Din Vde 0210 - 1985-Ocr PDF

DEUTSCHE NORM DIN VDE 0210 December 1985
Planning and Design of Overhead Power

Lines with Rated Voltages above 1 kV
/-
,5.17:621.3.027.4:001.4 - . DEUTSCHE NORM December 1985
Planning and Design of Overhead Power DIN

Lines with Rated Voltages above 1 kV VDE 0210
This standard that is approved by the Managing Committee of

the Association of German Electrical Engineers (VDE e.V.) is
thus also a VDE Specification within the meaning of VDE 0022.
It has been incorporated into the VDE Specifications Series
under the above-mentioned number and has been notified in the
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (etz).
This standard supersedes VDE

0210/5.69
No relevant regional or international standards exist

concerning the scope of this standard. The contents of the
standard was published in the draft DIN 57210/VDE 0210/4.83.
Commencement of validity
This standard (VDE Specification) applies as of lst December

1985.
Contents
Page
1 Scope 2
2 Definitions 2 '
3 General requirements 5
4 _conductors 5
5 Conductor accessories 12
6 Insulators, insulator sets 13
7 Accessories for insulator sets and
other conductor attachments 14
8 Towers 16
9 Foundations 43
10 Earthing 62
11 Clearances within t~e overhead power
line 62
12 Clearances in rural areas ' 64
13 Clearances and specifications for line
design in the proximity of building
installations and traffic routes 66
14 Special specifications for crossings
and approaches 78
Appendix A: Galvanizing of towers and other
components 79
Quoted standards and other .documents 81
Previous editions 87
Amendments 87
Comments 88
Continuation page 2 to 99
German Electrotechnical Commission within DIN and VDE (DKE)

Page 2 DIN VDE 0210
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES WITH RATED VOLTAGES
ABOVE 1 KV
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to planning and design of overhead power

lines with rated voltages above l kV.
It also applies to telecommunication cables installed on supports
of overhead power lines.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Overhead line
The term overhead line includes the entire installation for

transmission and distribution of electrical power above ground,
consisting of supports and line components. Supports comprise
towers, their foundations and earthing. Line components comprise
overhead conductors and insulators together with their accesso-
ries.
2.2 Towers and poles
Towers or poles are parts of the support~. Towers include the to-
wer body, earthwire peak(s) and crossarm(s). According to Clauses
2.2.1 to 2.2.7 they serve for following purposes.
2.2.1 Suspension tower supports the conductors in a straight

line.
2.2.2 Angle suspension tower serves as suspension support for

the conductors where the line changes direction
2.2.3 Angle tower carries the resulting conductor tensile forces

where the line changes direction.
2.2.4 Section tower and angle section tower carry the conductor
ter.sile forces in line direction or in the resultant direction,
respectively, and serve additionally as rigid points in the
line.
2.2.5 Terminal tower carries the total conductor tensile

forces on one side.
2.2.6 Special tower serves for one or several of the above men-
tioned purposes.
2.2.7 Guyed tower is additionally provided with staywires in

order to stabilise the tower body.
2.2.8 Net working force of a tower or pole is the permissible to-

tal horizontal force at the tower top after deduction of a force
equivalent to the wind load on the tower structure in terms of
the tower top.
2.2.9 Uplift or downward forces are represented by the components

of the conductor tensile forces due to differing heights of the
suspension points. They act against or in direction of the
conductor deadweight forces, respectively.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 3
2.2.10 Additional load allows for the loading of conductors ,

insulators and warning markers by glaze, rime or snow. It may be
assumed that the additional load is equally distributed along
each span. (Internationally additional load is usually referred
to as ice load).
2.2.11 Span length is the horizontal distance between two adja-

cent supports. (When determining the horizontal distance of the
fixing points of a conductor the angle of the 6rossarm to the
line must be considered accordingly).
2.2.12 Wind span of a tower is the arithmetic mean value of the

lengths of the two adjacent spans.
2.2.13 Tower eq~ipment summarizes all components which are not

part of the tower structure or of the conductors. Insulators and
accessories are in this category.
2.3 Foundations
Foundations are parts of the supports and fulfil the task of

transferring the structural loads from the tower to the sub~oil,
and, at the same time, protecting the tower against critical
movements of the subsoil.
2.3.1 Compact foundation accommodates the tower body within one

single foundation.
2.3.2 Separate footing foundation provides individual foundations

for each leg member of the tower.
2.3.3 Working load of a foundation is the load transferred from

the tower-to the foundation for a given loading case.
2.).4 Failing load of a foundation is the load under which the

foundation fails. The failure is defined by inadmissible large
foundation movements and occurs in the transition range between
stable and unstable state of equilibrium.
2.4 Conductors
Conductors are the bare or covered, insulated or earthed cables
strung between the supports of an overhead line irrespective of
whether they are alive or not.
2.4.1 Bundle conductor is an arrangement of two or more subcon-

ductors used instead of a single conductor and kept at approxi-
mately constant spacing over their entire length.
2.4.2 Failing load of a conductor is 0,95 times the theoretical

failure strength according to standards DIN 48201, DIN
48204 and DIN 48206.
2.4.3 Unit deadweight force related to the cross-section (QLK) is

the force of the deadweight of 1 m of conductor per mmz of
cross-sectional area.
2.4.4 Nominal cross-section of a conductor is the cross-sectional

parameter used for the designation of the conductor.
Page 4 DIN VDE 0210
2.4.5 Actual cross-section of a conductor is the cross-section of

metal resulting from the conductor design without considering to-
lerances due to manufacturing.
2.4.6 Tensile stress of a conductor is the theoretical value

which results from the division of the conductor tensile force
by the actual cross-section.
2.4.7 Maximum working tensile stress is the horizontal component

of the selected maximum conductor tensile stress which occurs
under the conditions of installation and the specified loading
assumptions.
2.4.8 Permissible maximum working tensile stress accordfhg to

Table 3 Col~mn 6 is the horizontal component of the conductor
tensile stress.
2.4.9 Long-term tensile stress is the tensile stress which a con-

ductor can withstand for one year without failing.
2.4.10 Everyday stress is the horizontal component of the con-

ductor tensile stress which occurs at the annual mean temperature
(normally +lO"C) without wind load.
2.4.11 Maximum working tensile force of a conductor is the pro-

duct of actual cross-section and maximum working tensile stress.
2.4.12 Conductor temperature is the temperature of a conductor

due to ambient temperature, wind and electrical load current.
2.4.13 Sag of a conductor is the vertical distance between the

conductor and the alignment of the conductor suspension points
(suspension sets) or attachment points (tension sets) at the
supp9rts.
2.5 Insulators
Insulators serve as insulation of live conductors against earth

or other live components. The definitions for insulators are
given in DIN VDE 0441 Part 2 and DIN VDE 0446 Part 1.
2.5.1 Multiple insulator set is an arrangement of several insu-

lator strings.
2.5.2 Routine test load of an insulator is the static force to

which every insulator shall be subjected according to the
conditions specified in DIN VDE 0446 Part 1.
2.6 Accessories
Accessories serve for the mechanical attachment, the electrical

connection and the protection of conductors and insulators.
The definitions for fittings, accessories for conductors and
accessories for insulator sets and for other conductor
attachments are laid down in DIN VDE 0212 Part 50.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 5
2.6.1 Accessories for conductors are components which are

directly connected to the conductor and serve tQ terminate, to
suspend and to joint the conductors. Vibration protection
fittings and bundle spacers are also in this category.
2.6.2 Accessories for insulator sets and other conductor attach-

ments are components which serve to connect the tension or sus-
pension components (accessories for conductors) with the sup-
ports. In case of insulator sets the components to connect in-
sulators are also in this category. The insulators, however, are
excluded.
Usually, these are all components mechanically loaded by the

conductor tensile force or the conductor deadweight and
arranged between the assembly of the tension or suspension
clamp and the ~irst detachable part at the support, for example
the jointing pin or the U-bolt, the insulators excepted. Arcing
and corona protection fittings are also included.
2.7 Layout of an overhead line

2.7.1 Section is the part of an overhead line situated
between two adjacent ~ection supports.
2.7.2 Span is the part of an overhead line situated between two

adjacent supports.
2.7.3 Crossing span is the part of an overhead line over or under

a crossed installation situated between two adjacent supports.
2.7.4 Clearances according to Clauses 11, 12 and 13 are

minimum clearances and shall not be infringed under conditions of
maximum sag at the selected conductor temperature according to
Clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively.
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All components of an overhead line shall be selected, designed
and installed in such a manner that they perform reliably during
operation under the climatic conditions to be regularly expected,
under the maximum operating voltage, under the effects of the
electrical load current and under the short circuit loadings to
be expected. If necessary the influence of atmospheric and
switching overvoltages shall be taken into consideration.
These requirements are met if an overhead line is designed and

installed according to the following stipulations.
DIN VDE 0105 Part 1 applies to operation and maintenance.
4. CONDUCTORS
4.1 Rating
4.1.1 Thermal rating

Material and cross-section Of a conductor shall be selected such
that the conductor will not reach a temperature which would lead
to an inadmissible reduction of its mechanical strength
while being subjected to the maximum electrical load current
Page 6 DIN VDE 0210
taking account of ambient conditions or of the maximum short

circuit load condition to be expected.
The standards of the series DIN 48201, DIN 48204 and DIN 48206
contain data for the current-carrying capacity of standardized
conductors.
DIN VDE 0103 applies to the mechanical and thermal short circuit
strength. Departing from this specification the permissible con-
conductor temperatures shall be limited to the values given in
Table 1.
Table 1. Permissible conductor temperature in case of short-cir-

cuit loading
. Permissible conductor
Type of Material
conductor temperature c at
short circuit
Homogeneous Copper 170

conductors AAC 130
AAAC 160
Steel 200
..
Reinforced ACSR 160
conductors AACSR 160
4.1.2 Mechanical rating
4.1.2.1 Loading according to maximum working tensile stress
At a temperature of -5"C with the normal additional load

according to Clause 8.1.1.2 and
at -20"C without additional or wind loads and
at +5"C and wind load according to Clause 8.1.2.1
~the horizontal component of the conductor tensile stress shall
not exceed the permissible maximum working tensile stress
according to Table 3 Column 6.
Additionally, under these conditions the conductor tensile stress
at the support positions may exceed the permissible maximum
working tensile stress by not more than 5 %. In case of
approximately level spans a check is not necessary if the
sag according to Clause 4.3 does not exceed approximately 4 % of
the span length.
At -5"C with the increased additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2

and
at -5"C with the normal additional load combined with wind load
ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3 and
at -5"C with the increased additional load combined with wind
load ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3
the permissible maximum working tensile stress ace. to Table 3
-Column 6 need not be adhered to, however, the specifications
related to the long-term tensile stress ace. to Clause 4.1.2.2
shall be met.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 7
- For selfsupporting metal-reinforced telecommunication aerial

cables the permissible maximum working tensile stress shall be
selected with regard to Table 3 Column 6 taking account of
material and design of the supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.2 Loading according to long-term tensile stress
At -5"C with three times the normal or twice the increased

additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2 or
at -5"C with the normal additional load combined with wind load
ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3 or
at -5"C with the increased additional load combined with wind
load ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3
the conductor tensile stress at the support positions shall not
exceed the loqg-term tensile stress ace. to Table 3 Column 8
whereby the higher value of stress will apply.
_ For selfsupporting metal-reinforced telecommunication aerial

cables the long-term tensile stress shall be selected related to
Table 3 Column 8 taking care of material and design of the
supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.3 Loading according to everyday stress
At the annual mean temperature, which can be assumed to be +lO"C

normally, the horizontal component of the conductor tensile
stress without wind load should not exceed the everyday stress
- ace. to Table 3 Column ~c:--
Depending on the design of the suspension fittings and on the

efficiency of the vibration protection the horizontal component
of the conductor tensile stress may exceed the everyday stress
ace. to Table 3 Column 7 by up to 3..2J_tn individual cases.
In case of selfsupporting metal-reinforced telecommunication

aerial cables the everyday stress shall be selected in relation
to Table 3 Column~, depending on material and design of the
supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.4 Stress due to aeolian vibrations
Conductors are excited to vibration by laminar windflows which

may lead to damag~ by failures of individual strands and,
eventually, of the whole conductor. Occurrence and intensity of
the vibration to be expected depend on the material, design and
cross-section of the conductor, on the magnitude of the everyday
stress, on the local wind and terrain conditions, on the design
of the suspension arrangements and on the fittings used as well
as on the span length and on the height of the conductors above
ground level.
When selecting the everyday stress ace. to Clause 4.1.2.3 there

will be only a small risk of vibration failure of reinforced
conductors made of aluminium and steel as well as in case of
homogeneous conductors made of copper, of steel, of
copper wrought alloys or of aluminium clad steel, assuming
Page 8 DIN VDE 0210
favourable environmental conditions and a suitable design of the

suspension arrangements. In case of lines susceptible to
vibration possible damage can be effectively counteracted by
provision of vibration protection fittings.
Conductors with a small proportion of steel, homogeneous

conductors made of aluminium or aluminium alloy and reinforced
conductors made of aluminium alloy and steel, conductors with
diameters larger than 25 mm as well as conductors in spans longer
than 500 mare more susceptible to vibration.
If an increased susceptibility to vibration has to be assumed

or has been observed the design of the suspension set and of the
damping devices shall be suitably selected in order to guarantee
an effective protection of the conductors.
4.2 Conductor make up
4.2.1 Materials
The materials for standardized conductors are specified by the

relevant DIN standards.
Where non-standardized conductors are made up by materials the

mechanical and electrical characteristics of which correspond
to Table 3 and to the DIN standards, a proof of their
qualification is not necessary.
Where materials are used which deviate from the mechanical and
electrical data given in Table 3 and the DIN standards their
characteristics and their qualification for the individual case
of application shall be proved.
4.2.2 Properties
The properties and dimensions of standard conductors are speci-

fied in standards of the series DIN 48200, DIN 48201, DIN 48203
as well as in DIN 48204 and DIN 48206.
For non-standard conductors the properties and suitability for

the individual case of application shall be approved. This also
applies to self-supporting reinforced telecommunication aerial
cables ace. to DIN VDE 0818.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 9
4.2.3 Minimum cross-sections
Table 2. Minimum cross-sections
Material Nominal
cross-section
mm 2
ACSR ace. to DIN 48204 35/6

AAC ace. to DIN 48201 Part 5 50
AACSR ace. to DIN 48206 35/6
AAAC ace. to DIN 48201 Part 6 35
Copper ace. to DIN 48201 Part 1 25
Copper wrought alloy ace.
to DIN 48201 Part 2 25
Steel ace. to DIN 48201 Part 3 25
Aluminium clad steel ace.
to DIN 48201 Part 8 25
Single-wire conductors shall not be used.
4.2.4 Tests
For testing of conductors the standards of the series DIN 48203

are mandatory.
4.3 Sag
4.3.1 Maximum sag shall be the greater of the values resulting

from a conductor temperature of -sc with normal or increased
additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2 or from a conductor
temperature of +40"C without additional load.
4.3.2 In case of overhead lines for which a high electric current

is likely to occur in summer a higher conductor temperature, in
excess of +40 c, shall be considered when evaluating the maximum
sag.
4.3.3 If the sag is calculated using the specific characteristics

of the conductor, the data shown in Table 3 apply for standard
conductors. In case of non-standard conductors the unit dead-
weight related to the cross-section expressed by the unit
kg/(m*mm 2 ) will be converted to the unit weight force related to
the cross-section (QLK) expressed by the unit N/(m*mm 2 ) by
multiplying by the factor 10.
4.3.4 During their life the conductors will suffer permanent

elongation (creep) resulting in an increase of the sag. At no
time shall this increase of sag cause the clearances to fall
below the specified values.
'U
Table 3. Composition, mechanical characteristics, permissible maximum working stress, everyday stress and ultimate Ill
()q
long-term stress for standard conductors ace. to DIN 118201, DIN 48204 and DIN 48206 ro
.......
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tl
H
Conductor type and Cross- Stran- Unit dead- Coefficient Effective Permissible Everyday Ultimate z
rna terial sec- ding weight force of thermal modulus of maximum stress long-term <
tional related to expansion Et elasticity working stress .tl
[rJ
ratio cross-section E stress
-6 0
QLK (~)
m.mm
(!2_)
kN/mm 2
N/mm 2
I
N/mm 2 2
1\.)
K l N/mm .......
0
ACSR ace. to 14/7 ACSR AACSR ACSR AACSR ACSR AACSR

DIN '48204 1,4 111/19 0,0491 15,0 110
240 270 90 104 401 464
and 1,7 12/7 0,0466 15,3 107 220 255 84 102 368 435
4,3 30/7 0,0375 17,8 82 140 190 57 69 240 328
AACSR (A1drey/ 6/1 19,2 81

6,0 26/7 0,0350 18,9 77 120 175 56 67 208 300
Steel) ace. to
DIN 48206,
respectively 24/7 19,6 74
7,7 54/7 0,0336 19,3 70 llO 165 52 63 189 284
54/19 19,4 68
n,3 48/7 0,0320 20,5 62 95 155 44 53 165 265

14,5 115/7 0,0309 20,9 61 90 148 40 50 152 255
23,1 7217 0,0298 21,7 60 80 - 35 - 130 -
AAC ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 5 7 60
19 23,0
0,0275 57 70 30 120
37
61 55
91 I
---- ------- -
Continued from Table 3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8
Conductor type and Cross- Stran- Unit dead- ' Coefficient Effective Pennissi ble Everyday Ultimate
'
rna terial sec- ding weight force of thermal modulus of maximum stress long-term
tional related to expansion Et elasticity working stress
ratio cross-section E stress
-6
QLK (~)
m.mm
(.!Q_)
kN/mm 2 N/mm 2 N/mm 2
K N/mm 2
AAAC (Aldrey) ace. 1 60

to,DIN 48201 19
Part 6 37 0,0275 23,0 57
61 140 44 240
91 55
Copper ace. to 7 113 .

DIN 48201 Part 1 19 105
37 175 85 300
61 0,0906 17,0 100
Copper wrought 7 113 I 235 400

alloy (Bronze I 19 105 Bz II 295 100 500
. Bronze I II) 37
ace. to 100 620 0
61 III 365 :-i
DIN 48201 Part 2 :z:
<:
Steel St I-St IV 180 I 160 320 0
7 [<]
ace. to 0,0792 11,0 II 280 120 560 0

DIN 48201 Part 3 19 175 St III lJ50 130 goo N
t-'
IV 550 150 1100 0
Aluminium clad 7 '"0
steel ace. to 19 0' 0671 13,0 159 567 137 1112 Pl
oq
DIN 48201 Part 8 37 (I)
61 157 J t-'
L___~
t-'
Page 12 DIN VDE 0210
5. CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES
5.1 Rating
Conductor accessories shall be selected in such a manner that

they will not reach a higher temperature than the conductors
themselves when the maximum permissible electrical load current
flows and that the temperature rise will not lead to an
inadmissible reduction of mechanical strength when subjected to
maximum expected short circuit load.
5.1.2.1 Attachment of the conductors at pin-type insulators
Accessories serving for attachment of conductors at pin-type

insulators shall be rated to withstand the conductor tensile
forces which result from the loads on the conductor ace. to
Clauses 8.1 and 8.2. Additionally they shall reliably
sustain the conductors in case of unbalanced tensile forces
ace. to Clause 8.2.2. This does not apply to acceBsories which
due to their design should enable slipping of the conductors.
If the continuous conductor (main conductor) is jointed on both

sides of the pin-type insulator with an auxiliary conductor which
itself is fixed to a second insulator the connection of both
conductors may only be rated for the maximum working tensile
force.
At angle positions the conductors shall be arranged such that the

insulator is internal to the angle formed by the conductor.
5.1.2.2 Attachment of conductors at insulator sets
Deadend clamps shall sustain the conductor with 2,5 times the
maximum working tensile force or with 85 % of the conductor
failing load, which ever be the lower value.
Suspension clamps shall be rated for 2,5 times the forces acting
on the conductor ace. to Clause 8.1.
Additionally the suspension clamps shall reliably sustain the

conductors in case of unbalanced tensile forces ace. to Clause
8.2.2. This does not apply to suspension clamps which are de-
signed to enable the conductor to slip.
5.1.2.3 Conductor joints
Conductor joints loaded by tensile forces shall sustain the

conductor with 2,5 times the maximum working tensile force or
with 85 % of the conductor failing load, which ever be the lower
value.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 13
5.2 Materials, design and testing
Conductor accessories shall comply with the requirements

according to
DIN VDE 0212 Part 50,
DIN VDE 0212 Part 53 and
DIN VDE 0212 Part 54.
6. INSULATORS, INSULATOR SETS

6.1 Rating
6.1.1 Electrical rating
Insulators and insulator sets shall be rated such that they

comply with the electric requirements according to DIN VDE 0111
Part l and DIN VDE 0111 Part 2. The insulation level shall be
stipulated by the Operator of the overhead line.
The insulators and insulator sets shall be rated mechanically for

the effective forces which result from the maximum loads ace. to
Clauses 8.1 to 8.3.
Thereby, the rating factors specified below shall apply.
The failing load must be higher than or equal to the effective

maximum force multiplied by the rating factor a
or ,
the rputine test load must be higher or equal to the effective
maximum force multiplied by the rating factor b.
6.1.2.1 Line post insulators and pin-type insulators

(type A and B)
Line post insulators and pin-type insulators may only be used at

suspension poles or at angle suspension poles, however, not at
section poles. The rating factor a shall be equal to 2,5 related
to the failing load.
6.1.2.2 Long-rod and solid core-type insulators (string

insulators type A) and open-air composite insulators
The rating factor a shall be 3,12 related to the failing load.

The rating factor b shall be 2,5 related to the routine test
load.
6.1.2.3 Cap and pin-type insulators (string insulators type B)
The rating factor a shall be 3,12 related to the electro-

mechanical failing load or to the failing load. The rating
factor b shall be 1,87 related to the routine test load.
6.1.2.4 Multiple insulator sets
Multiple insulator sets comprise two or more insulator strings.

