + (L) 2 = 4.249 m
A1
P1 := 2 x Z1 := = 1.073 m
P1
Consider the rectangular A2

2
D 2 := 0.6m A2 := D 2 b = 0.6 m P2 := 2 D 2 + b = 2.2 m
A2 A1 + A2
Z2 := = 0.273 m Zt := = 0.909 m
P2 P1 + P2
Consider a trapezoidal section maximum discharge
1
A= ( b + B) D
2
1
A= [ b + ( b + 2 n D ) ] D
2
1
A= ( 2 b + 2 n D ) D
2
A = ( b + n D ) D
2
A = b D + n D
2
b D = A - n D
-1
b = A D - n D
-1
P = A D - nD + 2 r
2 2 2 2
r = n D + D
2
r =D n +1 (
2 2
)
r= (n2 + 1)D
-1 2
P = A D - n D + 2 D n + 1
6
dP
For maximum discharge wetted perimeter (P) will be maximum when: =0
dD
dP -2 2
= -A D - n + 2 n + 1 = 0
dD
2 A
2 n + 1 = +n
2
D
2
2 A + n D
2 n + 1 =
2
D
2
2 n + 1 =
(bD + n D2) + n D2
2
D
2 D ( b + n D + n D )
2 n + 1 =
2
D
2 b + 2 n D
2 n + 1 =
D
2
2 D n + 1 = b + 2 n D
twice slanting side = top width

slanting side = half top width
7
5- Prove that the most efficient triangular section is the one with a 90 vertix angle.
Solution:
A= 1 a sin a cos 2 2
A = a sin cos
2

P = 2 a
A
Z=
P
2
a sin cos a ( sin cos)
Z= = 2
2 a
dZ
For maximum discharge hydraulic mean depth (Z) will be maximum when: =0
d
dZ
d
= (
a cos2 - sin2
2 )

(
a cos2 - sin2 = 0
2 )

(cos2 - sin2) = 0
a
2
2 2

cos = sin
cos = sin
sin
=1
cos
:= 1
Given
tan( ) = 1 := Find( ) = 45 deg
Hence, cos = sin; or = 45 and the vertix angle= ( 2 ) ( 45), or 90
8
NB: In circular channel the angle () always should be in radian and calculator in rad mode
D is the fluid depth
1 1
A = - sin2 r
2 2
A= r
2 2

P = r since = 90 or = rad P = 2 r
2

D=r since = 90 or = rad D = r ( 1 - cos) since 90 or rad
2 2
or
1
A = - sin2 r
2
2
P = 2 r

D = r ( 1 - cos) since 90 or rad
2
9
Consider a circular section maximum velocity
1
A = - sin2 r
2
2
P = 2 r
- 1 sin2 r2 - 1 sin2 r

Z=
A
Z=
2 Z=
2
P 2 r 2
dZ dZ
For maximum velocity occur when: = 0 , and use Quotient Rule to differentiate
d d
1
2 r ( 1 - cos2) - 2 r - sin2
dZ
=
2 =0
d 2
( 2 )
1
2 r ( 1 - cos2) - 2 r - sin2
2 =0
2
( 2 )
1
2 r - sin2
2 r ( 1 - cos2) 2
=
2 2
( 2 ) ( 2 )
10
1
2 r ( 1 - cos2) = 2 r - sin2
2
1
( 1 - cos2) = - sin2
2
1
- cos2 = - sin2
2
-1
- cos2 = sin
2
sin2
2 =
cos2
:= 1
Given
2 = tan( 2 ) := Find( ) = 2.247 rad = 128.727 deg
11
Depth for maximum discharge (Chezy considered)
Q = A C Z i
1 1
2 2
Q = A C Z i
1
1
2
A
Q = C i
2
A
P
1
3
1 1 2
2 A3
2 A
Q = C i
2
there for Q = C i
1 P
2
P
A3 A3
d d
maximum discharge occur when:
P
=0 Use Quotient Rule to differentiate
P
d d
A = -
1
2
sin2 r
2 dA
d
= ( 1 - cos2) r
2
( 3) = A3
f A g( P) = P

dP 2 dA dP
P = 2 r = 2 r 3 A
d d d
12
A3
d 3A2 P dA - A3 dP
P = d d
=0
d 2
( P)
dA 3 dP
3A P
2
= A d
d
dA dP
3 P = A
d d
1
3 ( 2 r ) ( 1 - cos2) r = - sin2 r ( 2 r)
2 2
2
1
3 ( 1 - cos2 ) = - ( sin2 )
2
1
3 - 3 cos( 2 ) = - ( sin2 )
2
1
2 - 3 cos( 2 ) + sin( 2 ) = 0
2
= 2.689rad = 154.083deg
D = r - r cos( ) D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter
D = r ( 1 - cos( ) )
d d
D = 0.95
D = ( 1 - cos( 2.689rad ) ) NB: use the calculator in rad mode
2
Alternative solution
Q = A C Z i
1 1
2 2
Q = A C Z i
1
1
2
A
Q = C i
2
A
P
3
1
3
2 2
2 A A
Q = C i there for K=
1 1
2 2
P P
13
dK dK
maximum discharge occur when: =0 Use Quotient Rule to differentiate
d d
3 1
1 dA
A = - sin2 r
2 2 2 2
= ( 1 - cos2) r f ( A) = A g( P) = P
2 d
1 -1
dP 3 2 dA 1 2 dP
P = 2 r = 2 r A P
d 2 d 2 d
1 1 3 -1
3 2 2 dA 2 1 2 dP
A P d - A 2 P d
dK
=
2 =0
d 2
1
2
P
1 1 3
3 2 2 dA 2 1 dP
A P d = A
2 1 d
2
2P
dA dP
3 P = A
d d
1
3 ( 2 r ) ( 1 - cos2) r = - sin2 r ( 2 r)
2 2
2
1
3 ( 1 - cos2 ) = - ( sin2 )
2
1
3 - 3 cos( 2 ) = - ( sin2 )
2
1
2 - 3 cos( 2 ) + sin( 2 ) = 0
2
= 2.689rad = 154.083deg
D = r - r cos( ) D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter
D = r ( 1 - cos( ) )
d d
D = 0.95
D = ( 1 - cos( 2.689rad ) ) NB: use the calculator in rad mode
2
14
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III PUMP PERFORMANCE AND Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES student at Vaal University of Technology
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS

OPERATING SINGLY AND COMBINED IN PARALLEL
15
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS

OPERATING SINGLY AND COMBINED IN SERIES
16
2
1- A pump operating at 1650 rpm is used to transfer water, the system characteristic is Hsys = 68 + 124.3 Q
and the pump characteristic is given below:
m3
Q 0.075 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
s
H( m) 72 70 66 60 50
( %) 55 82 90 93 91
a) Obtain the operating point of this pump ?
b) Obtain the most effective speed at which the pump should operate and the power required to drive this
pump ?
c ) Plot the characteristic of the pump at this new speed ?
Solution:
%1
0.075 72 55
0.15 70 82
m3 s
2
Q pump_1650 := 0.2 Hpump_1650 := 66 m pump_1650 :=
90 % zpump_1650 := 68m kpump_1650 := 124.3
s 5
0.25 60 93 m

