Journal of mathematics and computer science 12 (2014), 85-98

Fixed Point Results in Partial Metric Spaces Using Generalized Weak

Contractive Conditions

M. Akram*, W. Shamaila

*
Department of Mathematics GC University, Lahore, Pakistan.
dr.makram@gcu.edu.pk

Department of Mathematics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan.
shamailawaheed20@gmail.com

Article history:
Received July 2014
Accepted September 2014
Available online October 2014
Abstract

In this work, fixed point results using generalized weakly contractive conditions on partial metric
spaces are presented. These results generalize many previously obtained results. Some examples are also
given to show the usability of these results.

Keywords: Partial Metric, Generalized Weak contractive condition, Fixed point.

1. Introduction
The concept of partial metric spaces was given by Steve Matthews [1, 2] in 1992 to study the
denotational semantics of data flow network. He presented partial metric space as a generalization of
metric space in the sense that the self distance of any point need not be zero. Recently many authors have
focused on the fixed point results in partial metric spaces (see e.g.[3-9]).

The notion of -contraction was introduced by Boyd and Wong [10] and the weak -contraction was
introduced by Alber and Guerre-Delabriere [11] as a generalization of -contraction. Later on -
contractions and weak -contractions have been studied by many authors (see e.g. [5-9, 12, 14]) in
metric spaces as well as in partial metric spaces.

Consistent with Matthews [1, 2], Karapinar [3] and Altun and Erduron [4] some important definitions
and results which are used in this paper are given in the following.
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Definition 1.1 [1, 2] A partial metric " p" on X is a function from X X to R such that for every
element x, y and z of X it satisfies following axioms.

p1 : 0 px, x px, y .

p2 : px, x = px, y = p( y, y) if and only if x = y.

p3 : px, y = p y, x . (symmetry)

p4 : p( x, z) px, y p y, z p y, y . (triangular inequality)

If " p" is a partial metric on X then X , p is called a partial metric space (PMS).

For a partial metric p on X, the function d p : X X R defined by

d p x, y = 2 px, y px, x p y, y for all x, y, z X is a metric on X . Each partial metric " p" on
X generates a T0 topology p on X for which the collection Bp x, : x X , > 0 of all open balls
forms a base. Where Bp x, = y X : px, y < px, x for each > 0 and x X .

Definition 1.2 [1, 2, 4]

1. A sequence yn in a partial metric space X , p converges to the limit y X if and

only if lim p y, yn = p y, y .
n

2. A sequence yn in a partial metric space X , p is called Cauchy if and only if

lim p ym , yn exists and is finite.
m , n

3. A partial metric space X , p is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence yn in

X converges, with respect to p , to a point y X such that lim p ym , yn = p y, y .
m , n

4. The mapping f : X X is said to be continuous at y0 X , if for every > 0, there

exists > 0 such that f Bp y0 , Bp f y0 , .

The following lemma will be frequently used in the proofs of the main results.

Lemma 1.3 [1, 4] A sequence yn is a Cauchy sequence in a partial metric space X , p if and only if
it is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space X , d p .
I.
A partial metric space X , p is complete if and only if the metric space X , d p is
complete. Moreover, lim d p y, yn = 0, if and only if
n

px, x = lim p y, yn = lim p yn , ym . Where y is the limit of yn in X , d p .

n n , m

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II. Let X be a complete partial metric space. Then

(a) If px, y = 0, then x = y.

(b) If x y, then px, y > 0.

III. Let X be a partial metric space. Assume that the sequence yn is converging to z as
n . such that pz, z = 0. Then lim p yn , y = pz, y for all elements y of X .
n

2. Main results
In the following theorem a generalized form of weak -contraction is used.

Theorem 2.1 Let X , p be a complete partial metric space and T : X X be a self map such that for
all x, y X

p(Tx, Ty) M ( x, y) (M ( x, y)) (1)

where

M ( x, y ) = max px, y , px, Tx p y, Ty , px, Ty p y, Tx
1 1
2 2

and : 0, 0, is continuous non-decreasing function with t = 0 if and only if t = 0. Then

T has a unique fixed point.

