Quotation Mark - Wikipedia

5/7/2017 QuotationmarkWikipedia
Quotationmark
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Quotationmarks,alsocalledquotes,quotemarks,quotemarks,speech
marks,invertedcommasortalkingmarks,[1][2]arepunctuationmarksused
inpairsinvariouswritingsystemstosetoffdirectspeech,aquotation,ora
phrase.Thepairconsistsofanopeningquotationmarkandaclosing
quotationmark,whichmayormaynotbethesamecharacter.[3]

Quotationmarkshaveavarietyofformsindifferentlanguagesandin Englishquotationmarks
differentmedia.

Citation Guille CJKbrackets
Contents marks mets
1 History
2 InEnglish
3 Summarytable
4 Specificlanguagefeatures
4.1 Dutch
4.2 German
4.3 FinnishandSwedish
4.4 French
4.5 Greek
4.6 Hungarian
4.7 Polish
4.8 Portuguese
4.9 Russian,Ukrainian,Belarusian,andLatvian
4.10 Spanish
4.11 Chinese,JapaneseandKoreanquotationmarks
5 Quotationdash
6 Electronicdocuments
6.1 Typewritersandearlycomputers
6.2 Keyboards
6.3 CurvedquotesandUnicode
6.4 Unicodecodepointtable
7 Notes
8 References
9 Externallinks
History
Thedoublequotationmarkisolderthanthesingle.Itderivesfromamarginalnotationusedinfifteenthcentury
manuscriptannotationstoindicateapassageofparticularimportance(notnecessarilyaquotation)thenotationwas
placedintheoutsidemarginofthepageandwasrepeatedalongsideeachlineofthepassage.Bythemiddlesixteenth
century,printers(notablyinBasel,Switzerland)haddevelopedatypographicformofthisnotation,resemblingthe
moderndoublequotationmarkpointingtotheright.[4]Duringtheseventeenthcenturythistreatmentbecamespecific
toquotedmaterial,anditgrewcommon,especiallyinBritain,toprintquotationmarks(nowinthemodernopening
andclosingforms)atbeginningandendofthequotationaswellasinthemargintheFrenchusage(seeunderSpecific
languagefeaturesbelow)isasurvivalofthis.Inmostotherlanguages,includingEnglish,themarginalmarksdropped
outofuseinthelastyearsoftheeighteenthcentury.Theusageofapairofmarks,closingandopening,atthelevelof
lowercaseletterswasgeneralized.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark 1/28
Bythenineteenthcentury,thedesignandusagebegantobespecificwithin
eachregion.InWesternEuropetheusagebecametousethequotationmarksin
pairsbutpointingoutside.InBritainthosemarkswereelevatedtothesame
heightofthetopofcapitalletters().InFrance,bytheendofthe
GuillemetsbytheImprimerie
nineteenthcenturythosemarksweremodifiedtoamoreangularshape().
nationaleinBulletindelAgence
gnraledescolonies,302,May Someauthors[5]claimthatthereasonforthiswasapracticalone,inorderto
1934,showingtheusageofapairof getacharacterthatwasclearlydistinguishablefromtheapostrophes,the
marks,closingandopening,atthe commasandtheparenthesis(also,inotherscripts,theangularquotationmarks
leveloflowercaseletters. aredistinguishablefromotherpunctuationcharacterstheGreekbreathing
marks,theArmenianemphasisandapostrophe,theArabiccomma,decimal
separator,thousandsseparator,etc.).
Otherauthors[5]claimthatthereasonforthiswasanaestheticalone.The
elevatedquotationmarkscreatedanextrawhitespacebeforeandaftertheword
Clashbetweentheapostropheand thatwasconsideredunaesthetical,whiletheinlinequotationmarkshelpedto
curvedquotationmarksinaphrase maintainthetypographicalcolor,sincethequotationmarkshadthesameheight
meaningthecrimesofthegood
andwerealignedwiththelowercaseletters.[4]Nevertheless,whileother
Samaritans.
languagesdonotinsertaspacebetweenthequotationmarksandtheword(s),
theFrenchusagedoesinsertthem,evenifitisanarrowspace.
Thecurvedquotationmarks()usagewasexportedtosomenonLatin
Clearlydistinguishableapostrophe scripts,notablywheretherewassomeEnglishinfluence(forinstance,inIndian
andangularquotationmarks. scripts).Theangularquotationmarks()usagewasexportedtosomenon
Latinscripts,likeGreek,Cyrillic,ArabicandEthiopic.TheFarEastangle
bracketsquotationmarks()arealsoadevelopmentoftheinline
angularquotationmarks.
InCentralEurope,however,thepracticewastousethequotationmarksin
pairsbutpointinginside.TheGermantraditionpreferredthecurved
Excessiveblankspace(inyellow) quotationmarks,thefirstoneatthelevelofthecommas,thesecondoneatthe
provokedbyelevatedquotation leveloftheapostrophes().Alternatively,thesemarksstillpointed
marks,accordingtosometype insidebutcouldbeangularandinlinewithlowercaseletters().Some
designers. neighboringregionsadoptedtheGermantraditionbutsomeothersadoptedthe
second(closing)markaspointingtotheright().
InSweden(andFinland),bothmarkspointedtotherightbutbothwereatthetoplevel(),neitheratthebottom.
InEasternEuropetherewasahesitationbetweentheFrenchtradition()andtheGermantradition().The
FrenchtraditionprevailedinNorthEasternEurope(Russia,UkraineandBelarus),whereastheGermantradition(orits
modifiedversionwiththeclosingmarkpointingtotheright)hasbecomedominantinSouthEasternEurope(the
Balkancountries).
Thesinglequotationmarkemergedaround1800asameansofindicatingasecondarylevelofquotation.Onecould
expectthatthelogicwouldbethecorrespondingsinglemarkeverywherebutitwasnotthecase.BritishEnglishtends
toreversetheusagesinglequotationmarks()areprimary,anddoublequotationmarks()aresecondary
thisdistinction,however,datingbacktoaroundthe1960s.[6]Insomelanguagesusingtheangularquotationmarks,
theusageofsingleones()becameobsolete,beingreplacedbydoublecurvedones()thesingleonesstill
survive,forinstance,inSwitzerland.InEasternEurope,wheretherewasahesitationbetweentheFrenchandGerman
tradition,thecurvedquotationmarks()areusedasasecondarylevelwhentheangularmarks()areusedas
aprimarylevel.
InEnglish
InEnglishwriting,quotationmarksareplacedinpairsaroundawordorphrasetoindicate:
Quotationordirectspeech:Carolsaid"Goahead"whenIaskedherifthelauncherwasready.
Mentioninanotherworkofatitleofashortorsubsidiarywork,likeachapterorepisode:"Encounterat
Farpoint"wasthepilotepisodeofStarTrek:TheNextGeneration.
Scarequotesusedtomean"socalled"ortoexpressirony:The"fresh"appleswerefullofworms.
InAmericanEnglish,doublequotesareusednormally(the"primary"style).Ifquotemarksareusedinsideanother
pairofquotemarks,thensinglequotesareusedasthe"secondary"style.Forexample:"Didn'tshesay'Ilikeredbest'
whenIaskedherwinepreferences?"heaskedhisguests.
Ifanothersetofquotesisnested,doublequotesareusedagain,andtheycontinuetoalternateasnecessary(thoughthis
israrelydone).BritishEnglishtendstohavetheoppositeconventionsinglequotesareprimary,anddoublequotes
aresecondaryhowever,thisdistinctiondatesbackonlytoaroundthe1960s.[6]EarlierBritishusagewasoften
identicaltoAmerican.DifferentvarietiesofEnglishhavedifferentrulesregardingwhetherneighboringpunctuation
shouldbewritteninsideoroutsidethequotationmarks.
Regardingtheaspect,therearetwotypesofquotationmarks:
''and"",areknownasneutral,vertical,straight,typewriter,dumb
orASCIIquotationmarks.Theleftandrightmarksareidentical.They
areusedmainlyintypewriting,wheretherearenoresourcestotypethe
correctquotationmarks,asintypewriters.
and,areknownastypographic,curly,curved,book,orsmart
quotationmarks.Thebeginningmarksarecommasraisedtothetopof
thelineandrotated180.Theendingmarksarecommasraisedtothetop
oftheline.Curvedquotationmarksareusedmainlyinmanuscript,
printingandtypesetting.Typecases(ofanylanguage)alwayshavethe Atypewriter.
correctquotationmarksmetaltypesfortherespectivelanguageand
nevertheverticalquotationmarksmetaltypes.
Becausemostofthecomputerkeyboardslackkeystodirectlyenter
typographicquotationmarks,muchtypedwritinghasverticalquotationmarks.
Thesmartquotesfeatureinsomecomputersoftwarecanconvertvertical
quotationmarkstocurlyones,butsometimesimperfectly.
Theclosingsinglequotationmarkisidenticalorsimilarinform(dependingon
thefont)totheapostropheandsimilartotheprimesymbol.Thedouble
quotationmarkisidenticaltothedittomarkandsimilartoandoftenusedto
representthedoubleprimesymbol.However,allofthesethreecharacters Atypecase.
havequitedifferentpurposes.
Summarytable
OtherlanguageshavesimilarconventionstoEnglish,butusedifferentsymbolsordifferentplacement.
Standard Alternative
Language Spacing Names,notes&references
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Afrikaans [a] Aanhalingstekens
Albanian Thonjza
(timihirite
Amharic [7][8][9]
[9]
tikisi)
(almt
tan,quotationmarks)
Arabic optional
Thedirectionoftextis
righttoleft.
(chakertner,
Armenian quotationmarks)
Drnaqiarsi(fingernail
Azerbaijani 01pt
mark)
Basque Komatxoak
(Dvukosse,
Belarusian [10] doublecommas)
(Lapky,littlepaws)
navodnici,znacinavoda,
polunavodnici,Cyrillic
or script:,
Bosnian
,
,only
inprintedmedia
(Kavichki)
isoftenincorrectly
or or replacedby""or
Bulgarian [11][c]
[b] [11][c]
[b] [b] andareoften
incorrectlywrittenas'',
or
Cometesfranceses
(Frenchquotationmarks)
Cometesangleses
Catalan [c][d]
[c] none
(Englishquotationmarks)
Cometessimples
(Simplequotationmarks)
(pinyin:
shungynho,double
Chinese, Fullwidth quotationmark)
simplified [12]
[12][e]
form (pinyin:
dnynho,singlequotation
mark)
Chinese,
traditional
[13][14][f] Fullwidth (Mandarin:
form dnynho,Jyutping:
or or
daan1jan5hou6,lit:"Single
quotationmark")
(Mandarin:
(Mandarin:
shungynho,Jyutping:
[e] [e] soeng1jan5hou6,lit:
"Doublequotationmark")

