Unit 08 March

1. DEFINITION OF ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY.

Analytical Geometry or Coordinate Geometry or developed by Pierre de

Fermat and Ren Descartes.

Analytical Geometry is the study of points, curves and lines defined by

algebraic expressions. Analytical geometry uses Algebra to study geometric properties,
and operates on symbols defined in a Coordinate System.

The Cartesian Plane, the basis of analytical geometry, allows algebraic

equations to be graphically represented, in a process called Graphing.

MATH VOCABULARY: Analytical Geometry, Coordinate Geometry, Coordinate System,

Cartesian Plane, Graphing.

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2. VECTORS.

In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean Vector is a geometric

object that has Magnitude (or Length) and Direction. A Euclidean Vector is frequently
represented by a line segment with a definite direction, or graphically as an arrow,
.
connecting an initial point with a terminal point , and denoted by

2.1. MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION.

The Magnitude of the vector is the distance between the two points and the
Direction refers to the direction of displacement from to .

NOTE: In Spain there are differences between the line that contain the vector called
direccin and the side of the arrow, called sentido.

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2.2. COORDINATES OF A VECTOR.

To find the coordinates of the vector

, that connect point ( , ) and the
point ( , ) we have to use this formula:

= ( , )

Find the coordinates of the following vector:

= (2 1 , 2 1 )

= (6 2,5 2) = (4,3)

2.3. CALCULATING THE MAGNITUDE OF A VECTOR.

are ( , ), its magnitude is:

If the coordinates of a vector

| = ( ) + ( )
|

= (4,3)
Find the magnitude of the vector
| = (4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
|

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2.4. PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR VECTORS.

= ( , )
Two vectors are Parallel when they have the same direction. If
and = ( , ), and are parallel when their coordinates are proportional:

Two vectors are Perpendicular when their directions cut themselves in a right
= ( , ) and
angle. If = ( , ),
and
are perpendicular:

+ =

= ( , ), we can find another vector:

If we have a vector
= ( , ).
by multiplying by a number different to 0:
Parallel to
by reversing their coordinates and changing the sign of one
Perpendicular to
= ( , )
of them:

MATH VOCABULARY: Vector, Magnitude, Parallel, Perpendicular.

3. OPERATIONS WITH VECTORS.

3.1. ADDING AND SUBTRACTING VECTORS.

To add or subtract two vectors, add or subtract the corresponding

Components. Let = ( , ) and = ( , ) be two vectors.

and
Then, the sum of is the vector:

= ( + , + )
+

and
The difference of is the vector:

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= ( , )

The sum of two or more vectors is called the Resultant. The resultant of two
vectors can be found using either the Parallelogram Method or the Triangle Method.

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD:

Draw the vectors so that their initial points coincide. Then draw lines to form a
complete parallelogram. The diagonal from the initial point to the opposite vertex of
the parallelogram is the resultant.

Vector Addition:

and
Place both vectors at the same initial point.
+
Complete the parallelogram. The resultant vector is the diagonal of the
parallelogram.

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Vector Subtraction:

Complete the parallelogram.

Draw the diagonals of the parallelogram from the initial point.

TRIANGLE METHOD:

Draw the vectors one after another, placing the initial point of each successive
vector at the terminal point of the previous vector. Then draw the resultant from the
initial point of the first vector to the terminal point of the last vector. This method is
also called the Head-to-Tail Method.

Vector Addition:

Vector Subtraction:

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3.2. MULTIPLYING VECTORS BY SCALARS.

Multiplying a vector by a scalar is called Scalar Multiplication. To perform

scalar multiplication, you need to multiply the scalar by each component of the vector.

= ( , )

3.3. POSITION VECTOR.

In geometry, a Position or Position Vector, also known as Location Vector or

Radius Vector, is a Euclidean vector that represents the position of a point in space
in relation to an arbitrary reference origin .

The addition of a position vector

= (, ) and a vector
= ( , ), give
us another position vector whose coordinates coincide with those of a point that
.
results from translate the point through vector

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MATH VOCABULARY: Components, Resultant, Parallelogram Method, Triangle

Method, Head-to-Tail Method, Scalar, Scalar Multiplication, Position Vector, Location
Vector, Radius Vector, To Translate.

4. RELATIONS BETWEEN POINTS IN THE PLANE.

4.1. MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT.

A Line Segment on the coordinate plane is defined by two endpoints whose

coordinates are known. The Midpoint of this segment is exactly halfway between
these endpoints.