Proof: Let y0 X be fixed. Define a sequence yn in X by yn1 = Tyn , for all n 0. If there exist a
positive integer n0 such that p yn 0 1 0
0 0

, yn = 0 or p Tyn , yn = 0, then Tyn = yn , this shows that yn
0 0 0

is the fixed point of T . Hence we assume that pTyn , yn = p yn1 , yn 0, for all n 0 . By
substituting x = yn and y = yn 1 in (1) , we have

pTyn , Tyn1 = p yn1 , yn2 M yn , yn1 M yn , yn1 (2)

where

p yn , yn 1 , 2 p yn , yn 1 p yn 1 , yn 2 ,
1
M ( yn , yn 1 ) = max .
p yn , yn 2 p yn 1 , yn 1
1

2

By p4 , p yn , yn2 p yn1 , yn1 p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2

If p yn , yn 1 <
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 , then
2

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M yn , yn1 = p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2

1
2

From (2) we have

p yn1 , yn 2
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 1 p y n , y n1 p y n1 , y n2 (3)
2 2

<
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2
2

Which implies

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 (4)

If

1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 < p yn , yn1 ,
2

then M yn , yn1 = p yn , yn1 and again from (2) , we have

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 p yn , yn1 (5)

< p yn , yn1

Hence

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 (6)

Thus in both cases we have p yn1 , yn 2 p yn , yn1 for all n. Hence p yn , yn1 is monotone
decreasing sequence of non-negative real numbers so there exists a real number r 0 , such that

lim p yn , yn1 = r. (7)

n

Letting n , in (3) or in (5) , using (7) and regarding the continuity of we have r r r ,
which forces r = 0. Hence, in both cases

lim p yn , yn1 = 0. (8)

n

Now consider,

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pTym1 , Tym1 = p ym , ym M ( ym1 , ym1 ) M ( ym1 , ym1 )

= max p ym1 , ym1 , p ym1 , ym p ym1 , ym
1
2

max p y m1 , y m1 , p y m1 , y m p y m1 , y m
1
2

= maxp y m1 , y m1 , p y m1 , y m maxp y m1 , y m1 , p y m1 , y m

= p ym1 , ym p ym1 , ym by p1
Hence, p y m , y m p y m1 , y m p y m1 , y m .

Also by P1 0 p y m , y m p y m1 , y m p y m1 , y m . Let m , using (8) and continuity of

we have

lim p ym , ym = 0. (9)
m

Now, in order to show that yn is a Cauchy sequence in the complete metric space, X , d p . Assume
that yn is not Cauchy. Then there exists some > 0 for which we can find the subsequences ymk

and yn k of yn with n(k ) > m(k ) > k such that

d p ymk , xnk . (10)

Further, we can choose nk corresponding to mk , in such a way that it is the smallest integer
satisfying (10) hence

d p ymk , ynk 1 < . (11)

From (10)

d p ymk , ynk d p ymk , ynk 1 d p ynk 1 , ynk

< d p ynk 1 , ynk .

Hence,

d p ymk , ynk < d p ynk 1 , ynk . (12)

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We know that,

d p ynk 1 , ynk = 2 pynk 1 , ynk pynk , ynk py nk 1 , y nk 1 .

Let k , using (8) and (9), we get

lim d p yn k 1 , ynk = 0. (13)

k

Using (13) in (12), we have

lim d p ymk , ynk = . (14)

k

We, also know that

d p ymk , ynk = 2 pymk , ynk pymk , ymk pynk , ynk

Let k , using (9) and (14) we get

lim d p ymk , ynk = 2 lim pymk , ynk .

k k

Therefore, we get

lim p ymk , yn k = . (15)
k 2

From the triangular inequality

d p ynk , ymk d p ynk , ynk 1 d p ynk 1 , ymk 1 d p ymk 1 , ymk

and

d p ynk 1 , ymk 1 d p ynk 1 , ynk d p ynk , ymk d p ymk , ymk 1 .

Let k , and using (13) and (14) we get

lim d p ynk , ymk lim d p ynk 1 , ymk 1

k k

and

lim d p ynk 1 , ymk 1 lim d p ynk , ymk

k k

Hence,

lim d p ynk 1 , ymk 1 = lim d p ynk , ymk = . (16)

k k

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By definition of d p ,

d p ymk 1 , ynk 1 = 2 pymk 1 , ynk 1 pymk 1 , ymk 1 py nk 1 , y nk 1 .

Let k , and using (9) we get

lim d p ymk 1 , ynk 1 = 2lim pymk 1 , ynk 1 = .

k k

Which gives

lim p ymk 1 , yn k 1 = . (17)
k 2

Now, consider

d p ymk , ynk d p ymk , ynk 1 d p ynk 1 , ynk

and

d p ymk , ynk 1 d p ymk , ynk d p ynk , ynk 1 .