Note:Nopunctuationmark
shouldbeusedwhenwriting
fromrighttoleft.
andNavodnici
Polunavodnici
Croatian [15]
areusedonlyin
printedmedia
Czech Uvozovky(introduce)
Citationstegn(citation
or or marks)
Danish [16]
[17] [17] [16]
Anfrselstegn(quotes)
Gsejne(gooseeyes)
Aanhalingstekens(citation
marks)
Dutch [18]
are"scarequotes"
(zogenaamdfunctie)[18]
Quotationmarks,double
English,UK [19][g]
quotes,quotes,inverted
commas,speechmarks
ITUT:Diereses,quotation
marks
12pt
English,
US
English, [g]
Usageofsingleordoubleas
Canada
primarymayvaryacross
Englishvarieties.
Citiloj
Thereisnostandardfor
quotationmarks,and
Zamenhofrecommended
thatthewritershouldusehis
Esperanto [h]
or or nativelanguage'squotation
marks.However,ithas
becomecommonpracticeto
usethequotationmarksof
AmericanEnglish.
Estonian Jutumrgid(speechmarks)
Filipino [20][g] [20] Panipi

[21] [21]
Finnish Lainausmerkit(citation
marks)

or
French [b][c]
[c] em
[i] Guillemets
French,
Swiss[j]

Galician [22]
[22] Comias[23]orAspas[24]
(brqalebi,
Georgian none
claws)
Anfhrungszeichen
German (quotationmarks)
Gnsefchen(littlegoose
feet)
German, Hochkommas,
Swiss[j]
Hochkommata(high
commas)
(introductory
Greek [25][26]
marks).

(merkha'ot)
Notes:
Thedirectionoftextis
righttoleft,solow
Hebrew [27]
[27]
quotationmarksare
opening.
Nottobeconfusedwith

gershayim.
(uddharan
Hindi [28]
chihn)
""Macskakrm(cat
clawsincorrectlyused)
Idzjel(quotation
mark)
Belsidzjel,ldlb
(innerquotationmark,goose
Hungarian [c] feet)
Flidzjel(half
quotationmark,tertiary
quotationmark)
Thethreelevelsof
Hungarianquotation:
[29]
Icelandic Gsalappir(goosefeet)
Indonesian Tandakutip,tandapetik
Interlingua [h] Virgulettas

Irish 12pt Liamg(William)

Italian [30]
[30]
Italian, Virgolette
Swiss[j]

or or :(kagikakko,
Japanese [f] hookbracket)
:(nijkagi
kakko,doublehookbracket)

Kazakh (Trnaqsha)
(sanhnhea
Khmer [31]
samrong)
:
(hot'hwasalgwalho,arrow
Korean,
bracket)
North :
Korea
(gyeop'hwasalgwalho,
doublearrowbracket)
, :(ttaompyo,
or or quotationmark)
Korean,
South :(natpyo,scythe
Korea symbol)
:(gyeomnatpyo,
[e] [e] doublescythesymbol)
Lao (vongyum)
Latvian Pdias
Lithuanian Kabuts
Lojbanusesthewordslu
andli'u,ratherthan
punctuation,tosurround
quotesofgrammatically
correctLojban.[32]Double
lu"" quotes(unnamedinLojban,
Lojban luli'u butlubusuggested,
li'u
followingsamepatternas
alphabet)canalsobeused
foraestheticpurposes.Non
Lojbantextmaybequoted
usingzoi.[33]

(Navodnitsi,doublequote)
Macedonian [34] [34]
(Polunavodnitsi,single
quote)
Maltese Virgoletti
Mongolian,
Cyrillic
script
Mongolian,

Mongolian [k][35]
script

NewTai
Lue [36]
Anfrselstegn(quotation
marks)
or Gseauge,gseyne(goose
Norwegian [l] eyes)
, Hermeteikn,hermetegn
Sittatteikn,sitattegn
Dobbeltfnutt
Occitan Vergueta
Pashto [37]
Persian (giyume)
or or
Cudzysw(someoneelse's
Polish [b] [m]
word)
Aspas[38](quotationmarks)
Aspasduplas(doublequotation
Portuguese, marks),
Brazil [c]
Aspassimples(singlequotation
marks)
Aspascurvasoraspas
inglesasoraspasaltas[39]ou
levantadas[40]ouelevadas[41]
(curvedquotationmarks),
Portuguese, Aspasangulares[40]or
Portugal [43][c]
[43]
aspaslatinasorvrgulas
dobradas[42](angularquotation
marks)
Romanian [44][c] none Ghilimele(quotes)
Romansh[j]
(kavychki)
(yolochki,
littlefirtrees)
(lapki,little
Russian [c]
none
paws)
Yolochkiareusedinprint
media,whilelapkiareused
inhandwriting.
Serbian or ,
,navodnici,znaci

