Periodic Table

Physical Science
 Dimitri Mendeleev

1860’s
First to publish
Placed similar elements in same
vertical column
Left open spaces for elements he
predicted would someday be
discovered
 Periodic Law

When elements are arranged in

order of increasing atomic weights
their properties (i.e., boiling point,
atomic radius, etc) are repeated in
a periodic fashion.
Atomic number is a better guide to
correlating properties than atomic
weight.
 Groups and Periods

Group 1 – Alkali metals

Very good conductors of heat and electricity,
solids at room temperatures, very soft, have
low densities and low melting points
Most chemically active of metals, give up one
electron to reach noble gas configuration
Used to produce chemicals, metals, soap,
glass, ceramics, petroleum products
 Groups and Periods

Alkaline Earth Metals

Also very chemically active (give up 2
electrons during reactions)
Are never found free in nature
Halogen family
Named from “salt former”
Exhibit all 3 physical states at room
temp.
 Groups and Periods

Noble gases (all naturally occurring)

Transition metals
Have properties of metals (ductile,
malleable, good conductors of heat
and electricity, high density, high
tensile strength, sonorous, high
melting and boiling points, all solids
except Hg, have luster)
 Rare Earths

Lanthanides – many forms, some

with magnetic properties
Actinides – all are radioactive
 Trends

Atom’s size decreases from left to

right in a given period (nuclear
charge, orbital filling)
Atom’s size increases from top to
bottom in a given group (new main
shells, shielding effect)
 Trends cont.

As you go down a group the

tendency to lose electrons
increases (larger size, shielding
effects)
 Ionization Energy

Ionization energies increase across

periods and decreases down groups
First ionization energy is the amount of
energy needed to remove the most
loosely held electron (forming positive
ion)
Metals have low ionization energies
and readily form positive ions.
Nonmetals have large ionization
energies.
 Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a number
showing the ability an atom has to
attract electrons (usually shared
pairs of electrons) to itself when
bound with another atom.
Atoms of high electronegativity
tend to gain electrons often.
 Ion Size

Negative ions are atoms that have

gained electron(s) and are larger
than their atoms.
Positive ions are atoms that have
lost electron(s) and are smaller
than their atoms.
 Oxidation States

The oxidation state is used to help

identify how many electrons will be
transferred or shared during
bonding.
Positive oxidation state indicates
that the atom will lose electrons.
Negative oxidation state indicates
that the atom will gain electrons.
 Octet Rule (Rule of 8)

When 2 or more atoms combine, they

tend to get a complete, outermost
shell with 8 electrons. This outer shell
is the valence shell.
Atoms try to fill valence shell by
gaining, losing, or sharing electrons
during reactions.
See notes for exceptions to this rule.
 Chemical Reactivity

Metal atoms tend to transfer

electrons to nonmetals when they
react.
Nonmetals tend to gain or share
electrons when they react.
Use the Reactivity Series to make
predictions.
 Reactivity in a given
period
In the same period it is the number
of valence electrons that will chiefly
determine reactivity.
The smaller the number of
electrons being transferred, the
more vigorous the reaction.
 Reactivity in a given
group
Here the number of valence
electrons will be the same in a
group, so it is atomic radius (size)
that largely determines reactivity.
 Reactivity Series

This chart allows us to make

reasonable predictions concerning
reactivity of metals in water
solutions.
The series list different metals (and
hydrogen) in order of their
decreasing tendencies to lose
electrons in water solutions at
specified temperatures.
 Extension Notes

In chemical reactions metals donate

electrons to nonmetals that can accept
them (nonmetals can share electrons).
Metalloids act as electron donors with
nonmetals and electron acceptors with
metals – are solid at room temp., brittle,
and are poor conductors of heat/elect.
Hydrogen is found in groups 1 and 17
because it sometimes donates e- and
other times accepts them. It us usually
classified as a nonmetal.
 Exceptions to Octet Rule

Resonance: electrons spread across location

of bonds in which resonance occurs (see:
SO2)
Group 13: Boron (sometimes Al) is so small
it can only accept 3 pairs of electrons
Some molecules have odd number of e-
(see: NO has 15 e-, 7 with N and 8 with O)
 More Exceptions

Some elements in groups 15, 16,

17 have expanded valence shell
(can hold more than 8 e-
PCl5 has 5 pairs of e- around P
SF6 has 6 pairs of e-
Hydrogen and Helium follow Rule of
2 due to size