Charles Edward Stuart

For other people named Charles Edward Stuart, see

Charles Edward Stuart (disambiguation).
Bonnie Prince Charlie redirects here. For other uses,
see Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation).

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Sev-

erino Maria Stuart (31 December 1720 31 January
1788), commonly known in Britain during his lifetime as
The Young Pretender and The Young Chevalier, and
often known in retrospective accounts as Bonnie Prince
Charlie, was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones
of England, Scotland, France and Ireland (as Charles III)
from the death of his father in 1766. This claim was based
on his status as the eldest son of James Francis Edward
Stuart, himself the son of James VII and II. Charles is
perhaps best known as the instigator of the unsuccessful
Jacobite uprising of 1745, in which he led an insurrec-
tion to restore his family to the throne of Great Britain.
The uprising ended in defeat at the Battle of Culloden,
eectively terminating the Jacobite cause. Jacobites sup-
ported the Stuart claim because they hoped for religious
toleration for Roman Catholics and because they believed
in the divine right of kings. Charless ight from Scotland Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1720 - 1788. Eldest son of
after the uprising has rendered him a romantic gure of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart Painted by William Mos-
heroic failure in some later representations.[2] In 1759 he man around 1750
was involved in a French plan to invade Britain, which
was abandoned after British naval victories.[3]
His grandfather, James II of England and VII of Scotland,
ruled the country from 1685 to 1688.[4] He was deposed
when Parliament invited the Dutch Protestant William III
1 Early life and his wife Princess Mary, King James eldest daughter,
to replace him in the Revolution of 1688. Many Protes-
Charles was born in the Palazzo Muti, Rome, Italy, on 31 tants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians,
December 1720,[4] where his father had been given a res- had been worried that King James aimed to return Eng-
idence by Pope Clement XI. He spent almost all his child- land to the Catholic fold. Since the exile of James, the
hood in Rome and Bologna. He was the son of the Old "Jacobite Cause" had striven to return the Stuarts to the
Pretender, James, son of the exiled Stuart King James VII thrones of England and Scotland, which were united in
and II, and Maria Clementina Sobieska, the granddaugh- 1707 as Great Britain. Charles Edward played a major
ter of John III Sobieski, most famous for the victory over part in the pursuit of this goal.
the Ottoman Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna. In 1734, Charles Edward observed the French and Span-
He had a privileged childhood in Rome, where he was ish siege of Gaeta, his rst exposure to war. His father
brought up Catholic in a loving but argumentative fam- managed to obtain the renewed support of the French
ily. As the legitimate heirs to the thrones of England, government in 1744, whereupon Charles Edward trav-
Scotland, and Ireland according to the Jacobite suc- elled to France with the sole purpose of commanding a
cession his family lived with a sense of pride, and French army that he would lead in an invasion of England.
staunchly believed in the divine right of kings. Regaining The invasion never materialised, as the invasion eet was
the thrones of England and Scotland for the Stuarts was scattered by a storm. By the time the eet regrouped, the
a constant topic of conversation in the household, princi- British eet realised the diversion that had deceived them
pally reected in his fathers often morose and combative and resumed their position in the Channel.[6] Undeterred,
moods.[5] Charles Edward was determined to continue his quest for

1
2 2 THE FORTY-FIVE
the restoration of the Stuarts.
2 The Forty-Five
Main article: Jacobite rising of 1745
In December 1743, Charless father named him Prince
Representation of the Jacobite 1745 ag.
Charles Edward as the Jacobite Leader
Regent, giving him authority to act in his name. Eighteen
months later, he led a French-backed rebellion intended
to place his father on the thrones of England and Scot-
land. Charles raised funds to t out two ships: the Elis-
abeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Du Teillay
(sometimes called Doutelle), a 16-gun privateer, which
successfully landed him and seven companions at Eriskay
on 23 July 1745. Charles had hoped for support from a
Prince Charles in the Battleeld
French eet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he
was left to raise an army in Scotland.
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland
clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for
a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency
by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his fathers
standard at Glennnan and gathered a force large enough
to enable him to march on Edinburgh. The city, un-
der the control of the Lord Provost Archibald Stew-
art, quickly surrendered. While he was in Edinburgh a
portrait of Charles was painted by the artist Allan Ram-
say,[7] which survives in the collection of the Earl of We-
myss at Gosford House.
On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only govern-
ment army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The
government army was led by General Sir John Cope,
and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is im-
mortalised in the song "Johnnie Cope. By November,
Charles was marching south at the head of approximately
6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, his army progressed
as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, de-
spite Charles objections, his council decided to return
to Scotland, given the lack of English and French sup-
port and rumours that large government forces were be-
ing amassed. The Jacobites marched north once more,
winning the Battle of Falkirk Muir, but were later pur-
sued by King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland,
who caught up with them at the Battle of Culloden on 16
April 1746.
Ignoring the advice of his best commander, Lord George
Murray, Charles chose to ght on at, open, marshy
ground where his forces would be exposed to superior
government repower. Charles commanded his army
from a position behind his lines, where he could not see
what was happening. Hoping Cumberlands army would
attack rst, he had his men stand exposed to Hanove-
rian artillery. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered
an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order
could be delivered. The Jacobite attack, charging into the
teeth of musket re and grapeshot red from the cannons,
was uncoordinated and met with little success.
 3

