Solar Thermal and Applied Solar Systems Sizing Case Study

Solar Thermal Systems and a Case Study in
Sizing Solar Systems
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Center for Health and the Global Environment
Harvard School of Public Health
Session 03
Applied Leadership in Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency
Outline
A note about tilt of solar positions for winter and
summer
A note about Solar Photovoltaic Systems (sizing systems
and adjustment for efficiency due to other variations)
Reminder about Types of Solar Systems
Solar Thermal Systems Basic Components and
Variations
An exercise in sizing PV and Solar Thermal Systems
with an applied case study: A resort in St. Lucia
Slide # 2
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/sun_radiation_at_earth.html
342 W/m2
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Harvard University 2014
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/sun_radiation_at_earth.html
(342 W/m2)/1.15 = 297 W/m2
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Rule about solar systems (Photovoltaics,
Concentrators and Collectors)
Regular irradiation if you set
panels parallel to the floor
(342 W/m2)/1.15 = 297 W/m2
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Regular irradiation if you set
panels parallel to the floor
(342 W/m2)/1.15 = 297 W/m2
By rotating the solar system 30

towards the South from at 30 of
Northern Latitude we get full
solar irradiation = 342 W/m2
Solar systems must have
a tilt towards the equator
at an angle equal to the
latitude of the location of
the solar system 30
considering the horizon
as the starting point
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Latitude Hermosillo:
29.09 N
29.09
Latitude Morelia: 19.76 N

19.76
latitude of the location of
the solar system Latitude Merida: 20.97 N
considering the horizon
as the starting point 20.97
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

A note about Winter and Summer Solstices
Tilt Angles and Posistions for Solar Systems

at an angle equal to the One of the best practices to increase solar energy
latitude of the location of production without increasing costs is either have
the solar system the solar system with a fixed angle all year long or
considering the horizon to have no motor or system to follow the sun and
as the starting point only 3 mechanical fixed positions that will be
changed during the Winter solstice, the Spring and
Fall equinox and the Summer Solstice
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Winter Solstice Recommended Angle: Latitude + 15
latitude of the location of Spring and Fall Equinox: Latitude
the solar system
considering the horizon Summer Solstice: Latitude 15
as the starting point
Ex. Hermosillo: Winter 44, Spring/Fall 29, Summer 14
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

All values estimated in different calculators consider that
solar panels are facing the equator (south in the
Northern Hemisphere), any east or west angle of the
panel decreases the amount of light received
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

PV Module VS PV System Cost
Non-modular costs are not decreasing as fast as PV
Modules, so it is better to use crystalline silicon panels
because they have a higher efficiency (14-20%) than thin
film PV panels
The best strategy is to use the option
with the highest conversion factor
since that yields the highest energy
production per unit of area, in the
long run this is the most cost effective
strategy because PV modules are
decreasing their cost faster than non-
modular components in the PV
system. It is likely that crystalline
systems will be as cheap as thin film
technologies in the near future.
Slide # 11
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Photovoltaic Systems
A Basic Photovoltaic System transforms
sunlight into usable Alternate Current electricity Power Grid
either used locally or for the power grid
Photovoltaic Voltage Direct Power

Array Current to Distribution
Alternate Current Panel connected
Inverter to the grid Local Power Loads
Slide # 12
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Tilted PV array with or without sun tracking systems (I
personally dont recommend tracking systems as the price
of PV Modules are going down)
Make sure that PV panels have by-pass diodes to avoid
heat generation and dissipation that might affect
performance of solar panels
Ask for systems that have a Maximum Power Point
algorithm, this means that the system will modify
electrical current and/or voltage regulation in order to
keep the system operating at peak efficiency. This is
achieved by using electronic systems and an algorithm
Slide # 13
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Dont forget to estimate the DC to AC Derate factor
To obtain the
overall DC to
AC derate
factor you
multiply all of
the component
derate values
(these are the
typical derate
values for a PV
system in 2012)
Slide # 14
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Start by identifying your site (Longitude and Latitude)
Hermosillo is at
29 degrees
Northern
Latitude and 110
degrees in the
Western
Longitude
(29 N, 110W)
Slide # 15
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Define PV Technology and Capacity for your PV System
Considering the size of energy projects considered by

