A Standard Format for Power System Studies 11
Reliability, Harmonic and Stability Studies for Industrial Power
Systems
Peter E. Sutherland R Gerald Irvine
(SM) (SM)
Advisory Principal Electrical
Applications Engineer
Engineer MTA Bridges and
IGC Superpower Tunnels
Schenectady, NY Randall's Island
New York, NY
Absfracf- The first paper [l] in tbis series
provided a basic framework for the fOrQIafiQg of
the Short Circuit, Load Flow and Protective Device
Coordination Studiea This second paper will
examine harmonic analysis, relinbility and stability
studies, which a r e more specialized as compared to
studies in Paper 1 and performed less frequently.
Tbe performance of industrial power system
studies can be signillcantly improved in both speed
and reliability by the application of a similar
format for all standard studies. The major
calculations and drafling work are performed
using packaged computer programs that provide
r e ~ n l t s in accordance with industry standards
regarding calculation procedures It is the purpose
of this paper to propose that the data formats
should be standardized as well, In order to allow
engineers who use software from different vendors
to collaborate OQ a project. The collection of the
initial data for the study may be performed using
computer-generated forms o r spreadsheets. The
input data for a bus, for example, would be on one
part of the form, while the output results
concerning that bus could be presented using a
different "view" of the f o r a When spreadsheets
are used, data reduction and validation may he
assisted by UShg a form with built-in calculation
routines. These standard formats will provide a
uniform appearance and reduce the possibility of
error i0 data handling. The studies discussed in
this paper require a larger database. The
requirements for incorporating these studies into a
system database a r e examined.
Introduction
The common types of power system studies
for industrial facilities [ 11 are fairly standardized,
in terms of the types of data collected, the types
of analysis performed, and the results and
conclusions produced. However, there is no
0 2032 IEEE.
0-7803-7482-7/02/$17.W
Robert L. Smith, Jr. J.C. Das (SM)
(F) Staff Consultant,
GE, Retired Electrical Power
Schenectady, NY systems
AMEC, Inc.
Atlanta. GA
uniformity in presentation or formatting of these
data and results between programs. This lack of
uniformity has lead to a number of difficulties in
the performance of power studies, such as:
Duplication of effort and introduction of
errors when the same data is entered in
multiple programs.
Lack of coordination in a project when
different consultants use non-compatible
software programs.
Power system study reports where the
input data is not correlated with the results
of calculationsbased upon that data.
Difficulty in updating a power system
study when an obsolete computer format
renders input data unusable.
The types of studies to be considered here are:
Reliability and Availability Studies
Harmonic Analysis Studies
Transient Stability Studies
This paper describes various procedures that
can be used to simplify and standardize the
production of reports. It then discusses a
proposed method to fiuther improve the process
by the use of a common database format.
The process of a power system study can be
summarized as shown in Table 1, repeated fiom
the previous paper [I].
The advantages of reliability, harmonic and
.
stability power system studies may include:
Reductions in plant outage time as the
system design and equipment are modified
to reduce MTBF (mean time between
failures) and hfTTR (mean time to repair).
Improvements in power quality due to
reductions in harmonic currents and
voltages.
94
 Improvements in electrical safety as technically necessary.) Not all power system
potential harmonic resonance conditions are studies available are necessarily appropriate for
identified and corrected, eliminating every specific system under consideration.
overvoltage and overcurrent situations and An existing electric power system continually
associated capacitor failures. experiences system changes including new loads,
revised circuits, increased available short-circuit
Reduction in outages due to unstahle sources both intemally and from the utility.
generator power swings following fault System changes are one important factor to
clearing. undertake studies, yet not all changes warrant a
' Improved operations during islanded study. Many times, it may be possible to
conditions due to implementation of load investigate the effect of system changes without