0.3 50 91
TO OBTAIN THE N EW CONSTANT (K)
N 1 := 1650rpm VALUE AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY FOR
68.699 THE NEW SYSTEM:
70.797

(
Hsys1 := zpump_1650 + kpump_1650 Q pump_1650 )2 Hsys1 = 72.972 m (
Hmax.eff_pump = kmax.eff Q max.eff )2
75.769
Hmax.eff
79.187 kmax.eff =
2
3
( Qmax.eff )
m
max := 93% Hmax.eff_pump := 60m Q max.eff := 0.25
s
(AFFINITY LAWS):
Q g H P
KQ = KH = KP = 0.25
3 2 2 2 5 K = ( 1 - ) d
N d N d N d
NB: Since the pump are similar the impeller diameters are the same.
17
2
s
kmax.eff := 1
5
m
Given
Hmax.eff_pump = kmax.eff Q max.eff ( )2
2
s
kmax.eff := Find kmax.eff ( ) kmax.eff = 960
5
m
5.4
21.6

Hsys2 := kmax.eff Q pump_1650 ( )2 Hsys2 = 38.4 m
60

86.4
Characteristic of the pump at 1650 rpm
100
90
Head & Efficiency at 1650 rpm
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.05 0.077 0.104 0.131 0.158 0.185 0.212 0.239 0.266 0.293 0.32
Flow rate at 1650 rpm

Pump Curve 1650 rpm
System 1 Curve
Efficiency Curve 1650 rpm
System 2 Curve
a) The operating point of this pump at the operating speed is the interception between pump curve N 1
& system 1 curve, where can also be taken the reading of head(H) and the flow rate(Q) at the operating
speed.
18
b) NB: Obtaining the most effective operation point should be at the interception between system 1
curve & system2 curve and take the reading of Q most.eff and Hmost.eff,and then use the AFFINITY
LAWS to obtain the most effective speed ( N most.eff).
3
m
N most.eff := 1rpm Q most.eff := 0.285 Hmost.eff := 78m
s
Given
Q max.eff Q most.eff
= FROM AFFINITY
N1 N most.eff LAWS
(
N most.eff := Find N most.eff ) N most.eff = 1881 rpm
kN
:= 9.81 Specific Density of water
3
m
Hmost.eff Q most.eff
Preq := 100 Preq = 234.491 kW
max
c) Use the AFFINITY LAWS to c ompute the flow rat e(Q pump_1881), head( Hpump_1881) and the
efficiency( pump_1881) and plot the characteristic of the pump at the speed of 1881 rpm . Be aware
that whatever system curve to be plotted, it's always against operating flow rate.
0.086
0.171
Q pump_1650 N most.eff m3
Q pump_1650 Q pump_1881 Q pump_1881 := Q pump_1881 = 0.228
= FROM AFFINITY N1
N1 N most.eff LAWS 0.285 s

0.342
93.571
90.972
g Hpump_1650 2
g Hpum_1650 g Hpump_1881
=
H
FROM AFFINITY pump_1881
:= (
N most.eff ) Hpump_1881 = 85.774 m
(N1)2 ( Nmost.eff.)2 LAWS ( )2

g N 1 77.976

64.98
since d1 = d2
55
82
0.25
1 - 1 d2 FROM AFFINITY pump_1650 - 1
= LAWS pump_1881 := +1 pump_1881 = 90 %
1 - 2
d1 ( 1)
0.25
93

91
19
Characteristic of the pump at 1881 rpm
100
90
Head & Efficiency at 1881 rpm
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.05 0.082 0.114 0.146 0.178 0.21 0.242 0.274 0.306 0.338 0.37
Flow rate at 1881 rpm

Pump Curve 1881 rpm
System 2 Curve
Efficiency Curve 1881 rpm
20
2- The characteristic of a pump delivering water are as follows:
3
m
Q( ) 0.069 0.092 0.115 0.138 0.18
s
H( m) 4.35 4.03 3.38 2.42 0
When two such pump are connected in parallel the flow rate through the system is the same as when connected in
series. Determine the flow rate that a single pump would deliver if connected to the same system? Assume the
system characteristic to be purely resistive (no static lift) and losses due to friction only.
Solution:
4.35 0.069 8.7

4.03 0.092 8.06
m3
Hpump := 3.38 m Q pump := 0.115 Hseries := 2Hpump Hseries = 6.76 m z := 0m
2.42 0.138 s 4.84

0 0.18 0
0.069 4.35
0.092 4.03
m3
Q series := Q pump Q series = 0.115 Hparallel := Hpump Hparallel = 3.38 m
0.138 s 2.42

0.18 0
0.138
0.184
m3
Q parallel := 2Q pump Q parallel = 0.23
0.276 s

0.36
21
8.1
7.2
6.3
5.4
Head
4.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
0.9
0
0.05 0.085 0.12 0.155 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.295 0.33 0.365 0.4
Flow rate
Original Pump Curve
Pump Curve when connected in Parallel
Pump Curve when connected in Series
From the interception between pum p curve when connected in series and when connected in parallel
taking readings of the flow rate (Q) and head (H), that should gives:
3
m
Q := 0.142 H := 4.38m
s
2
s
k := 1
5
m
Given
2
2 s
H = z + k Q k := Find( k) k = 217.219
5
m
1.034
1.839

Hsys := z + k Q pump( )2 Hsys = 2.873 m
4.137

7.038
22
After finding the constant value (k), use this constant (k) to com pute the system head using the same
flow rate and add the system curve on the plot.
8.1
7.2
6.3
5.4
Head
4.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
0.9
0
0.05 0.085 0.12 0.155 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.295 0.33 0.365 0.4
Flow rate
Original Pump Curve
Parallel Pump Curve
Series Pump Curve
System Curve
23
3- The characteristic of a centrifugal pump handling water are given as:
3
m
Q( ) 0.01 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.024
s
H( m) 9.5 8.7 7.4 6.1 0.9
(%) 65 81 78 68 12
The system consists of 840m of 15cm diameter pipes with absolutes roughness 6x10-6m joining two reservoirs, the difference
between water levels being 3m. Neglecting all losses except frictions. Determine the rate of flow between two reservoirs at
the operation point and the power consumed by the pump.
-3 kg
Take absolute viscosity of water as =1.14x10 Pa.s and =1000
3
m
solution: 65 for the reason of scale, efficiency I used

81 reduction scale 1:7, that's why divided all
efficiencies by 7
78 %
%1 0.01 9.5 68
0.014 8.7
m3
Q Pump := 0.017 HPump := 7.4 m :=
12 L := 840m d := 15cm
0.019 s 6.1 7