navoda
Scottish
Gaelic Cromaganturrach
Slovak vodzovky(introduce)
Slovene Navednice
Sorbian
Comillas
Comillaslatinas,comillas
Spanish [45][c]
[c][d] angulares
Comillasinglesasdobles
Comillasinglesassimples
Citationstecken,
or anfringstecken
Citattecken(modernised
Swedish [46]
[46]
term)
Dubbelfnutt(ASCIIdouble
quote)
TaiLe [47]
Tibetan [48]
Tigrinya [9][49]
[9]
(anyaprakat,
Thai differentiatingmark)
Trnakiareti(fingernail
Turkish 01pt
mark)
Ukrainian none (lapky,littlepaws)
[50]
Uyghur Thedirectionoftextis
righttoleft.
Uzbek [51]
Qoshtirnoq(nails)
Dungockp(paired
parentheses)
Vietnamese [52]
Dunhykp(paired
blinkingmarks)
Welsh 12pt Dyfynodau
Specificlanguagefeatures
Dutch
Thestandardformintheprecedingtableistaughtinschoolsandusedinhandwriting.Mostlargenewspapershave
kepttheselowhighquotationmarks,butotherwisethealternativeformwithsingleordoubleEnglishstylequotes
isnowoftentheonlyformseeninprintedmatter.Neutralquotationmarks("and')areusedwidely,especiallyintexts
typedoncomputersandonwebsites.[53]
AlthoughnotgenerallycommoninDutchanymore,doubleanglequotationmarksarestillsometimesusedin
Belgium.ExamplesincludetheFlemishHUMOmagazineandtheMetronewspaperinBrussels.[54]
German
ThesymbolusedastheleftquoteinEnglishisusedastherightquoteinGermanyandAustria,andadifferentlow
9quoteisusedfortheleftinstead.Somefonts,e.g.Verdana,weredesignednotbearinginmindtheautomaticuseof
theEnglishleftquoteastheGermanrightquoteandarethereforetypographicallyincompatiblewithGerman.
Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description
A U+201A(8218),U+2018(8216) &sbquo&lsquo Germansinglequotes(leftandright)
A U+201E(8222),U+201C(8220) &bdquo&ldquo Germandoublequotes(leftandright)
DoublequotesarestandardfordenotingspeechinGerman.
Andreasfragtemich:HastdudenArtikelEUErweiterunggelesen?(Andreasaskedme:'Haveyoureadthe
"EUExpansion"article?')
ThisstyleofquotingisalsousedinBulgarian,Czech,Estonian,Georgian,Icelandic,Lithuanian,Russian,
Serbocroatian,Slovak,SloveneandinUkrainian.InBulgarian,Icelandic,Lithuanian,RussianandUkrainian,single
quotationmarksarenotused.ThedoublequotestyleisalsousedintheNetherlands,butisnowoutoffashion
nowadaysthe'Englishstyle'quotationmarksarepreferreditisstillfrequentlyfoundonoldershopsignandisused
bymostlargenewspapers.
Sometimes,especiallyinbooks,theanglequotationmarks(seebelow)areusedinGermanyandAustria,albeitin
reversedorder:A.InSwitzerland,however,thesamequotationmarksasinFrenchareused:A.
DoubleanglequotationmarkswithoutspacesarethestandardforGermanprintedtextsinSwitzerland:
Andreasfragtemich:HastdudenArtikelEUErweiterunggelesen?
Andreasaskedme:HaveyoureadtheEUExpansionarticle?
AnglequotationmarksarealsooftenusedinGermanpublicationsfromGermanyandAustria,especiallyinnovels,but
thenexactlyreversedandwithoutspacing:
Andreasfragtemich:HastdudenArtikelEUErweiterunggelesen?
Andreasaskedme:HaveyoureadtheEUExpansionarticle?
FinnishandSwedish
InFinnishandSwedish,rightquotescalledcitationmarks,...,areusedtomarkboththebeginningandtheendofa
quote.Doublerightpointingangularquotes,,canalsobeused.
Alternatively,anendashfollowedbya(nonbreaking)spacecanbeusedtodenotethebeginningofquotedspeech,in
whichcasetheendofthequotationisnotspecificallydenoted(seesectionQuotationdashbelow).Alinebreakshould
notbeallowedbetweentheendashandthefirstwordofthequotation.
A U+2019(8217) &rsquo Secondarylevelquotation
A U+201D(8221) &rdquo Primarylevelquotation
A U+00BB(187) &raquo Alternativeprimarylevelquotation
A U+2013(8211) &ndash Alternativedenotationatthebeginningofquotedspeech
French
Frenchlanguageusesanglequotationmarks(guillemets,orduckfootquotes),addingaquarteremspace(officially)
(U+2005FOURPEREMSPACE(HTML ))withinthequotes.However,manypeoplenowusethenonbreaking
space,becausethedifferencebetweenanonbreakingspaceandafourperemisvirtuallyimperceptible(butalso
becausetheUnicodequarteremspaceisbreakable),andthequarteremisvirtuallyalwaysomittedinnonUnicode
fonts.Evenmorecommonly,peoplejustputanormal(breaking)spacebetweenthequotationmarksbecausethenon
breakingspaceisoftennoteasilyaccessiblefromthekeyboard.
Voulezvousunsandwich,Henri?
Wouldyoulikeasandwich,Henri?
Sometimes,forinstanceonseveralFrenchnewssitessuchasLibration,LeschosorLeFigaro,nospaceisused
aroundthequotationmarks.Thisparallelsnormalusageinotherlanguages,e.g.Catalan,Polish,Portuguese,Russian,
Spanish,orinGerman,FrenchandItalianaswritteninSwitzerland:
DiesisteinZitat.(SwissStandardGerman)
Tojestcytat.
.
Thisisaquote.
Unicode
Samples HTML Description
(decimal)
Frenchdoubleanglequotes(leftandright),mostusual(approximative)
A formusedtodayontheweb,withnormal(halfem)nonbreaking
spaces.
U+00AB
A (171),
U+00BB(187)
&laquo Frenchdoubleanglequotes(leftandright),moreexactformusedby
&raquo typographers,withnarrow(quarterem)nonbreakingspaces.
A nonFrenchdoubleanglequotes(leftandright)withoutspace(not
recommended)
A U+2039
(8249), &lsaquo
Frenchsingleanglequotes(leftandright),alternateformforembedded
quotations,usedonthewebwithnormalnonbreakingspaces.
U+203A &rsaquo Frenchsingleanglequotes(leftandright),alternateformforembedded
A (8250) quotations,preferablyusedbytypographerswithnarrownonbreaking
spaces.
Initially,theFrenchguillemetcharacterswerenotangleshapedbutalsoused
thecomma(6/9)shape.TheyweredifferentfromEnglishquotesbecausethey
werestanding(liketoday'sguillemets)onthebaseline(likelowercaseletters),
andnotaboveit(likeapostrophesandEnglishquotationmarks)orhanging
GuillemetsbytheImprimerie
downfromit(likecommas).Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,this
nationaleinBulletindelAgence
shapeevolvedtolooklike((smallparentheses)).Theangleshapeappeared
gnraledescolonies,302,Mai
latertoincreasethedistinctionandavoidconfusionswithapostrophes,commas
1934,showingthecommashaped
andparenthesesinhandwrittenmanuscriptssubmittedtopublishers.Unicode
symbolssittingonthebaseline.