shedding scheme. a rigorous study. Studies are time-consnming,
expensive, and an experienced engineering
judgement is required before committing
TABLE 1 manpower and resources to undertake a study
Power SFtem Study Pracedure
I. Needs Assessment Reliability and availability studies
1.1 when is a study required? Reliability is importaut for every electric
1.2 Study specifications. power system. For mission critical systems, the
1.3 Use of the Intemet. highest degree of reliability is a necessity. The
1.4 Study specifications included with deregulation of electric power generation
suppliers has put an additional responsibility on
equipment specifications. the customers of electric utilities to judiciously
2. Proposal Generation decide whether or not to change the arrangement
2.1 Proposal text templates of an existing or contemplated plant electric
2.2 Project cost estimate spreadsheets power system. Possible changes could involve
2.3 Risk assessment multiple rearrangement of circuits, use of
3. Project Organization automatic throw-over arrangements, setting up of
3.1 Facilities Group critical bus arrangements, installation of new
3.2 System Study Group generators or relocating to a new site.
4. Project Management Reliability studies conducted with the help of
4.1 Planning utility power suppliers can further expedite
4.2 Database management decisions to meet circumstances indicated by
4.3 Supervision changing electrical power utilization
requirements. For example, if data indicates that
4.4 Evaluation of results a particular incoming feed does not meet the
5. Studyphase requirements of the load, the customer may work
5.1 Input data formats with the utility to install redundant or alternate
5.2 Project datahase incoming feeders, though this may not be always
5.3 Data output formats practical. OAen, system changes within plant
5.4 Report formats systems can overcome some of the identified
6. Post Study Activities problems, Le., systems can be made to ride
6.1 Facilities activities through voltage sags with appropriate measures.
6.2 Updating of study
6.3 Database maintenance Harmonic analysis studies
Almost any commercial, industrial,
educational, governmental or military electric
Power System Stndy Procedure
power system requires considering the number
and size of the harmonic generators connected to
1. Needs Assessment the system. If the ratio of the available short-
1.1 When is a study required? circuit in kVA to harmonic generating load in
The design and installation of a new power kVA is higher than about 250:1, a formal
system requires several appropriate power harmonic study is probably not required, if there
system studies. The selection of the appropriate are no power capacitors. The presence ofpower
studies is determined not only by the nature of capucitors in the system can result in harmonic
the system hut also by any process requirements amplification. even when the harmonic
and other management dictated requests. (In generation is small.
some cases, non-technical considerations may Harmonic generators are arc iinnaces, arc
lead to studies being performed, which are not welders, fluorescent and high intensity discharge

95
 lamps (any gaseous discharge lamps), rectifiers
(controlled or not), Variable Frequency Drive
(VFD) systems, induction heaters, capacitors
(when in resonance with system reactances),
switched power supplies (used in computers and
adjustable frequency drives). Some non-linear
loads like arc furnaces and cycloconverters can
produce non-integer harmonics, which are
difficult to control. These can even be
accentuated by passive filters and result in
flicker.
Part of any harmonic study for either a new or
an existing electric power system should be a
field survey with proper instrumentation to
coniirm the results of the study. .For new
facilities, such as green field industrial plants,
if possible these measurements could be taken at
or near the proposed Point of Common Coupling
pCC) with the utility system, which will
identify the fresuency response. However, all
system components need to be modeled
accurately with frequency dependent models.
Following the recommended field
measurements, a harmonic analysis study must
be performed. Based on the results of that study,
actions should be taken to mitigate the. effects
any excessive system harmonics. Among the
actions available is installation of active or
passive filters, rearrangement of circuits,
installation of appropriately connected isolation
transformers for adjustable frequency drives.
It is not the intention here to deliberate into
relative merits of active and passive filters, but
most often, a harmonic study precedes passive
filter designs. Many industrial systems require
large reactive power compensation, of the order
of tens of Mvars, and passive filters can meet
these requirements in addition to controlling
TDD according to IEEE 519[15]
As a first step in the study process, it is
necessary to identify and model all the harmonic
sources. This brings us to the complexity of
ascertaining harmonic spectrum of the various
harmonic-generating loads in the system. This is
a complex problem, as much depends on the
topology of drive systems and the nature of non-
linear loads. The problem is accentuated, as
there is always some interaction between the
system and the harmonic producing loads. For
industrial systems, it is generally assumed that
multiple harmonic sources operate without
repercussion and the theorem of superposition
applies. The phase angle of harmonics becomes
important in multiple harmonic source
simulation.