The permissible loading of an insulator set comprising n strings
may be taken at maximum as n-times the permissible loading of an
individual insulator string.
It is assumed that the total load of a multiple insulator set is

as far as possible equally distributed over the individual insu-
lator strings.
In case of failure of an insulator string
a distribution of the total load as equally as possible over

the remaining insulator strings shall be guaranteed,
the rating factors for the remaining tension loaded insulators

may be reduced to 50 % of the values specified in Clauses
6.1.2.2 and 6.1.2.3,
any expected dynamic forces and bending moments shall be duly

counteracted.
6.2 Materials and design
Materials and design of insulators shall be selected such that

they withstand atmospheric effects. For standard insulators the
materials and design are specified in the DIN standards. In case
of non-standard insulators their properties and their suitability
for a given application shall be approved individually.
6.3 Testing
-~
/
DIN VDE 0441 Part 2 or DIN VDE 0446 Part 1 apply to testing in
order to verify that the requirements are met.
1. ACCESSORIES FOR INSULATOR SETS AND OTHER CONDUCTOR ATTACHMENTS

7.1 Rating
The accessories for insulator sets and for other conductor

attachments shall withstand the expected short-circuit loading.
Under the maximum expected short-circuit loading they shall not
reach a temperature which would lead to an inadmi~sible reduction
of their mechanical strength.
7.1.2.1 Accessories for pin-type insulators
Accessories serving to attach the insulators at the poles shill

be rated for at least 2,5. times the forces which result from the
maximum loads ace. to Clauses 8.1 to 8.3.
For s:andard insulator pins the permissible loadings stated in

the DIN standards shall be met (see for example DIN 48044, DIN
48045). If pin-type insulators are fixed at angle poles made of
wood a design of pins adopting through-bolts with washers on both
sides shall be selected.
7.1.2.2 Accessories for insulator sets and other conductor

attachments
The accessories shall be rated for the forces resulting from the
maximu~ loads according to Clauses 8.1 to 8.3 multiplied by the
releva~t rating factors according to Table 4.
The minimum failing loads of standard accessories are specified

in the DIN standards. In addition, permissible working forces for
turnbuckles are specified in DIN 48334. Turnbuckles shall not be
loaded in bending.
Table 4. Rating factors for accessories of insulator sets and

other conductor attachments
Material Rating
faC'tor
Structural steel ace. to DIN 17100, heat-treatable

steel ace. to DIN 17200, cast steel ace. to DIN 1681 3,3
Malleable cast iron ace. to DIN 1692
Spheroidal graphit cast iron ace. to DIN 1693 Part 1 4,0

'
Aluminium 'tlrought alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 1 3,3

/
Aluminium casting alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 2 *)

~
4,5
Copper-tin and copper-tin-zinc casting alloys 4,0

ace. to DIN 1705
Copper wrought alloys low-alloyed ace. to DIN 1766 3,3

Copper-aluminium casting alloys ace. to DIN 1714
with 0 at least 12 % 3' 3
5
*) draft at present
For non-standard components it shall be proved that their failing

loads comply with the specified requirements.
Acc~ssories for multiple insulator sets shall guarantee equal

distribution of forces over the individual insulator strings as
far as possible.
In case of failing of an insulator string of a multiple insulator

set
the rating factors of the remaining tensile loaded accessories
of insulator strings may be reduced to 50 % of the values
specified in Table 4,
an e~ual distribution of the total load over the remaining in-
sulator strings should be guaranteed as far as possible.
7.2 Materials, design and testing
Accessories for insulator sets and other conductor attachments

shall comply with the requirements according to
DIN VDE 0212 Part 53 and
DIN VDE 0212 Part 54.
8. TOWERS
8.1 Loading assumptions
Towers shall be rated according to their function and to the

appropriate loading cases described as follows.
8.1.1 Vertical loads
8.1.1.1 Permanent loads
The deadloads of towers, of the equipment and of the conductors

resulting from the adjacent span lengths act as permanent loads.
Upward and downward forces due to the conductor tensile forces
shaJl re accordingly considered.
8.1.1.2 Additional loads
In case of conductors it is necessary to distinguish between

normal and increased additional load. The normal additional load
shall be taken as (5+0,l*d) N per l m conductor or subconductor
length, where d is the conductor diameter in mm.
An increased additional load shall be allowed for if it occurs

regularly. It depends on the terrain through which the line runs
and may reach many times the normal additional load.
When stipulating the increased additional load ob~ervations

of previous years and the special topographical and meteo-
rological conditions of the area of the transmission line have
to be considered.
In case of insulators the normal additional load shall be taken

as 50 N per 1 m length of insulator string.
For radar markers and aerial warning balls with aerodynamically

favourable shape (for example sphere, double cone) the normal
additional load shall be assumed in form of a 1 em thick layer
of ice distributed over the total surface. In case of other
shapes the ice load shall be assumed according to the geo-
metrical form. The unit weight force of the ice shall be assumed
as 0,0075 N/cm 3
For towers no additional load needs to be assumed.
8.1.1.3 Erection and maintenance loads
The erection and maintenance loads of crossarms shall be taken as

not less than 1,5 kN in case of suspension towers and angle
~uspension towers and 3 kN in case of all other tower types. In
case o~ lattice steel structures these forces shall act at the
individually most unfavourable nodes of the lower chords of one ~

crossarm face, and in all other cases in the axis of the
crossarms at the attachment points of the conductors.
For all members which can be climbed and are inclined with an
angle less than 30 to horizontal an erection and maintenance
load of 1,5 kN acting vertically in the centre of a member shall
be assumed, however, \-lithout any other loads.
In this case the permissible stresses for exceptional loading

conditions apply.
8.1.2 Horizontal loads
8.1.2.1 Wind load.
The wind direction shall be horizontal, the wind load
in kN
shall act perpendicularly to the surface exposed to the wind.
For ( rnductors or subconductors the wind load followc- as
IV= Ct if d L in kN for spans up to 200 m

IV= Ctlfd(80+0.6L) in kN for spans above 200m,
where:
cf aerodynamical drag coeffcient which depends on the shape and
type of surface of the structural component exposed to wind
(see Table 6). To all not individually mentioned shapes
the respective values ace. to DIN 1055 Part 4 shall apply.
q = v 2 /l600 dynamic wind pressure in kN/m 2 (see Table 5)

(
where v means the wind velocity in m/s
A surface exposed to wind in m2
d diameter of conductor or subconductor or diameter of the

additional load assumed to be circularly shaped.
L span length in m. When analysing the towers the wind span

shall be used.
Table 5. Specifications for the dynamic wind pressure
Height of the trans- Height of the campo- Dynamic wind pres-

mission line above nents above ground sure q in kN/m 2
ground Towers Conduc-
Cross arms tors
m m Insulators
up to 20 up to 15 0,55 0,44
above 15 to 20 0 '7 0 0,53
0 to 200 0 to 40 0,70.~
. 0,53
I,
' .,
.... . "
above 40 to 100 0 '9 0 0,68
above 100 to 150 1,15 0' 8 6
above 150 to 200 1,25 0,95
Table 6. Aerodynamical drag coefficient
Component Aerodynam-
ical drag
coefficient c 1
/
/
Flat truss structures consisting of profiles l' 6
Square and rectangular lattice towers consisting 2,8

of profiles
Flat truss structures consisting of tubes 1,2
Square and rectqngular lattice towers consisting 2,1

of tubes
Tubular steel, reinforced concrete and wood 0,7

poles with circular cross-section
Tubular steel and reinforced concrete poles with 1' 4

square and rectangular cross-section
Tubular steel and reinforced concrete poles with 1,0

hexagonal or octagonal cross-section
Double and A-shaped poles consisting of steel

tubes, reinforced concrete and wood with
circular cross-section
in the plane of the pole
part of the pole exposed to wind 0,7
lee~ard part of the pole
for a < 2 d *) 0
for a = 2 d m up t o a = 6 d 0,35
for a > 6 dmm m 0,7
rectangular to the plane of the pole

for a< 2 d 0,8
m
Conductors up to 12,5 mm diameter 1,2
Conductors above 12,5 up to 15.8 mm diameter 1,1
Conductors above 15,8 mm diameter 1,0
Conductor with other than circular cross-sections 1,3
Radar markers and aerial warning balls with 0,4

diameter between 300 mm and 1000 mm
*) a, d , ace. to DIN 48351 Part 1

m
The wind load on the conductors shall be evaluated with regard to

their height at their attachments.
In especially wind-prone areas an increased load according to the

local conditions shall be considered.
8.1.2.2 Loading by conductor tensile forces
The conductor tensile forces shall be determined according to

each individual loading case.
8.2 Loading cases for tower bodies
When analysing tower bodies the loads assigned to the individual

loading cases in Table 7 shall be assumed as acting~simul
taneously. For ~ach member the loading case shall be selected
which produces the maximum loading.
If section towers are systematically subjected to permanent un-

balanced tensile forces or to torsional loadings this shall be
considered.
If initially the circuits of towers are to be only partially in-

stalled tr1en this shall be considered whPf"l analysing the towers.
For tower types which are not included in Table 7 the loading
cases shall be applied according to the utilization of the
towers.
8.2.1 Normal loading
8.2.1.1 General
Here, the loading cases MN 1 to MN 5 apply as indicated in

Table 7.
In case of lattice towers with square or rectangular

cross-section only the. surface of the lattice faces exposed to
Hind need to be considered. The wind pressure on lattice faces,
the plane of which extends into the direction of wind, may be
neglected.
8.2.1.2 Quartering wind
Quartering wind shall be considered for all towers. In case of

square and rectangular tower structures the wind direction shall
be assumed under an angle of 45" in terms of one tower face. The
wind load acting on the tower may be substituted by its
components perpendicularly to the tower faces exposed to the
wind. These componentstshall be evaluated from the dynamic wind
pressure, the aerodynamical drag coefficient increased by 10 %
and from the respective area exposed to wind multiplied by the
cosine of the angle between the wind direction and the normal
line to the tower face. Hence, the area of the members within
the tower face shall be taken into account as area exposed to the
wind. Simultaneously, 8D % of the wind load on the conductors
ace. to loading case MN 2 shall be assumed in direction
of the axis of crossarms. The 'q_ther forces to be assumed

simultaneously in case of a quartering wind shall be taken
from loading case MN 4 of Table 7.
8.2.1.3 Wind on ice-covered conductors
For all towers, excepted suspensions towers with a height of the

conductor attachments up to 15 m, the wind action on ice-covered
conductors shall also be assumed, allowing by 50 % of the
wind load ace. to Clause 8.1.2.1 on towers, on equipment and on
conductors covered with normal or increased additional load ace.
to Clause 8.1.1.2. The unit weight force of the ice may be taken
as 0,0075 N/cm 3 , and the aerodynamic drag coefficient as l,fi.
8.2.2 Exceptional loading
Here the loading cases MA 1 and MA 2 given in Table 7 apply. All

towers with the exception of single-, double- and A-shaped poles
'.made of wo1r0 shall be designed for a random reduction of one
or several conductor tensile forces which will create bending
and/or torsion.
In detail the following assumptions apply as appropriate.
8.2.2.1 General
In the loading case MA 1 the tensile force of one conductor shall

be assumed to be reduced on one side ace. to Clauses 8.2.2.2 or
8.2.2.3 if up to two three-phase AC circuits are installed an the
towers. If more than two three-phase AC circuits are in-
stalled on the towers, half of the loading ace. to Clauses
8.2.2.2 or 8.2.2.3 shall be considered additionally for the third
and the fourth as well as for the fifth and the sixth circuits.
The position of the unbalanced conductor tensile forces acting in

the same direction shall be assumed in such a manner that the
most unfavourable loadings occur in the individual members.
Independently of the arrangement of the circuits only the

reduction of the tensile force of one conductor has to be
considered for one crossarm.
In case of DC and monophase AC circuits provisions shall be made

analogously in respect of the number of conductors.
8.2.2.2 Suspension and angle suspensions towers
Loading case MA l
The tensile force of one conductor at normal or increased addi-
tional load shall be assumed reduced by 50 % on one side in case
of single conductors. In case of bundled conductors the tensile
force shall be assumed reduced by 35 % on one side in case of
lengths of insulator sets up to 2,5 m and by 25 % in case of
lengths of insulator sets above 2,5 m. In case of earth wires a
reduction of 65 % shall be assumed.
Table 7. Loading cases of tower bodies
To1-1er type Normal loading (MN) ace. to Clause 8.2.1 Exceptional loading (MA)
ace. to Clause 8.2.2
Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case
MN 1 MN 2 MN 3 MN 4 MN 5 MA 1 MA 2
Suspension Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent loads, additional
toVJers loads, addi- loads loads loads loads, addi- loads
tional loads tional loads
Hind load on Hind load on Hind load on Quatering Hind load in

toHer and toHer, equip- toHer and Hind load on direction of
equipment in ment and con- equipment toHer, equip- the axis of
direction of due tors in rectangular- ment and con- crossarm on
the axis of direction of ly to the due tors ace. toHer, equip-
crossarm the axis of axis of to Clause ment and con-
crossarm crossarm 8.2.1.2 ductors Hith
additional
r- 5~ (__, -1 s (__. -\ _) c
f' "
+-5'c_ load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
:::
Conductor tensile forces
--S,c -1 v.; ace. to Clause 8.2.2.2
Angle sus- Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent loads, additional
pension loads, addi- loads loads loads loads, addi- loads
toVJers and tional loads tional loads C!
angle toHers H
Wind load on Hind load on v! in d

load on z
Quartering Wind load in
toHer and toHer, equip- tm-1er, equip- Hind load on direction of <
0
eq~ipment in ment and con- ment and con- toHer, equip- the axis of (l1
direction of ductors in ductors rec- ment and con- crossarm on 0

the axis of direction of tangularly to ductors ace. toHer, equip- N
t-'
crossarm the axis of the axis of to Clause ment and con- 0
crossarm cros:;arm 8.2.1.2 ductors with 'U

n>
additional OQ
Continuation load ace. to (J)
see Page 22 Clause 8.2.1.3 {\)

t-'
Continued from Table 7. '"0
~
OQ
(])
ToHer type Normal loading 01N) ace. to Clause 8.2.1 Exceptional loading (~~) N
ace. to Clause 8.2.2 N
0
Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading casejLoading case Loading case Loading case H
z
MN 1 MN 2 MN 3 MN 4 MN 5 MA 1 MA 2 <
0
[T]
Angle sus- Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor ten- Conductor tensile forces at
pension tensile tensile tensile tensile s i l e forces . angle suspension toHers 0
N
towers and forces re- forces at forces at forces at resulting from ace. to Clause 8.2.2.2, at 1-'
angle toHers sulting +5c and +5c and +5c and additional angle towers 0
(cont.) from addi- wind load wind load wind load load and wind ace. to Clause 8.2.2.3
tional loads load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
Section see angle see angle Permanent see angle see angle I Permanent loads, additional
towers and suspension suspension loads suspension suspension loads
angle section towers and towers and additional tov1ers and toHers and
toHers angle toHers angle towers loads angle toviers angle towers
Hind loads
~ ... ; \
on to1-1er and
equipment in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
Tv:othirds of
the higher
conductor ten- Conductor tensile forces
sile forces at ace. to Clause 8.2.2.3
one side re-
sulting from
additional
loads. These
forces act in
the centre of
the toHer
ToHer type Normal loading (t'lN) ace. to Clause 8.2.1 Exceptional loading (MA)
ace. to Clause 8.2.2
Loading case Loading case Loading base Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case
MN l t1N 2 MN 3 MN 4 MN 5 MA l MA 2
Terminal Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent loads, additional

t01-1ers loads, addi- loads loads loads, addi- loads
tional loads additional tional loads
loads
Wind load on \-lind load on Qua tering Hind load in

tower and tO\ler and Hind load direction of
equipment in equipment on tovrer, the axis of
direction of rectangular- equipment crossarm on
the axis of ly to the and con- tovrer, equip-
crossarm axis of ductors ment and con-
c rossarm ductors vJith
additional
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor tensile forces at

tensile tensile tensile tensile one side ace. to Clause CJ
forces at forces at forces at forces at 8.2.2.3 H
z
one side of one side of one side of one side of
all con- all con- all con- all con- <
0
ductors re- ducLors rc- ductors at ductors trJ
sulting from su] tinr; from +5C and from ad di- 0

I'J
additional additional Hind load tional load I-'
loads lOilClS and wind 0
load ace. to "0

Pl
I Clause 8.2.1.3 aq
CD
I'J
w
If the torsional loading of towers is prevented or recuced by

suitable measures (such as release clamps, rotating crossarms l
stays etc.) the effect achieved of such measures may be taken
into consideration.
Loading case MA 2
The tensile force of all conductors shall be assumed to be
reduced by 20 % on one side in case of pin-type insulators and
suspension towers with lengths of insulator sets up to 2,5 m and
by 15 % in case of suspension towers and lengths of insulator
sets above 2,5 m. For earth wires a reduction of 40 % shall be
assumed.
8.2.2.3 Angle towers, section towers and terminal towers
Loading case MA r
The tensile fore~ of one conductor with normal or increased addi-
tional load shall be assumed to be reduced on one side by 100%.
Loading case MA 2
The tensile forces of all conductors shall be assumed to be
reduced by 40 % on one side.
8.3 Loading cases for crossarms and earthwire peaks
When analysing the crossarms and earthwire peaks the loads

assigned to the individual loading cases in Table 8 shall be
assumed as simultaneously acting. For each structural component
the loading case shall be selected which produces the maximum
loading.
In case of crossarms and earthwire peaks of section to~ers

which systematically experience permanent unb2lanced tensile
forces those forces shall be considered.
In case of crossarms the conductors of which will initially

be installed partially this situation shall be considered when
analysing the crossarm.
For crossarms of tower types which are not included in Table 8

the loading cases shall be assumed according to the utilization
of the towers.
8.3.1 Normal loading
In this case the loading cases QN 1 to QN 3 apply as indicated in

Table 8.
8.3.2 Exceptional loading
Here the loading cases QA 1 to QA 3 apply as indicated in

Table 8.
All crossarms of towers shall be designed for a random reduction

of the tensile force of one conductor which will create a loading
of the crossarm in the dire~tion of the conductors as well as for
the failing of one insulator string of a multiple insulator set.
Additionally, all crossarms shall be designed for erection and
maintenance loads ace. to Clause 8.1.1.3.
Table 8. Loading cases for crossarms and earthwire peaks
L
Tov1er type Normal loading (QN) ace. to Clause 8.3.1 Exceptional loading (QA) ace. to Clause 8.3.2
Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case
QN l QN 2 QN 3 QA 1 QA 2 QA 3
Suspension Permanent loads, !Permanent loads Permanent loads Permanent loads, !Loads ace. to Permanent loads,
tm-1ers additional loads additional loads loading cases erection and
QN 1 to QN 3 or maintenance
Wind load in di- Wind load on Hind load on loaqing case loads ace. to
rection of the crossarm, equip- cross arm and QA 1 and failing Clause 8 .l.l. 3
axis of crossarm ment and conduc- equipment rec- of one insulator
on crossarm, tors in direc- tangularly to string ace. to
equipment and tion of the axis the axis of Clause 8.3.2.1
conductors Hith of crossarm crossarm
additional load Conductor ten- Conductor ten-
aec. to Clause sile forces sile forces
8.2.1.3 ace. to Clause ace. to Clause
8.3.2.2 8.3.2.2
Angle Permanent loads, !Permanent loads !Permanent loads Permanent loads, !Loads ace. to Permanent loads,
suspension additional loads additional loads loading cases erection and
tmle rs and QN l to QN 3 or maintenance
angle tov1ers Hind load in di- Wind load on Wind load on loading case loads ace. to
rection of the crossarm, equip- crossarm and QA l and fail- Clause 8.1.1.3
axis of crossarm ment and conduc- equipment rec- ing of one in-
on crossarm, tors in direc- tangularly to sulator string 0
equipment and tion of the axis the axis of ace. to Clause H
z
conductors with of crossarm crossarm 8.3.2.1
additional load <
0
ace. to Clause [r)
8.2.1.3 Condue tor ten- Conductor ten- 0

1\..)
sile forces at sile forces at t--'
Conductor ten- Conductor ten- Conductor ten- angle suspension angle suspension 0
sile forces from,sile forces at sile forces at tO\Iers ace. to toHers ace. to .,
Pl
additional and +5"C and wind +5"C and wind Clause 8.3.2.2 Clause 8.3.2.2 ()q
Hind load ace. load load at angle toHers at angle toHers ill
to Clause ace. to Clause ace. to Clause 1\..)

Vl
8.2.1.3 8. 3. 2. 3 8. 3. 2. 3
Continued from Table 8. '"U
Ill
()q
Tower type Normal loading (QN) ace. to Clause 8.3.1 Exceptional loading (QA) ~~~. t:.r:; Clause 8.3.2 Cll
1\)
Loading case Loading case I Loading case Loading case Loading case I Loading case 0\
QN 1 I QN 2 ' , QN 3 QA 1 QA 2 QA 3 0
H
z
Section Permanent loads, Loads ace. to Permanent <
towers and additional loads ;Loading cases loads, 0
trl
angle QN 3 and fail- erection and
0
section ing of one in- maintenance 1\)
towers see angle sus- see angle sus- Wind loads on sulator string loads ace. to I-'
0
pension towers pension towers crossarm and ace. to Clause Clause 8 .1.1. 3
and angle and angle equipment in di- 8.3.2.1
towers towers rection of the
axis of crossarm
Higher one-sided
conductor ten-
s i l e force of
one conductor
with addi tiona! ' - Conductor ten-
load at tacking sile forces
most unfavour- ace. to
ably and simul- loading
taneously two case QN 3
thirds of the
higher one-sided
conductor forces
of the other
conductors with
additional load
/
Tower type Normal loading (QN) ace. to Clause 8.3.1 Exceptional loading (QA) ace. to Clause 8.3.2
Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case Loading case
QN 1 QN 2 Q!'l 3 QA 1 QA 2 QA 3
Terminal Permanent loads, Permanent loads, Loads ace. to Permanent

towers additional loads additional loads loading cases loads,
QN 1 or QN 3 erection and
and failing of maintenance
Wind load in Wind load on one insulator 1 oads ace. to
d irec ti on of the crossarm, equip- string ace. to Clause 8 .l.l. 3
axis of crossarm ment rectangu- Clause 8.3.2.1
on crossarm, larly to the axis
equipment and of crossarm
conductors with
additional load
ace. to Clause
8.2.1.3
Conductor tensile Conductor tensile Conductor ten-

forces at one forces at one sile forces
side of all con- side of all con- ace. to
ductors with ductors with loading
additional load additional load case QN 3
and Hind load
ace. to Clause 0
rl
8.2.1.3 z
<
0
M
0
f\J
......
0
'"U
Ill
OQ
C1>
(\)
-.J
8.3.2.1 General
Only the tensile force of one conductor at one crossarm needs to

be assumed to be reduced. The unbalanced conductor tensile force
shall be assumed in such a manner that the most unfavourable
loadings are produced in the individual members. Also, only the
failing of one insulator string of a multiple insulator set at
the same time needs to be assumed, however, at that point of act-
ion which produces the most unfavourable loading of each indi-
vidual member.
8.3.2.2 Suspension and angle suspension towers
The assumptions acc.to Clause 8.2.2.2, loading case MA 1 apply to

the unbalanced tensile forces. A reduction of the conductor ten-
sile force on obe side by 65 % shall be considered for the earth-
wire forces.
In addition to the permanent loads the normal or increased addi-

tional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2 shall be taken into account.
8.3.2.3 Section towers
The <ssumpt~~ns ace. to Clause 8.2.2.3, loading case MA 1, apply

to the unbalanced tensile forces. In addition to the permanent
loads either the erection and maintenance loads ace. to Clause
8.1.1.3 or the normal or increased additional load ace. to Clause
8.1.1.2 shall be assumed.
8.3.2.4 Section and terminal towers
For these towers the erection and maintenance loads or the

failing of one insulator string of a multiple insulator set shall
be assumed as exceptional loading. For loading case QA 3 the
conductor tensile forces of the loading case QN 3 ace. to Clause
8.3.1 shall be taken into account.
8.4.Lattice steel towers
8.4.1 General specifications
Lattice steel towers can be allied to structures predominantly

subjected to static loading. The method of analysis ~hall be
chosen according to the type of the structure.
The conditions of equilibrium may be adopted on the undeformed

system. That means that the determination of the member forces of
the individual structural compon~nts may be carried out following
the first order theory.
Lattice steel towers form three-dimensional truss structures.