Battle of Culloden between the Jacobites and the Redcoats

The Jacobites broke through the bayonets of the red-

coats in one place, but they were shot down by a sec-
ond line of soldiers, and the survivors ed. Cumberlands
troops committed numerous atrocities as they hunted for
the defeated Jacobite soldiers, earning him the title the
Butcher from the Highlanders. Murray managed to lead
a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue
the ght. Believing himself betrayed, however, Charles
had decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. During the
Clementina Walkinshaw, Charless mistress from 1752 until
campaign, James, the Chevalier de Johnstone, acted as 1760, and mother of his daughter Charlotte Stuart
Aide de Camp for Murray and, briey, for Charles him-
self. James provided a rst-hand account of these events
in his Memoir of the Rebellion 17451746.
Charless subsequent ight has become the stu of leg-
end and is commemorated in the popular folk song "The
Skye Boat Song" (lyrics 1884, tune traditional) and the
old Irish song "Mo Ghile Mear" by Sen Clrach Mac
Domhnaill. Hiding in the moors of Scotland, he was
always barely ahead of the government forces. Though
many Highlanders saw Charles, and indeed aided him,
none of them betrayed him for the 30,000 reward[8] of-
fered. Charles was assisted by supporters such as the pilot
Donald Macleod of Galtrigill, Captain Felix O'Neill of
the O'Neills of the Fews dynasty,[9] and Flora MacDon-
ald, who helped him escape to the Isle of Skye by tak-
ing him, disguised as her Irish maid, Betty Burke, in a
small boat.[10][11] In this way he evaded capture and left
the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux, arriving
back in France in September. The Princes Cairn marks
the traditional spot on the shores of Loch nan Uamh in
Lochaber from which he made his nal departure from
Scotland. With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the
remainder of his life except for one brief, secret visit
Charles Edward Stuart as an old man
to London on the continent.

Aix-la-Chapelle which brought the war between Britain

3 Later life
While back in France, Charles had numerous aairs;
the one with his rst cousin Marie Louise de La Tour
d'Auvergne, wife of Jules, Prince of Gumn, resulted in
a short-lived son Charles (17481749). In 1748 Charles
was expelled from France under the terms of the Treaty of
and France to an end.[12]
Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish
mistress, Clementina Walkinshaw, whom he met, and
may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 re-
bellion. In 1753, the couple had a daughter, Charlotte.
Charless inability to cope with the collapse of the cause
led to his problem with drink, and mother and daughter
4 3
Charlotte Stuart, Charless daughter by Clementina Walkinshaw.
Portrait by Hugh Douglas Hamilton, Scottish National Portrait
Gallery
Charless estranged wife, Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
left Charles with his father James's connivance. Char-
lotte went on to have three illegitimate children with
Ferdinand, an ecclesiastical member of the Rohan family.
Their only son was Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roe-
henstart. Clementina was suspected by many of Charless
supporters of being a spy planted by the Hanoverian gov-
ernment of Great Britain.[13]
LATER LIFE
Marie-Victoire, Princess de Rohan"Charless secret grand-
daughter, the elder daughter of Charlotte Stuart
After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining sup-
porters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accept-
ing the impossibility of his recovering the English and
Scots crowns while he remained a Roman Catholic, he
was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protes-
tant. Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750
and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving An-
glican communion, likely at one of the remaining non-
juring chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jaco-
bite whose house in Theobalds Row was one of Charless
safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have per-
formed the communion, and a chapel in Grays Inn was
suggested as the venue as early as 1788 [Gentlemans
Magazine, 1788]. This rebutted David Humes sugges-
tion that it was a church in the Strand.[14] Unusually, the
news of this conversion was not advertised widely, and
Charles had seemingly returned to the Roman Catholic
faith by the time of his marriage.
In 1759, at the height of the Seven Years War, Charles
was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French for-
eign minister, the Duc De Choiseul.[15] Charles failed to
make a good impression, being argumentative and ide-
alistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-
scale invasion of England, involving upwards of 100,000
men[16] to which he hoped to add a number of Ja-
cobites led by Charles. However, he was so little im-
pressed with Charles, he dismissed the prospect of Ja-