Transient stability studies
Transient stability studies determine whether
or not synchronous motors or generaton stay
96
synchronized with each other following a relay
operation due to a system fault. Mathematical
definitiods of stability may be found in the IEEE
Brown Book [2] and other references. Transient
stability studies consider the effect of a transient
disturbance, such as a fault, on the power
system, and may be distinguished h m static and
dynamic stability studies. A three-phase
terminal fault is the most severe condition for
stability. Other unsymmetrical fault types, such
as phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults
have a lesser impact on stability.
Such studies usually only apply to medium
voltage systems with large synchronous
machines. Sometimes, systems with one or more
large induction motors may benefit h m a
stability study. The majority of systems with
large motors are designed without running
stability calculations. One of the authors has
designed a system with a number of 30,000 hp
synchronous motors without a stability
calculation.
The calculations involved determine the rotor
angle of each machine subsequent to a system
disturbance such as short circuit, loss of a utility
tie, partial loss of local generation, abrupt load
changes on the system and other switching
operations. A prerequisite for a stability
calculation is a load flow calculation under
normal load conditions. After this calculation
has been performed, faults are placed at specific
locations and removed by the specified relays in
the appropriate times. During the fault on
time, the changes in the rotor angles of the
machines considered is plotted versus time.
Classical stability models considered that the
stability is decided in the first swing and
modeled constant generator field winding flux
linkage, neglected damping, assumed constant
mechanical power, and represented loads as
passive elements. These concepts have
drastically changed and transient stability studies
now consider response characteristics of control
equipments, excitation and governing systems,
and dynamic models
For medium voltage industrial power systems
of a reasonable size with local generation equal
to half or more of the system load, it is usually
sufficient to employ instantaneous differential
relaying for major components and instantaneous
overcurrent relaying for feeders.
If a system stability study shows that a system
is unstable, either the relaying must be speeded
up, the system configuration must be changed, or
the system has to be controlled by an operator
who knows the circumstances under which the
system will be unstable and is prepared for the
event.
1.2 Study Specifications
All studies considered here should include [I]:
0 System one-line diagram with equipment
data.
Bus numbering system for one-line diagram.
Separate specifications are required for the three
types of studies considered here:
Reliability and availability studies [2,3]
The reliability study should include the
following:
Statement of the numose of the studv. what
system is being eGaluated, the loid point
of the study, the case conditions, and the
reliability measures to be used.
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA),
listing the devices and failure modes that
could result in an outage at the load point.
System block diagram, based on the FMEA,
showing the devices in the system one-
line diagram to be included in the
reliability analysis.
Reliability block diagram (RBD) showing
all devices included in the analysis.
e Table of devices and system outage data (h,
I, MTBF, MTTR, etc.) utilized along with
the sources for the data. To be provided if
actual system data is used.
Table of devices and published reliability
data (h, I, MTBF, MTTR, etc.) utilized
along with the sources for the data. To be
provided if published data is used.
Reliability calculation metbod(s) utilized
and the justification for use.
Table of reliability calculation results.
Harmonic analysis studies [2,4]
The harmonic analysis study should include
the following:
Statement of the purpose of the study, what
system is being evaluated, the point of
commnn coupling (PCC) of the study, the
case conditions, and the harmonic
distortion criteria to he used.
Harmonic measurement locations specified
with reference to the system one-line
diagram. To be provided if measurement
data is used.
0 Table of harmonic measurement results at
the time the study is begun for each
measurement location along with
oscillographic plots and bar charts of
harmonic magnitudes. To be provided if
measurement data is used.
Table of devices and assumed harmonic
current and voltage contributions, along
with the sources for the data. To be
91
provided if published data is used.
Ratings and tolerances for filter banks,
reactors and capacitors, evaluated in the
study, and the units of measure (e.g. 5.0
MVAR f 5%).
Tables of results: calculated harmonic
currents, voltages, THD, RMS voltages
and currents, as required.
Detailed or functional specifications for
harmonic filter bank@), capacitor bank(s),
and tuning reactods).
Table of harmonic measurement results after
any new equipment is installed, along
with oscillographic plots and bar charts of
harmonic magnitudes.
Transient stability studies 1.21
The transient stability study should include the
followine:
Statement of the purpose of the study, what
system is being evaluated, the major motors
andlor generators in the study, the case
conditions, and the corrective measures to
be evaluated.