Francisco, how about a 30 MW PV array?
Slide # 16
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Calculate potential output by hand using solar irradiation
statistics for every month in your community or use an
electronic calculator like PV Watts
http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/
Slide # 17
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Select weather data that closely resembles your location
Slide # 18
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Introduce characteristics for your system
Slide # 19
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Analyze and Evaluate Results (you need this to justify
your project, capital costs and economic revenues)
Slide # 20
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
These are the results when I did calculations by hand
using real information for solar irradiation in Hermosillo
Slide # 21
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
http://solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html
These are the results when I did calculations by hand
using real information for solar irradiation in Hermosillo
Slide # 22
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Estimations using the optimum angle of 29 from the
horizon (HMO) Solar Radiation
in Hrs/day
DC to AC
This is electricity equivalent Days per DC Capacity AC Energy
Month Derate
production with only with 1000 month in KW KWh/month
Factor 2014
one tilt angle equal to W/m2
(KWh/m2/day)
the latitude of the site
January 5.27 31 0.769 30000 3768946
February 5.96 28 0.769 30000 3849922
March 7.02 31 0.769 30000 5020493
Latitude Hermosillo: April 7.25 30 0.769 30000 5017725
29.09 N May 6.99 31 0.769 30000 4999038
June 6.7 30 0.769 30000 4637070
29.09
July 5.98 31 0.769 30000 4276717
August 5.86 31 0.769 30000 4190896
September 6.16 30 0.769 30000 4263336
October 6.21 31 0.769 30000 4441206
November 5.65 30 0.769 30000 3910365
December 5.11 31 0.769 30000 3654519
Slide # 23
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Total 52030232
Estimations different tilt angles throughout the year
In this option we have 3 Solar Radiation
angles and are moving the in Hrs/day
DC to AC
equivalent Days per DC Capacity AC Energy
array 4 times/year Month Derate
with 1000 month in KW KWh/month
Factor 2014
W/m2
Winter solstice angle: 44 (KWh/m2/day)
Spring equinox angle: 29 January 5.65 31 0.769 30000 4040711
Summer solstice angle: 14 February 6.18 28 0.769 30000 3992033
Fall equinox angle: 29 March 7.02 31 0.769 30000 5020493
April 7.4 30 0.769 30000 5121540
This increases electricity May 7.54 31 0.769 30000 5392382
production by 5.5% but June 7.67 30 0.769 30000 5308407
might increase capital costs July 6.48 31 0.769 30000 4634302
significantly if automated August 6.16 31 0.769 30000 4405447
September 6.16 30 0.769 30000 4263336
systems are used to follow
October 6.33 31 0.769 30000 4527026
the sun (insteady do it
November 6.01 30 0.769 30000 4159521
manually 4 times/year) December 5.66 31 0.769 30000 4047862
Slide # 24
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Total 54913060
Sizing the array. It depends on what is the efficiency of the
solar panels that we can get in the market.
For solar panels that produce 80W/m2: 30,000,000 W/
80 W/m2 = 375,000 m2
For solar panels that produce 150W/m2: 30,000,000W/
150 W/m2 = 200,000 m2
The capital costs per PV module for each case are
comparable because solar panels with lower efficiency cost
less, however, the difference in the overall PV system
increases in the first case because of an increase in the
amount of other components and cost of land
Slide # 25
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Reminder about Types of Solar
Systems
Thermal Solar Systems. Transforms solar irradiation
into a source of heat that might be used for building
conditioning, industrial applications or electricity
generation
Solar-Biological Systems: Biofuels. Uses photosynthetic
organisms to transform solar irradiation into
carbohydrates, lipids and biomass that serve as a source
of chemical energy for fuels and electricity generation
Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Transforms solar irradiation
directly into electricity
Slide # 26
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Systems
Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Transforms solar irradiation
directly into electricity
Usually they are large arrays of solar cells that use special electrical characteristics of semi-
conducting materials to transform sunlight into direct current electricity. Sometimes they use
concentrating mirrors to increase solar irradiation up to 30 times to increase electricity output
Slide # 27
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Harvard School of Public Health We already dealt with this system!
Systems
Solar-Biological Systems: Biofuels. Uses photosynthetic
organisms to transform solar irradiation into
carbohydrates, lipids and biomass that serve as a source
of chemical energy for fuels and electricity generation
Agriculture Harvesting Conversion Distribution Fuel use
Slide # 28
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
More about this type of solar power later today!!
Solar Thermal Systems, Basic
Components and Variations
Thermal Solar Systems. Transforms solar irradiation
into a source of heat that might be used for heating
water, building conditioning, industrial applications or
electricity generation
Slide # 29
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Thermal Solar Systems. There are different types of
solar thermal systems.
Solar concentration towers
Concentrated Solar Technologies (CST)
Evacuated tube collectors
Regular flat plate heat collectors
Slide # 30
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Solar Concentration Towers. They have an array of
mirrors that track the sun and concentrate sunlight in
just one point which is heated and produces steam that
moves a regular electrical generator Advantages:
- It doesnt emit GHGs
during operation
- It is a fairly easy technology
easy to duplicate and
escalate
- It doesnt emit toxic
emissions
Disadvantages:
- It is expensive
- It only works in certain areas
connected to the grid
Slide # 31
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Concentrated Solar Technologies (CST). Parabolic
mirrors concentrate light in a heating element which is
full of a special gas with a low evaporation point. This
gas expands and activates an electric generator. These
systems can also be used to produce heat for thermal
exchangers and water treatment systems
Advantages:
- Low land footprint, about 4 times less land is
required, compared to PV systems.
- It has a simpler technology than PV systems
- It is cheaper than PV systems
Disadvantages
- It is difficult to do small distributed units for
electricity
- It requires a lot of maintenance and land usually
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
found away from populated areas
Evacuated tube collectors. These tubes have a
specialized design where a vacuum tube is used to
reduce heat losses in a heat pipe that is connected to a
heat exchanger. It is more efficient than regular flat
panel collectors, but a little bit more expensive
Slide # 33
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Regular flat plate collectors. These are the most
commonly used solar thermal systems. They have a
relatively high efficiency (between 40 and 70%) in
heating water at a very low cost. They have a simple
design, are easy to maintain and are easily scalable.
Slide # 34
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Efficiency of Regular flat plate collectors. It is highly
dependent of the desired temperature difference (the
lower the difference, the higher the efficiency). For
most of your projects in Mexico, consider a 400 to 600
W/m2 curve (you can use the middle at 500 W/m2)
Slide # 35
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing PV and Solar Thermal
Systems. Case Study: St. Lucia
Hotel in St. Lucia.
250 rooms (375 beds in single and double rooms)~ 400 guests
90% Occupancy in the high season (Nov, Dec and Jan)
All electricity in the island is generated using imported fossil
fuels ($0.37 USD/KWh)
Hot water is produced with fuel oil boilers (all fuel is imported)
Slide # 36
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 1: Determine hot
water demand
Maximum occupancy: 400 guests, 90% of that is 360 guests in
December
Hot water demand is approximately 40 liters/person.day
Demand for kitchen and laundry: 5500 liters/day
Daily Hot Water = (360*40) + 5500 = 19,900 liters/day, but we