0.024 0.9
-6 -3 kg
:= 6 10 m z := 3m := 1.14 10 Pa s := 1000
3
m
In the given data there no pipe friction factor, to get the system equation is needed, in t his case is necessary the
interaction in order to get acceptable pipe friction factor
Interact pipe friction factor start by 0.01 f1 := 0.01
2
8 f L Q Pump 4 Q 0.25
(
HSys f , L, Q Pump , d := z + ) 2 5
R( , Q , , d) :=
d
f ( , d , R) :=
2
g d log + 5.74
3.7 d 0.9
R
3.914
4.792
2 head and flow rate form the graph at f1 = 0.01
8 f1 L Q Pump
HSys1 := z + HSys1 = 5.642 m
2 5 3
g d 6.301 m
H1 := 6.25m Q 1 := 0.018834
s
8.266
22
After getting the system equation always plot it to find the head and flow rate and then use it to calculate Reynolds
number and new friction factor until getting the right one as show below:
4 Q 1 0.25
R2 := R2 = 140235.05 f2 :=
d 2 f2 = 0.017
log + 5.74
3.7 d R2 0.9

4.551
6.039 head and flow rate form the graph at f2 = 0.017
2
8 f2 L Q Pump
HSys2 := z + HSys2 = 7.481 m 3
2 5 m
g d 8.597 H2 := 7.4211m Q 2 := 0.016897
s

11.931
4 Q 2 0.25
R3 := R3 = 125812.448 f3 := f3 = 0.0173
d 2
log + 5.74
3.7 d R3 0.9

4.583
6.102 head and flow rate form the graph at f3 = 0.0173
2
8 f3 L Q Pump 3
HSys3 := z + HSys3 = 7.574 m m
2 5 H3 := 7.4605m Q 3 := 0.016985
g d 8.714 s

12.117
4 Q 3 0.25
R4 := R4 = 126467.682 f4 := f4 = 0.0173
d 2
log + 5.74
3.7 d R4 0.9

I multiply by 7 because of the scale that I

HSys.Ideal := HSys3 3 := ( 11.143 ) ( 7) = 78.001 %
used for efficiency
After getting the ideal pipe friction factor the one of the system3, m ean that the head, flow rate and efficiency of two
reservoir is also from system 3, now we are able to calculate the power consum ed as show below
kN
:= 9.81 Specific Density of water
3
m
H3 Q 3
Pcons := 100 Pcons = 1.594 kW
3
23
12
10.8
9.6
8.4
Head & Efficiency
7.2
4.8
3.6
2.4
1.2
0
0.01 0.0115 0.013 0.0145 0.016 0.0175 0.019 0.0205 0.022 0.0235 0.025
Flow Rate
Pump Curve
System Curve 1 with f1
System Curve 2 with f2
System Ideal Curve 3 with f3
Efficiency Curve
24
2
4- The characteristic of a pum p in terms of dimensionless coeffcients m ay approxim ated to KH = 240 - 2 KQ - 21 KQ .
Such a pum p having an im peller of 0.4m and running at 145 rev/min operates against a system characteristic represeted
2 3
by Hsys = 5 + 300 Q . Use Q=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5m /s to plot the original pum p curve and system curce.
a) Obtem the volum e flow rate delivered and the pum p operating head for the original pump from your graph?
b) Obtem the volum e flow rate delivered and the pum p operating head for a similar pump with an impeller diameter of
0.39m in the dam e system operating at 220rev/m in from your graph?
Solution:
0
0.1
3
0.2 m
Q pump_145 := d1 := 0.4m N 1 := 145rpm d2 := 0.39m N 2 := 220rpm z145 := 5m
0.3 s
0.4

0.5
2
s
kpump_145 := 300
5
m
5
8

17
Hsys := z145 + kpump_145 Q pump_145 ( )2 Hsys = m
32
53

80
Q g H
KQ = , KH = FROM AFFINITY
3 2 2 LAWS
N d N d
2
KH = 240 - 2 KQ - 21 KQ
2
g H Q Q
= 240 - 2 - 21
2 2 3 3
N d N d Nd
) - 2(N 3d ) Q - 21 N2d6 Q 2
2 2 2 2
(
g H = 240 N d
2 2
Nd N d
2
N N 21 2
H = 240 d - 2 Q - Q
g 60 60 60 g d 4
g d
25
Hpump_145 = 22.861 - 1.232Q pump_145 - 83.62 Q pump_145 ( )2 22.861

21.902
2
s s 19.27
Hpump_145 := 22.861m - 1.232
2
Q pump_145 - 83.62
5
( Q pump_145 )2 Hpump_145 =
14.966
m
m m
8.989

1.34
Hpump_220 = 50.028 - 1.917 Q pump_220 - 92.532 Q pump_220 ( )2
50.028
48.911
2
s s 2 45.943
Hpump_220 := 50.028m - 1.917
2
Q pump_145 - 92.532
5
Q pump_145 ( ) Hpump_220 =
41.125
m
m m
34.456
NB: Alw ays use the operation flow rate to calcul ate any system head, pump
head and to plot the graph. 25.936
0
0.141
3
Q pump_145 Q pump_220
Q pump_145 N 2 d2
0.281 m3
FROM AFFINITY
Q pump_220 := Q pump_220 =
= 3 0.422 s
3 3 LAWS N 1 d1
N 1 d1 N 2 d2 0.563

0.703
80
60 Readings taken from the graph
3
m
Q 145 := 0.214 H145 := 18.8m
Head
40 s
3
m
Q 220 := 0.333 H220 := 38.3m
s
20
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Flow rate
System Curve
Pump Curve at 145 rpm
Pump Curve at 220 rpm
26
5- For the system in Question4, water at 15 (=9.81kN/m 3, Pvap=1.7kPa flows from a closed thank through a 50cm
diam eter suction pipe (f=0.02) whose length is 2km . The pressure above the water in the sealed tank is 10kPa below
atm ospheric. The sim ilar pum p for the Question1 is placed 4m below the surface of the water in the thank, the pipe
connection to the thank is square edged and there are two 90 elbows (f T=0.017, Le/D=30). Take atm ospheric pressure
as 100.5kPa. Sketch the system . Calculate the net positive suction head available to this similar pump.
NB: The pressure in the thank always must be absolute pressure and do not
consider the suction after the pump, consider only the suction before the pump.
kN
:= 9.81 p vap := 1.7kPa d := 50cm f := 0.02 L := 2km p g := -10kPa
3
m
Le 3
m
fT := 0.017 = 30 p at := 100.5kPa Q := 0.333 from Question4
de s
hs := 4m
p v2
2
2
NPSH A = + - hvap = hsp + hs - hL - hvap
2 g TO AVOID CAVITATION
NPSH A NPSHR
p sp := p g + p at p sp = 90.5 kPa ( abs )
NPSH A = 1.10NPSHR
p sp
hsp := hsp = 9.225 m