currentlydoesnotprovidealternatecodesforthese6/9guillemetsonthe
baseline,whicharestillconsideredasformvariantsimplementedinolder
Frenchtypography(suchastheDidotfontdesign).Alsotherewasnotnecessarilyanydistinctionofshapebetweenthe
openingandclosingguillemets,withbothtypespointingtotheright(liketoday'sFrenchclosingguillemets).
Theymustbeusedwithnonbreakingspaces(preferablynarrow,ifavailable,i.e.U+202FNNBSPwhichismissingin
mostcomputerfontsbutthatrenderersshouldbeabletorenderusingthesameglyphasthebreaking"French"thin
spaceU+2009,handlingthenonbreakingpropertyinternallyinthetextrenderer/layoutengine,becauselinebreaking
propertiesareneverdefinedinfontsthemselvessuchrenderersshouldalsobeabletoinferahalfwidthspacefromthe
glyphassignedtothenormalhalfemnonbreakingspace,ifthethinspaceitselfisnotmapped).
Inmanyprintedbooks,whenquotationsarespanningmultiplelinesoftext(includingmultipleparagraphs),an
additionalclosingquotationsignistraditionallyusedatthebeginningofeachlinecontinuingaquotationanyright
pointingguillemetatthebeginningofalinedoesnotclosethecurrentquotationthisconventionhasbeenconsistently
usedsincethebeginningofthe19thcenturybymostbookprinters(andisstillinusetoday).Notethatsuchinsertion
ofcontinuationquotationmarkswillalsooccurifthere'sawordhyphenationbreak.Thereisstillnosupportfor
automaticinsertionofthesecontinuationguillemetsinHTML/CSSandinmanywordprocessors,sothesehavetobe
insertedbymanualtypesetting:
CestunebellejournepourlesMontralais,soutient
leministre.Cesinvestissementsstimulerontlacrois
sanceconomique.
UnlikeEnglish,Frenchdoesnotsetoffunquotedmaterialwithinaquotationmarkbyusingasecondsetofquotes.
Compare:
CestunebellejournepourlesMontralais,soutientleministre.Cesinvestissementsstimulerontla
croissanceconomique.
ThisisagreatdayforMontrealers,theministerupholds.Theseinvestmentswillstimulateeconomic
growth.
Forclarity,somenewspapersputthequotedmaterialinitalics:
CestunebellejournepourlesMontralais,soutientleministre.Cesinvestissementsstimulerontla
croissanceconomique.
TheFrenchImprimerienationale(cf.Lexiquedesrglestypographiquesenusagel'Imprimerienationale,pressesde
l'Imprimerienationale,Paris,2002),though,doesnotusedifferentquotationmarksfornesting:
Sonexplicationnestquunmensonge,sindignaledput.
Hisexplanationisjustalie,thedeputyprotested.
Inthiscase,whenthereshouldbetwoadjacentopeningorclosingmarks,onlyoneiswritten:
Ilrpondit:Cenestquungadget!.
Heanswered:It'sonlyagizmo."
TheuseofEnglishquotationmarksisincreasinginFrenchandusuallyfollowsEnglishrules,forinstancewhenthe
keyboardorthesoftwarecontextdoesn'tallowtheutilisationofguillemets.TheFrenchnewssiteL'Humanituses
straightquotationmarks.
Englishquotesarealsousedsometimesfornestedquotations:
Hisexplanationisjustalie,thedeputyprotested.
Butthemostfrequentconventionusedinprintedbooksfornestedquotationsistostyletheminitalics(single
quotationmarksaremuchmorerarelyused,andmultiplelevelsofquotationsusingthesamemarksisoftenconsidered
confusingforreaders):
Ilrpondit:Cenestquungadget!.
Further,runningspeechdoesnotusequotationmarksbeyondthefirstsentence,aschangesinspeakerareindicatedby
adash,asopposedtotheEnglishuseofclosingandreopeningthequotation.(Forotherlanguagesemployingdashes,
seesectionQuotationdashbelow.)Thedashesmaybeusedentirelywithoutquotationmarksaswell.Ingeneral,
quotationmarksareextendedtoencompassasmuchspeechaspossible,includingnotjustnonspokentextsuchas"he
said"(aspreviouslynoted),butalsoaslongastheconversionextends.Thequotationmarksendatthelastspokentext,
however,notextendingtotheendofparagraphswhenthefinalpartisnotspoken.
Jenevousparlepas,monsieur,ditil.
Maisjevousparle,moi!scrialejeunehommeexasprdecemlangedinsolenceetdebonnes
manires,deconvenanceetdeddain.(Dumas,Lestroismousquetaires)
Iamnotspeakingtoyou,sir,hesaid.
ButIamspeakingtoyou!criedtheyoungman,exasperatedbythiscombinationofinsolenceandgood
manners,ofprotocolanddisdain.
Greek
Greekusesangledquotationmarks(eisagogik):
.
,,.
andthequotationdash(pvla):
.
,,.
whichtranslateto:
"Isheserious?"heaskedMaria.
"Yes,certainly",shereplied.
U+00AB(0171),U+00BB(0187) &laquo&raquo Greekfirstleveldoublequotes()
U+2015(8213) &#8213 Greekdirectquotationemdash
Aclosingquotationmark()isaddedtothebeginningofeachnewquotedparagraph.Whenquotationsarenestedin
morelevelsthaninnerandouter,singlequotationmarksareused(i.e.).
Hungarian
A U+201E(8222),U+201d
(8221)
&bdquo
&rdquo
Hungarianfirstleveldoublequotes(leftandright)
A U+00BB(0171),U+00AB
(0187)
&raquo
&laquo
Hungariansecondleveldoublequotes(leftand
right)
A U+2019(8217) &rsquo Hungarianunpairedquotessignifying"meaning"
AccordingtocurrentrecommendationbytheHungarianAcademyofSciencesthemainHungarianquotationmarksare
commashapeddoublequotationmarkssetonthebaselineatthebeginningofthequoteandatapostropheheightat
theendofitforfirstlevel,inversedFrenchquoteswithoutspace(theGermantradition)forthesecondlevel,sothe
followingnestedquotationpatternemerges:
Quoteinsidequote
andwiththirdlevel:
Quoteinsideinsideofinsideinsidequote
InHungarianlinguistictraditionthemeaningofawordissignifiedbyuniform(unpaired)apostropheshapedquotation
marks:
dieBienemh
Aquotationdashisalsoused,andispredominantinbelletristicliterature.
Merrejrtl?krdezteakpcs.
Polish
A U+201A(8218),U+2019(8217) &sbquo&rsquo Polishsinglequotes(leftandright)
A U+201E(8222),U+201d(8221) &bdquo&rdquo Polishdoublequotes(leftandright)
A U+2015(8213) &#8213 Polishdirectquotationemdash
A U+2013(8211) &ndash Polishdirectquotationendash
AccordingtocurrentPN83/P55366standardfrom1983(butnotdictionaries,seebelow),Typesettingrulesfor
composingPolishtext(Zasadyskadaniatekstwwjzykupolskim)onecanuseeitherordinaryPolishquotesor
Frenchquotes(withoutspace)forfirstlevel,andsinglePolishquotesorFrenchquotesforsecondlevel,which
givesthreestylesofnestedquotes:
1.Quoteinsidequote
2.Quoteinsidequote
3.Quoteinsidequote