Secondary bending stresses shall be considered but they need not
be demonstrated separately by calculation.
8.4.2 Analysis, permissible stresses
8.4.2.1 Determination of member forces
When determining the forces in the members of the tower body of a

four-legged tower the following simplified assumptions may be
used. Special significance must be given to the application of
external loads.
Horizontal loads may be separated into the direction of the tower

faces and may be distributed equally on the two faces concerned.
Each tower face may than be analysed for the proportion of
loading assigned to it as a plane truss. In case of leg members
the forces resulting from two adjacent tower faces have to
be summed up.
If a horizontal load Z results in a torsional moment Md related

to the axis of the tower body, the horizontal forces may be
determined ace. to Fig. 1. For these horizontal forces, each
individual tower face may be treated as a plane truss structure.
Aid = Z(1 + ~)
!ltd z
H, =fa+ 2
H2 HJ""' Md
2h
jl
Aid Z
1-1. = 2 d- 2
-"'"1 g. 1. Horizontal loads acting on the tower body resulting from

a torsional moment
When using this approach the ratio alb shall not exceed 1,5. The
shape of the tower must be prismatic or correspond to a truncated
pyramid. At all crossarm levels and at changes of slope of leg
members, horizontal bracings shall be provided and their adequacy
shall be proven.
8.4.2.2 Materials
Generally, only the structural steel types St 37-2 and St 52-3

ace. to DIN 17100 shall be used as material for overhead line
towers. Other types of structural steel may only be used if their
mechanical characteristics, chemical composition and suitability
for welding are clearly shown by the manufacturer's quality
requirements or factory standards and if that structural steel
can be assigned to one of those steel types mentioned in the
first sentence of this clause. In all other cases, suitability
requires approval, for example in form of an official certi-
fication by the civil engineering authorities.
A manufacturer's certificate according to DIN 50049 for the types

of steel to be used for welded components is the minimum require-
ment. Steel for structural parts of minor importance is excepted.
(For selection of steel qualities see DAST-Instruction 009).
8.4.2.3 Permissible stresses
The permissible stresses for St 37-2 and St 52-3 as well as for

the corresponding bolts and rivets are shown in Table 9.
8.4.2.4 Utilization of high-strength bolts
High-st~ength bolts may be used for shearing/bearing joints

(S~-joints ace. to DIN 18800 Part.l) having a tolerance between
hole and bolt of up to 2 mm. These joints can be designed without
prestressing or with prestressing not less than 0,5 * FV (for FV
see Table 9, Note 1). The prestressing force need not to be
checked.
Materials, performance and analysis of shearing/bearing joints

shall comply with DIN 18800 Part 1/03.81 Clauses 2.3 and 7.2.1.
The permis~ible stresses can be taken from Table 9.
When using high-strength bolts for friction grip joints

(GV-joints ace. to DIN 18800 Part 1), with or without loadings in
direction of the axis of the bolts, the stipulations according
to DIN 18800 Part 1 and Part 7 shall be met. The normal
loading shall be assigned to loading case H and the exceptional
loading to the loading case HZ.
8.4.2.5 Welded joints
For welded joints the stresses according to DIN 18800 Part 1/

03.81, Table 11, loading case H, are permissible in case of
normal loading. In case of exceptional loading 1,375 times
these stresses are permissible.
DIN 18800 Part 1 applies to the analysis and structural design of

welded joints. In addition DIN 18808 applies to tubular
sections. Additionally, the CAST-Instruction 009 shall be
adopted.
8.4.2.6 Rating of tensile loaded members
When evaluating the tensile stress of a member consisting of an

angle section which is connected by one rivet or by one bolt
DIN VDE 0210 Page 3l
only the cross-section of the connected angle leg reduced by the

cross-section of the hole shall be considered. In case of a con-
nection with two or more rivets or bolts arranged in one leg of
an angle 0,8 times that net cross-section which results by de-
duction of the holes from the cross-section shall be considered.
8.4.2.7 Rating of axially loaded compression members
Members of lattice steel towers may be considered as straight

axially loaded compression members and shall be rated according
to DIN 4114 part 1. For compression loaded leg members of lattice
steel towers the eccentricity of the load application may be dis-
regarded provided reference is made to the mean centroidal axis.
In case of compression bracing members of lattice steel towers

consisting of one single angle (for example members between
leg members or between chords) being connected by one of the ang-
le legs the eccentricity of load application may be disregarded.
For single compression loaded members the following relation

applies
F
=
..t ::5 perm
0 (t) -
Hhere:
F absolute value of the maximum compression force occurring
in the member in N
A total cross-section of the member
0 perm permissible compression stress in N/mm 2 ace. to Table 9

for the analysed loadirig case and the material selected.
;
w buckling coefficient depending on the material and the

slenderness ratio A. For A:: 250, W can be taken from
DIN 4114 Part 1.
The slenderness ratio is not limited for members of lattice steel

towers. For A > 250
applies.
Hhere:
E modulus of elasticity,
for steel E = 210000 N/mm 2
0 permissible compression stress

perm for St 37-2 0 perm = 160 N/mm 2
for St 52-3 0 perm = 240 N/mm 2
A slenderness ratio
For members with A < 20 a compression analysis need not to be

carried out. The buckling coefficient W may be taken as 1:
8.4.2.8 Rating of eccentrically loaded compression members
In case of members with uniform cross-section which are syste-

matically loaded eccentrically by a compression force F acting
along one of the principal axes or which, in addition to a
compression force F, are loaded by a bending moment M acting in a
principal plane, whether or not it is dependent on F, the virtual
extreme fib-re stress acceding to
ttl F M
o = -A- + 0.9 W :$ Operm
d
shall not exceed the stress u for compression and combined

bending compression according P!SmTable 9. Thereb~, it has been
assumed that buckling occurs in the plane of the acting moment
and that the centre of gravity of the member cross-section has
the same or a smaller distance to the extreme tension fibre than
to the extreme compression fibre.
The bending moment M and the section modulus Wd shall be related

to a principal axis of the total cross-section.
For a cross-section of a member the centre of gravity of which is

closer to the extreme compression fibre than to the extreme
berdirg tension fibre the following two d~nditions must be
satisfied: '"
(U. F . M
+ 0.9 W
o =
,,
-A-
. ': " ... ~-
:5 uperm
;.
tuF
300+2.-l M
o=.~+. 1000 .wSuperm ....
' .; ~- ' . '.:.~. l .~......~-------~~--'~1: . :.~. -
where Wd and w.z"are the. ~~-~-tJ~n-mOdp~J .of the gross cross-section
related to the extreme compression'1ibre and the extreme tension
fibre, respectively ... i ~ <i;: <,>, ' ...
../. :; .'. . ~: . ,~ f) . :, , ""~JFL :_;-:,. . .
8.4.2.9 Rating of com~6und compressiori members
. .. !:., ):,~;> ;
rr for compression members can~i~ting
stan'dard bolt's-are-used. to_ . _jbiil the stay' plates instead of
or ..... t~-; .angle sections
rivets, -fitted ::bolts or welding, 'the buckling length evaluated

a c c or d i n g .to ~Cl au s e 8 4 2 . 11 s h a 11 be i n c r e as e d by t h e fa c to r 1. 1
while the :formula .:
-': 1: ' ,~.. >~ ~~\;: l ~ .
.. .. . ... ... ...... ~ .. ~-- .. -- -)., = ~
. ' .. ,,
',::: :.\
applies for the slenderness ratio of the sub-member as before.
When connecting a compound compression member to a leg member or

to a gusset plate the end stay plate may be omitted if the
conne~tion is carried out by welding or by rivets or by fitted
bolts. When connecting with standard bolts the end stay plate may
be omitted if the distance to the next stay plate is not more
than 0,75 times the theoretical interval between stay plates.
When the structural design of compound compression members

complies with these requi~ements the members may be calculated
according to the following rules including also Clause 8.4.3.4.
Table 9. Permissible stresses for components made of steel
Component Type of Material Normal Excep-

loading 1 loading tional
Compo- Ri- Eolts loading
nents Vets N/rnrn 2
1
Steel structure Compression

and Bending
I
compression, St 37-2 1160 220
Tension and St 52-3 1240 330
I
Bending ten- I
sion
I
Shear St 37_:21 104 143
St 52-31 I 156 214
I
Round head rivets ace. Shearing lust36 4.6 160 220

to DIN 124 1 5.6 240 330
Fitted bolts ace. to Bearing St 37-2,USt36 4.6 320 440

DIN 7968 St 37-21 >~ 5.6 320 440
St 52-3! 5.6. 480 600
!
Hexagon bolts ace. to Shearing 4.6 126 173

DIN 7990 5.6- 168 231
High-stre~gth bolts ace. 10.9- 270 371
to DIN 6914 without pr~-L
stressing
.
: ': I / Bearing St
St
37-2
37-2 t
t 4.6
5.6
280
280
385
385
..
' St 37-2 ~~ 10. 9. 280 385
St 52-3 1 4.6 280 385
St 52-31 5.6- 420 575
St 52-31 10.9- 420 575
i
High-strength bolts ace. Bearing St 37-21 10.9 - 380 522
,~ : to DIN 6914 with
prestressing
~0,5xFvl) St 52-31 10.9 570 783
Hexagon bolts ace. to Tension 171

DIN 7990
Fitted bolts ace. to 5.6 150 206

DIN 7968
\oo~
High-strength bolts ace. 10.9 410 563

to DIN 6914 without
prestressing
1) Fv ace. to DIN 18800 Part 1/03.81, Table 9 Column 2 and DIN 18800
Part 7/05.83, Table 1 Column 2, respectively.
Compound compression members which consist of m sub-members,

the cross-section of which is provided with a material principal
axis x-x, may be calculated against buckling transversely to this
material axis as a single compression member. As far as
buckling transversely to the non-material principal axis y-y is
concerned the member can be treated as a single compression
member with a virtual slenderness of

/.yi =
" +2
"'y m . J.,2
where A is the slenderness ratio of the individual sub-member.

1
In case of a lattice system adopted for the connection of the
sub-members the effective working length, and in case of stay
plates their centre-to-centre distance, shall be assumed as the
buck l i n g 1 eng t h s k For i t he, min i mum r ad ius of g y rat ion of a
1 1
sub-member shall be used. /
If the leg member is formed by several angle sections and if the

angle legs are parallel to the tower faces then the leg member
shall be checked against buckling in each of the tower faces.
Fo.r the slenderness ratio the maximum of the values Ax
or A and A . or A . , respectively, shall be adopted.
y X.l. Y1 \.
'\
Compress~on members consisting of two angle sections arranged in
cruciform the buckling of which is not constrained to a definite
direction due to connections within the buckling length need
only to be checked against buckling transversely to the material
axis x-x. In case of compound compression members with two
immaterial axes the higher value of the two slenderness ratios
A y 1. ..shall
. '
be .used.
. ' . ' ... '
All
, . '
stay plates ~nd bracings as well as their connections shall
be rated such that under action of the virtual member shear force
... .
the stresses permissible for the considered loading case shall

not be exceeded.
Where:
w Y1. buckling coefficient according to the virtual slenderness

ratio.
I
For stay plates and filler plates of compound compression members
it is sufficient to prove that their connections are able to
withstand the force
s
T= Q-
I L'
resulting from virtual member shear force Q., where

1
s interval of the stay plates and

e spacing of the centroidal lines of the angle sections of
the sub-members.
When checking the connections of the stay pla~es the moment due
to the eccentric application of the force T shall be considered.
In the case of compression members consisting of angle sections
arranged in cruciform the stay plates may be arranged staggered
at right angles or in parallel.
8.4.2.10 Buckling length of leg members
If the ends of the members are restrained to preclude lateral

displacements, the buckling length sK of leg members of lattice
steel towers shall be the effective working length sx or sD .
If there is a definite direction of buckling due to the connec-

tions within the buckling length, the moment of inertia shall be
related to the axis which is perpendicular to that direction.
If the leg members consist of equal-leg angle sections and if the

bracings are arranged according to Fig. 2a or 2b the
analysis of the leg members shall be based on the moment of
inertia I
X
If the bracing is arranged according to Fig. 2c or 2d the minimum

moment of inertia I~ shall be considered.
If the bracing is arranged according to Fig. .2a or 2b the

buckling length sk of the leg members may be assumed to be equal
to s if the slenderness ratio
X
~:.r
. ,, ...
does not exc~e~~8o.
...
b)
d)
Fig. 2. Bu<?kling length oC leg members

In case of A > 80, sk = s . may be assumed if the member forces

increase dow~wards along tfie tower body and the lengths of mem-
bers in the upper part of a tower or a tower section are not
longer than in the lower part. Otherwise sk = 1,1 s shall be
X
assumed.
8.4.2.11 Buckling length of the bracing members
In case of single warren or double warren bracing the buckling

length sk = 0,9 s (s = effective working length) applies as
mentioned 'in DIN 4114 Part 2/02.53, R i 6. 48, if
their ends are fixed rigidly

they are sufficiently restrained in direction of buckling and
their cross-sectional area is smaller than that of the leg
members.
Sufficient restraining is provided for example if the leg and

bracing members consist of angle sections.
In case of members of double warren bracing one of which is

compression loaded and the other tension loaded the crossing
point may be considered as rigid in the tower face as well as
rectan~ularly to that plane if the two crossing members are
connected according to DIN 4114 Part 2/02.53, _;Ri 6.41.
For bracing members which are supported in the plane of the