Load flow (predisturbance) and short
circuit calculations (for determining the
magnitude ofthe disturbance) and results.
Data for transient stability calculations and
control block diagrams for all dynamic
equipment being modeled.
Table of protective relay settings for all line
protection, underlover i%equency,underlover
voltage, and other protective relays of
concem to the study. Settings of any load
shedding systems.
Time plots of simulation results for each
case condition studied. This will include
bus voltages, generator and load real and
reactive power, generator angle, and system
ftequency, time of fault occurrence and
protective relay actions.
Detailed engineering assessment of
simulation results.
Recommended changes in settings of
protective relays and/or load shedding
systems.
Critical clearing times for significant fault
locations.
1.3 Use of the Internet 1141
.
The Internet is a source for:
The manufacturers latest specifications for
equipment
The manufacturers protective device time
 current characteristics c w e s
Technical papers Gom manufacturers
application engineering and research
departments
Using various calculators for problem
solving and conversions (e.g., IP to SI units)
Posting questions on the bulletin boards of
expert sites
Transmitting drawings and specifications
Transmitting the power system analysis for
review and comment
Downloading updates to input to
mcropmcessorprotective devices
Hosting on a server the facility single-line
drawing that may be automatically updated
and continuously available to authorized
users: Equipment may be added or deleted;
Bar code tags scanned fiom equipment by
technicians equipped with remote readers
can automatically call up from the
manufacturers web sites the equipment
characteristics and add these to the single-
line drawing or equipment data file
1.4 Study specifications included with
equipment speciflcations
In some cases, customers q u i r e that power
system studies be supplied by the equipment
vendor. In other cases, the customer requires the
studies to be done by an independent consultant.
In order to facilitate the former, some equipment
vendors provide guideform specifications for
power system studies, as they do for equipment.
Reliability and availability study:
Critical power distribution systems for data
centers.
Harmonic analysis study:
Variable speed drives, rectifiers, and other
power elatronic equipment.
Arc furnaces, and other harmonic producing
equipment.
Capacitor banks and harmonic filter
equipment.
Transient stability study: I Drafts of report text
Turbine generators for industrial and
commercial use.
Synchronous motors and condensers, if they
are of comparable size to turbine generators
in the same facility.
2. Proposal Generotion
The types OF studies considered here are
98
performed less kequently than the short circuit,
coordination and load flow studies covered in the
previous paper. In many cases, there are specific
considerations in the requirements for each
study, as they have arisen due to a particular
situation in the facility in question. Thus,
standardized prepackaged text and price
estimating spreadsheets, while helpful, are less
useful than with the more common studies.
Considerable judgement and experience in
performing similar studies is required in
determining the scope and level of effort
required for these studies.
3. Project Organiultion
3.1 Facilities Group:
Mandatory participation of the following is
required for the full cooperation of the staff
employees:
Facility manager of engineering (or facilities
director)
Maintenance foreman or superintendent
Operations foreman or superintendent
Contracting and budgeting department staff
3.2 System Studies Group
The engineer who is assigned the power system
study project is responsible for all steps Gom the
initial customer contact through the issuance of
the final report. Other engineers and support
personnel may be called upon to assist in various
phases of the project. Project web sites have
become popular in recent years as a means of
maintaining continuity and cohesion by having
all important project documents located in one
place, which is accessible to all project
personnel. The assigned engineer will be the
webmaster and keep updated copies of all
relevant documents in the web site location.
These are not the *working copies of
documents, but are the most recent updates.
Examples of the documents to he made available
include:
Data collection forms
Drawings
Database files
4. Project Management
Project management is the responsibility of the
Facility Engineering Manager or Facilities
Director and often delegated to the Plant
Electrical Engineer.
4.1 Planning.
Planning for the Power System Studies is
delegated to the Plant Electrical Engineer. The
planning effort includes:
Preparation of as-built drawings used for
development of the single-line diagram.
Obtaining utility data for the harmonic
analysis and transient stability studies
Obtaining the settings of protective devices
and their ratings
Obtaining the nameplate ratings of all
equipment
Obtaining the time-current coordination
curves for the protective devices
Obtaining the other rating information of the
equipment that may not be on the nameplate.