Thereisnospaceontheinternalsideofquotemarks,withtheexceptionoffiret(~em)spacebetweentwo
quotationmarkswhentherearenoothercharactersbetweenthem(e.g., and ).
TheaboveruleshavenotchangedsinceatleastthepreviousBN76/744002standardfrom1976andareprobably
mucholder.
However,thepartoftherulesthatconcernstheuseofguillemetsconflictswiththePolishpunctuationstandardas
givenbydictionaries,includingtheWielkiSownikOrtograficznyPWNrecommendedbythePolishLanguageCouncil.
ThePWNrulesstate:
Inspecificuses,guillemetsalsoappear.Guillemetmarkspointinginwardsareusedforhighlightsandin
caseaquotationoccursinsideaquotation.Guillemetmarkspointingoutwardsareusedfordefinitions
(mainlyinscientificpublicationsanddictionaries),aswellasforenclosingspokenlinesandindirect
speech,especiallyinpoetictexts.[55]
InPolishbooksandpublications,thisstyleforuseofguillemets(alsoknownasGermanquotes)isusedalmost
exclusively.Inadditiontobeingstandardforsecondlevelquotes,guillemetquotesaresometimesusedasfirstlevel
quotesinheadingsandtitlesbutalmostneverinordinarytextinparagraphs.
Anotherstyleofquotingistouseanemdashtoopenaquotethisisusedalmostexclusivelytoquotedialogues,andis
virtuallytheonlyconventionusedinworksoffiction.
Magskonisi.Biaykotpicyobokpaleniskaocknsinagleispojrzananiegobadawczo.
Jaksinazywatawie,panie?zapytaprzybysz.Kowalwzruszyramionami.
GupiOsio.
Gupi?
Osiopowtrzykowaltakimtonem,jakbywyzywagocia,ebysprbowasobiezniegozaartowa.
Magzamylisi.
Tanazwamapewnieswojhistoristwierdziwkocu.Winnychokolicznociachchtniebymjej
wysucha.Alechciabymporozmawiaztob,kowalu,otwoimsynu.
Thewizardbowed.Awhitecatthathadbeensleepingbythefurnacewokeupandwatchedhimcarefully.
Whatisthenameofthisplace,sir?saidthewizard.
Theblacksmithshrugged.
BadAss,hesaid.
Bad?
Ass,repeatedtheblacksmith,histonedefyinganyonetomakesomethingofit.
Thewizardconsideredthis.
Anamewithastorybehindit,hesaidatlast,whichwerecircumstancesotherwiseIwouldbepleased
tohear.ButIwouldliketospeaktoyou,smith,aboutyourson.
(TerryPratchett,EqualRites)
Anendashissometimesusedinplaceoftheemdash,especiallysoinnewspapertexts.
Portuguese
NeitherthePortugueseLanguageregulatornortheBrazilianprescribewhatistheshapeforquotationmarks,theyonly
prescribewhenandhowtheyshouldbeused.
InPortugal,theangularquotationmarks[38][43](ex.quote)aretraditionallyused.TheyaretheLatintradition
quotationmarks,usednormallybytypographers.Itisthatalsothechosenrepresentationfordisplayingquotation
marksinreferencesources,[42][56][57]anditisalsothechosenrepresentationfromsomesitesdedicatedtothe
PortugueseLanguage.[58]
TheCdigodeRedao[59]fordocumentspublishingintheEuropeanUnionprescribesthreelevelsofquotationmarks
representation():
EestavaescritoAlgumperguntouQuemfoiquegritouMeuDeus!?.nafolhadepapel.
AnditwaswrittenSomeoneaskedWhoshoutedMyGod!?.inthesheetofpaper.
inblack:mainsentencewhichcontainsthecitations
ingreen:1stlevelcitation
inred:2ndlevelcitation
inblue:3rdlevelcitation
However,theusageofcurvedquotation(ex.quoteandquote)marksisgrowing.[39]Thatisprobablyduetothe
omnipresenceoftheEnglishlanguageandtotheinabilityofsomemachines(mobilephones,cashregisters,specific
printers,calculators,etc.)todisplaytypographicalquotationmarks.
InBrazil,however,theusageofangularquotationmarksislittleknown,beingusedalmostsolelythecurvedquotation
marks(quoteandquote).Thiscanbeverified,forinstance,inthedifferencebetweenaPortuguesekeyboard
(whichpossessesaspecifickeyforandfor)andaBraziliankeyboard.
ThePortuguesespeakingAfricancountriestendtofollowPortugalsconventions,nottheBrazilianones.
Otherusagesofquotationmarks(quotefordouble,quoteforsingle)areobsolete.
Russian,Ukrainian,Belarusian,andLatvian
InRussian,Ukrainian,BelarusianandLatvian,angledquotationmarksareusedwithoutspaces.Incaseofquoted
materialinsideaquotation,rules[60]andmostnotedstylemanualsprescribetheuseofdifferentkindsofquotation
marks.However,someofthem[61]allowtousethesamequotationmarksforquotedmaterialinsideaquotation,andif
innerandouterquotationmarksfalltogether,thenoneofthemshouldbeomitted.
Right:
:.
(PushkinwrotetoDelvig:WaitingforGypsies,andpublishatonce.")
Permissible,whenitistechnicallyimpossibletousedifferentquotationmarks:
,.
(MyGypsiesarenotsellingatall,Pushkincomplained.)
Itiscommontousequotationdashesfordialogue,aswellaswithinquotationsforthereportingclause.Formore
details,seetheRussianWikipediaarticleonthistopic.
?
,,..
"Who'sthere?"
"It'sme,postmanPechkin,"wasthereply."I'vebroughtnewsaboutyourboy."
Spanish
Spanishusesangledquotationmarks(comillaslatinasorangulares)aswell,butalwayswithoutthespaces.
Estoesunejemplodecmosesuelehacerunacitaliteralenespaol.
ThisisanexampleofhowaliteralquotationisusuallywritteninSpanish.
And,whenquotationsarenestedinmorelevelsthaninnerandouterquotation,thesystemis:[62]
Antoniomedijo:VayacacharroquesehacompradoJulin.
Antoniotoldme,WhatapieceofjunkJulinhaspurchasedforhimself.
AsinFrench,theuseofEnglishquotationmarksisincreasinginSpanish,andtheElPasstyleguide,whichiswidely
followedinSpain,recommendsthem.HispanicAmericansoftenusethem,owingtoinfluencefromtheUnitedStates.
Chinese,JapaneseandKoreanquotationmarks
CornerbracketsarewellsuitedforChinese,Japanese,andKoreanlanguageswhicharewritteninbothverticaland
horizontalorientations.China,SouthKorea,andJapanallusecornerbracketswhenwritingvertically.However,
usagesdifferwhenwritinghorizontally:
InJapan,cornerbracketsareused.
InSouthKoreaandMainlandChina,cornerbracketsareprevalent,althoughEnglishstylequotesarealsoused.
InNorthKorea,anglequotesareused.
InTaiwan,HongKongandMacau,whereTraditionalChineseisused,cornerbracketsareprevalent,although
Englishstylequotesarealsoused.
IntheChineselanguage,doubleanglebracketsareusedaroundtitlesofbooks,documents,musicalpieces,
cinemafilms,TVprogrammes,newspapers,magazines,laws,etc.Whennested,singleanglebracketsareused
insidedoubleanglebrackets.Withsomeexceptions,thisusageoverlapsitalicsinEnglish:

"HaveyoureadRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms?",heasksme.
Whitecornerbracketsareusedtomarkquotewithinquotesegments.
Unicode
Samples Description Usage
(decimal)
U+300C
Japanese,
(12300),
U+300D
(12301) Cornerbrackets
Korean,
TraditionalChinese
TraditionalChinese:

(dnyn
ho)
SimplifiedChinese:
U+FE41
(65089),
U+FE42

Japanese:
(kagikakko)
Forverticalwriting:
Japanese,
Korean,
(65090)[n] Korean:
(natpyo)
SimplifiedChinese,
TraditionalChinese

U+300E
Japanese,
(12302),
U+300F
(12303)
Whitecorner
brackets
Korean(booktitles),
TraditionalChinese

TraditionalChinese:
(shungyn
ho)
SimplifiedChinese:
U+FE43
(65091),
U+FE44

Japanese:
Forverticalwriting:
Japanese,
Korean,
(65092)[n]
(nijkagikakko)
Korean:
SimplifiedChinese,
TraditionalChinese

(gyeopnatpyo)
Whitecorner
brackets Korean(SouthKorea),
U+201C

Korean: SimplifiedChinese,
(8220),
(keunttaompyo), TraditionalChinese(acceptablebutless
U+201D
SimplifiedChinese: common,happenedinHongKongmainlyasa
(8221)
(shungyn resultofinfluencefrommainlandChina)
ho)