hL = entre + friction + 2elbows
8 f L Q 2 2
8 Q p vap
NPSH A := hsp + hs - + 2 fT ( 30) - NPSH A = 1.171 m
2 g d5 2 4
g d
27
DISCUSSION:
Many pum ps are too large to be tested in a laboratory therefore it is essential to be able to test small geom etrically
sim ilar ones and then scale the results up to the required size.
If a centrifugal pump operates in conjunction with a pipe system the two m ust handle the same volume and at the
same tim e, the head generated by the pump must be equal to the system energy requirement at that flow rate.
The point at which the system curve and the pum p rating curve intercepts is the true operating point of the pump
in the system . At operating point, the pump head and system head the are equal ( Hpump = Hsystem).
An important characteristic of the head flow curve is the best efficiency point, at this point, the pum p operates
m ost cost-effectively in term of both energy, efficiency and maintenance.
The perform ance of the centrifugal pum ps is typically described by graph plotting the pressure head generated by
the pump over a range of flow rates.
Vapour bubbles are form ed in the fluid in a m anner sim ilar to boling. If the suction pressure of pum p inlet is too low.
The propety that determines the conditions under which vapour bubbles from is hs vapour pressure ( p vap). It is very
im portant to com pute the net positive suction head available( NPSHA) to the pump in order to avoid cavitations.
The value of NPSHA depends on the vapour pressure of the flowing fluid, energy losses in the suction pipe, the
location of the fluid reservoir and the pressure applied to the fluid in reservoir.
28
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III VELOCITY TRIANGLE Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
TUTORIAL 1
1- A centrifugal pum p has external and internal im peller diam eters 600mm and 300mm respectively.The vane angle at
inlet and outlet are 30 and 45 respectively. The water the impeller at 2.5 m /s, velocity of flow is constant and there is
no whirl at inlet. Find the rotational speed of im peller in rpm and work done per unit force of water (theoretical head
developed by pump).
Solution:
m
d2 := 600mm d1 := 300mm 1 := 30 2 := 45 v1 := 2.5 vf := v1 vw1 := 0
s
d2 d1
r2 := r1 :=
2 2
2 N
U = r =
60
U
U ( N , r) := N r N ( U , r) :=
r
m
U 1 := 1
s
Given
v1 m
( )
tan 1 =
U1
( )
U 1 := Find U 1 U 1 = 4.33
s
( )
N U 1 , r1 = 276 rpm N := 276 rpm
m m
( )
U N , r2 = 8.671
s
U 2 := 8.671
s
29
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 6.171
s
U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 5.456 m
g g
30
2- Calculate vane angle at the inlet of a centrifugal pump impeller having 200mm diam eter at inlet and 400m m
diam eter at outlet. The im peller vanes are set backwards 45 at outlet and the entry of the pum p is radial. The pump
runs at 1000 rpm and the velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 3m/s. A lso calculate t he work done per
unit force of water (theoretical head developed by pump), the velocity at which water lives the impeller at outlet
(absolute velocity at outlet), and the direction of the water at outlet (guide vane angle at outlet).
Solution:
m d1 d2
d1 := 200mm d2 := 400mm N := 1000rpm 2 := 45 v1 := 3 r1 := r2 :=
s 2 2
vf := v1 vw1 := 0
2 N
U = r =
60
U ( N , r) := N r
m m
( )
U N , r1 = 10.472
s
U 1 := 10.472
s
1 := 1deg
Given
v1
( )
tan 1 = U ( )
1 := Find 1 1 = 15.986 deg
1
m m
( )
U N , r2 = 20.944
s
U 2 := 20.944
s
31
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 17.944
s
m
v2 := 1
s
Given
2 2 2 m
v2 = vw2 + vf ( )
v2 := Find v2 v2 = 18.193
s
2 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 2 =
vw2
( )
2 := Find 2 2 = 9.491 deg
U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 38.323 m
g g
32
3- A centrifugal pum p is to discharge water at the rate of 110 litres/second at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 23
m etres. The impeller diameter and its width at outlet are 250mm and 50m m respectively. Determine the vane angle at
the outlet if the m anometric efficiency of the pum p is 75%. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
L
Q := 110 N := 1450rpm Hm := 23m d2 := 250mm b 2 := 50mm m := 75%
s
d2
r2 := vw1 := 0
2
Hth := 1m
Given
Hm
m =
Hth
( )
Hth := Find Hth Hth = 30.667 m
Af2 = 2 r b
m 2 N
vf := 1 U = r =
s 60
Given
m
Q = 2 r2 b 2 vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.801
s
m
U 2 := N r2 = 18.98
s
2 := 1
Given
U2 - 1
Hth = U - vf tan 2 ( ( )) 2 := Find 2 ( ) 2 = 41.773 deg
g 2
33
4- A centrifugal pum p delivers water against a head of 14.5 metres while running at 1000 rpm . The vanes are c urved
backwards 30 at outlet. The im peller diam eter and its width at outlet are 300m m and 50m m respectively.Determine the
discharge of pum p if the m anom etric efficiency 85%. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
d2
Hm := 14.5m N := 1000rpm 2 := 30 d2 := 300mm b 2 := 50mm m := 85% r2 :=
2
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 15.708
s
Hth := 1m
Given
Hm
m =
Hth
( )
m
vf := 1
s
Given
U2 - 1 m
Hth = U 2 - vf tan 2( ( )) vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.92
g s
3
m
Q := 2 r2 b 2 vf Q = 0.138
s
34
5- A centrifugal pum p discharge 7500 litres of water per m inute against a total head of 25m etres when running at 660
rpm . The outer diam eter of the im peller is 600m m and the ratio of outer to inner diam eter is 2. The area of flow, through
the wheel is 0.06m 2. The vanes are set backward 45 at outlet. Water enters the wheel radially and without shock.
Calculate:
(a) m anometric efficiency, and