This includes the stability constants of
turbines and generators, govemors and
exciters.
4.2 Database management
Database management for the collected
information needs to be established at the early
meetings of the project team. Several options
include:
Use of spreadsheets in a common format
with the equipment and cablelconductor
characteristics.
Use of barcodes on equipment and
cablesfconductors that can be used by the
field data gathering team. The barcodes
would be keyed to the common database.
Use of on-site installed power measurement
instrumentation that captures in real time the
load on selected panelboards, motor control
centers, switchgear, and transformers.
4.3 Supervision
The plant engineer coordinating the project
would expect to receive timely reports on these
phases of the report:
Data gathering
Single-line drawing
Calculation engine presentation and a
description of the traceability of the
calculation to manual methods. This would
include a discussion of the reliability of the
calculation as confirmed by peer review and
comparison of results with other methods
Preliminary results presentation including a
confidence check
Final presentation of results including
recommendations
4.4 Evaluation of results
The evaluation of results would include:
Utility participation on any report comments
99
concerning the service entrance equipment
or changes in load.
Suppliers participation on report comments
concerning switchgear or transformer
equipment changes.
Plant engineers analysis of advantages and
disadvantages of strategies for modifications
to in-service equipment, for new facilities,
or for o p m t i o ~changes.
l
5. Study Phase
5.1 Input data formats.
Reliability data
Reliability data may be obtained from
maintenance records, &om product vendors or
&om survey data. Product vendor data may
originate in calculations or &om warranty and
maintenance data. Survey data is generally taken
from the IEEE Gold Book [3], but may be taken
from other published or private sources as well.
All data should be carefully checked and
verified. Reliability programs will typically
expect forced outage data in the form of either ?.
and r or MTBF and MlTR. When availability is
considered, MTBM and MlTM will also be
needed. Programs that use the Monte Carlo
method will need probability distributions
(Normal, Exponential, etc.) for this data as well.
Harmonic data
In addition to all of the data required for load
flow and short circuit studies [I], harmonic
studies require detailed information for modeling
of all significant harmonic-generating
components. Most harmonic calculation
programs model harmonic sources as a parallel
connection of current sources at each harmonic
frequency. The harmonic currents calculated
from the models should be verified by
comparison with field measurement data (if
available). [I21 The passive components
(transformers, electrical machines, cables,
transmission lines, etc.) should be modeled in
terms of their impedance at the various harmonic
frequencies under consideration. [ 131
Stabilily data
In addition to the system and loading data
required, which is the same as that for a load
 flow study, dynamic data is needed for all
significant rotating equipment. Dynamic
modeling for stabilify studies is a complex and
specialized field. Errors made in modeling can
lend to erroneous results in the output, which
muy not be detected unless the engineer is
familiar with what to erpect from these models.
The power system studies engineer performing
transient stabilify studies must be prepared to
seek assistancefrom specialists in these matters
when required.
Stability data should be provided in IEEE
Standard Models if possible. If the model
provided by the vendor does not appear to be the
same as the standard model it claims to be, it
may actually be equivalent to it because there are
a variety of ways in which an identical control
function can be portrayed in block diagram form.
For those cases where a device does not fit any
of the standard models, stability programs
provide generalized models that can be adapted
to a variety of situations.
Synchronous Generators. Generators are
modeled using the d q axis parameters of
inductance and resistance, which are corrected in
the simulation using the saturation curves.of the
machine. The inertia constant is also required.
This information is taken from the Generator
Data Sheets and curves supplied by the
manufacturer, or they may be determined by
means of tests. Detailed information on
generator stability modeling may be found in the
IEEE Guide [5].
Excitation Systems. Exciters are modeled using
control block diagrams. The gains, time
constants and limits from the diagrams are
entered as data into the simulation program.
Most types of excitation systems are covered by
IEEE standard models [6]. These are classified
as:
Type DC - Direct Current Commutator
Exciters
Type AC - Alternator Supplied Rectifier
Excitation Systems
Type ST- Static Excitation Systems
Turbine Governors. Turbine governors vary in
speed of response, which must be considered in
relation to the time frame of the events being
simulated. In many transient stability studies,
the prime mover power may be considered
constant. These models have not been
standardized to the extent that exciter models
100
have. The model should be obtained from the
vendor, and used with an appropriate model in
the stability program. Various IEEE Committee
and Working Group reports provide much
helpful information [7-lo].