cobite assistance.[17] The French invasion, which was 4 Death and burial
Charless last realistic chance to recover the British throne
for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval Charles died in Rome on 31 January 1788, aged 68, of
defeats at Quiberon Bay and Lagos.
In 1766, Charless father died. Pope Clement XIII had dral, where his brother Henry Benedict Stuart was bishop.
recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ire- At Henrys death in 1807, Charless remains (except his
land as James III and VIII but did not give Charles the heart) were moved to the crypt of Saint Peters Basilica
same recognition.
Coat of arms of The Young Pretender (Royal arms of England)
in the Palazzo di San Clemente in Florence
In 1772 Charles married Princess Louise of Stolberg-
Gedern. They lived rst in Rome and in 1774 moved to
Florence, where in 1777 he purchased for his residence
the Palazzo di San Clemente, now known also in his mem-
ory as the Palazzo del Pretendente. In Florence he began
to use the title Count of Albany as an alias. This title
is frequently used for him in European publications; his
wife Louise is almost always called Countess of Albany.
In 1780, Louise left Charles. She claimed that Charles
had physically abused her; this claim was generally be-
lieved by contemporaries even though Louise was already
involved in an adulterous relationship with the Italian
poet, Count Vittorio Aleri.[18]
In 1783, Charles signed an act of legitimation for his ille-
gitimate daughter Charlotte, born in 1753 to Clementina
Walkinshaw (later known as Countess von Alberstrof).
Charles also gave Charlotte the title Duchess of Albany
in the peerage of Scotland and the style Her Royal High-
ness, but these honours did not give Charlotte any right
of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her fa-
ther in Florence and Rome for the next ve years.
The claims by two 19th-century charlatans, Charles and
John Allen alias John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward
Stuart, that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate
son of Charles and Louise are without foundation.
5
a stroke.[19] He was rst buried in the Frascati Cathe-
in the Vatican where they were laid to rest next to those
of his brother and his father. His mother is also buried
in Saint Peters Basilica. His heart remained in Frascati
Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath
the oor under a monument.
5 Arms
During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed
a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, dier-
enced by a label argent of three points.[20]
6 Ancestry
7 In popular culture
Two biographical lms have been made about
Charles. In 1923, a British silent lm, Bonnie Prince
Charlie, featured Ivor Novello in the title role. In
1948, another lm of this name was made with
David Niven playing the role.
Peter Watkins 1964 Culloden, with Olivier
Espitalier-Noel as the Prince, presents the battle
through the eyes of a documentary crew as though
they were actually present. The lm utilises a
number of other dramatic devices to create a tense
realistic interpretation of the event. Similarly,
the 1994 lm Chasing the Deer depicts the 1745
Jacobite rebellion from the point of view of the
commoners caught in the struggle. The Prince,
played by Dominique Carrara, makes a brief
appearance in the movie and is never actually seen
by any of the commoners ghting for his cause.
Scottish author Sir Walter Scott featured Charles
and the 1745 Jacobite uprising in his popular 1814
novel Waverley.
The television series Highlander features two
episodes with the seriess protagonist, Duncan
MacLeod, aiding the Pretenders campaigns. Take
Back The Night depicts Charless escape into ex-
ile, and Through a Glass Darkly depicts him in the
aftermath of the failed campaigns, a broken, often
drunken man.
The Battle of Culloden is commemorated in the folk
song The Ghosts of Culloden By Isla Grant.
6 10
Bonnie Prince Charlie plays an important role in
the rst three books of the Outlander series by
Diana Gabaldon. The time travelling series pro-
tagonist, Claire Fraser, and her husband attempt to
manipulate Charles and the circumstances around
him to prevent the Jacobite rising of 1745. In the
television series based on the books, he is portrayed
by Andrew Gower.
According to the lead singer, Will Oldham, the
name for the band Bonnie Prince Billie occurred to
him while reading a book about Charles Stuart and
the Jacobite uprising.
8 See also
Monument to the Royal Stuarts
"r S do Bheatha 'Bhaile"
Prince Charlies Targe
Palazzo di San Clemente
Touch pieces
9 References
Notes
[1] Additional Manuscripts, British Library, 30,090, quoted
in Frank McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in
Many Acts (London: Routledge, 1988), 8.
[2] McLynn, Frank. Charles Edward Stuart: a tragedy in
many acts
[3] McLynn Charles Edward Stuart p.449-454
[4] Charles Edward Stuart - Jacobites, Enlightenment and
the Clearances - Scotlands History.
[5] Who was Bonnie Prince Charlie?". Essortment.com.
Retrieved 5 May 2010.
[6] Longmate p.149
[7] Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland.
BBC News. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February