(b) vane angle at inlet
Solution:
L d2 2
Q := 7500 Hm := 25m N := 660rpm d2 := 600mm d1 := Af := 0.06m 2 := 45
min 2
d1 d2
vw1 := 0 r1 := r2 :=
2 2
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 20.735
s
m
U 1 := N r1 U 1 = 10.367
s
m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
Q = Af vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 2.083 v1 := vf
s
U2 - 1
Hth := U - vf tan 2( ( )) Hth = 39.435 m
g 2
Hm
m := m = 63.396 %
Hth
35
1 := 1
Given
v1
( )
tan 1 =
U1
( )
1 := Find 1 1 = 11.362 deg
36
TUTORIAL 2
1- A centrifugal pum p has external an impeller diameter as 1500m m running at 210 rpm delivers 180 litres of water per
second. The vane angle at outlet is 25o. Assum e radial entry and velocity of flow throughout as 2.5m /s, determ ine
theoretical power developed by the pum p. Find m anom etric head if manometric efficiency of the pump is 65%.
Solution:
L m
d2 := 1500mm N := 210rpm Q := 180 2 := 25 vf2 := 2.5 m := 65%
s s
d2 kN
:= 9.81
r2 := 3
2 m
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 16.493
s
U2 - 1
Hth := U 2 - vf2 tan 2
( ( )) Hth = 18.723 m
g
Pth := Hth Q Pth = 33.06 kW
Hm := 1m
Given
Hm
m =
Hth
Hm := Find Hm( ) Hm = 12.17 m
37
2- A centrifugal pum p delivers 50 litres per second against a head of 25m running at 1500 rpm . The velocity of flow is
m aintained constant at 2.4 m/s and the blades are set backwards at 30 to the tangent at exit. The inner diameter is
half of the outer diam eter, the m anom etric efficiency is 80%. Find the theoretical power developed by the pump and the
blade angle at inlet. Assum e zero whirl at inlet.
Solution:
L m 1
Q := 50 Hm := 25m N := 1500rpm vf := 2.4 2 := 30 m := 80% d1 = d2
s s 2
kN
:= 9.81
3
m
Hth := 1m
Given
Hm
m =
Hth
( )
38
vf
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
U 2 vw2
Hth =
g
U2 = U2
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf g Hth m
( )
tan 2
+ vw2 =
vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 15.55
s
m
U 2 := 1
s
Given
U 2 vw2 m
Hth =
g
U 2 := Find U 2 ( ) U 2 = 19.707
s
2 Ud22.
d22:== N
U d2 = 0.251 m
N2
1
d1 := d2 d1 = 0.125 m
2
d1 m
U 1 := N U 1 = 9.854
2 s
1 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 1 =
U1
1 := Find 1( ) 1 = 13.689 deg
39
3- A centrifugal fan supplies air at rate of 4.5 m 3/s and total theoretical head developed is100mm of water. The outer
diam eter of the impeller is 50 cm and the outer width is 18 cm. Determ ine the blade angle at outlet if the fan runs at
1800rev/m in. Assum e zero whirl at inlet and take air desity as 1.23kg/m 3.
Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 4.5 Hw := 100mm d2 := 50cm b 2 := 18cm N := 1800rpm a := 1.23
s 3
m
d2 kg
r2 := w := 1000 vw1 := 0
2 3
m
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore Hp = Hm - Hc and
Hm = Ha; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha
w Hw = a Ha
w g Hw = a g Ha
w Hw
Ha =
a
Hth = Ha
Hth := 1m
Given
w Hw
Hth =
a
( )
40
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 47.124
s
2
Af := 2 r2 b 2 Af = 0.283 m
m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
Q = Af vf vf := Find( vf) vf = 15.915
s
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
U 2 vw2 m
Hth =
g
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 16.919
s
2 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
2 := Find 2 ( ) 2 = 27.786 deg
41
4- A centrifugal pum p delivers 0.3m 3/s of water at 1400 rev/min. The total theoretical head developed is 20m. The
im peller is 30 cm in diameter and 32mm wide at exit, and is designed for constant velocity of flow. Assume zero whirl at
inlet. Calculate:
a) The guide vane angle at exit ?

b) The blade (vane) angle at exit ?
Solution:
3 d2
m
Q := 0.3 N := 1400rpm Hth := 20m d2 := 30cm b 2 := 32mm r2 := 1 := 22.5
s 2
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 21.991
s
2
Af := 2 r2 b 2 Af = 0.03 m
m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
s
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
U 2 vw2 m
Hth =
g
vw2 := Find vw2( ) vw2 = 8.919
s
42
2 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 2 =
vw2
( )
2 := Find 2 2 = 48.12 deg
2 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
( )
2 := Find 2 2 = 37.269 deg
43
TUTORIAL 3
1- A centrifugal pum p has vane angle at inlet and outlet as 22.5 and 130 respectively, the relative velocity at outlet is
13 m /s and the vane velocity at outlet is 36 m /s. It is designed for a constant velocity of flow and assuming no whirl at
inlet.
1.1 Construct the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?
1.2 Measure out the values of vf2, vw2 , 2, vr1 , and U 1 ?

3
1.3 Calculate the im peller diam eter at inlet if the impeller width is 10 cm and flow rate is 4.8m /s ?
Solution:
m m
1 := 22.5 2 := 130 vr 2 := 13 U 2 := 36
s s
Make use of graph paper to constract the velocity triangles
NB: When vane angle ( ) is

greather then 90 or whirl
velocity ( vw) is greather then
tangent velocity of the
impeller ( U) , this will be
always the type of velocity
triangle that we going to
deal with.
m m m
vf := 10 vw2 := 44.4 v2 := 45.5 2 := 12.5
s s s
NB: When there no

whirl velocity or guide
angle( ) is 90 this will
be always the type of
velocity triangle that we
going to deal with.
m m
vr 1 := 26 U 1 := 24
s s
44
3
m
b 1 := 10cm Q := 4.8
s
d1 := 1m
Given
d1 d1
Q = 2
2
b 1 vf d1 := Find d1( ) d1 = 1.528 m r1 :=
2
N := 1rpm
Given
U 1 = N r1 N := Find( N ) N = 300 rpm
d2 := 1m
Given
d2
U2 = N
2
( )
d2 := Find d2 d2 = 2.292 m
b 2 := 1m
Given
d2
Q = 2
2
b 2 vf ( )
b 2 := Find b 2 b 2 = 6.667 cm
U 2 vw2
Hth := Hth = 162.991 m
g
45
2- A centrifugal fan delivers 2 m 3/s of air (density 1.2 kg/m 3) running at 960 rev/min. The im peller outer diam eter is
0.7m and inner diameter is 0.48m . The im peller width at inlet is 0.16m . The width is designed for constant radial flow
velocity throughout. The blades are backward inclined m aking angle of 22.5 and 50 with the tangents at inlet and
outlet respectively. There is whirl at inlet.
a) Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?
b) Calculate blade velocity at inlet and outlet ?
c) Calculate the whirl velocity at inlet and outlet ?
d) Calculate the absolute velocity at inlet and outlet ?
e) Calculate the relative velocity at inlet and outlet ?
f) Calculate the theoretical head produced by the im peller ?
g) If 5m of air is lost at inlet, calculate the pressure head across the im peller ?
h) Claculate the im peller width at outlet ?
Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 2 a := 1.2 N := 960rpm d2 := 0.7m d1 := 0.48m b 1 := 0.16m 1 := 22.5
s 3
m
d1 d2
2 := 50 r1 := r2 :=
2 2
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore Hp = Hm - Hc and
Hm = Ha; when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha
m
U 1 := N r1 U 1 = 24.127
s
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 35.186
s
2
Af := 2 r1 b 1 Af = 0.241 m
46
m
vf := 1
s
Given
m
s
m
vw1 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan 1 =
U 1 - vw1
(
vw1 := Find vw1 ) vw1 = 4.115
s
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 28.23
s
2 2 m
v1 := vw1 + vf v1 = 9.255
s
2 2 m
v2 := vw2 + vf v2 = 29.422
s
m
vr 1 := 1
s
Given
sin( 90) ( )
sin 1 m
vr1
=
vf
( )
vr 1 := Find vr 1 vr 1 = 21.661
s
m
vr 2 := 1
s
Given
sin( 90) ( )
sin 2 m
vr2
=
vf
( )
vr 2 := Find vr 2 vr 2 = 10.821
s
U 2 vw2 U 1 vw1
Hth := - Hth = 91.164 m
g g
47
hL := 5m
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ z1 + + Hth - hL = + z2 +
2 g 2 g
2 2
p2 p1 v1 - v2
- = + z1 - z2 - hL + Hth
2 g
2 2
v1 - v2
H2 - H1 = - hL + Hth
2g
2 2
v1 - v2
Hp := - hL + Hth Hp = 46.395 m
2 g
b 2 := 1m
Given
(
Q = 2 r2 b 2 vf ) ( )
b 2 := Find b 2 b 2 = 0.11 m
48
3- A centrifugal fan delivers 120 m 3/min of air (density 1.2 kg/m 3) running at 960 rev/min. The im peller outer diam eter
is 0.7m and the inner is 0.48m. The air enters the im peller radially without shock, the im peller width at inlet is 0.133m
and at outlet is 0.115m . The blades are backward inclined m aking angles of 22.5 and 50 with the tangents at inlet
and outlet respectively. Losses in the im peller are 70% of the velocity head at outlet and 90% of velocity head at outlet
is converted to pressure head in the casing. There is no whirl at inlet. Sketch the inlet and outlet velocity triangles.
Calculate:
a) The theoretical head developed across the im peller ?