U+2018 Whitecorner Korean(SouthKorea),
(8216), brackets SimplifiedChinese(forquotewithinquote
U+2019 Korean: segments)
(8217) (jageunttaompyo),
SimplifiedChinese:
(dnyn
ho)
Doubleanglequotes
Korean:
Korean(booktitles),
U+300A (gyeop'hwasalgwaro)

Chinese(usedfortitlesofbooks,documents,
(12298), SimplifiedChinese:
musicalpieces,cinemafilms,TV
U+300B (shmng programmes,newspapers,magazines,laws,
(12299) ho) etc.)
TraditionalChinese:

Anglequotes
Korean:
Korean(booksubtitles),
U+3008 (hot'hwasalgwaro)

Chinese(usedfortitlesofbooks,documents,
(12296), SimplifiedChinese:
musicalpieces,cinemafilms,TV
U+3009 (shmng programmes,newspapers,magazines,laws,
(12297) ho) etc.)
TraditionalChinese:

Quotationdash
Anothertypographicalstyleistoomitquotationmarksforlinesofdialogue,replacingthemwithaninitialdash:
Ohsaintsabove!MissDoucesaid,sighedaboveherjumpingrose.IwishedIhadn'tlaughedsomuch.Ifeel
allwet
OhMissDouce!MissKennedyprotested.Youhorridthing![63]
ThisstyleisparticularlycommoninBulgarian,French,Greek,Hungarian,Polish,Portuguese,Romanian,Russian,
Spanish,Swedish,Turkish,andVietnamese.[52]JamesJoycealwaysinsistedonthisstyle,althoughhispublishersdid
notalwaysrespecthispreference.AlanPatonusedthisstyleinCry,theBelovedCountry(andnoquotationmarksat
allinsomeofhislaterwork).CharlesFrazierusedthisstyleforhisnovelColdMountainaswell.Detailsfor
individuallanguagesaregivenabove.
Thedashisoftencombinedwithordinaryquotationmarks.Forexample,inFrench,aguillemetmaybeusedtoinitiate
runningspeech,witheachchangeinspeakerindicatedbyadash,andaclosingguillemettomarktheendofthe
quotation.
DashesarealsousedinmanymodernEnglishnovels,especiallythosewritteninnonstandarddialects.Some
examplesinclude:
JamesJoyce'sprose
WilliamGaddis'prose
TrainspottingbyIrvineWelsh
M/FbyAnthonyBurgess
TheBookofDavebyWillSelf,whichalternatesbetweenstandardEnglishchapters,withstandardquotation
marks,anddialectchapters,withquotationdashes
AScannerDarklybyPhilipK.Dick(notwrittenindialect)
ThegyptSequencebyJohnCrowley,inwhicheventsoccurringintheRenaissanceareindicatedbyquotation
dashes,andeventsinthepresentbyordinaryquotationmarks
TheVanbyRoddyDoyle
YouShallKnowOurVelocitybyDaveEggers,inwhichspokendialoguesarewrittenwiththetypicalEnglish
quotationmarks,butdialoguesimaginedbythemaincharacter(whichfeatureprominently)arewrittenwith
quotationdashes
InItalian,Catalan,Portuguese,Spanish,Ukrainian,Russian,Polish,Bulgarian,Georgian,Romanian,Lithuanianand
Hungarianthereportingclauseinthemiddleofaquotationisseparatedwithtwoadditionaldashes(alsonotethatthe
initialquotationdashisfollowedbyasinglewhitespacecharacteraswellasthefactthattheadditionalquotation
dashesforthemiddlemainclauseaftertheinitialquotationdashareallwithasinglewhitespacecharacteronbothof
theirsides):
,,!.,,..
!,,!
..
Ohdear!exclaimedLevin.IthinkitisnineyearssinceIwenttocommunion!Ihaventthoughtabout
it.
Youareagoodone!remarkedOblonsky,laughing.AndyoucallmeaNihilist!Butitwontdo,you
knowyoumustconfessandreceivethesacrament.
fromLeoTolstoysAnnaKarenina(LouiseandAylmerMaudetranslation)
Nemhagyjkmagukat,mozgsbanmaradnakmondtaRon.Ahogymiis.
Well,theykeeponthemove,dontthey?saidRon.Likeus.
FromHarryPotterandtheDeathlyHollowsanditsHungariantranslationbyTthTamsBoldizsr.
InFinnish,ontheotherhand,aseconddashisaddedwhenthequotecontinuesafterareportingclause:[64]
Etsinolepaljonminknnkinen,sanoiKorkalamelkeinsurullisesti,muttaeiauta.
Youdon'tseemtobeanythingspecial,saidKorkalaalmostsadly,butthere'snohelptoit.
Frakki,lhtiHuikari.Missonfrakki?
Rtliss,sanoiJoonasrauhallisesti.
Tailcoat,yelpedHuikari.Whereisthetailcoat?
Atthetailor's,saidJoonascalmly.
TheUnicodestandardintroducedaseparatecharacterU+2015HORIZONTALBARtobeusedasaquotationdash.In
generalitisthesamelengthasanemdash,andsothisisoftenusedinstead.Themaindifferencebetweenthemisthat
atleastsomesoftwarewillinsertalinebreakafteranemdash,butnotafteraquotationdash.Botharedisplayedinthe
followingtable.
A U+2015(8213) &#8213 Quotationdash,alsoknownashorizontalbar
A U+2014(8212) &mdash Emdash,analternativetothequotationdash
Electronicdocuments
Differenttypefaces,characterencodingsandcomputerlanguagesusevariousencodingsandglyphsforquotation
marks.
Typewritersandearlycomputers
"Ambidextrous"quotationmarkswereintroducedontypewriterstoreducethenumberofkeysonthekeyboard,and
wereinheritedbycomputerkeyboardsandcharactersets.Somecomputersystemsdesignedinthepasthadcharacter
setswithproperopeningandclosingquotes.However,theASCIIcharacterset,whichhasbeenusedonawidevariety
ofcomputerssincethe1960s,onlycontainsastraightsinglequote(U+0027'APOSTROPHE)anddoublequote(U+0022"
QUOTATIONMARK).
Manysystems,suchasthepersonalcomputersofthe1980sandearly1990s,actuallydrewthesequoteslikecurved
closingquotesonscreenandinprintouts,sotextwouldappearlikethis(approximately):
Goodmorning,Dave,saidHAL.
Thesesamesystemsoftendrewthegraveaccent(`,U+0060)asanopenquoteglyph(actuallyahighreversed9glyph,
topreservesomeusabilityasagrave).Thisgivesaproperappearanceatthecostofsemanticcorrectness.Nothing
similarwasavailableforthedoublequote,somanypeopleresortedtousingtwosinglequotesfordoublequotes,
whichwouldlooklikethefollowing:
ThetypesettingapplicationTeXusesthisconventionforinputfiles.Iftheuserdoesnotuseapropermeansof
specifyingthekindofquotestotypeset,theresultcanbepoor,asshownbelow.
``Goodmorning,Dave,''saidHAL.
`Goodmorning,Dave,'saidHAL.
TheUnicodeslanted/curvedquotesdescribedbelowareshownhereforcomparison:
Keyboards
Surprisingly,thecorrect(thetypographical)quotationmarksarealmostabsentinkeyboards.
Intypewriterkeyboards,thecurvedquotationmarkswerenotimplemented.Instead,tosavespace,thestraight
quotationmarkswereinventedasacompromise.Evenincountriesthatdidnotusecurvedquotationmarks,angular
quotationmarkswerenotimplementedeither.
Computerkeyboardsfollowedthestepsoftypewriterkeyboards.Mostcomputerkeyboardsdonothavespecifickeys
forcurvedquotationmarksorangledquotationmarks.Thismayalsohavetodowithcomputercharactersets:
IBMcharactersetsgenerallydonothavethecurvedquotationmarkscharacters,therefore,keysforthecorrect
quotationmarksareabsentinmostofIBMcomputerkeyboards.[65]
MicrosoftfollowedthestepsIBM.CurvedquotationmarkswereimplementedlaterinWindowscharactersets,
butmostofMicrosoftcomputerkeyboards[66]donothaveadedicatedkeyforthecorrectquotationmarks
characters.Theyareaccessible,though,throughaseriesofkeystrokes,involvingthe AltGr key.
MacIntoshcharactersetshavealwayshadthecorrectquotationmarks.Nevertheless,thesearemostlyaccessible
throughaseriesofkeystrokes,involvingthe Opt key.
Inlanguagesthatusethecurvedquotationmarks,theyareavailablein:[o]
none
Inlanguagesthatusetheangularquotationmarks,theyareavailablein:[o]
MacIntoshArabickeyboard[67]
Armeniankeyboard[67][68][69]
Canadiankeyboard[67][68][70]
Greekkeyboard[67][68][71]
Khmerkeyboard[67]
Latvianergonomickeyboard[67][68][72]
Pashtokeyboard[67][73]
Persiankeyboard[67][68][74]
Portuguesekeyboard[67][68][75]
Syriackeyboard[67][76]
Uyghurkeyboard[67][77]
Inlanguagesthatusethecornerbracketquotationmarks,theyareavailablein:[o]
Japanesekeyboard[67][68]
Inlanguagesthatusetheanglebracket[p]
Mongoliankeyboard[67][78]
NewTaiLuekeyboard[67]
Bulgariankeyboard[67][79]
Georgiankeyboard[67][68][80]
Macedoniankeyboard[67][81]
RomanianStandardSR13392:2004keyboard[67][82]
none
CurvedquotesandUnicode
Historicallysupportforcurvedquoteswasaproblemininformationtechnology,primarilybecausethewidelyused
ASCIIcharactersetdidnotincludearepresentationforthem.TousenonASCIIcharactersinemailandonUsenetthe
sendingmailapplicationneedstosetaMIMEtypespecifyingtheencoding.Inmostcases(theexceptionsbeingif
UTF7isusedorifthe8BITMIMEextensionispresent),thisalsorequirestheuseofacontenttransferencoding.
Curvedandstraightquotesarealsosometimesreferredtoassmartquotes()andregularquotes("")
respectivelythesenamesareinreferencetothenameofafunctionfoundinseveralwordprocessorsthat
automaticallyconvertsstraightquotestypedbytheuserintocurvedquotes,attemptingtobe"smart"enoughto
determinewhichtypedquotesareopeningandclosing.
Sincecurvedquotesarethetypographicallycorrectones,wordprocessorshavetraditionallyofferedcurvedquotesto
users.BeforeUnicodewaswidelyacceptedandsupported,thismeantrepresentingthecurvedquotesinwhatever8bit
encodingthesoftwareandunderlyingoperatingsystemwasusing.ThecharactersetsforWindowsandMacintoshused
twodifferentpairsofvaluesforcurvedquotes,andISO88591(historicallythedefaultcharactersetfortheUnixes
andolderLinuxsystems)hasnocurvedquotes,makingcrossplatformcompatibilitydifficulttoimplement.
Compoundingtheproblemisthe"smartquotes"featurementionedabove,whichsomewordprocessors(including
MicrosoftWordandOpenOffice.org)usebydefault.Withthisfeaturetypicallyenabledbydefault,usersmaynothave
realizedthattheASCIIcompatiblestraightquotestheyweretypingontheirkeyboardsendedupassomething
different.
Further,the"smartquotes"featureconvertsopeningapostrophes(suchasin'tis,'em,'til,and'89)intoopeningsingle
quotationmarksessentiallyupsidedownapostrophes.Anexampleofthiserrorappearsintheadvertisementsforthe
televisionshow'TilDeath.
Unicodesupporthassincebecomethenormforoperatingsystems.Thus,inatleastsomecases,transferringcontent
containingcurvedquotes(oranyothernonASCIIcharacters)fromawordprocessortoanotherapplicationor
platformhasbeenlesstroublesome,providedallstepsintheprocess(includingtheclipboardifapplicable)are
Unicodeaware.Buttherearestillapplicationswhichstillusetheoldercharactersets,oroutputdatausingthem,and
thusproblemsstilloccur.
ThereareotherconsiderationsforincludingcurvedquotesinthewidelyusedmarkuplanguagesHTML,XML,and
SGML.Iftheencodingofthedocumentsupportsdirectrepresentationofthecharacters,theycanbeused,butdoingso
cancausedifficultiesifthedocumentneedstobeeditedbysomeonewhoisusinganeditorthatcannotsupportthe
encoding.Forexample,manysimpletexteditorsonlyhandleafewencodingsorassumethattheencodingofanyfile
openedisaplatformdefault,sothequotecharactersmayappearas"garbage."HTMLincludesasetofentitiesfor
curvedquotes:‘(leftsingle),’(rightsingle),&sbquo;(low9single),“(leftdouble),”(right
double),and&bdquo;(low9double).XMLdoesnotdefinethesebydefault,butspecificationsbasedonitcandoso,
andXHTMLdoes.Inaddition,whiletheHTML4,XHTMLandXMLspecificationsallowspecifyingnumeric
characterreferencesineitherhexadecimalordecimal,SGMLandolderversionsofHTML(andmanyold
implementations)onlysupportdecimalreferences.Thus,torepresentcurlyquotesinXMLandSGML,itissafestto
usethedecimalnumericcharacterreferences.Thatis,torepresentthedoublecurlyquotesuse“and”,
andtorepresentsinglecurlyquotesuse‘and’.Bothnumericandnamedreferencesfunctioncorrectlyin
almosteverymodernbrowser.Whileusingnumericreferencescanmakeapagemorecompatiblewithoutdated
browsers,usingnamedreferencesaresaferforsystemsthathandlemultiplecharacterencodings(i.e.RSSaggregators
andsearchresults).
Unicodecodepointtable
InUnicode,30charactersaremarkedQuotationMark=Yesbycharacterproperty.[83]Theyallhavegeneralcategory
"Punctuation",andasubcategoryOpen,Close,Initial,FinalorOther(Ps,Pe,Pi,Pf,Po).
QuotationmarksinUnicode(Characterproperty"Quotation_Mark"=Yes)
Glyph Code Unicodename HTML Comments
" U+0022 QUOTATIONMARK &quot