want 20% overcapacity to compensate for future growth, therefore
Daily Hot Water = 19,900 liters/day *1.2 = 23,880 liters/day
The closest insulated storage tank in the market is 25,000 liters
Slide # 37
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 2: Determine heat
capacity of storage tank
Qs = m. Cp. DT
Where:
Qs: Heat capacity of storage tank
m: Insulated daily storage tank capacity in m3/day
Cp: Latent heat for water = 1.16 KWh/m3.K
DT: Temperature differential between cold and hot water
Cold water (well): 18 C; Hot water (shower): 55 C, DT= 37K
Qs = 25 m3/day. (1.16 KWh/m3.K). 37 K = 1073 KWh
Slide # 38
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 3: Determine daily
solar irradiation in worst case scenario in St. Lucia
The worst case would be in
August with 5.67 hours/day
with 1000 W/m2, occupancy is
not that high in the Summer, but
we have to plan for the worst case
scenario, so we will use this
number to size our thermal system
Slide # 39
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 4: Determine
Collector Yield (Cy)
Cy = Daily solar irradiation* Effcollector* Effsyst
Cy = 5.67 KWh/m2.day* 0.6 *0.85
Cy = 2.9 KWh/m2.day
Slide # 40
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 5: Determine
Collection Area (Ca)
Ca = Qs / Cy
Ca = 1073 KWh/day/ 2.9 KWh/m2.day
Ca = 370 m2
(All flat plate panels fit in the roof
of the hotel which is 30 m x 27 m
= 810 m2)
Capital investment flat panels =
$55,000 USD
Slide # 41
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Sizing of thermal solar systems. Step 6: Add the rest of
the components
- Water tank: $3500