2014.
[8] Michael Hook and Walter Ross, The 'Forty-Five. The Last
Jacobite Rebellion (Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Li-
brary of Scotland, 1995), p27
[9] Fiaich, Toms (1974). The O'Neills of the Fews.
Seanchas Ard Mhacha. 7 (2): 312.
[10] Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender. The
Scotsman. UK. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
EXTERNAL LINKS
[11] Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union Archived 14
February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ALBAThe
Escape of the Young Pretender
[12] McLynn. The Jacobites p.35
[13] McLynn (1759) p.78
[14] Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009
[15] McLynn (1759) p.82
[16] McLynn (1759) p.81
[17] McLynn (1759) p.84
[18] Mayne, Ethel Colburn (6 May 1909). Enchanters of Men
(Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co. p. 206. Retrieved
28 May 2016.
[19] Anonymous. Bonnie Prince Charlie. HISTORY. Re-
trieved 2015-11-18.
[20] Francois R. Velde. Marks of Cadency in the British
Royal Family. Heraldica.org. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Bibliography
Chidsey, Donald Barr. Bonnie Prince Charlie. Lon-
don: Williams & Norgate, 1928.
Daiches, David. Charles Edward Stuart: The Life
and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie. London:
Thames & Hudson, 1973.
Douglas, Hugh. Charles Edward Stuart. London:
Hale, 1975.
Kybett, Susan M. Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biogra-
phy of Charles Edward Stuart. New York: Dodd,
Mead, 1988.
McLynn, Frank. 1759: The Year Britain Became
Master of the World. London: Pimlico, 2005
McLynn, Frank. Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy
in Many Acts. London: Routledge, 1988.
McLynn, Frank. The Jacobites. London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul, 1985.
10 External links
McFerran, Noel S. Charles III
Charles Edward Stuart, 17201788
Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer
Prince Charles Edward Stuart National Galleries of
Scotland
Or S do Bheatha 'Bhaile video on YouTube A song
for the second Jacobite rising
 7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
Charles Edward Stuart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart?oldid=776612680 Contributors: Derek Ross,
Berek, Deb, William Avery, Zoe, Isis~enwiki, Hephaestos, Ubiquity, Paul Barlow, Gabbe, Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, Suisui, Den fjt-
trade ankan~enwiki, Conti, Jengod, David Newton, RickK, Tpbradbury, Astrotrain, Mackensen, Jerzy, Adam Carr, Dimadick, Red-
Wolf, Goethean, Rursus, Mervyn, David Edgar, Guy Peters, Mattaschen, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Bkonrad, Chinasaur, DO'Neil,
Tagishsimon, Chris Harris, Litalex, Albrecht, Alexd~enwiki, Eregli bob, OwenBlacker, Neutrality, Clemwang, Demiurge, Lacrimosus,
Zaf, CALR, An Siarach, Patricknoddy, Rich Farmbrough, Rama, Dave souza, Bender235, One-dimensional Tangent, Bobo192, PeteTh-
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lan, Tim!, Coemgenus, Markkawika, The wub, MapsMan, Doc glasgow, Quuxplusone, SpectrumDT, Chobot, Metropolitan90, Eamon-
nPKeane, Kummi, YurikBot, RobotE, Robert Neale, Mark Ironie, DBD, GusF, CambridgeBayWeather, Salsb, Trovatore, Stijn Calle,
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Contributors: {https://archive.org/details/scotlandsstoryhi00mars Scotlands story : a history of Scotland for boys and girls by Marshall,
H. E. (Henrietta Eliza] Original artist: by Marshall, H. E. (Henrietta Elizabeth), b. 1876
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png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60'
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8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_

icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png
2x' data-le-width='620' data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Franois-Xavier Fabre
File:Marie-Victoire_Princess_de_Rohan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Marie-Victoire_
Princess_de_Rohan.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://heritage.scotsman.com/people.cfm?id=41852005 Original
artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Palazzo_di_san_clemente,_int.,_piano_terra,_sala_grottesche_04_stemma_stuart_2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Palazzo_di_san_clemente%2C_int.%2C_piano_terra%2C_sala_grottesche_04_stemma_stuart_2.JPG Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sailko
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=
1522238&partId=1 Original artist: David Morier
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:William_Mosman_-_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart,_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_
Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/William_Mosman_-_Prince_
Charles_Edward_Stuart%2C_1720_-_1788._Eldest_son_of_Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: vAEkPEZCNtvA-w at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: William Mosman about
1700 (Scottish)
Details of artist on Google Art Project

11.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0