b) The pressure head diffrence across the fan m eters of water ?
c) The theoretical power developed by the fan ?
d) The m anom etric effic ienc y ?
Solution:
3
m kg
Q := 120 a := 1.2 N := 960rpm d2 := 0.7m d1 := 0.48m b 1 := 0.133m b 2 := 0.115m
min 3
m
d1 d2
vw1 := 0 1 := 22.5 2 := 50 r1 := r2 :=
2 2
NB: when centrifugal fun delivers air and we have casing in the system threfore Hp = Hm - Hc and Hm = Ha;
when centrifugal fun is supplies air therefore Hth = Ha
m
U 1 := N r1 U 1 = 24.127
s
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 35.186
s
49
m
vf1 := 1
s
Given
m
Q = 2 r1 b 1 vf1 ( )
vf1 := Find vf1 vf1 = 9.972
s
m
vf2 := 1
s
Given
m
Q = 2 r2 b 2 vf2 ( )
vf2 := Find vf2 vf2 = 7.908
s
m
vw2 := 1
s
Given
vf2 m
( )
tan 2 =
U 2 - vw2
(
vw2 := Find vw2 ) vw2 = 28.55
s
U 2 vw2
Hth := Hth = 102.436 m
g
v1 := vf1
2 2 m
v2 := vw2 + vf2 v2 = 29.625
s
v 2
2
hL := 70% = 31.323 m
g
2
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
+ z1 + + Hth - hL = + z2 +
2 g 2 g
2 2
p2 p1 v1 - v2
- = + z1 - z2 - hL + Hth
2 g
2 2
v1 - v2
H2 - H1 = - hL + Hth
2g
2 2
v1 - v2
Hp := - hL + Hth Hp = 31.436 m
2 g
50
Hp = Hm - Hc
v 2
2
Hc := 90%
2g
Hm := Hp + Hc Hm = 71.708 m
kg
w := 1000 Ha := Hm
3
m
Hw := 1m
Given
a g Ha = w g Hw ( )
Hw := Find Hw Hw = 86.05 mm
Hm
m := m = 70.003 %
Hth
51
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III TURBINES Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng.
NOTE:
Hydroelectric power has been developed by hydraulic turbines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is used for running electric generators directly coupled to the shaft of turbines.
A pelton wheel is an example of an im pulsive t urbine. Pelton wheel c an handle a gross head greater than 250m and is
regarded as a high turbine. If the turbine is working under a net head, hp (gross head-pipe friction loss), the jet velocity
at inlet is V j = Cv 2 g hp. C v ranges from 0.97 to 0.99. Bucket speed can be obtain from U = r. At inlet
U
( )
V j = V w1 = V r1 + U. The energy transferred is given by Hth = E = V j - U - ( 1 - k cos) and V r2 = k V r1
g
where k is the reduction in relative velocity and the value is usually between 0.8 and 0.85, is the angle of
deflection and can be taken as 165 if not mentioned. The maximum energy transferred will occur at some
point where dE/dU=0 which gives U=0.5Vj , note that hydraulic efficiency is maximum in practice when the
bucket speed U=0.46Vj . No energy transfer when blade or vane velocity (U) is zero or equal to jet velocity.
Be aware about the hydraulic and ovarall efficiency of the turbine and pelton wheel they differs; pelton wheel
Hth Hth Psh Hth Psh
hyd = , when nozzle excluded hyd = and ova = ; turbine hyd = and ova = ,
hj hp hp Q H H Q
Psh
Mechanical efficiency is the same for both cases mech = .
Pth
TUTORIAL 1
1- A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 35 m /s. The discharge rate of the jet is 1 m 3/s under a power head of
270 m . The bucket deflets the jet through an angle of 170. Calculate the power delivered to the runner, power
developed by the runner, and hydraulic effciency of the turbine. Take C v=0.98 and Vr1=Vr2
Solution:
3
m m kN
U := 35 Q := 1 hp := 270m := 170 cv := 0.98 k := 1 := 9.81
s s 3
m
m
vj := cv 2 g hp vj = 71.315
s
2
vj
hj := hj = 259.308 m
2 g
Pj := hj Q Pj = 2.544 MW
U
g
( )
Hth := vj - U ( 1 - k cos( ) )
Hth = 257.251 m
Pth := Hth Q Pth = 2.524 MW
Hth
hyd := hyd = 99.207 %
hj
52
2- A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket diameter 0.8 m running at 1000 rpm . The power head is 400 m and the bucket
deflects the jet through 165 . The discharge through the nozzle is 0.15 m 3/s. Find the jet power, power available
before nozzle and hydraulic efficiency. Take C v=0.98 and Vr1=Vr2
Solution:
3
m
Q := 0.15 hp := 400m := 165 cv := 0.98 k := 1 N := 1000rpm d := 0.8m
s
kN
:= 9.81
3
m
m
vj := cv 2 g hp vj = 86.802
s
2
vj
hj := hj = 384.16 m
2 g
Pj := hj Q Pj = 565.291 kW
Pbn := hp Q Pbn = 588.6 kW
d m
U := N U = 41.888
2 s
U
g
( )
Hth := vj - U ( 1 - k cos( ) )
Hth = 377.156 m
Hth
hyd := hyd = 98.177 %
hj
53
3- The pipe supplies water to the pelton wheel with a gross head of 450. The head loss due to friction in the pipe is
one-third of the gross head. The bucket speed U=0.46Vj for m aximum practical conditions. Flow through the nozzle is
1.8 m 3/s. Determ ine the power developed by the runner and hydraulic efficiency if angle of deflection is 168 and
C v=0.98. Vr1=Vr2
Solution:
3
1 m
H := 450m hf := H U = 0.46 vj Q := 1.8 := 168 cv := 0.98
3 s
kN
k := 1 := 9.81
3
m
hp := H - hf hp = 300 m
m
vj := cv 2 g hp vj = 75.173
s
2
vj
hj := hj = 288.12 m
2 g
m
U := 0.46 vj U = 34.58
s
U
g
( )
Hth := vj - U ( 1 - k cos( ) )
Hth = 283.148 m
Hth
hyd := hyd = 98.274 %
hj
54
4- A jet of 0.13 m diam eter im pinges on bucket of a pelton wheel and the jet deflected through 165. The power head
is 400 m. The bucket is not sm ooth and there is a 20% reduction in relative velocity. C v=0.97, U=0.45Vj. D bucket=0.8
m . Find the speed of the wheel and power developed by runner.
Solution:
dj := 0.13m := 165 hp := 400m k := 100% - 20% cv := 0.97 U = 0.45 vj
kN dbuck
dbuck := 0.8m := 9.81 rbuck :=
3 2
m
m
vj := cv 2 g hp vj = 85.917
s
2
vj
hj := hj = 376.36 m
2 g
m
U := 0.45 vj U = 38.662
s
U
g
( )
Hth := vj - U ( 1 - k cos( ) )
Hth = 330.258 m
N := 1rpm
Given
U = N rbuck N := Find( N ) N = 922.998 rpm
3
2 m
Q := vj dj Q = 1.14
4
s
55
5- A penstock (pipeline) 1m in diam eter and 10 km long carries water at 10 C (=9.81kN/m 3) from a reservoir to an
im pulse turbine. The surface of fluid in reservoir is 650m above the turbine jet, the jet diameter is 16 cm . Use f=0.016
and C v=0.95. The rotational speed of turbine wheel is 360 rpm and the hydraulic efficiency is 85%. Assume ideal
conditions for the bucket design (U=0.5V j). Calculate the diameter of the turbine wheel, the flow rate, and the
theoretical power developed by the wheel.
Solution:
kN
dp := 1m L := 10km := 9.81 H := 650m dj := 16cm f := 0.016 cv := 0.95
3
m
N := 360rpm hyd := 85% U = 0.5 vj
Qp = Qj
2
2 2 L vp
vp dp = vj dj vj = cv 2 g hp hL = f
4 4 dp 2 g
hp = H - hL
m
vj := 1
s
Given
2