USD
- Pump, valves and
additional piping:
$2000 USD
- Total Capital Costs

of Solar Thermal
System = $60,500
USD
Slide # 42
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
The hotel was paying approximately $31,661 USD for fuel
for hot water per year
Capital Costs for the project are $60,500 USD with a
lifetime of 20 years
Do you think the project will pay for itself?
Lets find out when we do the business plan tomorrow
Slide # 43
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Another idea, how about reducing the electricity bill, right
now the hotel pays $0.37/KWh, do you think we can do
better? Solar Radiation
Area of
DC to AC DC solar cells
in Hrs/day AverageDaily
Total annual electricity Derate Capacity needed
Month equivalent with KWh
Factor needed (considering
consumption is 5,760,465 1000 W/m2 consumed
2014 in KW panels of
KWh per year (KWh/m2/day)
150 W/m2)
January 6.54 15690 0.769 3120 20798
The month with the most February 6.77 15804 0.769 3036 20238
consumption is December March 6.68 15404 0.769 2999 19991
and that also has a April 6.23 15441 0.769 3223 21487
moderate average solar May 6.39 14324 0.769 2915 19433
June 6.06 16557 0.769 3553 23686
irradiation, needed capacity
July 6.32 16599 0.769 3415 22769
is approximately 3560 KW
August 5.67 14905 0.769 3418 22789
with a solar cell area of September 5.82 13726 0.769 3067 20446
23730 m2 October 6.12 15876 0.769 3373 22489
November 5.87
Slide # 44 15456 0.769 3424 22827
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Harvard School of Public Health December 6.29 17217 0.769 3559 23730
Another idea, how about reducing the electricity bill, right
now the hotel pays $0.37/KWh, do you think we can do
better? Solar Radiation
DC to AC DC
Total annual electricity in Hrs/day
Days per Derate Capacity AC Energy
Month equivalent with
consumption is 5,760,465 KWh month Factor needed KWh/month
1000 W/m2
per year, the electricity bill for the (KWh/m2/day)
2014 in KW
hotel was $2.13 Million January 6.54 31 0.769 3560 555029
USD/year February 6.77 28 0.769 3560 518947
March 6.68 31 0.769 3560 566910
With new investments we have April 6.23 30 0.769 3560 511665
May 6.39 31 0.769 3560 542299
462, 932 KWh extra per year,
June 6.06 30 0.769 3560 497703
which we could sell at $0.3/KWh July 6.32 31 0.769 3560 536358
to our neighbors August 5.67 31 0.769 3560 481195
The capital costs for the project September 5.82 30 0.769 3560 477992
are $14.24 Million, are we better October 6.12 31 0.769 3560 519385
off doing the solar project? November 5.87 30 0.769 3560 482098
December 6.29 31 0.769 3560 533812
Slide # 45
Dr. Ramon Sanchez
Total 6223395
Questions??
Slide # 46
Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Solar Thermal and Applied Solar Systems Sizing Case Study

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Solar Thermal Systems and a Case Study in

Sizing Solar Systems

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

(342 W/m2)/1.15 = 297 W/m2

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

By rotating the solar system 30

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Latitude Morelia: 19.76 N

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Solar systems must have

Solar systems must have

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Dr. Ramon Sanchez

Photovoltaic Voltage Direct Power

Considering the size of energy projects considered by

Daily Hot Water = (360*40) + 5500 = 19,900 liters/day, but we

- Water tank: $3500

- Total Capital Costs

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