Nervous System Reflex- automatic, involuntary reaction to
- Bodys main control system a stimulus
- Receives information about the Membranes- called meninges environment -protects the brain and the - Interprets information spinal cord - Makes body reacts and responds to Receptor- specialized cell which is it sensitive Brain- core of the nervous system Stimulus- factor that cause a response - Largest and most complex part 4 basic taste: sweet, sour, bitter, salty Parts of the Brain Olfactory nerve- receptor of the nose Medulla oblongata- controls automatic Auditory nerve- receptor of the ears body functions Sound waves- produce when matter - Smallest region of the brain vibrates >Pons- connects medulla oblongata to 2 kinds of eye receptors: the cerebrum Rods- dim light Hypothalamus- regulates balance Cones- bright light - Involves in emotions Optic nerve-send signals to the brain Thalamus- relay incoming messages from Peripheral nervous system- all the nerves the spinal cord connecting the brain and the spinal cord Midbrain- visual,auditory reflex and Nerve cell or neuron- functional unit of motivation of movement the nervous system Reticular formation-sleep and arousal humans have 100 billion neurons Cerebellum- movements of muscles cell body- looks like a star - Looks like a little brain axon- long threadlike structure Cerebrum- largest part of the brain dendrites- receive impulses form another - Also called forebrain cell Cerebral cortex-gray matter impulse- message that travels through a - Activities related to intelligence nerve cell 4 lobes of cerebral cortex; sensory or afferent neurons- carry 1. occipital lobe- receives and messages from the sensory receptors processes visual information 2. temporal lobe- auditory signals sensory receptors- cells on the skin 3. parietal lobe-touch, taste, pressure, surface pain, heat and cold motor or efferent neurons- control 4. frontal lobe- motor activity voluntary and involuntary movements Spinal cord- large rope-like nerve tissue interneuron or associated neurons- - consist of the gray and white information between sensory and motor matter neurons a human spinal cord is about 43-45 2 kinds of nerves: cm long Somatic nerves- control the muscles Functions: Automatic nerves- control internal organs a. organize information 2 subdivision of automatic nerves: b. organize certain reflexes Sympathetic nerves- fight or flight c. generate movements response Vertebrae- series of bones that protects Parasympathetic nerves- return the body the spinal cord to its normal state Neurotransmitters- small molecules melatonin- skin color stored in small vesicles thyroid gland- located at the neck Synapse- junction between the nerve cell 2 kinds of hormones: and another cell calcitonin- prevents release of calcium Dopamine- sensation of pleasure thyroxine- increase overall metabolic rate Parkinsons disease- dopamine cretinism-thyroxine deficiency defieciency Goiter- iodine deficiency Drugs: Parathyroid gland- secretes parathyroid Drug- chemical substance that may bring hormone physical, mental, emotional or behavioral Thymus gland- secretes thymosin changes to a person ( needed for maturity of white blood KINDS: cells) Stimulants- increase alertness - secretes promine ( promotes Depressants- slow down the central growth) and retine ( retards nervous system. growth) Hallucinogens- changes in behavior and adrenal gland- above each of the kidney emotions of a person cortex- outer layer of adrenal gland Hormones- chemical messengers medulla- inner layer secreted by endocrine glands - synthesizes andrenaline Endocrine glands- ductless glands andrenaline- epinephrine or emergency - secrete hormones to the hormone bloodstreams mineralocorticoids- controls amount of - intergrate body functions water retained by the body endocrine system- collection of glands glucocorticoids- response to stress that secrete chemicals pancreas-hormone secreting cells steroids- lipids or fats from cholesterol insulin- convert glucose to glycogen testosterone- male sex hormone glucagon- breakdown of glycogen to estradiol- female sex characteristics glucose protein-made up hormones diabetes- inadequate level of insulin amines- hormones obtained from tyrosin gonads- sex glands ex. Epinephrine puberty- physical changes in the body pituitary glands- hypophysis takes place - master gland estrogen- secreted by the ovaries 2 lobes: progesterone- regulates during Anterior and posterior menstruation and pregnancy Growth hormone- essential for growth testosterone-stimulates the production of Thyroid- stimulating hormone-production sperm cells of thyroid hormones Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin- secreted by the posterior lobe Pineal gland- near the center of the brain - secretes melatonin