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Lets find the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment . Since the two
right triangles must be equal:

= = +

+
=

= = +

+
=

The x-coordinate of the midpoint is the average of the x-coordinates of the two
endpoints. The y-coordinate of the midpoint is the average of the y-coordinates of the
two endpoints.

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NOTE: If A is the Symmetric of A with respect to M, then M is the midpoint of the line
segment AA.

4.2. COLLINEAR POINTS.

Collinear Points are points that lie on the same straight line. If three points are
collinear, then the two right triangles shown in the picture will be similar. Therefore,
corresponding sides will be in the same ratio.

4.3. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS.

To find the distance between any two points and , look at the right triangle
in the following picture.

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The distance between and , (, ) , is the hypotenuse of the right triangle:

(, ) = ( ) + ( )

NOTE: Notice that the distance between the points and is the magnitude of the

vector

MATH VOCABULARY: Midpoint, Symmetric, Collinear Points.

5. LINES.
5.1. THE VECTOR EQUATION OF A LINE.

A Line is defined as the set of collinear points on the plane with a point , and a
.
directional vector

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If ( , ) is a point on the line and the vector

has the same direction as
, then:

;
=
But:

=

=
+

(, ) = ( , ) + ( , )

The vector = ( , ) is called Direction Vector of the line.

Find the vector equation of the line that have the collinear points (1,2) and (0,5)

The direction vector of the line is:

= (0 (1), 5 2) = (1,3)
We choose any point of the line, for example (1,2)
The vector equation is:

(, ) = (1,2) + (1,3)

5.2. THE PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS OF A LINE.

In mathematics, Parametric Equations define a group of quantities as functions

of one or more independent variables called Parameters. From the vector equation:

(, ) = ( , ) + ( , )

= +
= + }

These ones are the parametric equations of the line.

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From the line (, ) = (1,2) + (1,3), find the parametric equation:

x = 1 + t
}
y = 2 + 3t

5.3. THE SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS OF A LINE.

If we equalize the value of of the parametric equations we obtain the

Symmetric Equations of the line:

=
= +
= + } }
=

We only can use this equation when ( , ) (, ). When or are

equal to zero, the line is parallel to an axis.

Find the symmetric equation of the line of the example above:

x = 1 + t
}
y = 2 + 3t

2
+1=
3

5.4. POINT-SLOPE FORM OF THE EQUATION OF A LINE.

If we try to find the value of from the symmetric equations we obtain:

= = ( )

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= ( )

The value of is called Slope and ( , ) is a point of the line.

Find the point-slope equation from the example above:

2
+1=
3

2 = 3 ( + 1)

The line has slope = 3 and the point (1, 2) is a point that belongs to the line.

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5.5. SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM OF THE EQUATION OF A LINE.

The "" value (called the Y-Intercept) is where the line crosses the y-axis.

Suppose a non vertical line has slope and y-intercept . This means it
intersects the y-axis at the point (, ) , so the point-slope form of the equation of
the line, with ( , ) = (, ):

= ( )

= ( )

=+

Find the slope-intercept equation from the example above:

2 = 3 ( + 1)
2 = 3 + 3
= 3 + 3 + 2

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= 3 + 5

The line has slope = 3 and = 5, that is the line cut the axis in the
point (0,5).

5.6. GENERAL EQUATION OF A LINE.

The General Equation of a line is:

+ + = , , ,

Find the general equation from the example above:

= 3 + 5

3 5 = 0

As we can see, = 3, = 1 and = 5

If we find the value of from the General Equation:

= = = +

Therefore:

= =

And
= (, ) is a Direction Vector of the line.

MATH VOCABULARY: Direction Vector, Vector Equation, Parametric Equation,

Parameters, Symmetric Equations, Point-Slope Equation, Slope, Slope-Intercept
Equation, Y-Intercept, General Equation.

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6. RELATIVE POSITON OF TWO LINES.

Two lines can be:

Intersecting Lines: if they cross at exactly one point in common.

Parallel Lines: they never cross.
Coincident Lines: they lie exactly on top of each other

Intersecting Lines

Parallel Lines

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Coincident Lines

= ( , ) and slope ,
If we consider the line with the direction vector
= ( , ) and slope :
and the line with the direction vector

GENERAL
POSITION DIRECTION VECTORS SLOPES
EQUATION
2 2
Parallel = = =
1 1
2 2
Coincident = = = =
1 1
2 2
Intersecting
1 1

Find the relative position of:

1 +2
: =
2 1 }
: = 2 1
The slope of r is 1/2 and the slope of s is 2
1
2
2

MATH VOCABULARY: Intersecting Lines, Parallel Lines, Coincident Lines.

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