Loads. Motors that are comparable in size to the
system generators should be modeled
individually. Smaller motors may be combined
into lumped motor models. Synchronous motors
are modeled as generators. Induction motors are
usually modeled using single-cage rotor
equivalent circuits. The loads are typically
modeled with their inertia and speed-torque
curves. Standard models for motors, other loads
and transformers, are included in an IEEE Task
Force report [ I l l .
5.2 Project database.
The project database in most cases, should be an
extended version of that used for short circuit,
protective device coordination and load flow
studies [I]. Some vendors of power system
studies software include harmonics, stability and
reliability options, allowing for use of the same
package for all types of studies. If the package
being used does not include the desired function,
and the software does not include data
conversion capability from other formats, then
manual re-entry of the data may be the only
option.
5.3 Data Output Formats.
Reliability
Reliability output consists of calculated
reliability indices, such as h, I, MTBF, MTTR,
Availability, etc. for each load point and case
condition being evaluated. With some
calculation methods, such as the cut set and
series parallel methods, it is possible to list the
contribution of the system components to the
overall reliability index. These results are
usually listed in a spreadsheet or a text file
output.
Harmonic
Most programs will provide harmonic line flows,
TDD, THD voltage and current, KVT, IT, filter
harmonic loads, resonance ffequencies,
ffequency scans, harmonic current flows, rms
voltage, currents, and capability to plot the
results in time and frequency domain. Some
advanced software is capable of sensitivity
analyses, noise to ground calculations,
interference on communication circuits and
three-phase modeling.
Stability
Raw stability program output consists of listings
of key variables, M W , MVAR, Voltage, Current,
Torque Angle, Shaft Speed, Frequency, relay
contact status, and others which may be selected
by the user, at regular intervals during the
simulation. Representative plots are included in
study reports to illustrate the study conclusions.
5.4 Report Formats.
Reports should be presented with text, tables,
graphs, and single-line diagrams, as appropriate.
Reliability Analysis, for example, should
include:
Single-line diagram
Tables of equipment reliability indices, or
reference thereto
Reliability and maintainability predictions
Failure modes
Effects and criticality analysis
References
b Post Study Activities
Measurements and predictions are needed to
verify the accuracy of the study and to provide
corrections as needed for the client. The
procedure for the post study activities needs to
be agreed upon in advance of the main effort.
Conclusions
This paper has summarized the operating
procedures and inputloutput requirements for
harmonic, reliability and stability studies for
industrial power systems. This systematization
of methodology can be used in furtber
automation of these types of studies, as was
demonstrated for short circuit, load flow and
protective device coordination in the previous
paper [I]. This will result in greater accuracy
and efficiency in the conduct of these studies,
and is further intended to urge the industry to
proceed to a formal standard database and/or
data . exchange format for industrial power
systems s o h a r e .
References
[I] Sutherland, P. E., Irvine, R G., A
Standard Format for Power System Studies,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
May/June 2001.
101
[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (IEEE
Brown Book), IEEE Std. 399-1997.
[3] IEEE Recommended Practice for Design of
Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems (IEEE Gold Book), IEEE Std. 493-
1997.
[4] IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992.
[SI IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator
Modeling Practices in Stability Analyses, IEEE
Std. 1110-1991.
[6] IEEE Recommended Practices for
Excitation System Models for Power System
Stability Studies, IEEE Std. 421.5-1992.
[7] Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro
Turbines in Power System Studies, IEEE
Committee Report, IEEE Transactions in Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 92, No. 6,
Nov.Dec. 1973,pp. 1904-1915.
[SI Dynamic Models for Fossil Fueled Steam
Units in Power System Studies, Working Group
on Prime Mover and Energy Supply Models for
System Dynamic Performance Studies, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2,
May, 1991,pp. 753-761.
191 Hvdradic Turbine and Turbine Control
Models f& System Dynamic Studies, Working
Group on Prime Mover and Energy Supply
Models for System Dynamic Performance
Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 7,No. 1, Feb., 1992,pp. 167-179.