Let k , in the above inequalities and using (13) and (14) we get

lim d p y mk , y nk 1 and lim d p y mk , y nk 1 .

k k

Therefore,

lim d p ymk , ynk 1 = . (18)

k

Similarly, we can show that

lim d p ynk , ymk 1 = . (19)

k

Again by using the definition of d p , we have

d p ymk , ynk 1 = 2 pymk , ynk 1 pymk , ymk pynk 1 , ynk 1

Letting k , and using (9) and (18) we get

lim d p ymk , ynk 1 = 2 lim p ymk , yn k 1 ,

k k

which gives

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lim p ymk , yn k 1 = . (20)
k 2

Similarly, we can show that

lim p yn k , ymk 1 = . (21)
k 2

Now by substituting x = ymk and y = yn k in (1) we have

p ym k , yn k , 2 p ym k , ym k 1 p yn k , yn k 1 ,
1
p(Tymk , Tynk ) = p( ymk 1 , ynk 1 ) max
p ym k , yn k 1 p yn k , ym k 1
1

2

p y m k , y n k ,
1
p y m k , y m k 1 p y n k , y n k 1 ,
max 2

p y m k , y n k 1 p y n k , y m k 1
1
2

Letting k , and using (8) , (15) , (17) , (20) , (21) and using the continuity of we get

max ,0, max ,0, , hence .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A contradiction. Thus yn is a Cauchy sequence in X , d p . Which gives

lim d p yn , ym = 0. (22)
m , n

Since X , d p is complete so there exists z X such that lim d p yn , z = 0, if and only if
n

pz, z = lim p yn , z = lim p yn , ym = lim d p yn , ym = 0.

1
n m , n 2 m,n

(by Lemma 1.3(II) and (22)). This gives,

pz, z = lim p yn , z = lim p yn , ym = 0. (23)

n m , n

Now, applying (1) with x = yn and y = z , we have

p(Tyn , Tz) = p( yn1 , Tz)

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max p yn , z , p yn , yn 1 pz, Tz , p yn , Tz pz, yn 1
1 1
2 2

max p yn , z , p yn , yn 1 pz , Tz , p yn , Tz pz, yn 1
1 1
2 2

Letting k , using (8) , (23) , Lemma 1.3 (IV) and the continuity of we get

1 1
pz, Tz pz, Tz pz, Tz < pz, Tz .
1
2 2 2

Which is possible only if pz,Tz = 0 and hence Tz = z.

To show the uniqueness of z consider z * as another fixed point of T then by (1),

p( z, z * ) max p z, z * , pz, z p z * , z * max p z, z * , pz, z p z * , z * .
1 1
(24)
2 2

By using P1 we have pz, z p z, z * and p z * , z * p z, z * .
Adding above two inequalities, we get

p z , z p z * , z * 2 p z , z * . . (25)

Using (25) in (24), we have p z, z * p z, z * p z, z * . Further by using the property of we

deduce that p z, z * = 0 and hence, z = z * . Thus z is the unique fixed point of T .

Example 2.2 Suppose X = R and px, y = maxx, y; Then X , p is a complete partial metric
x2
space. Let T : X X be defined by Tx = for all x X and : 0, 0, is such that
1 x
t =
t
. Assume that x y. Then from the contractive condition of Theorem 3.1, we have
1 t

1 x2 y 2 1 y2 x 2
pTx, Ty max px, y , p x, p y, , p x, p y,

2 1 x 1 y 2 1 y 1 x

1 x2 y 2 1 y2 x 2
max px, y , p x,
p y, , p x, p y,
2 1 x 1 y 2 1 y 1 x

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x2 x2 y2 x2
x x = x
x
As = p , = . All the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are true,
1 x 1 x 1 y 1 x 1 x
thus T has a unique fixed point namely, 0.

In the following theorem we shall obtain a fixed point theorem on partial metric space for a
generalized weak contractive type mapping.

Theorem 2.3 Let X , p be a complete partial metric space and T : X X be a self-mapping such
that for all x, y X ,

pTx, Ty max px, y ,
1
px, Tx p y, Ty , 1 px, Ty p y, Tx
2 2

maxpx, y , px, Tx , (26)

where : 0, 0, is a continuous function with t = 0 if and only if t = 0, : 0, 0,

is monotone non-decreasing and continuous function with t = 0 if and only if t = 0 . Then T has a
unique fixed point.

Proof: Let y0 X be fixed. Define a sequence of iterates yn in X , by yn1 = Tyn for all n 0. If
for some positive integer m, p ym1 , ym = 0, then by p1 and p2 , ym is the fixed point of T . Hence,
assume that p yn1 , yn 0 for all n 0. Put x = yn , y = yn 1 in (26) we have

p yn , yn 1 , 2 p yn , yn 1 p yn 1 , yn 2 ,
1

p yn 1 , yn 2 max
p yn , yn 2 p yn 1 , yn 1
1


2

maxp y n , y n1 , p y n , y n1 . (27)

From p4 , we have p yn , yn 2 p yn1 , yn1 p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 . ,

therefore (27) becomes

p yn1 , yn 2 max p yn , yn1 ,
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 (28)
2

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If p yn , yn 1
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 . Then (28) becomes
2