dj v 2
2
2
vj L 4 j
= H - f 2 g
2 dp 2 m
2 g cv d ( )
vj := Find vj vj = 102.523
4 p s
2
vj
hj := hj = 535.91 m
2 g
m
U := 0.5 vj U = 51.261
s
56
dtw := 1m
Given
dtw
U = N
2
( )
dtw := Find dtw dtw = 2.72 m
3
2 m
Q := vj dj Q = 2.061
4 s
Hth := 1m
Given
Hth
hyd =
hj
( )
57
NOTE:
Reaction turbine is categorized in two forms based on the geometry / flow as : Inward flow reaction turbine and
outward flow reaction turbine. A Francis turbine (named after an Am erican Engineer, Jam es B Francis) is an example
of an inward flow reaction turbine. Modern Francis turbines can handle a supply head between 60m and 250m and it is
regarded as medium head turbine. In an inward flow reaction turbine, the inlet is through the external diameter and the
outlet is through the inner diameter (i.e. the flow of fluid is towards the runner centre) while in outward flow reaction
turbine, the inlet is through the inner diameter and outlet is through the external diam eter (i.e. the fluid enters the guide
vanes at the centre and flow radially outwards into the runner). The maximum energy transferred to the runner
U V w1
occur when V w2 = 0 and Hth = E = .
g
Be aware about the hydraulic and ovarall efficiency of the turbine and pelton wheel they differs; pelton wheel
Hth Hth Psh Hth Psh
hyd = , when nozzle excluded hyd = and ova = ; turbine hyd = and ova = ,
hj hp hp Q H H Q
Psh
Mechanical efficiency is the same for both cases mech = .
Pth
TUTORIAL 2
1- An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameter as 1.2m and 0.6m , respec tively. The velocity of
flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.8m/s. Determ ine the discharge through the runner and the width
at outlet if the width at inlet is 20cm .
Solution:
m d1 d2
d1 := 1.2m d2 := 0.6m vr := 1.8 vf := vr b 1 := 20cm r1 := r2 :=
s 2 2
3
m
Q := 2 r1 b 1 vf Q = 1.357
s
b 2 := 1m
Given
Q = 2 r2 b 2 vf ( )
b 2 := Find b 2 b 2 = 40 cm
58
2- An inward flow reaction turbine has external diameter of runner equal to 67.5cm and corresponding width of 15cm.
The effective head is 21m , velocity of flow at inlet is 3m/s, the guide vane angle at inlet is 12 and the vane angle is
90 at inlet. Inner diameter is 50cm and width is 22.5cm. Whirl velocity at outlet is zero. Find the speed of the turbine,
outlet vane angle, and power developed.
Solution:
m
d1 := 67.5cm b 1 := 15cm H := 21m vf1 := 3 vr 1 := vf1 1 := 12 1 := 90
s
d1 d2
r1 := d2 := 50cm b 2 := 22.5cm r2 :=
2 2
m
U 1 := 1
s
Given
vf1 m
( )
tan 1 =
U1
( )
U 1 := Find U 1 U 1 = 14.114
s
vw1 := U 1
N := 1rpm
Given
U 1 = N r1 N := Find( N ) N = 399.341 rpm
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 10.455
s
59
3
m
Q := 2 r1 b 1 vf1 Q = 0.954
s
m
vf2 := 1
s
Given
m
Q = 2 r2 b 2 vf2 ( )
vf2 := Find vf2 vf2 = 2.7
s
2 := 1
Given
vf2
( )
tan 2 =
U2
( )
2 := Find 2 2 = 14.481 deg
U 1 vw1
Hth := Hth = 20.313 m
g
kN
:= 9.81
3
m
P := Hth Q P = 190.155 kW
60
3- The runner of francis turbine developed 176.2 kW when rotating at 150 rpm and available head at inlet is 12.5m . The
velocity of flow through the runner must be constant at 0.251 2 g H. The peripheral speed at inlet is 0.81 2 g H and
there was no whirl velocity com ponent at the exit from the runner. Assume the hydraulic efficiency is 87% and the
overall efficiency is 79%. Draw the velocity driagram s and calculate: The diameter of the runner at inlet, the guide vane
angle at inlet, the runner blade angle at inlet, the discharge (Q) in m 3/s, the width of the runner blades at inlet of if the
blades occupy 8% of the circumference, the shaft power developed and the mechanical efficiency.
Solution:
Pth := 176.2kW N := 150rpm H := 12.5m vf := 0.251 2 g H U 1 := 0.81 2 g H
hyd := 87% ova := 79% b 1 ( 100% - 8%)
m
U 1 = 12.683
s
d1 := 1m
Given
d1 d1
U1 = N
2
( )
d1 := Find d1 d1 = 1.615 m r1 :=
2
Hth := 1m
Given
Hth
hyd =
H
( )
61
m
vw1 := 1
s
Given
U 1 vw1 m
Hth =
g
(
vw1 := Find vw1 ) vw1 = 8.409
s
1 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 1 =
vw1
( )
1 := Find 1 1 = 25.05 deg
1 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 1 =
U 1 - vw1
( )
1 := Find 1 1 = 42.6 deg
3
m kN
Q := 1 := 9.81
s 3
m
Given
3
m
Pth = Hth Q Q := Find( Q ) Q = 1.652
s
b 1 := 1m
Given
Q = 2 r1 b 1 ( 100% - 8%) vf ( )
b 1 := Find b 1 b 1 = 90.041 mm
Psh := 1kW
Given
Psh
ova =
H Q
( )
Psh := Find Psh Psh = 159.998 kW
Psh
mech := mech = 90.805 %
Pth
62
4- An inward flow reaction turbine having external diam eter of 1.5m runs at 400rpm . The velocity of flow at inlet is
10m/s. If the guide blade angle is 15, find the absolute velocity of water at inlet, velocity of whirl at inlet, inlet vane
angle of runner, and relative velocity at inlet.
Solution:
m d1
d1 := 1.5m N := 400rpm vf1 := 10 1 := 15 r1 :=
s 2
m
U 1 := N r1 U 1 = 31.416
s
m
vw1 := 1
s
Given
vf1 m
( )
tan 1 =
vw1
(
vw1 := Find vw1 ) vw1 = 37.321
s