tovrer face by a redundant bracing at 1 east at third points
and which are restrained at their crossing point by a
reinforcing panel arranged not in the plane of the face,
the reduced buckling length sk = 0,9 s may be assumed for
buckling r e c t _an g u 1 a r 1 y to the plane of the face.
,for a K-bracing, '.. sk '= 0,9 s may only be adopted if the ends of
the bracihg .members are supported by a reinforcing panel.
In all other
. " :
~~~es sk = s shall be taken.
.; :,~ / ~ C;-~ ..:! r.: :-....~ , ,..
~-~-2.12 Proof of local b~ckling strength
Depending ron the ratio ~f ihe angle width b to angle thickness t

the following conditions exist with respect to the necessity to
prove the local buckling strength of the angle section.
b/t ~ 15 no proof necessary

15 ~ b/t ~ 20 proof necessary, if b/t > 0,2 A
b/t > 20 proof necessary,
where 'A means the slenderness ratio relevant to the rating of the
member.
8.4.2.13 Structural components embedded in the ground
Clause 9.5.3 shall be met when rating structural components which

are embedded in the ground.
DIN VDE 0210 Paae
"' 37
8_4.3 Basic principles for design and manufacturing
8_4.3.1 Minimum dimensions of components
T~e thi~kness of components shall generally not be less than

4 mm. In case of hollow sections used for towers the thickness
m~y be reduced to 3 mm if effective protection against
ccrrosion is ensured according to the requirements or
D:N 18800 Part 1 together with DIN 18801 and DIN 18808 on the
i~ner and outer faces.
If weakened by boltholes, angle sections with a width below 35 mm

ar-d flat bars with a width below 30 mm are inadmissible for all
t T?e s of members , as we 11 as r i v e t s wi t h a fin i she d d i am e t e r
less than 13 mm. I .....
. \~
Diameters of bolts less than 12 mm are not permissible for
st~uctural loading. The minimum strength quality for bolts M 12
is 5.6 according to DIN 267 Part 1.
8.~.3.2 Dimensions of connecting elements in joints
The maximum permissible diameter of a driven rivet and the

maximum permissible diameter of threads of mechanically loaded
bolts and the diameters of related boltholes are determined by
the width of the angle legs and may be taken from Table 10
together with the edge distances in direction of the force.
The .minimum dist~~~~s between centres of boltholes shall be not

less than 2,5 times the diameter of the holes, the edge distances
rectangularly to the direction of the force shall be not less
than 1,2 ti~es of the diameter of the bolthole.
. .., ../......: ' :\ . ..
8.4.3.3 E6centricity ~f member connections
. .. .. ., . ! ~. -~
The, ,eccentricity of the connections of members at nopes shall be

ke.pt

. . a:s. -small
. .... .. ".( .. :
~-
\i.s pass ible.
;'t ...
: ;,; ';t. i~ T"'! i. ~ r n. .~ ;:

8.4 . 3~--C~mpound
.. .. ......
compression members _ (.
t J
In case of compound compression members the slenderness ratio of

a sub-member shall not exceed 50. If stay plates are adopted they
shall be arranged at least at third points of the total buckling
length and at the ends of the members. If members comprising two
angle sections are connected to a common gusset plate, separate
stay plates at the member ends are not necessary.
Every stay plate shall be connected to each sub-member by means

of two rivets or equivalent bolts or of an equivalent welded seam
designed accordibg to the relevant standards. At the ends of the
members one additional connecting element shall be provided for
each of these connections. Compound compression members with
bracings shall also be provided with stay plates at the ends of
the members.
Table 10. Dimensions of connections and edge distances of

jointing components in mm
Dimension of bolts M 12 M 16 M 201M 24 M 27 M 30
Max. diameter of Hexagon bolts 18 22 26

bolthole Rivets
14
13
I 17 21 25
29
28
32
31
I
Min. width of angle leg 35 50 60 70 75 80
Min. edge distances in direction 20 25 30 40 45 50

of the force 25 35 40 50 55 65
The ---minimum va 1 ue s of the specified edge distances in direction
of the force which are measured
.
from the centre of the hole
shall be "ad h e r e d to in any case. For tensile loaded components
of the vertical truss faces of cross arms as well as for leg
member joints the higher values shall be adhered to.
8.4.3.5 Securing of bolted connections
Nuts of bolts should be secured against loos_~\uing .

. /
8.4.3.6 Punching of holes for rivets and bolts
Holes_ for rivets and bolts may be punched into angles and plates
of up to -12 mm thickness. Permanent supervision shall ensure
that sharp punches and suiting ~ies are used for the manufac-
turing. -
Structural /members . of crossarms permanently loaded in tension

shall not ~e punched.
'.' :: -. ; / _-,_- ' -
8.~.3~7-~~i~~ays f~r climbing the towers

' ;~..... ' 4 . " '
Latt1c~~~~~~~l towers need no special walkways for climbing and

access: to working positions if the distance between nodes at the
leg membe~_~6~s not e~ceed 0,45 m or if the structural members of
the tower "which have to be used when climbing are not inclined by
more t'han 30. 'and the distance between any standing position and
the next structural component a.bove does not exceed 1,7 m or if
climbing devices independent of the tower such as ladders or ele-
vating platforms are to be used.
In case of lattice steel towers which do not comply with these

stipulations separate climbing facilities shall be arranged on at
least, two diagonally opposite leg members.
In the case of a two line step bolt arrangement the angle between
the planes of the bolts shall be at least go.
The width of the steps shall amount to at least 300 mm for single
line arrangement and at least 150 mm in case of two line step
bolt arrangement. Flat tread width shall be at least 20 mm,
and the diameter of cylindrical treads at least 24 mm. To
provide a protection against sliding a lateral limit at least 20
mm high measured from the top of step must be provided.
Step bolts shall be rated for a concentrated load of 1500 N

acting vertically at a structurally unfavourable position. The
permissible stresses for exceptional loadings apply in this case.
Normally the step bolts should be arranged with a constant

distance of ~ 333 mm. If due to the design of the tower the
distances between alternate steps can not be equal and/or can not
be 333 mm or less, two adjacent steps may vary by up to 100 mm
but the spacing between steps shall not exceed 403 mm. In the
vicinity of the crossarm joints structural components may be
used as treads instead of step bolts.
8.5 Poles made of solid wall profiles
This clause applies to solid wall poles with circular or

polygonal cross-sections.
Solid wall steel poles can be allied to structures predominantly

subjected to static loadings.
As far as materials, permissible stresses, use of high-strength

bolts, welded joints and thickness of materials are concerned,
the requirements for lattice steel towers apply accordingly.
8.5.2 Analysis and design
8.5.2.1 Evaluation of internal forces and moments
The evaluation of the internal forces and moments shall be

carried out according to the second order theory. If this
more precise proof is not undertaken the effects of second
order theory may be considered by the following additions
to the moments which have been determined according to the first
order theory:
Suspension, angle suspension and

angle towers 5 %
section towers, angle section towers,
terminal towers 3 %.
This applies to poles having a length up to 40 m between ~he top

of the foundation and the top of the uppermost crossarm.
8.5.2.2 Stability against local buckling
A more precise proof of the stability against local buckling may

be dispensed with in the case of polygonal cross-section
structures with a maximum of 12 sides if the following condition
applies:
s :5. f.:. t
where:
s theoretical width of sides of the polygon
t thickness
page 40 DIN VDE 0210 .
k = 43 for St 37-2 and

= 35 for St 52-3.
8.5.2.3 Limitation of deflection
The latteral deflection of the pole at the pole top due to the
load may theoretically be demonstrated following the first order
theory without consideration of the movement of foundation
and shall be limited as follows:
Suspension and angle suspension poles:

4 % of the length of poles when being loaded according to
loading cases MN 2 or MN 5 of Table 7.
Angle poles, section poles and terminal poles:

2,5 % of the length -bf poles when being loaded according to
loading case MN 1 of Table 7.
8.5.2.4 Cut outs
If the effective cross-section is reduced by cut outs for doors,

etc. a statical analysis shall be carried out on the basis of
the effectively available cross-section.
8.5.2.5 Overlap joints
Joints in the bodies of solid wall poles with circular or

polygonal sections may be made by lapping without adoption of
connecting elements and without an analytical proof if the
following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled:
Length of overlap is greater than 1,5 d

"1-Ihere: m
d corresponds to the outside diameter at the end of that tube
m which is outside.
In the case of polygonal poles d means the mean value of the
diameters of the enveloping aWd the fitted circles of the
cross-section at the end of the tube on the outside.
Pole taper :: 10 mm/m
Thickness of wall ::: 16 mm.
8.6 Reinforced concrete poles
Reinforced concrete poles and their crossarms shall be designed

on the basis of the load assumptions according to Clauses 8.1
to 8.3 and rated according to the current DIN standards.
8.7 Wood poles
The standards DIN 48350 and DIN 48351 Part 1 and 2 apply to
single wood poles and A-poles, respectively.
8.7.2 Analysis and permissible stresses
If sing:~ wood poles and A-poles do not comply with DIN 48350 and
DIN 48351 Part 1 and 2, respectively, a analytical proof will be
necessar;. The stresses given in Table 11 shall not be exceeded.
Table 1:. Permissible stresses for wood poles and sleepers
Type of loading Coni- Hard

ferous wood
timber
N/mm 2 N/mm 2
--
Tension or bending 14 '5 I 19,0
Compre.:;:.>ion in direction of fibres 11,0 12,0
Compres:; ion transverse to direction of 3,5 5,0

fibres
Shearing in direction of fibres 1' 8 2,0
Shearir,g transverse to direction of fibres 3,0 4 '0
A bending strength of 50 N/mm 2 in case of coniferous timber

2
and of 80 N I mm in case of hard wood shall be assumed for round
timber.
For sawn wood, with the exception of sleepers, the permissible

stresse.:;, according to DIN 1052 Part 1 shall be adhered to. In
case of dowelled double poles the section modulus may be taken as
three tlmes the section modulus of the single pole if the lead
acts in a plane which is determined by the axes of both poles.
All oth0r types of double poles shall be treated as t~o separate

poles.
8.7.3 Principles for design and manufacturing
If wood poles are in use for more than three years they shall be
protected effectively by preservative agents against rotting and
insects. Particular attention shall be given to bore holes and
scarfing::;.
Even if bore holes and scarfings are made subsequently they shall
be provided with an efficient wood protection.
Dowelled double poles shall be provided over their total length

with 4 to 6 dowels and bolted together. Dowelling will be effec-
tive only if the spacers are either fitted into the poles or if
they penetrate into the wood poles by teeth or claws such that
the pole::; can be considered as rigidly connected.
8.8 Poles made of other materials
For other tower designs and for towers made of other materials
the same minimum requirements accordingly apply as in case of the
above mentioned tower types. Towers made of aluminium alloys
shall be designed according to DIN 4113 under consideration of
the loading assumptions specified above. For normal loading
according to Clauses 8.1 to 8.3 the permissible stresses valid
for the loading case H (main forces) apply, and for
exceptional loading 1,375 times these stresses.
8.9 Stays for towers
Galvanized steel ropes according to DIN 3051 Part 4 (round-shaped

flexible stranded ropes with steel core only) and DIN 48201
P a r t 3 s h a ll b e ---us e d a s s t a y wi r e s . Ro p e s wi t h t h i c k l y g a l v a n i z e d
strands should be used preferably (see Appendix A).
Steel ropes with any other type of corrosion protection may be

used if that protection is at least as effective as the specified
galvanizing.
The failing load of the steel ropes with end fittings included
shall be at least 2,25 times or 1,8 times the working force for
normal and excertional loading, respectively.
Th8 failing load of the rope provided with end fittings shall be
demonstrated by tensile tests on at least one sample per rope
diameter. This requirement for tests can be disregarded
- if the design of the rope and of the end fitting as well as the
corresponding mechanical strength data can be taken from a DIN
standard or
- if the proof has already been carried out for comparable

designs and dimensions.
Stays shall be equipped with devices for retightening. The

connection of the stay ropes with the anchor device shall be
accessible. The jointing elements shall be secured against
unintentional loosening.
Stays of wood poles and poles made of materials with insulating

characteristics shall be additionally equipped beyond arm reach
Hith an insulator designed for adequate mechanical and electrical
strength (see DIN VDE 0141).
For all other towers the stays shall be bonded to the earthing
system of the support.
8.10 Protection of birds
Crossarms, insulator pins and other components of overhead power

lines shall be designed to preclude a resting perch for birds
within a dangerous proximity to live conductors.
g. FOUNDATIONS
The foundation of a tower can be designed either as a compact
foundation or as a separate footing foundation.
Compact foundations are characterized in that the tower body is

accomodated by one foundation and, in addition to horizontal and
vertical for~es, essentially bending moments occur as
loadings. Depending on the type of the compact foundation, the
transfer of the structural loads is achieved by soil pressures
within the foundation subface and by lateral soil resistance.
Separate footing foundations are characterized in that individual

foundations for each leg member of the tower are provided and
each of these receives -~sentially vertical loads in addition to
horizontal loads. "Uplift loads are counteracted by the deadweight
force of the foundation body, by an earth surcharge perhaps
available and/or by shearing forces within the soil.
9.1 Requirements
The foundations of towers shall be capable of transferring the

structural loads resulting from the loading cases according to
Clause 8.2 inLo the given subsoil with sufficient reliability.
This objective can be achieved by design and construction of
foundations according to Clauses 9.4 to 9~8. For poles the
stability of which, according to experience, is ensured without
a specific foundation body a proof may be disregarded.
The stability of foundations may also be proved by loading tests.
9.2 Types of subsoil
Due to its varying performance in case of loading by foundations

the subsoil is subdivided into natural soil (loose ground), rock
(solid ground) and made up ground.
9.2.1 Natural soil
A soil is called natural if it is the result of a decayed geolo-

gical procedure. Following main types have to be distinguished.
9.2.1.1 Non-cohesive soils
Sand, gravel, boulders and their mixtures are classified as non-

cohesive soils if the weight portion of ingredients with particle
sizes less than 0,06 mm does not exceed 15 %. The coarse grained
soils (GE, GW, GI, SE, SW, SI) and the mixed grained soils (GU,
GT, SU) according to DIN 18196 are within this category.
9.2.1.2 Cohesive soils
Clays, clayey silts and silts as well as their mixtures with non-
cohesive soils (mixed grained soils with higher portion of fine-
grain) are classified as cohesive soils, if the weight portion of
cohesive ingredients with particle sizes below 0,06 mm exceeds
15% (for example sandy clay, sandy silt, loam, marl). The fine
gr~ined solls iUL, UM, TL, TM, TA) and the mixed grained soils
(SU, ST, ST, GU and GT) according to DIN 18196 are within this
category of soil.
9.2.1.3 Organic soils and soils with organic ingredients
Peat or mud and anorganic soils according to the Clauses 9.2.1.1

and 9.2.1.2 with organic ingredients of animal or vegetable ori-
gin are called organic soils and soils with organic ingredients,
respectively, if the weight portion of organic ingredients ex-
ceeds 3 % in case of non-cohesive soils and 5 % in case of cohe-
esive soils (for example arable sand, mud or peaty sand, organic
silt or clay, marl). The organogenic and organic soils, respecti-
vely, according to DIN 18196 correspond to these types of soils.
9.2.2 Rock
Throughout this standard all solid grounds are identified by the

generic term "rock".
9.2.3 Made up ground and fill
Made up ground or fill may originate from mechanical dumping or

water borne extr2~tion. It is necessary to identify:
Uncompacted fills of any composition and, if the fill has been

sufficiently compacted, compacted fills of non-cohesive or
cohesive types of soils and of anorganic filling products (for
example construction waste, scorea, ore tailings).
9.3 Soil investigations and soil characteristics
9.3.1 Soil investigations
Prior to determination of the type of foundation, of its depth

and dimensions, the structure of soil below the envisaged botto~
of foundation, and in the case of a piled foundation below the
pile point, must be known in sufficient detail.
The soil investigations shall be carried out to such a depth that

all layers which significantly influence the foundation
strength are included. When determining the extent and depth of
soil investigations, information already available concerning the
pattern, uniformity and characteristics of the individual layers
can be taken into consideration. Where justified, further soil
investigation can be omitted.
Type, condition, extent, stratification and depth of the soil

layers as well as ground-water conditions can be suitably
examined by boring, sounding or trial pits, if available know-
ledge does not provide sufficient information.
The results of soil investigations shall be recorded, viz. for

boring in accordance with DIN 4022 Part l and for soundings in
accordance with DIN 4094 Part l and Part 2.
9.3.2 Soil characteristics
If the soil investigations do not yield other values the soil

characteristics according to Table.l2 assigned to the recorded
soil conditions shall be assumed when rating the foundations.
Sufficient compaction of the backfill shall be ensured when
adopting these values. In certain circumstances a possible
reduction of consistency of cohesive soils and hence a reduction
of load carrying capacity shall be allowed for.
The permissible soil pressures given in Table 12 apply to a depth

of not more than 1,5 m and to a width of the foundation base of
more than l m. If the depth of embedment is more than 1,5 mat
a 11 s i de s of t he f o u n d a t i o n b o d y t h e ---P e r mi s s i b l e so i 1 p r e s s u r e
may be increased by the value which results from the surcharge of
the soil associated with the additional depth multiplied by the
factor K (see Table 12).
In case of ground-water the reduction of strength capacity of the

foundation shall be considered taking care of the most un-
favourable ground-water table.
9.3.2.1 Methods to identify soil types
DIN 4021 and DIN 4022 Part 1 apply to identification of soil

types.
9.3.2.2 Methods to identify the soil condition
The condition of a cohesive soil can be determined by field test

as follows:
A soil is very soft if it exudes between the fingers Hhen

squeezed in the fist.
A soil is soft if it is easily moulded in fingers.
A soil is firm if it can be moulded by strong pressure in fing-

ers, and rolls of 3 mm diameter can be made without breaking or
crumbling.
A soil is stiff if it breaks or crumbles while attempting to

prepare rolls of 3 mm diameter, however, it would contain
sufficient moisture to re-form a clod of earth.
A soil is hard if it is completely dried and appears light-

coloured in most cases. It can not be moulded further but would
break. After crumbling it cannot be re-rolled.
The compactness of non-cohesive soils can be determined according

to DIN 4094 Part 1 and Part 2.
9.4 Basis of design
9.4.1 Loading cases and stability requirements for foundations
In Clause 8.2 a distinction is made between normal and except-

ional loadings in respect of loading cases to be adopted for the
Table 12. Soil characteristics for design of foundation >-o
Pl
I;,__,-~-~------- -~
1_9 I (1::1
1 2 j3 _II ____ 7 8 ____ Jll CD
1----------- ----------- --
Type of soi 1 Specific weight Angle oftliP~1n;';'"'soll Coeff. Angle of earth frustum ace. to Clauses -'=
force(values for internal pressure K "'t'
design) friction at a depth ace. tol9.6.1,. 9.6.2 and 9.6.3 (B 0 ) 9.5.1 (B) H
not more Clause z
na turallyl with than 1,5 m 9.3.2 c::::1
0
humid bouyancy Foundation type acc.to Fig.~ t:>l
u s
kN/m
B
1----'- IJ\ Mono block
I
0
N
1-'
3
kN/m 3
Degree kN/m 3
Degree 0
Undisturbed soil ace.

to Cl. 9. 2.1
----1 -J I -1 f +--------
Non-cohesive soils
ace. to Cl. 9.2.1.1
Sand, loose 17 9 30 200 3,5 l8to2l l6tol8 5tol0
Sand, semi-dense 18 10 32,5 300 11 38to4 9 22to27 20to23 l8to20 5tol0
Sand, dense 19 ll 35 !JOO 5 ~lto53 25to30 22to25 20to22 8tol0
Gravel, bolder, uniform l7 9 35 400 5 4lto53 25to30 22to25 20to22 8tol2
Gravel-sand, graded 18 10 35 !JOO 5 ~lto53 25to30 22to25 20to22 8tol2
Bolder, stones, macadam,
graded
I
18 10
35
liQO
1 - - -1---------1-------- ~---- ___J___ I25 to 3~j33to2 ~J20 to2~ 8tol2
Cohesive soils ace.
to Cl. 9.2.1.2
very soft 16 8 0 0 l 0 I0 0
soft (easy to kneed),
purely cohesive 18 9 15 IJO 2 9tolll 6to 8 ~~
soft, with non-cohesive
additions 19 10 l7' 5 !JO 2,5 lltol31 8tol0 lj
firm (difficult to
kneed), purely cohesive 18 9 17,5 100 2,5 2lto27116tol9llltol5l Stoll 6
firm, with non-cohesive
additions 19 10 22,5 100 3 26to34,18to2l/l3tol7110tol3 6
stiff, purely cohesive 18 10 22,5 200 3 26to34 22to26 15to23 lltol9 8
stiff, with non-cohesive
additions 19 ll 25 200 3,5 29to38l25to30ll7to26ll3to21 8
-=". . .
.,;;" I
hard, purely cohesive 18 27,5 400 3,5 32to42 30to37 23to28 13to23 10
hard, with non-cohesive 19 30 400 4 35to46 33to40 26to28 2lto23 10
additions t
Organic soils and soils 5tol6 Oto 7 15 1 0 0 i

l
with organic additions
ace. to Cl. 9. 2 .1. 3
' '
Rock ace. to Cl. 9.2.2 indepen-
with considerable dent of
fissuring or unfavou- depth \
rable stratification 20 up to 1000
in sound, not decomposed
condition with minor
fissuring or favourable
strati'fication 25 up to 3000
Made up ground and fill
ace. to Cl. 9.2.3
(depending on condition
and thickness of founda-
tion strata as well as
compactness and uni-
formity of their
stratification
Uncompacted embankment 12tol6 6tol0 l0to25 30tol00 2 6tol3 I.JtolO

0
Compacted embankment Classification ace. to type of soil, density 0f stratification and consistency, resp. H
-- :z:
<
0
trl
0
N
1-J
0
.,
PJ
(JQ
(D
.t=
---.j
Page 48 DIN VDE 02~0
individual tower types. The foundations of the towers shall also

be rated for both loading conditions. The stability conditions
and the permissible stresses mentioned in the following clauses
apply to normal loading. In the case of exceptional loading the
values applying to the normal loading may be adopted, however
the loads acting on the foundation in an exceptional loading case'
may be reduced by multiplying with the factor 0,8.
9.4.2 Unit weight of concrete
For the purposes of analysis, the maximum unit weight of the non-
reinforced concrete may be taken as 22 kN/m 3 , and of reinforced
concrete as 24 kN/m
3
9.4.3 Frost-proof bedding of the foundation subface
The foundation subface which has to transfer vertical loads to

the subsoil shall be bedded at a frost-proof depth, but at least
0,8 m below ground level.
9-5 Compact foundations
9.5.1 Monob1ock foundations
Monoblock foundations can be designed with or without a step.
9.5.1.1 Assumptions for design
When designing monoblock foundations the loadings resulting

from external loads according to Clause 8.2 as well as the dead
load of the foundation and the vertical. surcharge due to soil
resting upon the foundation base shall be taken into
account. Additionally the dead load of an earth frustum, the
limiting faces of which start at all sides at the lower edges of
the foundation base and are inclined at an angle 8 outwards
f~om the vertical may be considered. The magnitude of the angle B
depends above all on the angle of internal friction as well as on
' the consistency of cohesive soils, on the compaction of soils and
on the adhesion and bond between foundation block and the soil
(For standard values see Table 12).
When rating monoblock foundations th~ lateral resistance of soil

may be taken into account a~cording to the compaction and
characteristics of the soil. It is essential therefore that the
soil will be neither permanently nor temporarily removed as long
as the external loads apply.
9.5.1.2 Stability conditions
The inclination of the foundation body under load shall not

exceed 1 %. If the resisting moment due to lateral soil pressure
exceeds the resisting moment due to the pressure in the
foundation subface the theoretical proof of a stability of
1,0 will be sufficient. The decreasing proportion of the lateral
soil resistance on the total carrying capacity of the
foundation necessitates a progressive increase in stability
requirement which must achieve 1,5 when the lateral soil
resistance falls to zero.
The soil pressure shall be proved. If no other values result from

the soil investigations the permissible soil pressures may be
taken from. Table 12.
9.5.2 Slab foundations
If the body of a tower is supported by a foundation block formed

by a slab whereby the lateral restraint of the soil can be
neglected the loadings according to Clause 8.2 as well as the
dead load of the foundation block and the vertical surcharge of
the soil resting upon the foundation block shall be taken into
account.
9.5.2.2 Stability-conditions
The stability against tilting shall be at least 1,5. This

requirement is met if the gap under the foundation subface does
not extend beyond the centre of gravity of the base area. This
condition is satisfied if the eccentricities e and e of the
resulting total vertical load in the foundationxsubfac fulfil
the following conditions:
For rectangular subfaces (see Fig. 3):
For circular subfaces:
t~;:; 0.59
r
where,
r radius of the circular area.
-X
b.
3
Fig. 3. Area of the foundation subface permissible for the posi-

tion e , e of the force N resulting from total vertical
load. x Y
In addition to stability against tilting, the soil pressure shall

be proved. If the soil- investigations do not provide other values
the permissible soil pressures may be taken from Table 12.
In case of rectangular slabs it shall be shown that the

theoretical soil pressure
does not exceed the permissible soil pressure.
In case of circularly shaped slabs it shall be shown that the

maximum theoretical soil pressure divided by the factor 1,3 does
not exceed the permissible soil pressure.
9.5.3 Raft-type slab foundations
If a raft-type foundation is designed such that all leg members

are connected by one raft made of sleepers then the calculation
may be carried out according to Clause 9.5.2. In this case the
gross area of the raft may be taken into account if the
intermediate space between the sleepers does not exceed 1/3 of
the width of the sleepers. Members of the tower embedded in earth
ar.d inclined by more than 15 from the vertical shall be assumed
as additionally loaded by the earth resting upon them. The addi-
tional load to be assumed shall at least correspond to the load
of a prismatic earth body of three times the member width and
with vertical faces.
The compaction of the backfill must be carried out conscien-

tiously.
9.5.4 Single pile foundations
If the body of a pole is provided with a foundation body

consisting of a single pile with loadings according. to Clause 8.2
the dead load of the foundation as well as the lateral restraint
of the pile according to the compactness or consistency and to
the characteristics of the soil shall be taken into account when
rating the foundation.
The loadings to be assumed are transferred to the subsoil

essentially by lateral soil resistance. The performance of the
subsoil as well as the displacement of the pile in a horizontal
direction shall be considered.
The analysis of a single pile foundation shall be carried out

according to an accepted method.
9.5.5 Foundations of wood poles
If in case of good bearing subsoil the depth of planting of

single or double poles is at least 1/6 of the total lengths, but
not less than 1,6 m, a proof of stability may be waived.
Direct concreting of .wood poles is not permissible. DIN 48351

Part 1 and Supplement 1 to DIN 48351 apply to the foundation of
A-type poles.
9.6 Separate footing foundations
9.6.1 Stepped block foundations
As far as the method of installation and the performance under

loading are concerned the stepped block foundations (Fig. 4) are
classified as:
Foundation type U:
Lowermost step undercut.
Foundation type A:
Lowermost step concreted to undisturbed subsoil.
Foundation type S:
Lowermost step concreted to shuttering.
If the base slab projects on all sides by at least 20 em then, in

addition to the dead load of the foundation block to act against
the uplift force, the dead load of earth enclosed by the angle B
of earth frustum accordirg to Fig. 4 may be taken into account.
The angle 8 may be calculated according to the formula
Hhere:
b
n
I.Jo angle of earth frustum for -t = 1 according to
Table 12 Columns 8, 9 and 10.
b width of the lowermost step see Fig. 4.

In the case of foundations with circular subface the diameter
of the base shall be inserted for the width. In the case of a