Typewriter("programmer's")quote,
ambidextrous.Alsoknownas"doublequote".
' U+0027 APOSTROPHE &#39

Typewriter("programmer's")straightsingle
quote,ambidextrous
U+00AB
LEFTPOINTINGDOUBLEANGLE
QUOTATIONMARK
&laquo
Doubleanglequote(chevron,guillemet,duck
footquote),left
U+00BB
RIGHTPOINTINGDOUBLEANGLE
QUOTATIONMARK
&raquo Doubleanglequote,right
U+2018 LEFTSINGLEQUOTATIONMARK &lsquo

Singlecurvedquote,left.Alsoknownas
invertedorturnedcomma[a]
U+2019 RIGHTSINGLEQUOTATIONMARK &rsquo Singlecurvedquote,right[b]
U+201A SINGLELOW9QUOTATIONMARK &sbquo Lowsinglecurvedquote,left
U+201B
SINGLEHIGHREVERSED9QUOTATION
MARK
&#8219
alsocalledsinglereversedcomma,quotation
mark
U+201C LEFTDOUBLEQUOTATIONMARK &ldquo Doublecurvedquote,or"curlyquote",left
U+201D RIGHTDOUBLEQUOTATIONMARK &rdquo Doublecurvedquote,right
U+201E DOUBLELOW9QUOTATIONMARK &bdquo Lowdoublecurvedquote,left
U+201F
DOUBLEHIGHREVERSED9QUOTATION
MARK
&#8223
alsocalleddoublereversedcomma,quotation
mark
U+2039
SINGLELEFTPOINTINGANGLE
QUOTATIONMARK
&lsaquo Singleanglequote,left
U+203A
SINGLERIGHTPOINTINGANGLE
QUOTATIONMARK
&rsaquo Singleanglequote,right
DOUBLELOWREVERSED9QUOTATION alsocalleddoublelowreversedcomma,
U+2E42 &#11842
MARK quotationmark
QuotationmarksinChinese,Japanese,andKorean(CJK)
U+300C LEFTCORNERBRACKET &#12300 CJK
U+300D RIGHTCORNERBRACKET &#12301 CJK
U+300E LEFTWHITECORNERBRACKET &#12302 CJK
U+300F RIGHTWHITECORNERBRACKET &#12303 CJK
U+301D
REVERSEDDOUBLEPRIMEQUOTATION
MARK
&#12317 CJK
U+301E DOUBLEPRIMEQUOTATIONMARK &#12318 CJK
U+301F LOWDOUBLEPRIMEQUOTATIONMARK &#12319 CJK
Alternateencodings
U+FE41
PRESENTATIONFORMFORVERTICALLEFT
CORNERBRACKET
&#65089 CJKCompatibility,preferreduse:U+300C
U+FE42
PRESENTATIONFORMFORVERTICALRIGHT
CORNERBRACKET
&#65090 CJKCompatibility,preferreduse:U+300D
U+FE43
PRESENTATIONFORMFORVERTICALLEFT
WHITECORNERBRACKET
&#65091 CJKCompatibility,preferreduse:U+300E
U+FE44
PRESENTATIONFORMFORVERTICALRIGHT
WHITECORNERBRACKET
&#65092 CJKCompatibility,preferreduse:U+300F
U+FF02 FULLWIDTHQUOTATIONMARK &#65282

HalfwidthandFullwidthForms,corresponds
withU+0022
U+FF07 FULLWIDTHAPOSTROPHE &#65287

withU+0027
U+FF62 HALFWIDTHLEFTCORNERBRACKET &#65378

withU+300C
U+FF63 HALFWIDTHRIGHTCORNERBRACKET &#65379

withU+300D
Notes
a=Alsosometimesusedby18thand19thcenturyprintersforthesmall"c"forScottishnames,e.g.MCulloch.[84]
ForaprintedexampleseetheGreenBagreferenceortheDictionaryofAustralasianBiography,page290
(Wikisource).
bThesameU+2019codepointandglyphisusedfortypographic(curly)apostrophes.BothU+0027andU+2019are
ambiguousaboutdistinguishingpunctuationfromapostrophes.
a.Traditional
b.Rare
c.Quotationdashpreferredfordialogue
d.Aclosingquotationmarkisaddedtothebeginningofeachnewparagraph.
e.Thisisonlyusedwhentextiswrittenvertically.
f.Theseformsarerotatedforuseinhorizontaltexttheywereoriginallywrittenandinverticaltext
g.Withinaquotation,theopeningquotationmarkisrepeatedatthebeginningofeachnewparagraph.
h.Usagemayvary,dependingonthenativelanguageoftheauthorandpublisher.
i.FirstversionaccordingtotheFrenchImprimerienationale.Englishquotesaremorecommon,though.
j.InSwitzerlandthesamestyleisusedforalllanguages.
k.Directionoftextisvertical.
l.Handwritingandoldertexts
m.Maysubstituteforeithertheopeningorclosingmark
n.ThesecodesforverticalwritingcharactersareforpresentationformsintheUnicodeCJKcompatibilityformssection.Typical
documentsusenormativecharactercodeswhichareshownforthehorizontalwritinginthistable,andapplicationsareusually
responsibletorendercorrectformsdependingonthewritingdirectionused.
o.1stor2ndlevelaccess,i.e.,specifickeyorusingthe Shift keynot3rdor4thlevelaccess,i.e.,using AltGr keyor
Opt key,inconjunctionornotwiththe Shift key.
p.Theseshouldberotaded90degreesinverticaltext.
References
ThisarticleisbasedonmaterialtakenfromtheFreeOnlineDictionaryofComputingpriorto1November2008andincorporated
underthe"relicensing"termsoftheGFDL,version1.3orlater.
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theASCII`backquote'problem
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SmartQuotes(http://www.pensee.com/dunham/smartQuotes.html)
HowtotypesmartquotesonUnix(http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9867/howtotypesmartquotesu2
01cu201d)
QuotationMarks(http://www.englishgrammar.org/?s=quotation+marks)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quotation_mark&oldid=778569646"
Categories: Punctuation Typographicalsymbols
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Quotation Mark - Wikipedia

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5/7/2017 QuotationmarkWikipedia

Filipino [20][g] [20] Panipi

Interlingua [h] Virgulettas

Romanian [44][c] none Ghilimele(quotes)

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

A U+201A(8218),U+2018(8216) &sbquo&lsquo Germansinglequotes(leftandright)

A U+201E(8222),U+201C(8220) &bdquo&ldquo Germandoublequotes(leftandright)

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

A U+2019(8217) &rsquo Secondarylevelquotation

A U+201D(8221) &rdquo Primarylevelquotation

A U+00BB(187) &raquo Alternativeprimarylevelquotation

A U+2013(8211) &ndash Alternativedenotationatthebeginningofquotedspeech

U+203A &rsaquo Frenchsingleanglequotes(leftandright),alternateformforembedded

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

U+00AB(0171),U+00BB(0187) &laquo&raquo Greekfirstleveldoublequotes()

U+2015(8213) &#8213 Greekdirectquotationemdash

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

A U+2019(8217) &rsquo Hungarianunpairedquotessignifying"meaning"

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

A U+201A(8218),U+2019(8217) &sbquo&rsquo Polishsinglequotes(leftandright)

A U+201E(8222),U+201d(8221) &bdquo&rdquo Polishdoublequotes(leftandright)

A U+2015(8213) &#8213 Polishdirectquotationemdash

A U+2013(8211) &ndash Polishdirectquotationendash

Samples Unicode(decimal) HTML Description

A U+2015(8213) &#8213 Quotationdash,alsoknownashorizontalbar

A U+2014(8212) &mdash Emdash,analternativetothequotationdash

" U+0022 QUOTATIONMARK &quot

' U+0027 APOSTROPHE &#39

U+2018 LEFTSINGLEQUOTATIONMARK &lsquo

U+2019 RIGHTSINGLEQUOTATIONMARK &rsquo Singlecurvedquote,right[b]

U+201A SINGLELOW9QUOTATIONMARK &sbquo Lowsinglecurvedquote,left

U+201C LEFTDOUBLEQUOTATIONMARK &ldquo Doublecurvedquote,or"curlyquote",left

U+201D RIGHTDOUBLEQUOTATIONMARK &rdquo Doublecurvedquote,right

U+201E DOUBLELOW9QUOTATIONMARK &bdquo Lowdoublecurvedquote,left

U+300C LEFTCORNERBRACKET &#12300 CJK

U+300D RIGHTCORNERBRACKET &#12301 CJK

U+300E LEFTWHITECORNERBRACKET &#12302 CJK

U+300F RIGHTWHITECORNERBRACKET &#12303 CJK

U+301E DOUBLEPRIMEQUOTATIONMARK &#12318 CJK

U+301F LOWDOUBLEPRIMEQUOTATIONMARK &#12319 CJK

U+FF02 FULLWIDTHQUOTATIONMARK &#65282

U+FF07 FULLWIDTHAPOSTROPHE &#65287

U+FF62 HALFWIDTHLEFTCORNERBRACKET &#65378

U+FF63 HALFWIDTHRIGHTCORNERBRACKET &#65379

Categories: Punctuation Typographicalsymbols

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