1
p yn1 , yn 2 p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1
2

1
< p y n , y n1 p y n1 , y n 2 because p y n , y n1 > 0
2

Since is monotone increasing so p yn 1 , yn 2

1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 , which gives
2

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 (29)

If
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1
2

then (28) becomes p yn1 , yn 2 p yn , yn1 p yn , yn1

< p yn , yn1 p yn , yn1 > 0

Hence, we get

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 (30)

Since is monotone non-decreasing, so in both cases p yn , yn1 is monotone decreasing sequence

of non-negative real numbers. Hence, there exists a real number r 0 such that

lim p yn , yn1 = r. (31)

n

If max p yn , yn 1 ,
1
p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 = p yn , yn1 .
2

Then from (28) we have

p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 p yn , yn1 . (32)

Taking limit as n , using (31) and the continuity of and we get,

r r r , which is a contradiction unless r = 0.

If

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1
max p yn , yn1 , p yn , yn1 p yn 1 , yn 2 = p yn , yn 1 p yn 1 , yn 2 ,
1
2 2

then from (28) we have

1
p yn1 , yn 2 p yn , yn1 p yn1 , yn2 p yn , yn1 . (33)
2

Taking the limit as n , using (31) and the continuity of and we get

r r r , which is a contradiction unless r = 0. Thus lim p yn , yn1 = 0. (34)

n

Also from p1 , we get

lim p yn , yn = 0. (35)
n

Next, we prove that yn is a Cauchy sequence in the complete metric space X , d p .

Following the steps (10 21) in the proof of Theorem 3.1 and applying (26) with x = yn k and
y = ymk we obtain

p yn k , ym k , 2 p yn k , yn k 1 p ym k , ym k 1 ,
1
pynk 1 , ymk 1 max



1

p yn k , ym k 1 p ym k , yn k 1

2

max pynk , ymk , pynk , ynk 1 . (36)

Taking limit as k , in (36) we have , which is impossible since
2 2 2

> 0. Hence, yn is a Cauchy sequence in the complete metric space X , d p . So there exists
2
some z X such that lim d p yn , z = 0 if and only if
n

pz, z = lim p yn , z = lim p yn , ym = lim d p yn , ym = 0.

1
n m , n 2 m,n

Hence

pz, z = lim p yn , z = lim p yn , ym = 0. (37)

n m, n

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To show that z is the fixed point of T put x = yn and y = z in (26).

p yn1 , Tz max p yn , z ,
1
p yn , yn1 pz, Tz , 1 p yn , Tz pz, yn1
2 2

maxp yn , z , p yn , yn1 . (38)

1
Letting n , in (38) we have pz, Tz pz, Tz . Which forces pz,Tz = 0 and hence
2
Tz = z. Thus z is the fixed point of T . In order to prove the uniqueness of z consider z * as another
fixed point of T then for taking x = z and y = z * in (26) we have

pTz, Tz* = pz, z * max pz, z * ,
1


pz, z p z * , z * , p z, z * p z * , z
1

2 2

max p z, z * , pz, z .

Thus p z, z * p z, z * p z, z * . Which is possible only if p z, z * = 0. By using p1 and
p2 we get z = z *. Thus T has a unique fixed point.

Now, we consider an example to support the usability of Theorem 2.3.

Example 2.4 In Example 2.2 if we define : 0, 0, by t = t , for all t 0, . Then the

contractive condition of Theorem 2.3 is satisfied and we have 0 as the unique fixed point of T .

Corollary 2.5 Let X be a complete partial metric space. Let T : X X be a self-mapping such that all
elements x, y of X , satisfy

p x , y ,
1

p x, T m x p y , T m y ,
m m

p T x, T y max 2



2
1

p x, T m y p y , T m x

max px, y , p x, T m x , (39)

where m is a positive integer and , are as defined in Theorem 2.3. Then T has a unique fixed point

in X .

Proof: Put S = T m in (39) we have,

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pSx, Sy max px, y ,
1
px, Sx p y, Sy , 1 px, Sy p y, Sx
2 2
max px, y , px, Sx

Hence by Theorem 2.3, S has a unique fixed point z that is, Sz = z since S = T m so T m z = z which

gives T T m z = T m1 z = T m Tz = S Tz = Tz, which shows that Tz is also a fixed point of S . Since S
has a unique fixed point so Tz = z. Hence, z is the fixed point of T . Condition (39) implies the
uniqueness of z.

Conclusion: We have generalized the theorem proved by Rhoades[13] for a self map on a complete
partial metric space and we obtain Matthews generalization of Banachs contraction principle as a special
case of the Theorem 3.1. Moreover, a fixed point theorem for a self map defined for partial metric space
satisfying a generalized , -weak contractive conditions is also proved.

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