METHODS AND APPROACHES

Grammar Translation Method

19th century
focus on grammatical rules as the basis for translating
from L2 to L1.
little consideration of the spoken language
accuracy was considered a necessity

Direct Method

at the end of the 19th century

lots of interaction, spontaneous use of language, no
translation
accuracy was still important

The Audiolingual Method

In the 1950s
Speech was primary, writing was secondary
A process of mechanical habit formation

Community Language Learning (CLL) 1970s

a knower stands outside a circle of students and helps

students say what they want by translating, suggesting or
amending the students utterances.

Suggestopedia - 1979

Lozanov created a method for learning that capitalized

on relaxed states of mind for maximum retention of
material. It is concerned above all with the physical
environment in which learning takes place. Music is
central to this method.

The Silent Way -1972

Learners should develop independence, autonomy and

responsibility. The teacher is silent much of the time .

Total Physical Response (TPR) - 1977

It is a language teaching method built around the

coordination of speech and action. Commands are an
easy way to get learners move about, no verbal response
 is necessary at the beginning. Eventually learners will
venture verbal responses (answering questions, asking
questions, etc)

The Communicative Approach 1972 (Communicative Language Teaching

CLT)

The goal of language teaching is to develop

communicative competence. A person who acquires
communicative competence acquires both knowledge
and ability for language use.

The Natural Approach -1977

It sees communication as the primary function of
language.
The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis claims that there
are two ways of developing competence: Acquisition
refers to an unconscious process of understanding and
using language for meaningful purposes. Learning
refers to a process in which conscious rules about the
language are developed.