deal with.
m
vr 1 := ( vw1 - U1)2 + ( vf1)2 vr 1 = 11.613
s
:= 1
Given
vw1 - U 1
tan( ) = := Find( ) = 30.56 deg
vf1
1 := + 90deg 1 = 120.56 deg
m
v1 := ( vw1) 2 + ( vf1) 2 v1 = 38.637
s
63
Alternative calculation of V 1
m
v1 := 1
s
Given
vf1 m
( )
sin 1 =
v1
( )
v1 := Find v1 v1 = 38.637
s
64
5- An outward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.5m and 1m, respectively. The guide vane
angle is 15 and velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 3m/s. The speed of turbine is 250 rpm,
the head on turbine is 10m, and discharge at outlet is radial (guide vane angle is 90).Determ ine runner vane angle at
inlet and outlet, the work done by water per unit weight, and hydraulic efficiency.
Solution:
m
d1 := 0.5m d2 := 1m 1 := 15 vf := 3 N := 250rpm H := 10m 2 := 90
s
d1 d2
r1 := r2 := vw2 := 0
2 2
m
U 1 := N r1 U 1 = 6.545
s
m
vw1 := 1
s
Given
vf m
( )
tan 1 =
vw1
(
vw1 := Find vw1 ) vw1 = 11.196
s

deal with.
:= 1
Given
vw1 - U 1
tan( ) = := Find( ) = 57.178 deg
vf
1 := + 90deg 1 = 147.178 deg
65
NB: When there no

whirl velocity or guide
angle( ) is 90 this will
be always the type of
velocity triangle that we
going to deal with.
m
U 2 := N r2 U 2 = 13.09
s
2 := 1
Given
vf
( )
tan 2 =
U2
( )
2 := Find 2 2 = 12.908 deg
U 1 vw1
Hth := Hth = 7.472 m
g
Hth
hyd := hyd = 74.723 %
H
66
REFERENCES
Lecturing notes of subject Hydraulic Machines III, (AN Peleowo, Senior Lecture
in Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Vaal University of
Technology)
Solving Problems in Fluid Mechanics (Volume 1): J.F Douglas & R.D Mathews
Applications of Fluid Mechanics (Part 2): C.F Meyer
Fluid Mechanics (Fifth edition): J.F Douglas et al
Fluid Mechanics (Fifth edition): Frank M. White
Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application: Yunus A. Cengel & John M.

Cimbala.
For any review and suggestion please address me by email: 208017470@edu.vut.ac.za

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DEPARTAMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC MACHINES III

Mathcad is the industry standard calculation software for technical professionals,

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW - TUTORIAL ---------------------------- PAGE 1-14

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - TUTORIAL ------------------------------ PAGE 15-51

TURBINES - TUTORIAL ------------------------------------------- PAGE 52-66

B := 152.4 mm D := 88.9 mm h := 50.8 mm L := B - 101.6 mm = 50.8 mm

B := 152.4 mm D := 88.9 mm h := 50.8 mm L := B - 101.6 mm = 50.8 mm

Consider a rectangular section maximum discharge

B = 2 D for maximum discharge

b := 1.067 m := 60deg := 30deg D := 0.457 m

b := 150mm D := 62mm h := 15mm v := 10mm

Consider the trapezion A1

:= 63.435deg D 1 := ( 2.5m - 0.6m) b := 1.0m

Consider the rectangular A2

Consider a trapezoidal section maximum discharge

twice slanting side = top width

tan( ) = 1 := Find( ) = 45 deg

Hence, cos = sin; or = 45 and the vertix angle= ( 2 ) ( 45), or 90

D is the fluid depth

Consider a circular section maximum velocity

2 = tan( 2 ) := Find( ) = 2.247 rad = 128.727 deg

Depth for maximum discharge (Chezy considered)

D = r - r cos( ) D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter

D = r - r cos( ) D is the fluid depth and d is the diameter

PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS

PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING POINTS OF TWO PUMPS

a) Obtain the operating point of this pump ?

c ) Plot the characteristic of the pump at this new speed ?

Characteristic of the pump at 1650 rpm

Flow rate at 1650 rpm

(N1)2 ( Nmost.eff.)2 LAWS ( )2

Characteristic of the pump at 1881 rpm

Flow rate at 1881 rpm

2- The characteristic of a pump delivering water are as follows:

4.35 0.069 8.7

3- The characteristic of a centrifugal pump handling water are given as:

H( m) 9.5 8.7 7.4 6.1 0.9

solution: 65 for the reason of scale, efficiency I used

Interact pipe friction factor start by 0.01 f1 := 0.01

I multiply by 7 because of the scale that I

Hpump_145 = 22.861 - 1.232Q pump_145 - 83.62 Q pump_145 ( )2 22.861

60 Readings taken from the graph

hL = entre + friction + 2elbows

(a) m anometric efficiency, and

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 33.06 kW

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 15.328 kW

a) The guide vane angle at exit ?

1.1 Construct the inlet and outlet velocity triangles ?

1.2 Measure out the values of vf2, vw2 , 2, vr1 , and U 1 ?

Make use of graph paper to constract the velocity triangles

NB: When vane angle ( ) is

NB: When there no

a) The theoretical head developed across the im peller ?

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 2.524 MW

Pbn := hp Q Pbn = 588.6 kW

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 554.985 kW

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 4999.83 kW

dj := 0.13m := 165 hp := 400m k := 100% - 20% cv := 0.97 U = 0.45 vj

U = N rbuck N := Find( N ) N = 922.998 rpm

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 3.695 MW

N := 360rpm hyd := 85% U = 0.5 vj

Pth := Hth Q Pth = 9.212 MW

U 1 = N r1 N := Find( N ) N = 399.341 rpm