the geometric mean b =~b
rectangular subface
assumed as theoretical width.
1 . b 2 shall be
This applies, when b !b ~ 1,4 where b is the larger width.
1 2 1
t depth of earth frustum, see Fig: 4.
The method explained above only applies to those stepped concrete

foundations the ratio b/t of which is more than 0,25 for foun-
dation type U and more than 0,6 for foundation types A and S.
If b/t exceeds the value 1, then 8 = 8 shall be assumed for cal-

culation. The angle of earth frustum B0 shall be limited to 35.
As a rule, the val~es 0omentioned in Table 12 Columns 8, 9 and

10, apply to widths of the foundations between 1,5 m and 5,0 m in
case of foundation types U, A and S. Within the ranges assigned
to the individual types of soil the lower values of 0o
shall be
taken together with large foundation widths and the upper values
of 0o
with small foundat.ion widths. Values in bet..Jeen may be
linearly interpolated.
Stepped concrete foundation
Foundation type U Foundation type A Foundation type S

"undercut" "concreted to un- "concreted to
disturbed soil" shuttering"
leg member leg member leg member

"-.../ "--! "--!
-r--"1 1
... 17 ';'
,- . ...... .._ .._
.....II
-..!. --*-'------'--!./ '
~--.,.---+,_-:.=---r--t
' e~0.1Sb _..____ ;
:e::s0,15b
'-'
: :2::0,2 m i .A. '

~1.._:
, t
~2 however<O
I,
T c = - .25m
:-----, b
. b i
;-----,
Auger-bored and excavated Separate grillage foundation

foundation (0 as in case of typeS)
Foundation type B
leg member leg member ___

"-...'
.I ---- .
.
'
'
i :2::0,2m
bresp.d
Where:
=angle of earth frustum ace. to Clauses 9.6.1.1, 9.6.2.1
and 9.6.3.1
e = permissible eccentricity ace. to Clause 9.6.1.4
natural soil
backfill
Fig. 4. Assumptions for design of stepped concrete foundations,

auger-bored and excavated foundations as well as
separate grillage foundations
9.6.1.2 Stability conditions in case of loading by compression
In case of stepped block foundations loaded by compression it

shall be proved, that the soil pressures which are assumed to be
equally distributed over the foundation subface do not exceed the
permissible soil pressures according to Table 12. The dead load
of the soil resting vertically upon the foundation base shall be
considered as a surcharge. The eftect of a horizontal load on the
soil pressure may be neglected compared with the prevailing ef-
fect of the vertical load.
9.6.1.3 Stability conditions in case of loading by uplift
In case of s t e p p e d b 1 o c k foundations u n d e-f- an up l i f t l o ad a s t a-

bility of 1,5 against being pulled out shall be proved. For loads
which, according to Table 7, result from
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 for angle suspen~ion towers and
angle towers and
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 for section towers and
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 3 for terminal towers
the stipulated stability shall be increased by 10 %.
9.6.1.4 Additional conditions
In addition to the stipulated stability it shall be proved that

the following condition is met:
For foundation type A: G/Z > 0,67

For foundation type S: G/Z > 0,80
Hhere:
G dead load of the foundation block and of the soil resting
vertically upcn the foundation base.
z Vertical component of the uplift force acting on the faun-
dation.
The ultimate capacity of foundations against uplift is

essentially governed by the compactness and the consistency of
the surrounding subsoil. The benefitial results of an
intensive artificial compaction of the surrouna1ng subsoil
(compaction by vibration process or similar methods) may be
taken into account.
The virtual point of penetration of the leg member through the

foundation subface may deviate from the centre of the foundation
subface at maximum by the amount specified in Fig. 4.
9.6.2 Auger bored and excavated foundations
Auger bored and excavated foundations (foundation type B accord-

ing to Fig. 4) are column-type foundations made of reinforced
concrete with expanded bases. As a rule, they not only carry the
loads and moments acting at the top of the foundation axially but
also transfer the loads resulting from horizontal forces and
bending moments by lateral bearing of the shaft on to the sub-
soil.
The angle of earth frustum 0 may be evaluated using the formula
Where:
0o angle of earth frustum for b = l according to Table 12 Col-

t
umn 7
b width of foundation, see Fig. 4
t depth of foundation, see Fig. 4
The angle of earth frustum shall be limited to 35".
The soil characteristics may be taken from Table 12. As a rule,

the values 0o
given in Table 12 Column 7, for foundation type B
apply to foundation widths between 1,2 m and 2,1 m. Within the
ranges mentioned for the individual types of soil the lower
values of 0o
apply to large foundation widths, and the upper
values of 0oto small foundation widths. Values in between m".y be
interpolated linearly.
In case of auger bored and excavated foundations the transfer of

the horizontal forces to the subsoil (lateral bearing), as well
as of the bending loading have be proved by an accepted method.
In case of foundations loaded by compression it shall be proved

that the soil pressures, which may be assumed to be equally
distributed within the foundation subface, do not exceed the
permissible soil pressures according to Table 12. The deadload of
the foundation body as well as the deadload of the soil resting
vertically above the foundation subface shall be taken into
account.
In case of foundations loaded by uplift a stability of 1,5

against being pulled out shall be proved. The analytical proof
of stability may be carried out using the earth frustum method.
Thereby, additionally to the load of the foundation body counter-
acting the uplift, the deadload of a soil body formed by an
angle of frustum 0 applied to the edge of the foundation sub-
face can be taken into consideration (see Fig. 4).
For loads which, according to Table 7, result from

loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 in case of angle suspension
and angle towers,
loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 in case of section towers
loading cases MN 1 and MN-3 in case of terminal towers
DIN VDE 0210 ?age 55
9.6.2.4 Additional conditions

The for~ula for the deter~ination of the angle of earth frustum 8
is validated for foundations with dimensions complying with the
follo~ing boundary conditions:
- De~th of foundation between 1,8 and 7,0 m.

- Diameter of column between 0,7 and 1,5 m.
-Width of foundation between 1,2 and 2,1 m.
- Projection of foundation subface equal or more than 0,2 m.
- Ratio of foundation width to foundation depth (b/t) between
0,25 and 0,7.
With regard to construction the ratio of the projection of

foundation subface to the height of the foundation base should be
about 0,5 in case of cohesive soils, and about 0,33 in case of
non-cohesive soils.
9.6.3 Separate grillage foundations
T'1e des1gn or the separate grillage foundations m3y be carried

out using the earth frustum method according to Clause 9.6.1.1.
Th0 angle of earth frustum complies with that of stepped block
foundations, type S. Clause 9.5.3 applies to the rating of tower
members embedded in the subsoil.
In case of separate grillage foundations loaded by compression a

proof according to Clause 9.6.1.2 shall be carried out. The
total area of the foundation subface may be taken into account,
if ~he spacing between the individual sleepers docs not exceed
l/3 of the width of the sleepers.

In C3se of separate grillage foundations loaded by uplift a
stability of 1,8 against being pulled out shall be proved.
:or :cads which, according to Table 7, result from

:c2ding cases MN land M~ 2 in case of angle suspension
~~c angle towers,
: c au i :-: g cas e s 11 ~l l and tHI 2 in case o f sect ion to'" e r s and
cases M~ 1 and MN 3 in case of terminal towers
9.6.4 Pile foundation~
9.6.4.1 G~:1eral
P;~- -
1 A
foundations shall c~ designed such that the
~ ) ~ : :.. :"'. ~.:: !'"" ~ !: u l t : :-: ~
!'rem the structure are exclusively transferre~
:J :~e 3u~scil by the piles.
Significant horizontal components of loads may be counteracted,

by a bending resistant design of the piles in addition to a
battered arrangement of the piles (raked piles, pile groups).
Fo~ndation piles should be loaded essentially in direction of

th~i: axes. The transfer of the loading from the structure into
the piles shall be proved. Floating-pile foundations should be
avoided as far as possible. They may be adopted if the re-
silient layers at increasing depths are progressively more
solid i.e. less compressible, so that lesser settlements would
occu: than in the case of a wide shallow foundation.
Within a separated foundation, for the same static function (for

example, transfer of uplift or compression forces) piles shall be
used which by their method of installation, their arrangement and
their materials provide approximately the same performance in re-
spect of deformation and settlement.
If over an extended area a loading (for example due to a fill)

acts upon a soft layer of soil above good bearing subsoil in the
vicinity o:' a pile foundation, horizontal mo,cments of the so:'t
soil can occur. The piles, will then be additionally loaded by
bending.
Th~ theoretical pile working loads result from the loads

accordi~g to Clause 8.2. When rating the piles the effects of
buoyancy and other effects which reduce the stability shall be
considered. In case of foundations loaded by compres~ion the
releasing effect of buoyancy may not be taken into account.
9.6.4.2 Minimum length of piles

Th~ piles shall be installed with a minimum length of 6 m and
sh,1ll be embedded at least 3m into the good bearing soil unless
their stability is demonstrated by loading tests.
9.6.4.3 Arrangement of piles

Parallel as well as raked piles shall be provided with sufficient
spacing between their axes such that neither during installation
nor after loading adverse reactions can occur on adjacent piles
(see DIN 4014 Part 1 and DIN 4026). This requirement is met if
the distance of the pile axes at the pile end in the soil reaches
at l~ast three times the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the
pi 1 c.
9.6.4.4 Strength capacity of piles
The strength capacity of a pile depends on the structure of the

~ut~oil and its properties, on the groundwater conditions, on the
d~p~h of penetration into bearing soil layers and on their thick-
ne~~. on the shape of the pile end its cross-sectional area, on
th~ ~a~er:al of the pile, on the nature of the circumferential
su:--~ace a:1d on design of the pile point, on the arrangement of
~h~ ~ile a~c on the distance of piles as well as on the installa-
ti0~ procedure. Additionally the thickness and the streng~h of
: :. : ., ': '~ r d-= :-: so i l 1 a y e r s are s i g n i fica n t . More over , the e f f e c t s 0 :
a~~:ng, o: negative skin friction and of lateral superimposed
:a~~:ng shall be considered.
The strength capacity of driven piles the skin friction of ~hich

provides an essential portion of their total capacity may even
increase over longer periods after driving especially in fine-
sandy, silty and clayey soils.
A co~pression pile may be loaded additionally by negative skin

friction if the upper layers of soil settle. The effect of
n~gative skin friction on the structure can be reduced by a
suitable design of piles and by choice of larger spacing bet~een
piles. In case of uplift loaded piles the releasing effect may
not be considered.
The strength capacity of pile groups may be determined by

sur.:rnation of the strength capacities of the individual piles.
9.6.4.5 Assumptions for design and stability conditions
The theoretical determination of the ultimate tensile load of

piles may be carried out by means of skin friction. The values of
skin friction must be deduced for the given soil conditions and
the selected type of pile based on experience with the
partic~lar type of soil. As an approximation, in case of layers
of soil with varying values of skin friction, the friction forces
~ay be determined separately for each individual layer and the
ultimate tensile load m.::>y be calculated by summating the
individual values. For this, the thicknesses of the layers and
~equence of layer~ as well as the groundwater table shall be
considered.
Since for piles a wide scatter of the values of skin friction has
to be expected the theoretical proof of stability of a pile under
uplift loading shall be carried out for a stability factor of 2
against reaching the ultimate tensile load Q . When carrying out
the proof by loading tests according to Claue 9.6.4.6 a stabili-
ty factor of 1,5 will be sufficient.
The ultimate load is reached ~hen an uplift-tested pile is lifted

perceptibly or a compression-tested pile settles down percepti-
bly. On the tension-versus-displacement curve or on the co~pres
sion-versus-settlement curve, the ultimate capacity is determined
by the point where the flat gradient, after a range of loading
resulting in progressively increasing displacements or settle-
ments, passes into the steeply sloping leg.
For loads o.,rhich, according to Table 7, result from

loading cas~s t1N 1 and MN 2 in case of suspension angle and
angle to,1ers,
loadi:;g cases t111 l and t~N 2 in case of section towers and
- l0ading ca.ses i1N 2 and Mtl 3 in case of ter~inal towers
tr.e requirec stability shall be increased by 10 %.
...
~:;e~ r~ti~~ cs~~ression-loaded piles a~ least those values of
~~c:. :r~ct~on aGo~ted for uplift-loaded piles and the resis:ar.ce
a: :~~ =~!~ ~oin: can be taken into consideration.
The buckling stability of free-standing piles shall be analysed

considering th~ buckling l~ngth and the restraining conditions.
Piles embedded in soil are not prone to buckling even ir. very
soft layers of soil.
9.6.4.6 Upli~t tests on construction piles as well as on test

piles
Depending on the type of pile, on the subsoil, on the method of

installation and on the results of pile driving, uplift tests
shall be carried out on at least 5 % of the installed construc-
tion piles.
For this, the load shall be increased in incremental steps of

the test load up to the uplift working load of the pile and,
after unloading, a repeat of this loadine up to 1,2 times the
uplift working load (see Fig. 5). At the incremental steps,
the loads shall be maintained until the increase of uplift
displace~ent has settled, in any case for at least 3 minutes.
/j
I
/i
I
Extrapolat1onI;
, I '
'y'
... - ---- --:-o I
---------- ;/
- .- cyde
I
I
cyde I
I
Where:
Q Tensile test force
Working tensile load ace. to Clause 9.6.4.1, last
sentence
on = 1,oso n Working tensile force for testing ace. to Clause
9.6.4.6,last sentence
Q Failing load
g
s Uplift displacement due to Q
~
~ ( 1' 2) Uplift displacement due to Q = 1,2 Q

n
<:
~b(l,2) Permanent displace~ent after unloading from
Q = 1,2 Q to Q = 0
n
Tension-versus-displacement curve for loading

carried out on piles
The proof of a sufficient uplift strength will be validated,

if loading with 1,2 times the uplift working load results in a
di~placement that permits extrapolation to an uplift failing load
of at least 1,5 times the working load and if the residual dis-
placement after unloading remains within limits which are per-
missible based on experience.
The uplift tests carried out on construction piles shall be re-

corded.
If the proof of the uplift failing load is car~ied out by load-

din5 tests on a separate test pile within the area of the tower
site testing with 1,5 times the working load of the pile is ade-
qu.Jtc.
In rcspect of design, dimensions and characteristic data of in-

:>t.:lllation, the test pile shall comply with the construction
pi 1 e.
Tr!.:.>ts of uplift failing load at test piles shall be carried out

according to Ditl 1054111.76, Appendix A.
Wi 1 t~ n t c s t i n g p i 1 e s f o r u p 1 i f t t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e c e n t r e s o f a c -
tion of the compression reaction may be kept small because of the
min0r influence on the result of the uplift. HoweJer, it should
b~ not less than 3 m and, due to the influence of the addition~!
lo3dings exerted by th~ test bridge, the uplift working load 0
:; h .1 l l be inc r cas c d by 5 % ( see Fig. 5 ) . n
9.1 Other foundations
Th~ stability of foundation types which arc not treated under

Cl3u:..>es 9.5 and 9.6 (for example slotted foundations, ir.~ec:t:i.on
g r o :1 t e d a n c h o r ::; , a n c h o r s ,; i t h e n d p l a t e s , r o c k f o u n d a t i o r. ::; , ;J i l c :.;
with expanded pile points, grids of piles) shall be demor.s:rat:ed
by appropriate methocs of calculation or by loading test~.
9.8 Design and con3truction of foundations
9.8.1 Concrete foundation
9.8.1.1 Rating
Th~ rating and th~ evaluation of forces and bending moments and
~he installation o~ foundation blocks shall be carried out ac-
cording to Dill 1045 if not stipulated other,;ise in the follo,;ing
clauses. The conc~ete for unreinforced foundations shall comply
at least ~ith the strength quality class B 10, and for reinforced
foundation blocks with class B 15.
In ca~e of foundations made of unreinforced concrete the ratio n

o: t~e height of steps to the width of the projection shall meet
the ~inimu~ r~quire~ents according to Table 13 Cep~nding or. the
st~~~gt~ class of the concrete and on the effective soil ~res-
3Ur~~. 3et~een the schedul~d values ~t ~ay be !~nearly i~ter~o
~ d ~ ~~ .
page 60 DIN VDE 0210
Table 13. Ratio n of step height to width of the projection of

the non-reinforced foundations
Str12ngth quality class Soil pressure in kN/m 2
of concrete
100
I 200 I 300 I 400 I 500
8 10 1' l 1 '6 2,0 2,0 2,0
B 15 1,0 l '3 1' 6 1,8 2,0
!3 25 1,0 1,0 1 '2 1' 4 1' 6
B 35 1,0 1 '0 1,0 1 '2 1' 3
If the concrete i~ not reinforced, in case of bending combined

with axial forces the maximum compression stress shall be deter-
mined neglecting the carrying capacity of the area under
Lcn~ior The area under tension may at maximum extend to the
ccntr~ of gravity of the cross-section. The area under tension,
t: o ..; r! v c r , ma y b e t ak en i n t o a c c o unt , i f t he t e n s i 1 e s t r e ~ s i s
le~~ than 1/10 of the compressive stress simultaneously
occurinb in the cross-section.
In c~1~>e o!' simple bending without an axial force a tensile stress

of l/20 of the permissible compression stress at maximum may be
nccepted.
For the structural design of reinforced cross-sections DIN

10115 applies to driven in situ concrete piles, DIN 4026 to
prefabricated reinforced concrete piles, DIN 4014 Part 1 and
Dlrl 4014 Par-t 2 to large bored piles and DIN 4123 to root-type
piles.
9.8.1.2 Embedment of steel members into the concrete by means of

anchoring elements
If the total tensile or compression load of steel members an-

chored in concrete is transferred to the concrete by anchor
cleats, anchor plates, lugs or the like then it shall be proved
th~: the compression stresses between the anchoring elements and
th(; cvncrete do not exceed the value of 0,7 * BR and the shearing
s~ress in the contour surface of the anchoring elements does not
exceed the values in Table 14. If these values are exceeded the
resista~te against splitting tensile forces shall be proved.
Table 14. Values for the permissible shearing and compressive

stress in case of anchoring of steel members in
concrete
Strenr;th Permissible Theoretical Permissible

quality
cla:::s of
shearing
stress
values
concrete
of nR compressive
stress
cone ret~ strength
2
MN/m 2 MN/m 2 I
MN/m
!3 10 1,0 7' 0 I 4,9
B 15 1' 4 10, 5 7' 4

B 25 1,8 17,5 12,3
B 35 2,2 23,0 16' 1
9.8.1.3 Embedment of steel structures in concrete by adhesion
It the ~teel members to be anchored (for example leg member

:;tt:t::;) reach closely to the foundation sub face and the tensile
<lr:c! ce>mpressive loadings are transferred between the steel
m; r:1 h ; r s a nd t h c c o n c r e t e o n 1 y by a d h e s i o n , t h e n t h e p e r r.1 i s s i b 1 e
v ,, l1.1 ~ ~ o f t h c b o n d s t r e s s c a n b e t a k e n f r o m T a b 1 e 1 5 .
T~bl0 15. Values for the permissible bond stress

between smooth steel members and concrete
:~ t r c :1 g t h qu.:llity eLl~~> Perr.1issible

0 : concrete bond stress
MN/m 2
8 10 0,4
3 15 0' 5
~
25 0, 6
B 35 0,7
Fer ~his, it r.1ust be ensured that the leg member stubs are
closel} encased in concrete along their ~otal length. In case of
angle sections or channels the analysis shall be based en the
perifery of the enclosed area, e.g. for a single angle section
~he leg lengths plus the hypotenuse. To improve the anchoring
additional cleats or the like shall be provided at the leg mer.1ber
stubs close to the foundation subface, but are not considered
i:. ti':::! anal:,sis.
7he ~er~issible
s~resses for steel r.1embers in concrete ca:-1 te
:a~e~ frc~
:able 9. The bendi:Lg stress in welded seams o: lu~s
3n~ cleats need not be demonstrated.
9.8.2 Foundations made of steel or wood
Clause 8.7.2 applies to wooden sleepers.
Table 9 and Clauses 8.4.2.4 and 8.4.2.5 apply to the permissible

stresses for steel piles.
In case of exceptional loading according to Clause 8.2.2 Clause

9.4.1 applies accordingly.
10. EARTHING
DIN VDE 0141 applies to earthing of overhead power lines.
11. CLEARANCES WITHIN THE OVERHEAD POWER LINE
11.1 Clearances within the span
Live conductors shall have such a distance from other conductors

within the same span that clashing or an approach causing flash-
over will be unlik~ly. In case of multi-circuit lines attention
shall be paid to the distances to live conductors of 0ther
circuits.
11.1.1 Conductors with equal cross-sections, having like matcri-

als and equal sags
The clearance a of the conductor at mid-span in still air must be

at least
however, not less than k in m.
vih ere:
sag in m of the conductor at +40 c
length in m of that part of the insulator set swinging
transversely to the line direction
coefficient according to Table 17
minimum clearance in m depending on the voltage
according to Table 16.
Table 16. Minimum data for clearances depending on voltages

Highest voltage Nominal voltage Minimum clearance
u un SAM
m
kV kV m
12 10 0,10
24 20 0,15
36 30 0,25
72,5 60 0,40
123 110 0,75
21.;5 220 1, 55
420 380 2,70
c~rcui~s wi~h varying operational voltages run in parallel
T '
on the same s~ructures the more unfavourable value shall be used.

J/' r~
Tatle 17. Value~ for coefficient k
Coefficient k I Examples for conductors

R<1:1t;e
.:3 ..; ~ !1 g
of Angle to vertical
axis within the
I Nominal cross-section in
an;l~ tp range
in ,I !I I
degrees O'to 30'toleo~o : ACSR AAC Copper
30' 8o' jgo AACSR AAAC Bronze
1
?: 6 5 ' 1 0,95 I o,75 !o,7o 35/6, 50/8 I 95,120,1501

35,5o,1o I
.I
I
70/12
.I
I
55,1 ~0 0,85 0,70 !0,65 44/32,50/30 1 185,240, 25,35
65,0 iI 95/15,120/20 300
125/30,150/25 i
ll 0, 1 to 0,75 0,65
I0,62 95/55,105/75 I 625,800
400,500, 50,70
'i5,0 I120/70,170/40 95
1185/30,210/35
210/50,230/30
I
240/40,265/35
300/50,3051110 I
340/30,380/50
385/35,435155
4 5 0 I 4 0 , II 9 0 I 6 5
495/35,510/45
560/50,570/40
< ~~ 0' 0 0,70

I 0,62 I,0,60 550/70,650/45 1000 120,150
680/85, 185,240
10115/115 30 0' lj 00
500
~onductors not mentioned here shall be classified ace. to the

~wing angle tp which result.:> from the ratio of the wind load ace.
to Clause 8.1.2.1 acting on the conductor to the dead-weight
force of the conductor.
Supplement to Table 17
Rt:lative position of conductor "2" to the vertical through

conductor "l"
IJ
0
t 0 30 > 30' to eo >80' to go
. ''
:' /
---~------
11 . 1 . 2 Con d u c t o r s wi t h v a r y i n g c ross - s e c t i o n s , ma t o r l a 1 s o r sag s
vi h ~ n deter min in g the c 1 ear an c e s accord i r. g to C 1 a \l :: c 11 . l . 1 the

higher facto: k fro::: Table 17 shall be applied In the case of
differint; cross-sections o: materials, c.nd thJ f'.!'Cate: sag in
cases where they vary.
In addition to the distances for conductors in ntlll ai: accord-

ing to Clause 11.1.1 the clearances between !1\-lllng conductors
shall also be investigated. For this, the wind load shall be
assumed according to Clause 8.1.2.1. I~ shall be shown that
wh i 1 s t d y n am i c wi n d pressures d i f f e ring by :: 0 % a r'IJ a c t in g or. t he
i nd i v i d ua l c on duc t o r s , a c 1 e o. r a n c e no t 1es s t tl ~ n S A11 f r om
Table 16, shall be obtained with a minimum cf 0,2 m.
11.2 Clearances at the tower
11.2.1 Mutual clearances of live components
Mutuai clearance of live components t

.;)AM'
but not less
than 0,2 m
11..2.2 Clearances between live and earthed componont:J
Mutual clcaro.nce of the components in still air .\!J vlell as in a

:: \-1 L! ng po s i t i o n ~1 1\tl '
but not less
than 0 , 15 m
11.2.3 Effect of the insulator set
\.'henevaluating the clearances according to c;tause 11.?, 0,8

t i mc s t h (: a ~ g l e o f d c f 1 e c t i o n s h a 1 1 b e c o r. ::; i d e r J d f o r d e f l e c t i o n
of the insulator set, which results fror.: the r.tt. io of the wind
load acting on the conductor to the dead load of the conductor.
Fer this, independently of the span length the formula

\~ = cf . q d L in kN shall be adopted for the wind load.
This requirement does not apply ta angle suspen3lon towers.

0 - L-( 0 \A- ~ ~ . f 0 f 'j :t tD, ~ -1 r ~" ~-"""- \ ' ::> I ..o \,_ ., r;, -(
12. CLEARANCES IN RURAL AREAS

Th; clearances specified as follows apply to opr!rating voltages
a~oJe l kV up to 123 kV.
For higher operating volLJ.ges the clear-
ances shall be increased as follows:
Fo~ operating vo~tage of 245 kV by 0,75 m

For operatir.g voltage of 420 kV by 1,80 m
12.1 Clearances in open country

c:eara~ce between conductors and grou~d surf:1ce 6 m
C!~arance ~o steep slopes being inaccesib~e to traffic

3 r:;
cr to sporting activities
DIN V~E 0210 Page 65
When evaluating the clearances the following shall be considered:
Clauses 4.3.1. and 4.3.2 Maximum sag of conductors

Clause 8.1.2.1 Wind load (conductors swung at
+40.C)
Clause 12 Increase of clearances in case of
operating voltages above 123 kV.
12.2 Clearances in terrain with forests or individual trees
In addition to the clearances given in Clause 12.1 the following

applies.
12.2.1 Clearance between conductors and trees under the overhead

power line
Clearance between conductors and trees 2,5 m

Clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 Maximum sag of conductors
Clause 12 Increase of clearance in case of
operating voltages above 123 kV
12.2.2 Clearance between conductors and trees laterally of the

line
12.2.2.1 Clearance between conductors and trees, which are

climbed to carry out works:
In case of conductors in still air 2,5 rn

When evaluating the clearances the following has to be consid-
ercd:

Clause 12 Increase of clearances in case of
In case of swung conductors SAM' but not less
than 0,5 m
When evaluating the clearances the following shall be consid-

er~d:
Clause 4.3.1 Maximum sag of conductors

+40.C)
12.2.2.2 Clearance between conductors and trees for which climb-

i~g to carry ou~ works has not to be considered.
Clearance to the conductors SA~' but not less

than 0,5 ~
Clause 4.3.1 Maximu~ sag of conductors

+40"C)
12.2.3 Increase of clearances for overhead power lines runnine

through forests
Ir. case of overhead power lines with operating voltages above

123 kV running through forests the clearance according to Clause
12.2.2.2 should be adequately raised if an increased risk to con-
ductor3 ar.d supports due to falling of trees has to be allowed
for.
13. CLEARANCES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR LINE DESIGN IN THE PROXI-

MITY OF BUILDING INSTALLATIONS AND TRAFFIC ROUTES
13.l.Gcncral
T~1c cle:1rances specified for the different types of cro.::;sing of

obj~c:s in Clause 13 are shown in Table 18.
For of
~ro.::;sing and approaches to residential property or to
ot~1er buildings, general methods for establishing of the pro-
tuclive areas between the conductors in still air and under swing
conditions and the nearest part of the structure are given in
Fig. 6.
Th~ following specifications apply in detail and for limiting

conditions.
The extent of a crossing or an approach comprises the crossing

:~p.:1n or the spans of approach as well as the associated supports.
If en additional overhead power line crosses with one or several

conductors over an existing power line at a crossing then the
same measures have to be adopted for that line which would have
been necessary in case of direct crossing of each individual
in:::tallation.
Clearances and line design shall be selected accordingly in case

of individual objects not mentioned in the following.
Th~ clearances stipulated below apply to operating voltages above

1 kV up to 123 kV. For higher operating voltages the clearances
shall be increased as follows:
For operating voltage of 245 kV by 0,75 m

For operating voltage of 420 kV by 1,80 m
Cross1ng Approach
(Clause 13 21 J (Clause 13 2 2 l
_;
\j /
3 0. ~ '
~ angle between the conductor in still air and the deflected

conductor under wind load ace. to Clau~e 8.1.2.1 (swinging
of conductors at +40"C)
.J increase of clearance in case of m~x. operating voltage~

above 123 kV
Fig. 6. Protective area between the conductor in still air and

~hen s~inging under ~ind and the nearest of the building
in ca~e of crossing of residential or other buildings
13.2 Residential properties and other buildings
13.2.1 Cros:Jing
13.2.1.1 Clearance between conductor and the closest part of the

building
Clearance between conductor and

roofs with a slope greater 15" 3 m
flat roofs and roofs with a slope less than 15 5 m
The clearances given above apply to roofs with a roofing accord-

i n g to DI tl 4 l 0 2 Part 7 .
Cleara~ce bet~een conductors and roofs with other roofing (for

~~stance air-i~flated structures, thatched roofs, etc.)
~~depe~de~~l; of the slope 12 m
r. ,
--earanc~ be~~een conductors and antennas or lightning
J..J
~~~t~c:~:~ :~~~allations
13.2.1.2 Evaluation of clearance
When evaluating the clearances according to Clause 13.2.1.1 the