[IO] Dynamic Models for Combined Cycle
Plants in Power System Studies, Working
Group on Prime Mover and Energy Supply
Models for System Dynamic Performance
Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 9,No. 3, Aug., 1994, pp. 1698-1708.
[I I] Standard Load Models for Power Flow
and Dynamic Performance Simulation, IEEE
Task Force on Load Representation for Dynamic
Performance, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 3, Aug., 1995, pp. 1302-
1313.
[I21 Sutherland, P.E., Harmonic
Measurements in Industrial Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
JanuaryiFebruary, 1995, pp. 175-183.
[I31 Sutherland, P.E., Modeling of
Impedance vs. Frequency in Harmonics Analysis
Programs, IEEE IAS Annual Conference, New
Orleans, LA, October 5-9, 1997
[I41 Sutherland, P. E., Irvine, R. G., Power
System SMies Through the Internet, IEEE
 PICA 2001, 2024th May 2001, Sydney,
Australia
[15] J.C. Das, Analysis and Control of
Harmonic Currents Using Passive Filters,
TAPPI Proceedings, 99, Atlanta.

Biographies
Peter E. Sutberland Peter E., Sutberhod (M 83, SM
97) received thc A.S. Degree m ElecUiesl Engineering
En ineering (4,)
Teehalogy 79) and the B.S. de
from the universityofKm in Eleclrical
at Omno. In
1985 he meived the M.Sc.E d e p in Blstneal Engineering
from the UniversityofNcw Byswick (Canada):
He has worked as a Test Engmeer and B Design Engineer
for Accutest Cam. of Chelmsford Mass..a manufaf- of
automauc test cqitpmmt for the semiconductor ndurr) For
a shon WIIC. he worked a a Planning Engmer far an
Elcemc Uuliry Company In 1987 h c p n c d Gtnml Elcemc
Company, and has gem-employed asan Engineer in the GE
Industrial Power System Engineering operation in
Scheneefady, N.Y., as an Inshuctor in the GE Training and
Development Center, as a Power Systems Engineer in
Albany, N.Y and as Senior Engincer in the GE Power
Systems Energy Consulting. Depment. His c u r
position is Advisory Apphcatians Engineer at IGC
Superpower in Schenstady, NY.
Mr. Sutherhd is n t l y enrolled as a pat-time student
in &e Ph.D. p m p m in Electric Power Engineering at
Rsasselaer Polytechnic InstifUte. Troy, N.Y. Mr.Sutherland
, is the author 2 numerous technical bapm and is a member
Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu and Phi Kappa Phi. He is a
Rcgistcrsd Rofessionsl Engineer in Maine and New York,a
CEng in the UK. and is a member of IEE (London).

R Gerald lrvine (SM) received the B.S.E.E. d ew (with

honars) f Nonvich University, the M.B.A degree (with
distinction) h m b n g Ishad University, and studied in the
graduate electrical engineering p m p m at Polytshnic
University. He has worked as an electrical enginem for
indwhy and government since 1960. hlr. M n s is pmmlly
the Rincipal Electrical Engineer for the MTA Bridges and
Tunoels in New York City. MI.Imine is a registered
engineer in New Yo& and other states, a member of Tau
Bea Pi, and is active in the Natianal Fin Protection
Assafiatiq the IUminating Engineering Soeiety and the
IEEE.
Robert L. Smith, L.0

J.C. D.s (SM) received his bachelors d e p e s with

honors in mathematics and then in electrical engineering
f India and MSEE degree from Tulsa Univmity,
Oklahoma. Rcsentb he is with Am- Inc., Atlanta, Georgia,
responsible for power system shldies and analysis (shon-
circuita, load flow,harmonic analysis, harmonic mitigation,
, transient stability and pmtcctlve relaying, etc.) His intcnsts
include powerquality, harmonics and surge protection.
He is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Engineen (India),
a fellow of the Institution of Elweical Engineers (BE) UK, a
member of the Federation of European Enginem, Paris, and
a PE in Georgia, Oklahoma, Europe and U K He has
numcmus publications on Power Systems and his baak
Power system Analysis is under publication by Marcel and
Dekker.

102