following shall be considered:
Clauses 4. 3. 1 and 4. 3. 2 Maximum sag cf conductors

Clause 8.1.2.1 Wind load (conductors
+40"C)
~lause 14.8 Sag in case of unequal additional
loads of spans
Clause 13.1 Increase of clearances in case of
operation voltages above 123 kV
13.2.1.3 Line design
For the design of the overhead line the following shall be

considered:
Clause 14.2 Attachment of conductors to pin-

type insulators
Clau.se 14. 3 Attachment of conductors to multi-
ple insulators sets
C~ause 14.4 Attachment of earth wires and
telecommunication aerial cables
Clause 14.6 Transformer stations installed on
poles
Clause 14.7 Release clamps and rotatine cross-
arms
13.2.2 Approach
llorizo:-:tal clearance between the vertical axis at the

swung conductor and the nearest part of the building 3 m
If this clearance is not met, the specification according to
Clause 13.2.1 shall apply.
For the evaluation of the clearance the following shall be

considered:
Clause 4.3.1 Maximum sag of conductors

Clause 8.1.2.1 vii nd load (conductors swung at
+40"C)
Clause 13. l Increase of clearance in case of
13.2.3 Utility owned installations
For buildings ~arming an operational unit with the overhead line,

~maller clearances than required in Clauses 13.2.1 and 13.2.2 may
b~ p<:r:::itted. -
13.3 Traffic in~tallations
This clause applies to ~otorways, high~ays, provincial and county

roads, local junction roads and frequently used service and ac-
cess roads, trolley bus lines and ropeway installations (suspend-
ed ropeways, towing and chair lift installations are included in
this category), railways with and without overhead traction wires
and waterways.
13.3.1 Crossing
13.3.1.1 Vertical clearance between ccnductors and parts of the
installation.
Vertical clearance between conductor a~d
the road surface or the top of r~il level for railways 7 m

top of rail level if conversion to overhead electric
traction is planned 12,5 m
components of the overhead traction wire system, of
a trolley bus line, of a railway, of a ropeway
installation as well as to the agreed gauge of a
waterway 3 m
13.3.1.2 Horizontal clearance between ~onductor~ and part~ of the

installation
Horizontal clearance bet,;een conductors and

the fixed components of a ropcway installation or
the components of an overhead tr2ction wire
~ystem of a railway 3 ~
towers or support~ng and pulling ropes of a ropeway
installation 5 ~
13.3.1.3 Cl0arances to ~ulti-track ins:allations
In ca3e of railway lines with mc~e than t~o tracks and of

stations the clearances shall be deter=ined according to Clauses
13.3.1.1 and 13.3.1.2 in conformity with the federal railway
administration in charge if conversion to overhead electric
traction is planned.
7he line shall be designed according t~ Clause 13.3.1.5.
13.3.1.4 s~aluation of clearances
When evaluating the clearances accord~~g to Clause 13.3.1 the

Clacses ~.3.1 and 4.3.2 Maximu~ sag of conductors

Clacse 8.1.2.1 Hind load (conductor swung a~
+40"C)
Cla,...:se 14.8 Sag d~e to unequal additior.a~
load o:" s;:ar.s
Increase of clearance for c~~r 1
-
ting ~o:~age above 123 kV
PaLe 70 DIN VDE 0210
In ca~e of crossing of
,111 overhead traction installation of a railway
t.!lc swing of conducto:"s at +40 c due to \-lind load shall be
.1 ~~ s u r:1 e d s i mu l tan eo us 1 y with the sag a t - 5 C w i thou t add i t i on a 1
load for the crossed conductor~ of the overhead traction
installation.
In case of crossing of
supporting and pulling ropes of a ropeway installation
that position of the ropes of the ropeway installation shall be
assum~d to be most unfavourable which can occur when the maximum
tensile stress is increased by 25 %.
When evaluating the horizontal clearances between an overhead

line an-:1 a ropeway installation the following shall be con-
sidered:
Deflection of conductors due to ~ind load at +40 c towards

the fixed components of the ropeway installation.
Deflection of ropes of the ropeway installation throuEh an
angle of 45 towards the earthed component~ of the over-
he01d line.
t 3 . 3 . 1 5 0 v e r head 1 i n e des i in
Ht: : n ,1 ~~ s i e n i n g the OVC!""head line consideration shJll be give~ to:

Clause lll. 2 Attachment of conductor~ to pin-
type insulators
Clause 1 IL 3 Attachment of conductors t,, r::t:lti-
ple insulator sets
Clause 14. 4 Attachment of earth and
telecommunication aerial c~bl~~
Clause 14.5 Use of wood poles

Clause 14. 6 Transformer statior.s on
poles
Clause 1 4. 7 Release clamps and rotating cro~s
arms
Clause l 4. 9 Clearance between conductors in
case of unequal iceload
Clause 14.10 Clearance between the conductors
in case of failing of an insulator
string
l3.3.2.Approach
13.3.:'.1 Horizontal clearance between conductors and components

of the installation
~=rt~ 0 n:al clearance between the vertical axis through the de-
r.
- ~ 2 : ~ ,j cor. c! u c tor an d
::--:-:: h~ i.~r.: gauge or the compo:1ent:.> o: an ove;head-
:;3c':~on ~ire installation of a railway or o: a
:;~ll~y bJ:; line 1,5 m
':~~ ~ 8 ~ponents of a rope~ay installation 5 m
DIrl VDE 0 2 1 0 Page 7 1
the outer edge of the lane of a motorway, of a

high~ay, of a provincial or a county road, or the
edge of a waterway 1,5 r.:
If the actual distances are less than the clearances specifie~ in

Clau~e 13.3.2.1 the req~irernents of Clause 13.3.1 apply.
13.3.2.2 Evaluation of clearances
When evaluating the clearances according to Cla~se 13.3.2.1 the

Clause 4.3.1 Maximum sag of con~uctor~
Cla1Jse 8.1.2.1 Wind load (conductcrs swung at

+40"C)
Clause 13.1 Increas~ of clearance in case of

operating voltages above 123 ~V
For the approach to a ropeway installation it shall additionally

be that its supporting and pulling ropes swing
a~sumed under an
angla of 45" towards the overhead line.
13.3.2.3 Horizontal clearance between towers and railway rou~es
Horizontal clearance between tower and centre line of the

track
nJarr~st 5 m
If conversion to overhead traction service is planned,

h c) r i z o n t a 1 c 1 e a r a n c e b e t wc e n t o we r an d t h e e d g e o : s i n g 1 e o r
ht.:ble track line in open sections, of lines with more
th~n two tracks and of installations at stations, so far
as individual data are not agreed upon, 15 r.:
13.3.3 Undcrcrossings
V~rtical clearance between conductors and the components

of a ropeway installation 5 m
When evaluating the clearance .the following shall be considered:
~or the undercrossing conductors:

Sag at -20 c without iceload
Clause 13.1 Increase of clea~ance in ca~~ of
operating voltages above 123 ~V
:cr the rope~ay installation:

T~e cu~v~ of the rope under load with the sag increased by
15 ~ anc, addit!cnally, the height of the c~bins.
~ ~~~e o: ~;idges p~~~ecticr. measures shall be taken in or~er to

c,.:o:.,~ c:as!;ir:~ ..;ith the conductors o~ inadmissible proximity.
13.4 Overhead line installations
This clause includes overhead power lines of all operating vol-

tages, overhead telecommunication lines of the public service as
well as of the Utility's own network.
13.4.1 Crossings
Overhead power circuits with operating voltages up to 1000 V

shall be arranged below the circuits with operating voltages
above 1 kV.
13.4.1.1 Vertical clearance between conductors and parts of the

installation
Vertical clearance between conductors and live or earthed

components 2 m
This clearance shall to be met, if the horizontal distance
between the vertical axis at the deflected conductor and the
components of the telecommunicaton line is less than 2 m.
When evaluating the clearances according clause 13.4.1.1 there

shall be considered:
For the over-crossing overhead line:

Clause 14. 8 Sag in case of unequal additional
load of the spans
Clause 13.1 Increase of clearance in case of
+40"C). This applies also to the
undercrossing line.
\.Jh en establishing the overhead line there shall be considered:

type insulators
Clause 14.3 Attachment of conductors to multi-
ple insulator sets
Clause 14.4 Attachment of earth wires and
telecommunication aerial cables
Clause 14.5 Use of wood poles
Clause 14.6 Transformer stations mounted on
poles
Clause 14.7 Release clamps and rotating cross-
arms
Clause 1 4. 9 Clearance between the conductors
in case of unequal additional load
DIN VDE 0210 Page 7 3
Clause 14.10 Clearance between the conductors

in case of failing of an insulater
string
13.11.1.4 Horizontal cl~arance between towers and teleco~munication

lines
Horizontal clearance between tower and components

of an overhead telecommunication line 1,5 m
13.11.2 Approach or running in parallel on common structures
Cl~arance~ betwe~n the conductors of circuits arranged one above

the other shall be in accordance with Clause 11, but not le~s
th3n 2 m.
When establishing the overhead power line the following shall be

con~idered:
Clause 14.6 Transformer stations mounted on

poles
Clause 14.7 Release clamps and rotating cross-
arms
Ovarhcad tel8communication line~, including bare wires of util-

ity-owned service telecommunication lines shall be arranged
below the overhead power circuits and shall be protected at their
supports by means of guard wires.
Thi~ does not apply to insulated telecommunication cabl~s, which

arc referred to as conductors.
For theclearances between the conductors of the overhead power

ci~cuits and the service telecommunication line, Clause 11 only
~pplies if devices are provided at the service telecommunication
line which preclude any hazard to the operating staff if voltages
exceeding 1 kV occur.
In all other cases Clause 13.4.1 applies to the clearances be-

tween the conductors of the overhead power circuits and the tele-
communication line or the service telecommunication line as well
as :o the overhead line design. '
13. 11.3 Approach or running in parallel on separate structures
13.4.3.1 Towers spotted at equal or approximately equal intervals
The clearances between the conductors in the middle of the span

shall conply with Clause 11.
13.4.3.2 Towers not spotted at equal intervals
Cl~ 2 r3nc~ ~et~~~r. defl~ct~d conductors due to wind 5 AM

at ~~o c and structural components of the other but not less
av~r~ea~ line than 0,5 n
Page 74 D!tl VDE 0210
13 .4.3-3 Approach to overhead telecommunication lines and to

poles, where the overhead telecommunication line is
connected to underground cables
Horizontal clearance between the vertical axis at

the deflected conductors and the components of the
telecommunication line or the pole where overhead
and underground sections are connected 2 m
If thi~ clearance is not met, the specifications according to

Clause 13.4.1 apply.

F0 : t h r~ c v 2. 1 u a t i on o f t h e c 1 e a ran c e a c co r d i n g to C 1 a us e 1 3 . 4 . 3 . 3
the following shall be considered:
Clause 4. 3. 1 Maximum sag of conductors.

+40"C)
Clause 1 3. 1 Increase of clearance in case of
operating voltage above 123 kV
13.4.4 Approach to underground telecommunication cable lines or

telecommunication earthing
DIN VD~ 0228 Part 1 to Part 3 and the Technical Recommendations

of th~ Arbitration Agency for Interference Questions (Schied-
:; t c ll c f ur Bee i n f 1 u s s u n g s f r a g en ) a p p 1 y to t he i n t e r f c r en c e of
tel~communication installations by electric power installations.
As far as clearances are concerned the Technical Recommendation

N0. 3
of the Arbitration Agency for Interference Questions
applies. Foundations of overhead line towers may not be estab-
1 i~hcc above telecommunication cables or telecommunication
e:arthing.
In case of overhead lines which adopt wood poles without earthing

the clearance must be at least 0,8 m in all directions.
Exceptions must be arranged by agreement with the organisation

which runs the installation.
13.5 Play grounds, sports and recreational installations
7his clause includes for instance play grounds, camping grounds,

fcotba~l stadiums, golf courses, tennis courts, riding facili-
tie::;, watersport facilities.
13.5.1 Cro!lsing
13.5.1.1 Vertical clearance between conductors and sport grounds

~~r~ical distance between conductors and
g~neral sport are~s 8 m
~h~ highest ~ater level of swimming pools 10 n
~he agreed hei~ht gauge of sailing facilities 3 m
When routing the line or when designing the sports ground care
shall be taken to ensure that in case of shooting or sports with
throwing implements (for exam~le hammer, javelin, discus) an
approac~ to the conductors closer than 3 m is avoided.
13.5.1.2 Vertical clearances between conductors and permanently

installed devices
Vertical clearance between conductors and permanently

installed play and sport facilities, start and winning
post installations, camping installations as well as
structures which can be extended, erected or climbed 5 m
13.5.1.3 Vertical clearance conductors and prot-::-::tive

fences
v~rtical clearance between conductors and protective

fences 3 m
1 3 . 5 . 1 . 11 Eva 1 u a t i on of c 1 ear an c e s
Wh~n evaluating the clearances according to Clause 13.5.1 there

~h.:1ll be considered:
Cl.J.USCS 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 Maximum sag of conductors

Cl.:1use 8.1.2.1 Wind load (conductors swung at
+40.C)
C l .:1 u s e 1 I; 8 Sag in case of unequal additional
load of spans
Cl.J.USC 13.1 Increase of clearance in case of
When designing the overhead power line the following shall be

considered:

type insulators
Cl.J.use 14.3 Attachment of conductors to multi-
ple insulator sets
Attachment of earth wires and
telecommunication aerial cab~es
Clause 14.6 Transformers stations mounted on
poles
13.5.2 Approach
13.5.2.1 Clearance between conductor and pa~ts of the in~tal-

lation
Hor~=cntal clearance between the ~ertical axis

~~ :e~l~c:ec conductors and the nearest component
0f the ~ports installation
Table 18. Clearances of overhead power lines with voltages above 1 kV in the proximity of buildinc installation~, --o
.,.,
traffic facilitie~, transmission lines, playgrounds, sports grounds and recreational areas c:l
('0
Inst<ll- Cros ~; i nr, Conditions for f1pproach <:md runr1 inr, in Conditions for --l
lation evaluation\ line par-allel evaluation line "'0
crossed by of clear- de- \ of clear- de- H
the line anr:e:.> 1 si~n ances \ sir;n
I I <
Residential Clearance between conductor and IJ. 3 .l and lll. 2 i Clearance between the vertical 11.3 .l 0
I ["11
proper ties
and other
nearest part of building for 11.3. 2
roofing ace. to DI!J 1Jl02 Part 7 8.1.2.1 l 14.3
14.4
axis thr~ur;h the deflected con- 8.1.2.1
ductor 2nd the nearest part of 13.1 0
N
buildings with slope > 15 3 m lll. 8 111.6 the building 3 m 1-J
other roofing
::: 15 5m
12 m
13.1 I 14.7
0
for antennas and light-
~ng protective devices 3 m1 1 ~-----------------------+ I--~

Traffic Vertical clearance between 4.3.1 and 111.2 Clearance between the vertical 11.3 .l
instal- conductor and II. 3. 2 14.3 axis through the deflected 8.1.2.1
lations road surface or rail level 7 m 8.1.2.1 14.4 conductor and 13.1
top of rail if electric 111.8 111.5 the height gauge of a track or
traction is planned 12,5 m 13.1 14.6 of components of an overhead
the components of an overhead 14.7 traction system 1,5 m
traction system, a ropeway 14.9 components of a ropeway 5 m
installation, the height gauge 111.10 the edge of a motorway, classi-
of a waterway 3 m fied roads or waterway 1,5 m
!Iori zontal clearance between Horizontal clearance between

conductor and tower and the centre line of
components of overhead traction nearest track
system, permanent components of norr:Jal1y 5 m
a ropeway 3 m in case of electric
towers as well as supporting and traction planned 15 m
pulling ropes of a ropeway 5 m
Undercrossine of traffic in-

stallations
Vertical clearance between con-
ductor and height gauge of rope-
way 5 m I l 3. 3. 3
I
-
Cc;~,lir.ued fr'urn TzJ!.:.Jc l &.
I II!.; L;:d- Crossi ng 1
Conditions for I ,
I ill j Oil evaluation line
Hppr'oact, and running in
pzHalle l
Conditions for 1
c ru:.;:.;cd by of clear- de- I evaluation\ line
of clear- de-
L/1C } i liE: rtnces si~n I ances sign
Uvt: d1t:<.rd Vertical cle<.tranc~ between 11.3.1 C~nd 111.2 Cor~mon
:.;tructures:
1 in t:
lll. 6
conductor' and live or earthed 1L3.2 14.3 Cleara:' e between conductor of
in:.; tal-
14.7
components 2 rn 111. 8 111.4 circuiLs arranged one above the
l a lions (This applies also if the hori- 13.1 14.5 other ace. to Clausell, but
zontal clearance between the for the 14.6 not less than 2m
vertical axis ltnouch the de- under-
flected conductor and the com- 1 lll. 7 Separate structures: ll. 3. l
crossed 111.9 Clearance ace. to Clause ll in 8.1.2.1
ponent or a telecommunication l inc: lll.lOI cz.:sc of to11ers spotted Ztl 3p-
line is less than 2 rn) proximately equal interv::Jls
Horizontal clearance between 18.1.2.1 Clearances between the conduc-
tower and components of an tors and the components of an-
overhead telecommunication other line if the towers are not
line 1,5 m spotted at equal intervals:
SAH ace. to Table 16, but not
less than 0,5 m
Clearance between the vertical I 13.1
axis through the deflected con-
ductor and components of tele-
c omrnu n i cation l in e or of tm:e r
\lith underground connection 2 m
----1--- -- j !-----1
Play- llori zontal clear<.tnce between Clearance between the vertical lj. 3. l t::l
g r'ounds , conductor and 11.3.1 and lll. 2 axis through the deflected con- 8.1.2.1 H
:.;po r'l s sports grounds in general 8 m li, 3.2 l !J. 3 z
ductor and the nearest cornpo- 13.1
g r'CJunds highest water lcv.of pools 10 m b.l.2.l lll. lj nei,'.. of a sports installation <
<.t nrJ I' CC I'C- t::l
agreed height caugc of ~ailing Ill, 2 3 rn tr1
<.tlional facilities 3m 13.1 l 11. 6 0
cH'(!<.tS fixed installed play and sports 1\)
......
devices, start ancl winning post 0
installations, camping instal- "'0
lations, structures 1-1hich can QJ
(lQ
be extended or erected 5 m i (';)
protective fences 3 m
I -.l
-.l
rr this clearance is not met the specifications according to

~iause 13.5.1 apply.
13.5.2.2 Evaluation of clea~ances
Wh~~ evaluating the clea~ances according to Clause 13.5.2.1 the

fo!!owinG ~hell be considered:
Clause ~.3.1 Maximum sag of conductors

+40"C)
Clause 13.1 Increase of clearance in case of

1~. SPECIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CROSSINGS AND APPROACHES
1 11 . 1 Gc n c r a 1
Clause 13 stipulates which of the following special specifica-

ticns shall be met in the relevant individual case.
111. 2 At tachrnen t of conductors to pi n-typc insula tor!3
Wit~in straight line sections the conductor shall be additionally

!'a:.;:encd by an auxiliary rope to a second insulator of the same
typ~ which is arranged transversely to the line direction.
In cas~ of wood poles in a straight line section, equipped with

in:;ulator pins which are not earthed, the attachment with an
auxiliary rope to just one insulator is also permitted.
T!l-: auxiliary rope shall always consist of the same material as

ttl:: conductor, shall have the same cross-section and shall sus-
tal~ the cor.ductor with at least its maximum working tensile
fore~ on both sides of the insulator.
1 11.3 Attachment of conductors to multiple insulator sets
S~spension or termination of conductors shall be carried out by

mul:iple insulator sets in which the number of the insulator
str~ngs shall be at least the same as generally in the overhead
po~er line. :he multiple insulator sets shall be rated according
to Clause 6.1.2.4.
1'1.4 Attachment of earth wires and telecommunication aerial

cables
EJ.!"~~ wire and telecommunication aerial cables need not be

List~ned twice.
14.5 U3e of wood poles
~oa~ :~all not

pole= be used for crossings of motorways, of
wa:~~~ay~, of railways for public traffic with or without over-
h~~= :~a~:io~ systems and of ropeway installations.
for all other crossings wood poles may only be used in a straight
line or ~ith line angles greater than 160", however, for line
angles less than 180" A-poles according to DIN 48 351 Part 1 and
or:J 4e352 Part 2 shall be used. In case of line angles bet..1een
180' and 170' a specific analysis is not required.
1~.6 Tran~former stations mounted on poles
Within a crossing switches and transformers shall only be in-

stalled or. supports if they are designed as anchor poles.
14.7 Relea~e clamps and rotating crossarms
Release clamps and rotating crossarms shall not be used at c~oss

ing to,rers.
14.8 Sag in case of unequal additional load of spans
for the evaluation of the sag it shall be assumed, that the con-
ductors in the crossing span are loaded by the half of the normal
or increased additional load at -5 c while the conductors in
all other spans of the line section are unloaded.
111.9 Clearance in between conductors in case of unequal

additional load
for the eval~ation of the clearances in between the conductors it

sh3ll be assumed that one of these conduct6rs is loaded in the
cros~ing span by half of the normal or increased additional load
~t -5 c while the other conductors are unloaded.
In this case a clearance of S ~ according to Table 16 but not

th3n 0,2 m shall exis~ 1 between the conductors of the
overhead line.
111 . 1 0 C 1 c a r a n c e
between the conductors in case of failure of an
insulator string
In case of failure of a string of a multiple insulator set the

clearance between the conductors in the crossing span shall be at
least SAM according ~o Table 16, but at less than 0,2 m. In this
~ose the sags at -20 C shall be taken into account.
APPENDIX A
GALVANIZING OF TOWERS AND OTHER COMPONENTS
?or gal~anizing of structures and components made of steel, steel

wires and fittings for overhead lines reference is made to the
following standards.
A.l Structures and components made of steel including bolts and

nut::;
::::I:: 50 9 7 6 ?rotection ~gainst Corrosion;

Coatings o~ Iron and Steel Components
~~plied by ~ot Dip Zinc Coating;
?.equire~ent~ and Test~ng
D rr: 5o 9 7 8 Testing of Metalic Coatings;

Adhesion of Hot Dip Galvanized Zinc Coatings
Dill 267, Fasteners;

Part lG Technical Conditions of Deli~ery, Hot Dip Galvani~ed
Parts
Additionally the following applies:
The zinc coating shall be continuous. Zinc beards and residuals

of ash as well as zinc accumulations in the area of the joints
shall be removed without damaging the zinc layer.
The thickness of layers may be tested according to DIN 50 981 or

oth~r equivalent methods.
Suitable remedies should be taken against the formation of white

r ll :; t t h e t y p e an d ex t e n t o f wh i c h ma y be a g r e e d u p o n be t wee n t h e
involved parties.
If the corrosion protection of components made of steel is excep-

tionally carried out by thermal spraying of zinc the following
.1pplics:
Protection against Corrosion of Steel Structures by

Thermal Spraying of Zinc and Aluminium;
General Principles
!'art~; treated in such a way shall be provided after galvanizing

with ~n additional coating which intensifies the protection
.;ffect.
A.2 Steel wires
A.2.1 Steel wires for conductors
DIN 48 203 Steel Wires and Steel Stranded Conductors;

Part 3 Technical Delivery Conditions
DIN 4B 203 Wires and Stranded Conductors for Lines;

Part ll Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced;
Technical Terms of Delivery
DIN 48 203 Wires and Stranded Conductors for Lines;

Pa~t 12 E-AlMgSi-Stranded Conductors, Steel Reinforced;
Technical Terms of Delivery
A.2.2 Steel wires for anchor ropes
Dlt! l5!.;B Zinc Coating on Round Steel Wires
A.3 Caps for overhead line insulators and fittings for overhead
linez
Fittings for Overhead Lines a~d Switchgear;

Hot Galvanization
DIU VDE 0210 Page 81
Quoted standards and other documents
D Itl 12 4 Round Head Rivets, Nominal Diameters 10 to 35 mm.
D I: I 2 6 7 fasteners; Technical Delivery Conditions;

P3rt 1 General Req~irements.
DIt I 2 6 7 Fasten~rs; Technical Conditions of Delivery;

?art 10 Hot Dip Galvanized Parts.
Concrete ar.d Reinforced Concrete; Design and

Construction.
D HI 10 52 Timber Str~ctures, Design and Construction.

Part 1
(dr::lft)
DIN 1054 Subsoil; Permissible Loading of Subsoil.
DIN 1055 Design Loads for Buildings; Stored Materials,

Part l Building Materials and Structural Members,
Dead Load and Angle of Friction.
DtN 1055 Design Loads for Buildings; Soil Characteristics;

r . r t. 2 Specific W~ight, Angle of Friction, Cohesion,
~ngle of Wall Friction.
DIN 1055 Design LoaGs for Buildings; Live Loads.

Part 3
DIN 1055 Design Loads for Buildings; Live Loads on

Part 11 Structures not Susceptible to Vibrations.
DIN 1055 Design Loads for Buildings; Live Loads; Sno~

P .:1 r t 5 and Ice Load.
DIN 1548 Zinc Coating on Round Steel Wires.
Cast Steels for General Engineering Purposes;

Technical Delivery Conditions.
Din 1692 Malleable Cast Iron; Concepts, Properties.
D Ul 16):; Cast Iron ~ith Modular Graphite; Unalloyed and
1
? .:-. r ':. Lo...; Alloy Srades.
DIN 1705 Copper-Tin and Copper-Tin-Zinc Casting Alloys
(Cast Tin Bronze and Gunmetal); Castings.
DI:I 1714 Ccpper-Alu~inium Casting Alloys
(Cast ~lu~inium Bronze); Castings.
)T'! ~ ~?:;
- I - ' ._ ..,1
Alu~~niu~ Alloys; Wrought Alloys.
J:~: : ~2': ~:~~inium ~lloys; Casting Alloys; Sand Castings,

?~~-=- ~
~r3~~:y Di~ Castings, ?ressure Die Cas:ings,
!nves~men~ Casting.
D rr~3 o51 Steel \-lire Ropes, Characteristics; Technical

P<1rt 4 Conditions of Delivery.
Dill 11014 Bored Piles of Conventional Type;

Part 1 Manufacture, Design and Permissible Loading.
D I tl II 0 11l Bored Piles; Large Bored Piles, Manu:acture,

Part 2 Design and Permissible Loading.
DIN 4022 Subsoil and Ground Water; Designation and

Part 1 Description of Soil Types and Rocky Soil;
List of Soil Courses for Testing and Borin~
without Continuous Gaining of Core Trials.
Ditl 4026 Driven Piles; Manufacture, Dimensioning and

Permissible Loading.
Dltl IJQ91i Sub~oil; Dynamic and Static Penetrometers;

l'clrt l Dimensions of Apparatus and Method of Operation.
D I rl 11 0 9 11 Subsoil; Dynamic and Static Penetrometers,

i' ;1 r t 2 Application and Evaluation.
DIN 11 l 0 2 Fire Behavior of Building Materials and Components;

: :1 r t 1 Roofing, Definitions, Requirements and TestinG.
i) ! ~; lj l l 3 A 1 u m i n i u m i n B u i l d i n g Co n ::; t r u c t i o n , D i r c: c t i o n ~ f o r
Calculation and Design of Aluminium Buildinc
Cor:1ponent::;.
nr N 11 1 111 Steel Structures; Stability (Buckling, Overturning,

Part 1 Bulging); Method of Calculation, Prescription::;.
D I r~ l! 1 111 Steel Structures; Stability (Buckling, Overturninr,,

I' ;1 r t 2 Bu l si n; ) ; tI e t h o d o f Ca l c u l a t i o n , D i r e c t i on s .
DI ri 11 12 3 Protection of Buildings in the Area of Excavations,

Foundations and Underpinnings.
DIN 6914 Hexagon Bolts with Large Widths across Flats for
Hig~-Tensile Bolting in Steel Structures.
D Ul 7 96 8 Hexagon Fitting Bolts; without Nut, with Hexagon

Nut, for Steel Structures.
D!11 7990 Hexagon Bolts with Hexagon Nuts for Steel Structures.
D PI 8 56 5 Protection against Corrosion of Steel Structures by

Thermal Spraying of Zinc and Aluminium; General
Principles.
DI 11 17 10 0 Steels for General Structural Purposes;

Quality Standard.
::I:l 17200 Steels for Quenching and Te~pering; Technical
Delivery Conditions.
J: :: l 7 6 6 6 Low Alloy Wrought Copper Alloys; Composition.
DIU 18196 Earthworks; Soil Classification for Civil

Engineering Purposes and Methods for
Identification of Soil Groups.
DI~~ l 8 8 0 0 Steel Structures; Design and Construction.

? :J r t l
DI~~ 18 8 0 0 Steel Structures; Fabrication, Verification of

?.Jrt 7 Suitability for Welding.
DIN 13801 Structural Steel in Building; Design and

Construction.
DIN 18808 Steel Structures; Structures Made from Hollow

Sections Subjected to Predominantly Static Loacing.
D I t1 4 8 0 Ll 4 Overhead Power Lines; Straight Insulator Spindles.
Overhead Power Lines; Bended Insulator Spindles.
DIN 48?.00 Copper Wire~ for Stranded Conductors.

Part l
DI ;1 ll 32 0 0 Bronze Wires for Stranded Conductors.

?art 2
Dt ~~ 48200 Wires for Stranded Conductors; Steel Wire3.

?a:-t 3
Din 482oo Wires for Stranded Conductors; Aluminium Wires.

Part 5
) I tl 482 00 E-AlMgSi-Wire~ for Stranded Conductors.

Part 6
DIN 48200 Coppe!" Clad Steel Wires for Stranded Conductors.

Part 7
Dill 48200 Aluminium Claded Steel wires for Stranded

?art 8 Conductors.
DI :1 4 S 2 0 l Copper Stranded Conductors.
Part l
D I~~ 4820 ~ Bronze Stranded Conductors.

Part 2
D I ~I 48 20 l Steel Stranded Conductors.

?art 3
Ditl 482C2.. Aluminium Stranded Conductors.

?art 5
::~; :.s2c:. ~-AlMgS: Stranded Conductors.

?3.~: .:_
) : ~! ~ .~.: ~ ;_ hl~~ir.:~~ Clad Steel Stranded Conductors.

? a:--': ~
orr: IJ8203 Copper Wires and Copper Stranded Conductors;

Part 1 Technical Delivery Conditions.
DI!i 48203 Wrought Copper Alloy (Bz) Wires and Conductors;

Part 2 Technical Delivery Conditions.
DI :J 4 82 0 3 S t e e 1 \~ i r e s an d S : e e 1 S t r a n d e d Co n d u c t o r s ;
Pa:--t 3 Technical Delivery Conditions.
D!tl 48203 Aluminium Wires and Aluminium Stranded Conductors;

F-'<1rt 5 Technical Delivery Conditions.
o:r: L;82G3 E-AlMgSi Wires and E-AlMgSi Str~nded Conductors;

r:::. r t ( Technical Delivery Conditions.
ll : r: 11 2 e o3 Copper Covered Steel Wires and Copper Covered

f'art 7 Steel Stranded Conductors;
Dlt! 118203 Aluminium Clad Steel Wires and Aluminium Clad Steel
P.::.rt 8 Stranded Conductors;
[) I ! : II e2 0 !J Steel Reinforced Aluminium Stranded Conductors.
[; : ;: I; 8 20 6 Aluminium Alloy Conductors, Steel Reinforced.
!) ~ !: lj P, 3 311 Turnbuckles for Overhead Power Lines.
o:n lj8 3 50 Telecommunication and Overhead Power Lines

Wood Poles.
~u~plcmcnt A-Masts, Formulas and Calculations.

t~ DIN 48351
ur !J 4 3s1e A-Masts, Main Dimensions.

P.::!"t l
DI!l 4 8 ~ 5 l A- 11 a s t s , Bo 1 t e s , Nu t s , Wa s h e r s .
Part 2
DI1! 50049 Materials Test Certificates.
D! :; 50 97 6 Prote~tion against Corrosion; Coatings on Iron and

Steel Components Applied by Hot Dip Zinc Coating;
Requirements and Testing.
LI:; 50978 Testing of Metalic Coatings; Adhesion of Hot Dip

Galvanized Zinc Coatings.
D UJ 50981 Measurement of Coating Thickness; Magnetic Met~ods

for Measurement of Thickness of Non-ferromagnetic
Coatings on Ferromagnetic Material.
DI:J '/GE M~chanical and Thermal Short Circuit Strength cf

0103 Electrical Power Installations.
D I~~ 1/ DE Operation of Power Installation; General

0105 Requirements.
?art l
01:1 VDE Insulation Co-ordination to Equipment for Three-Phase

0 lll A.C. Syste~s above 1 kV; Insulation Phase-to-E~rth
?:Jr': l [veE-Specification].
DI~~ VD2 Insulation Co-ordination to Equipment for Three-Phase

0 lll A.C. System above 1 kV; Phase-to-Phase Insulat:on.
P Clr" t, 2 [DE-Specification]. .
Dltl VDE VDE-Specification for Earthing in Installations

0 lll l for Rated Voltages above 1 kV A.C.
!:Jir! '/DE fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

0?.~.? Stati~ally Mechanical Behaviour.
p ;1 r t 50
DI:J VDS fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

0212 Dynamic-Mechanical Behaviour of Antivibration
P.1rt 51 Fittings.
:H :1 1J DE Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

0212 Electrical Contact Behaviour of Current-Carryi~g
!'.:>rt 52 fittings under Normal Operating Conditions.
L'It! 1/DE Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

)212 Partial Discharge Characteristics, Tests.
?art 53
DI:J VDE Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear; Hot.

0212 Galvanization.
?art 54
D 1 :: 'l DS Provisions in Case of Interference on

Telecommunication Installations by Electric Pa~er
? z, r . :._ Installations; Part 1: General [vDE-Specificat:.on]
VDE-Specifications for Provisions in the Case of

Influence on Telecommunication Installations by
Electric Power Installations; Part 2:
Influences by Three-Phase Current Systems.
;-, .,. 'I . ; -,-:
"""'- ~--- VDE-Specifications for Provisions in the Case of
J--
~ -: ? :
...1 Interfere~ce in Telecommunication Installations by
Electric ?ower Installations; ?art 3:
Interference by Alternating C~rrent Traction
Systems.
DUJ V DE Tests on Insulators of Organic Material for Syste~s

4l
Q I; with Nominal Voltages greater than 1 kV. Test~ on
?art 2 Outdoor Composite Insulators wi~h Fibr8 Glass Core.
[VDE-Guide].
D!:l '.'DS Insulato;s for Overhead Lines, Contact Wires a~c

c lj !l (j Telecommunication Lines; Test on Insulators of
? a:-- t l Ceramic Material or Glass for Overhead Lines with
Nominal Voltages greater than 1 kV
[VDE-Specification].
~ r r: 'J o::: Selfsupportin~ Telecommunicatior. Aerial Cables

:) p, l 8 on Overheac Power Lines above 1 kV.
~, . ,... .......
.. ' ,., ..J ! - Recommendations for the Selectio~ of Quality Class8s
i;.:;r)uct icn of Steel for Welded Steel Structures.
009
';cchnica.l Guidelines for Protective Measures on

?:corr.- Telecommunication Installations of German Federal
m_! :1d~ ~) 0n Post Office with Regard to Interference with High
:; (i j Voltage Systems and Al-Traction Systems Caused by
Inductive and Conductive Coupling.
Further documents
I l I f: i e B1 i n g , F
Frcileitungen und Umwelt
Slektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981), p. 681 to 683
I 2 I
- f: i c B l in g, F , Ne f z g e r , P
Zur Wahl der Zugspannung fur die Leiter einer Hochspnn-
nungs-Freileitung
Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981), p. 684 to 691
-
1 3 I Brandt, E., Thomas, R.
Der EinfluB der bleibenden Seildehnung auf das Durchhangs-
verhalten von Freileitungen
-
I 4 I Bauer, E., Brandt, E., Brand, R., Klein, H., Mocks, L.,
Schlotz, H.
Dynamic processes during load transposition in multiple
sets with long rod-type insulators
CIGRS, 1982, Report 22-03
I
-
_,I ::ieBling, F., Ranke, K.
Beanspruchung von Freileitungen durch extreme Wind- und
::islasten Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 79 (1980), p. 683
to 692
T------
.J:.:a.::--:a~le ~!"or.::
I :~~:~c~e~ AusschuB fUr Stahlbau, Ebertplatz 1, 5000 Koln l
? 0 ~~~~~~~technische Zentrale, Darmstadt

I 6 I
- Freitag, ;..., Brandt, E.
Dyna~ische Beanspruchungen von Mittelspannungsfreileitun-
gen beim Abwurf von Eislasten
Elektrizit.atswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981), p. 668 to 676
-
1 71 Brandt,::., Griese, W., Gorrissen, I., ~Histenberg, K.-F.
Erkenntnisse und Folgerungen der Schleswag aus den Schnee-
notlagen und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Mittelspannungs-
Freileitungsbau
I 8 I Rieger, H., Fischer, R.

Der Freileitungsbau
Berlin- Heidelberg- New York (1975), 2nd Edition
-
I 9 I Schulte, G.
Tiefgrundungen im Freileitungs- und Umspannanlagenbau und
deren Bemessung
Sonderdruck - Lehrstuhl und Prufamt fur Grundbau und
Bodenmechanik, Technische Universitat Munchen (1979)
-
I 10 I Alt, K., Muller, A., Lackner, F.
Pfahlgrundungen im Freileitungsbau
I l 1 I Schmidt , B.
Pfahlsysteme im Freileitungsbau und ihr Sicherheitsnach-
we is
T e c h n . Mi t t e i 1 u n g e n AE G- T e 1 e f u n k e n ( 1 9 8 2 ) , p . 1 8 t o 2 11
Previous editions
VDE 0210: 07.03; 01.08; 01.14; 07.21; 10.23; 01.30; 02.58; 05.69
Amendments
Compared with the edition May 1969 the following has been
amended:
Contents completely revised; refer to comments.
COMMENTS
This standard was revised by the Subcommittee 421.1 "Overhead

Power Lines above 1 kV" cf the Committee 421 "Overhead Line.s" of
the German Electrotechr.ical Commission within DIN ar.d VDE (DKE)
with the aim of adjusting the current standard VDE 0210/05.69 to
the newly introduced SI units, to revised DIN standards and to
revised standards which are indicated as VDE Specification and to
incorporate most recent knowledge concerning for example vibra-
tion of conductors, creepage of conductors and loading as.sump-
tions for supports.
~h~n revising the standa~d the previous sectioning into topics

~as retained. The denotations of the topics were completed
~ccording to the contents. Where ever possible reference was ~ade
to current DIN standards in order to limit the v0lume and to
avoid repetition.
Clau~c 2: Definitions
Thr:: definitions of terms were newly arranged and supplemented.
T~rm:; Here included for all overhead line Components and sup-
port:. These were neHly incorporated in Clause 2.2 for towers
~nd in Clause 2.3 for foundations. The functions of the indi-
;idu::~ tower types were described.
Lr, Clau:~e 2.4 the term "breaking force'! was replaced by "failing
:or c _:" and the terms "tens i 1 e stress 11 , "conductor t c mp c rat u r e 11
:1 n d "u n i t we i g h t force r e 1 ate d the c r o 3 s sec t i on" were added . In
c l:1 u :; e :-; 2 . 5 11 in:> u 1 at or s 11 and 2 6 11 f i t t in g s 11 the terms a 1 ready
<! 1; f i r. e d i n o the r DIN s tan dar d s were c i t e d or r e f e r en c e was ma d e
to them. Those terms additionally used within this standard were
ex~laincd. Also the terms concerning the layout of overhead power
l i r: e ~ a c c o r d i n g to C1 au s e 2 . 7 we r e c o mp 1 e t e d .
Clau~c 3: General requirements

Th~ general requirements were extended by referring to the opera-
tional reliability of an overhead power line also in case of
electric fault conditions such as short circuits and over-
voltages [1].
Clau~e 4: Conductors
A~ ever,
the thermal rating of conductors shall be carried out
for the
permanent electrical load current as well as for the
~h~rt circ~it loading. The relevant DIN standards and standards
lndicated as VDE Specifications form the basis. Investigations
carried out with varying conductors demonstrate that unlike DIN
~~E 0103 the maximum temperature of the va~ying conductors must
te l!~!ted to the values stated in Table 1 in order to ensure the
~e~~a~ical strength of the conductors.
;:: !"' ~ : i 0 u s 1 'j the ~echanical rating has to be carried out with
to ~:~axir.~um working tensile stress, long-term stress and
DIN VDS 0210 Page 89
Modifications result from the revision of loading assumptions and

recent findings concerning the effect of the everyday stress. The
stipulations were newly arranged and summarized in order to pro-
vide imprcved lucidity.
According to Clause 4.1.2.1 the permissible maximum wo~king

tensile stress applies at the vertex of the sagging curve
at -5 c with nor~al additional load and

at -20 c without additional load and without windload and
at +5 c '..Jith windload.
At the suspension points, values 5 % greater than the maximum

working tensile stresses are thereby permissible. In case of
increased additional load or of wind acting on conductors with
additional load the horizontal component of the conductor
tensile stress may exceed the individually permissible maximum
working tensile stress.
According to Clause 4.1.2.2 the permissible long-term tensile

stress shall not be exceeded at the support positions of the
conductors
at -5 c with three times the normal additional load or

at -5 c with two times the increased additional load or
at -5 c with the normal or increased additional load
combined with windload.
Tile first of the mentioned requirements represents an adjustment

of the specifications to the current practice. This requirement
wa~ in force only for crossings up to now. Therefore, an addi-
tional specification for crossings could be o~itted. The second
specification complies with the former rule not to exceed the
permissible long-term tensile stress in case of higher
additional loads than the regular ones in sections without
crossings. The third requirement was forced by the
establishment of the loading in case of wind action on conductors
with additional load.
Investigations and operational experience [2] demonstrate that

the stres8 of conductors due to aeolian vibration is not
determined by the everyday stress to such an extent that just
only one limiti~g figure of the everyday stress decides on the
hazard due to vibration. In contrast to that, a great nur.Jber of
factors i~ involved. Table 1 of VDE 0210/05.69 contained in
Columns 4 and 6 limits for the everyday stress, when not
exceeding those values no protective measures against vibrations
would have been provided. Such a statement is no longer
retained in t~e ne~ specifications. The values specified in
Table 3 Colur.1n 7, represent directives which if taken into
cc~sideraticn will avoid damage due to aeolian vibration by
approp~iate measures even in topographically unfavourable areas.
The values, there~ore, are independent of the diameter of
con~~c:c~s and of the span lengths.
Clause 4.1.2.~
contains details concerr.ing reasons and factors
effec~ing aeolian vibrations. In particular suitable de:ign of
suspe~sion and anti~vibration protection devices in cases of in-
creas~d tendency to vibration is now referred to.
The sa~e values as for conductors apply to metal-reinforced

telecc~~unication cables considering their design and the
~~ter:al of reinforcement.
This requirement was newly incorporated. After detailed dis-

cussio~, specifications for metal-free aerial cables (optical
fibr~ cables) were not incorporated, since not enough long-term
~xperience was available to specify minimum requirements. Such
conductors should be developed under the direct responsibility of
the o~ners taking appropriate care of this standard.
The specificatons for the design of conductors according to

Clause 4.2 and for the minimum cross sections were retained" sub-
stantially unchanged and were supplemented by the DIN nomencla-
ture. For AACSR (Aldrey/steel) and for copper wrougth alloys ac-
cording to DIN 48 201 Part 2 (bronze) the minimum cross sections
~~re raised to 35/6 mm 2 and 25 mm 2 , respectively .
.Jubcl2.use 4.3.2 of Clause 4.3 "Sag" was changed. For overhead

nowcr lines w~ich are loaded by high currents also during the
sum~0r season the actual conductor temperature according to the
! ;.: p '! c t c: d c u r r e n t b u t n o 1 on g e r + 6 0 C i n a 1 1 c a s e s s h a 1 1 b e t a k e n
into account when evaluating the sags. The limiting maximum con-
ductor steady state temperature as specified by relevant DIN
~; t <1 n rj 2 r d s , h o we v e r , s h a 1 1 i n n o c a s e 'b e e x c e e d e d .
F.xtonsive investigations carried out during the last years [3]

demonstrate that the factual situation alleged in VDE 0210/05.69
whtch said that the permanent elongations of the conductors would
not anymore increase after a period of two years after installa-
tion ~as not correct. On the contrary, the conductors will
elongate during their total service live. Due to the importance
of this fact for maintaining the clearances, a special referrence
was made in Clause 4.3.4.
Clause 5: Conductor accessories
The working group "Insulators, Conductors, Fittings" treated in

detail the question whether the ratio of the sustaining force of
ter~ir.2l cla~ps and tension proof conductor joints to the maximum
ten~il~ working force or to the minimum failing load of the con-
jucto~s should be changed. The result was that the former speci-
fication~ satisfied the requirements.
Clause 6: Insulators
7h~ c:ause ~as completely revised to adjust the specifications

:c the ~~!rent standards for insulators.
-~. ~ . .1:..se 6.1.1 "Electric rating", in accordance with DIN VDE

-;~- ~~~: l ar.d Part 2 reference was made to the responsibility
.:-.. , .-:~::.::;:.:-:stipulating the insulaticr. level.
In C1 a u s e 6 . 1 . 2 " :1 e c h a n i c a l r a t i n g " t h e a p pr o ve d r a t i ng f a c t o r s
were kept in force.
In Clause 6.1.2.4'"1-lultiple ~nsulat.or sets" the specifications in

ca3~ of failure of an insulator string were surnrnari.zed and
supplemented to clarify:.ng possible missunderstandings.
In addition, limitati~n of occuring dynamic forces and moment~

wa~ required in order to ensure that the failure of an insulator
string would not cause the failure of the total insulator set.
Inv~stigations carried out on double suspension and double ten-

sion insulator set3 demonstrated that in case of failure of an
insulator string the dynamic stresses in the remaining insulator
string must be deliberately analysed [4]. These deliberations
apply equivalently to accessories for insulator sets and other
conductor attachments.
Clause 7: Acce:Jsories for insulator sets and other conductor

attachment!l
This clause was adjusted to new standards, for example DIN VDE
0212 P1.1 t 50, Part 53 and Part 54 and rearra;1ged. ln Table 4
additional materials for accessories of insulator sets and other
conductor attachments were integrated, and the corresponding
rating factors were given. When installing turnbuckles attention
shall be paid to ensure that their thread bolts will not be
3tressed by bending.
Clause 8: Towers
The clause was provided with a new structure together with inter-
m~diate headings which should assist in finding particular
topics.
Specifications for poles made or solid walls were newly incor-

porated. Standards for design and manufacture of reinforced con-
crete poles are under consideration at present. Independently of
them this standard applies to the requirements for external loads
of overhead lines.
The demage which occurred on transmission lines due to extreme

iceloads on the conductors some years ago resulted in discussions
also in public [5]. The working group "Statical Analysis of
Structurez" inJe::;tigated the damage experienced and the root
causes in ord~r to gain indications for revising the specifi-
~3:ions. The analysis led to the result that the extreme
additional loads experienced represented locally limited
event::; Which did not necessitate an increase of minimum
~d~itional loads in general.
In order to take effective care of the local ~onditions,

supplementarily to the normal additional load an increased
additional load was newly established. Increased additional
loads shall be assumed as previously in areas where according to
experience, increased iceloads have to be expected regularly. In
this, attention should be especially directed to the
responsibility of the Utility operating the overhead line for
attentive stipulation of increased additional loads, where
necessary. This responsibility is in force appropriately also
for wind loads (see Clause 8.1.2.1). In this case too, higher
values than at minimum required by the specifications shall be
assumed if according to experience higher wind loads have to be
regularly expected.
The loading cases for the tower bodies were clearly gr6uped in
Ta~le 7 so that loading cases with the same physical basis were
given the same designation for all tower types wh~reby the se-
par~tion into normal loading cases and exceptional loading cases
was maintained .. Loading cases for tower bodies under normal loa-
ding were designated by MN, under exceptional loading by MA. Some
new aspects resulted for the applications of and assumptions in
individual loading cases.
For suspension towers the loading case "Quartering wind action"

(lo~~ing case MN 4 according to Table 7) applies independently
of the tower height. The former limitation on towers with heights
of more than 60 m was cancelled since it could not be physically
validi.lted.
The former loading case o

was omitted, since it was dispensible
due to the new loading case MA 2.
The loadinc; case "Wind on conductors rith ice" (loading case MtJ 5
a~cording to Table 7) was newly introduced. Wind may act also on
conductors with ice. The loading case, therefore, takes care of
physical facts. Damage of overhead lines with ice accretion on
the conductors showed that the additional wind effects, thereby,
played an important role.
The exceptional loading case MA 1 qonsiders the torsional loading

of towers. For this loading case the assumptions for the reduc-
tion of conductor tensile forces in case of suspension and angle
suspension towers were newly established (see Clause 8.2.2.2). In
case of bundled conductors the reduction amounted formerly always
to 25 %. This reduction applies according to the new edition
on!y for insulator sets with a length of more than 2,5 m, For
shorter lengths of insulator sets a reduction of 35 % shall be
cor.sidered.
The reduction of the conductor tensile force of earth wires

anou~ts generally to 65 % instead of the previous 50 %.
Overhead lines with rated voltages up to 30 kV and length: of

crossar~s less than 2,5 m previously also required a reduction of
the conductor tensile forces by only 25 %. This di~inished
reduction was o~itted. As for all single conductors also a re-
duction of 50 % shall be considered in these cases in future.
This means doubling of the exceptional loading. The above men-
tioned modifications are validated by the influence of the length
of insulator sets on the differences in the tensile forces re-
sulting fro~ varying ice accretion and were dictated also by the
conclusions gained from the above mentioned damage due to ice-
loads. They also take ca~e of additional dynamic loadings in case
of iceshedding [6], [7].
Due to local characteristics considerable differences concerning

the ice accretion on conductors in adjacent spans and also in
adjacent line sections may occur. The newly introduced excep-
tional loading case MA 2 "unbalanced tensile forces at all con-
ductors of a tower" (see Clause 8.2.2.2) takes care of the
effects of unequal ice accretion on all conductors. For sus-
pension and angle suspension towers the differential tensile
forces to be assumed in this loading case are stipulated de-
pending on the length of the insulator sets in order to take
their influence into account. This new loading case effects
especially the design of towers with circuits installed initially
only on one side of a tower.
The loading cases to be assumed for the rating of crossarms and

earth wire peaks (see Clause 8.3) are systematically grouped in
Table 8 analogously to the loading cases for the tower bodies.
Loading cases for crossarms and earth wire peaks are nominated
as QN for normal loading, and by QA for exceptional loading.
Also the specifications for lattice steel towers (see Clause 8.4)
~re amended in some items. The permissible stresses (see
T~ble 9) are adjusted to the technical development and to the
current DIN standards. In future bolts of the quality 4.6 in-
stead of 3.6 will be used. The shearing and bearing stresses per-
missible for joints with standard bolts are modified accord-
ingly; additionally, in Table 9 permissible stresses for high
strength bolts of shearing/bearing connections are integrated.
The Omega-method for the rating of members under compression was
retained. The former Table 6 showing the data of relevant
cross-sections for the varying loading types was omitted.
As far as deviations from practice adopted generally for steel
structures are accepted for overhead line towers, these are
mentioned in the relevant clauses (see for example Clause
8.4.2.6). Si~ce slenderness ratios greater than 250 are also per-
mitted for compression members of lattice steel towers a formula
for the corresponding Omega-factors is given.
.3 p ~ c i : i c a t i o n s
concerning facilities for climbing lattice steel
towers ~ere i~corporated in accordance with the Eoployers'
L:ability Insurance.
Claus~ e.1o "Protection of birds" '-'as integrated to i::: p r::: : e

t !1 e P~'Jtection of the do~estic population of birds.
Clause 9: Foundations
DIN 1054, edition November 1976, does not apply to foundations

of overhead power lines; the explanations, supplemerit to
DI!i 1054, state complementarily that the exclusion of towers of
overhead power lines in the scope refers exclusively to struc-
tural installations of Utilities. To take care of this fact the
stipulations to be observed for the rating and design of founda-
tions of overhead power line towers were presented comprehen-
sively in Clause 9. This meant a complete revison and essential
exten~ion of the former specifications. The clause starts with
general requ:rements as well as with the classification and de-
nomination of subsoils. Rules for soil investigations and the
identification of soils were newly incorporated. The basic
principles for design and analysis follo~ which are based on the
soil characteristics (shown in Table 12).
The treated types of foundations were divided into "Compact

foundations" (see Clause 9.5) and "Separate footing
foundations" (see Clause 9.6). Compact foundations are
characterized in that the tower body is accommodated by a single
foundation and additionally to horizontal and vertical forces
moments mainly occur as loadings. Separate footing foundations
are characterized in that individual foundations for each
member stub are provided and each of these foundations must carry
mair.ly vertical loads in addition to horizontal loads. The rules
to be observed in case of the individual types of foundations
were separated into design assumptions and stability conditions.
Specifications for the rating of foundations in case of ex-
ceptional loading were integrated. The requirements and charac-
teristic data applying to normal loadings can be taken in the
latter case whereby the forces resulting from exceptional loading
ca~cs have to be reduced by a factor of 0,8 (see Clause 9.4.1).
Compact foundations comprise concrete monoblock foundations,

concrete slab foundations, raft-type slab foundations and single
pile foundations as well as the foundation for wood poles.
For rating of monoblock concrete foundations only general

assumptions for analysis and stability conditions were specified.
Particularities of certain design methods were waived since no
method should be especially emphasized. Reference [8] reviews
approaches often in use. Conditions for the rating of slab
foundations were newly incorporated in order to take care of the
frequent use of this foundation type (see Clause 9.5.2). Formulae
were given for the proof of the over-turning stability and the
soil p:-essure.
The proof of stability of raft-type slab foundations can be

carri~d out according to the conditions of concrete slab
~oundations. hdditionally, the loading of the members buried
under earth by overburden was mentioned.
~it~out goi~g into details the transfer of loads by lateral em-

~ed~ent and the analysis according to a suitable method is
~er.::o:.ec i~ case of single pile foundations (see Clause 9.5. 4 ).
In order to take effective care of the local ~onditions,

supplementarily to the normal additional load an increased
additional load was newly established. Increased additional
loads shall be assumed as previously in areas where according to
experience, increased iceloads have to be expected regularly. In
this, attention should be especially directed to the
responsibility of the Utility operating the overhead line for
attentive stipulation of increased additional loads, where
necessary. This responsibility is in force appropriately also
for wind loads (see Clause 8.1.2.1). In this case too, higher
values than at minimum required by the specifications shall be
assumed if according to experience higher wind loads have to be
regularly expected.
The loading cases for the tower bodies were clearly gr6uped in
Ta~le 7 so that loading cases with the same physical basis were
given the same designation for all tower types wh~reby the se-
par~tion into normal loading cases and exceptional loading cases
was maintained .. Loading cases for tower bodies under normal loa-
ding were designated by MN, under exceptional loading by MA. Some
new aspects resulted for the applications of and assumptions in
individual loading cases.
For suspension towers the loading case "Quartering wind action"

(lo~~ing case MN 4 according to Table 7) applies independently
of the tower height. The former limitation on towers with heights
of more than 60 m was cancelled since it could not be physically
validi.lted.
The former loading case o

was omitted, since it was dispensible
due to the new loading case MA 2.
The loadinc; case "Wind on conductors rith ice" (loading case MtJ 5
a~cording to Table 7) was newly introduced. Wind may act also on
conductors with ice. The loading case, therefore, takes care of
physical facts. Damage of overhead lines with ice accretion on
the conductors showed that the additional wind effects, thereby,
played an important role.
The exceptional loading case MA 1 qonsiders the torsional loading

of towers. For this loading case the assumptions for the reduc-
tion of conductor tensile forces in case of suspension and angle
suspension towers were newly established (see Clause 8.2.2.2). In
case of bundled conductors the reduction amounted formerly always
to 25 %. This reduction applies according to the new edition
on!y for insulator sets with a length of more than 2,5 m, For
shorter lengths of insulator sets a reduction of 35 % shall be
cor.sidered.
The reduction of the conductor tensile force of earth wires

anou~ts generally to 65 % instead of the previous 50 %.
Overhead lines with rated voltages up to 30 kV and length: of

crossar~s less than 2,5 m previously also required a reduction of
the conductor tensile forces by only 25 %. This di~inished
reduction was o~itted. As for all single conductors also a re-
duction of 50 % shall be considered in these cases in future.
This means doubling of the exceptional loading. The above men-
tioned modifications are validated by the influence of the length
of insulator sets on the differences in the tensile forces re-
sulting fro~ varying ice accretion and were dictated also by the
conclusions gained from the above mentioned damage due to ice-
loads. They also take ca~e of additional dynamic loadings in case
of iceshedding [6], [7].
Due to local characteristics considerable differences concerning

the ice accretion on conductors in adjacent spans and also in
adjacent line sections may occur. The newly introduced excep-
tional loading case MA 2 "unbalanced tensile forces at all con-
ductors of a tower" (see Clause 8.2.2.2) takes care of the
effects of unequal ice accretion on all conductors. For sus-
pension and angle suspension towers the differential tensile
forces to be assumed in this loading case are stipulated de-
pending on the length of the insulator sets in order to take
their influence into account. This new loading case effects
especially the design of towers with circuits installed initially
only on one side of a tower.
The loading cases to be assumed for the rating of crossarms and

earth wire peaks (see Clause 8.3) are systematically grouped in
Table 8 analogously to the loading cases for the tower bodies.
Loading cases for crossarms and earth wire peaks are nominated
as QN for normal loading, and by QA for exceptional loading.
Also the specifications for lattice steel towers (see Clause 8.4)
~re amended in some items. The permissible stresses (see
T~ble 9) are adjusted to the technical development and to the
current DIN standards. In future bolts of the quality 4.6 in-
stead of 3.6 will be used. The shearing and bearing stresses per-
missible for joints with standard bolts are modified accord-
ingly; additionally, in Table 9 permissible stresses for high
strength bolts of shearing/bearing connections are integrated.
The Omega-method for the rating of members under compression was
retained. The former Table 6 showing the data of relevant
cross-sections for the varying loading types was omitted.
As far as deviations from practice adopted generally for steel
structures are accepted for overhead line towers, these are
mentioned in the relevant clauses (see for example Clause
8.4.2.6). Si~ce slenderness ratios greater than 250 are also per-
mitted for compression members of lattice steel towers a formula
for the corresponding Omega-factors is given.
.3 p ~ c i : i c a t i o n s
concerning facilities for climbing lattice steel
towers ~ere i~corporated in accordance with the Eoployers'
L:ability Insurance.
Claus~ e.1o "Protection of birds" '-'as integrated to i::: p r::: : e

t !1 e P~'Jtection of the do~estic population of birds.
Clause 9: Foundations
DIN 1054, edition November 1976, does not apply to foundations

of overhead power lines; the explanations, supplemerit to
DI!i 1054, state complementarily that the exclusion of towers of
overhead power lines in the scope refers exclusively to struc-
tural installations of Utilities. To take care of this fact the
stipulations to be observed for the rating and design of founda-
tions of overhead power line towers were presented comprehen-
sively in Clause 9. This meant a complete revison and essential
exten~ion of the former specifications. The clause starts with
general requ:rements as well as with the classification and de-
nomination of subsoils. Rules for soil investigations and the
identification of soils were newly incorporated. The basic
principles for design and analysis follo~ which are based on the
soil characteristics (shown in Table 12).
The treated types of foundations were divided into "Compact

foundations" (see Clause 9.5) and "Separate footing
foundations" (see Clause 9.6). Compact foundations are
characterized in that the tower body is accommodated by a single
foundation and additionally to horizontal and vertical forces
moments mainly occur as loadings. Separate footing foundations
are characterized in that individual foundations for each
member stub are provided and each of these foundations must carry
mair.ly vertical loads in addition to horizontal loads. The rules
to be observed in case of the individual types of foundations
were separated into design assumptions and stability conditions.
Specifications for the rating of foundations in case of ex-
ceptional loading were integrated. The requirements and charac-
teristic data applying to normal loadings can be taken in the
latter case whereby the forces resulting from exceptional loading
ca~cs have to be reduced by a factor of 0,8 (see Clause 9.4.1).
Compact foundations comprise concrete monoblock foundations,

concrete slab foundations, raft-type slab foundations and single
pile foundations as well as the foundation for wood poles.
For rating of monoblock concrete foundations only general

assumptions for analysis and stability conditions were specified.
Particularities of certain design methods were waived since no
method should be especially emphasized. Reference [8] reviews
approaches often in use. Conditions for the rating of slab
foundations were newly incorporated in order to take care of the
frequent use of this foundation type (see Clause 9.5.2). Formulae
were given for the proof of the over-turning stability and the
soil p:-essure.
The proof of stability of raft-type slab foundations can be

carri~d out according to the conditions of concrete slab
~oundations. hdditionally, the loading of the members buried
under earth by overburden was mentioned.
~it~out goi~g into details the transfer of loads by lateral em-

~ed~ent and the analysis according to a suitable method is
~er.::o:.ec i~ case of single pile foundations (see Clause 9.5. 4 ).
Separate footing foundations (see Clause 9.6) include concrete

stepped foundations, augered and excavated foundations,
separate grillage foundations and pile foundations. For all
types of separate footing foundations it was specified that in
case of angle, angle suspension and section towers for ~oading
cases MN 1 and MN 2 and in case of terminal towers for loading
cases MN 1 and MN 3 (loading of towers by the maximum working
tensile forces or by wind, respectively) the rating of the
foundations shall be carried out for stabili'ty margins which
are increased by 10 % compared to other loading cases. This
specification replaces the former requirement to increase the
stabilities by 30 % in case of uplift loading of foundations
of towers with considerable permanent loads. The reduction of
the additional stability margin for such towers is valida;;ed by
the fact that the working loadings resulting from the loading
cases MN 1, MN 2 and MN 3, respectively, are considerably higher
than the permanently acting forces.
The proof of stability against an uplift loading of concrete

stepped foundations (see Clause 9.6.1) can be carried out using
the earth frustum method as applicable up to now. However,
a generally applicable relation for the determination of the
angle of earth frustum was newly established.
\vhere:
I?> angle of earth frustum
B angle of earth frustum for b = 1

0 t
b ..; i d th of foundation at the foundation base
t effective depth of the surcharging earth volume.
The value B0 depends on the type of soil, the type of installa-

tion of the foundation (foundation type U, lowermost step
undercut, foundation type A, lowermost step concreted to the
undisturbed soil, foundation typeS lowermost step concreted to
the shuttering) and the dimensions of the foundation. Table 12
contains relevant data for B . This analytical relation replaced
the diagrams previously useg for the determination of the angle
of earth frustum. The values e were gained from experience, from
tests and from former re?erences aiming at a systematic
graduation.
Assumptions for design, conditions for the stability and

d~sign of augered and excavated foundations (see Clauses 9.6.2.1
to 9.6.2.4) were newly integrated since this type of foundation
lainec increasing importance and could no longer be treated as a
special foundation. The proof of stability against uplift loading
i3 carried out, thereby, by the same approach as for stepped
:'o.J:-:C:ations. The values B are adjusted to this type a:
: ') ~ :-- .::i:::. t :. on . r o r the de term 01 nat ion of the v a 1 u e s B0 ,..-eta 1. -1 e d
~uicance ~as given.
Page 96 DitJ VDE 0210
In case of separate g~illage foundations loaded by uplift a

theoretical stability against being uprooted of 1,8 instead of
1,5 for other foundations is stipulated as previously (see Clause
9.6.3.3).
The Clause 9.6.4 "Pile foundations" was e~sentially extended.

Thereby, a series of basic principles was adopted from DIN 1054
in adjusted forrn.The strength of a constructio~ pile can be more
reliably determined by a~ uplift test carried out at that pile
itself than by analysis or by testing of a separate test pile.
In case of proof by analysis values of the surface friction
derived from tests will result at best in a proper rating
of pile. The difference between the procedu~e of testing
const~uction piles [9], [10], [ll] whic!": has proved its worth
time and again for overhead lines and tests of ultimate strength
carried out on special test piles as generally used in civil
enginc~ring was therefore especially emphasized (see Clause
9. 6. 4 6) .
Differing conditions apply to both methods of proving the

strength. Uplift tests carried out on construction piles at best
ensure the reliability necessary for overhead lines. Such tests
shall b~ car~ied out at least at 5 % of the installed con-
5truction p11es. Thereby, a loading up to 1,2 tim~s the workinc
t <: n s i l (; l cad suf f i c es i f t he d i s p 1 a c e me n t s r ~ c o g n i s e d t h e r e b y
stay ~~thin permissible li~it~ and permi~ tne 8Xtrapclation to a
ultim~te tensile lo&d which corresponds 2t least to 1,5 times the
workin~ tensile load.
The distance between the centres of g~avity of the compression

r(;action of the used te3ting set-up shall not fall below 3 m.
lt 1 s iufluence on the results of the test was taken care of by an
increase of the working tensile loads by 5 %.
The Cla'Jse 9.8 11 Design and construction of foundations" had to be

drafted anew, in respect of non-reinforced and reinforced
concrete in accordance with the modifications in DIN 1045.
The new classification of concrete strength was observed.
Values for the ratio of the height of the step to the width
of the projection depending on the quality of concrete and on
the soil pressure are stipulated in Table 13 for non-reinforced
concrete foundations.
:or the anchoring of structural steel members permissible

stresses are given in Tables 14 and 15.
Clause 10: Earthing
Reference is made to DIN VDE 0141.

Clau~e 11: Minimum clearances within the transmission line
In Table 16 just one value SA~ (voltage dependent minimum value)

measured i:: r:1 is assigned to t:he standardised maximum operating
or rated voltages, respectively, which is necessary for the sti-
pulation of the clearances in Clauses 11 to 14. The value
S~~ complies with the figure UN/150 used in VDE 0210/5.69. The
v~Iues for the maximum operating voltages 245 kV and 420 kV wer~
adjusted to Ditl VDE 0111 Part 3 (Tables 16 and 17) and
clearances were increased from 1,5 to 1,55 m and from 2,55 to
2,70 m, r~spectively.
The Table 17 "Values for coeffcient k" Has rearranged. ~h

.!. ~ e
confir;uration of the table is based en the swing angle of th~
conductors a3 the deciding factor.
Corresponding values for the coefficient k are assigned to

the specified ranges of swin~ angles and examples of
conductor types in use Here given. Conductors not mentioned here
shall be grouped according to their sHing angle which results
from the ratio of the wind load acting upon the conductor
~ccording to Clause 8.1.2.1 and it's dead load. Thereby, the
wind load shall be calculated using the formula for spans up
to 200 m and taking the wind pressure from Table 5 according
to the values for the 0 to 40 m range of heights.
The values for k assigned to the individual ranges of swing angle

t~ke care of the relative position of the individual conductors.
The schematic figures associated with Table 17 describe the

r~lative position of the conductors by means of ranges of angles
and their assigned coefficient k.
In case of varying cross-sections, materials or sags of c~n

d.Jctors it shall be proved that no inadmissible approach of con-
ductor.::; will occur (see Clause 11.1.2) if dynamic ...rind pressures
differ by 40 % from conductor to conductor.
Clau~e 12: Clearances in rural areas
This section was compiled withodt significant modifications. The

minimu~ clearances applicable previously were retained.
Clause 13: Minimum clearances and overhead line design in the

proximity of building installations and traffic routes
In order to avoid repetition of similar clearances the objects

t.:~re surr.r.Jarized to fot.:r groups as follo...rs:
Residential properties and other buildings

Traffic installations
o~erhea~ line installations
?lay gra~nds, sports and recreational installations.
... r. .- a::_-::
,
-~
- tr.e
. .
clearances ...rere llste ... h as n 0 ....~ discr-iptir-..,
d ..1:.~. - - .. ,
~
-l~~1:a~e~u=-1
,
the c-auses
1 re 1 evant .or ..he
.. ~
evaluation
- of
. ':.he
ci~ar~nce~ and for the design of overhead line were mer.tlone~.
?age 98 DIN V~~ 0210
In ~a~e
of crossing of residential or other buildings the varying
~!ope~ of roofs were considered if :he roofing co~plies ~ith
D.!:i: 11102 Part 7. Since mountable flat roof~ are erected to ar. ir.-
crea~ing extent raising of clearances fro~ 3 to 5 ~ was required
fer :his type of roofs due to safety considerations .
. r:: protccti;r~ areas sho....-r, in Fig. 6 are based or. saGs of con-
r:. t o r ::;
(: t; in st i l 1 a i r a c c o r d i n ~;; t o C1 a u s e s 4 . 3 . 1 a n d L: 3 . 2 a r. d o n
~a~s according to +40 c of the swung cor.~~ctcrs justified by the
r ;~ r: t , t h a t '.1 i n d n e c e s sa r y f o r s w i n g i n g o f con d u c to r s s i ~ u 1 t a r. r~ -
,,usly causes cooling.
' ca.se of crossin;;s of traffic rcute:: 1t sh<:1ll t.~ ~roves that

th~ requirements for clearances bet~ee~ overcrossin[ conductors
! ~~ (" c r 8 s :; e d o b j e c t s i n c a s e o f i n c r e a s e s f s a t; d u e t. o a n u n c: q .: a l
additional load of spans according tc Clau~e !L:.8 as w~ll as
: o! the c l e a r a n c e s be tween t he i n d i : i d ..: :: l co n d u c to r :; i n c a s e o f
u n .-.: q u 3 1 add i t i o na1 1oa d o f c on du c t o r s accor d i ng t o C 1 a u :; e
14.') strictly met. are
Thereby, accou:1t vta~ taken of the
~ignificance of traffic in~talla:io~s due to increasing
d ~ ~~ s i t y of t raf f i c a nd o f t he b u n d l i n g- of c l ec t r i c c i r c ' 1 i L :;
on multiple ovcrh0ad power line structure~. The restriction of
u:;! of wood poles accordinc; to Claus>:: l4.5 al:::;o rcpr~0_:nt:; Jn
~~propriate design measure.
I~ ca~e of of overhead power lin~ in~tall~tlo~~ th0 5~mc

cro~~ing
~p~cification~ apply analogou~ly as in c~~e of traffic in~talla-
L i o n :; . ;.J h c n c r os s i ng p1a y g r o u n d s rJ r ;; !1 ~: n a p p r o c-. c h i n c t r-J a d j a -
r: ~: n t. :; :) or t s f i e 1 d ::; t h c r e was f r e que n t l :: a :; our c e c f do u b L con -
ccrnint:. thr:.: interpreting of the specifications. Ther,3forc, this
~ubject was expanded in detail being aware that e~en a ~ore
dct~ilcd division would not be able to cover all individu~l case~
~o:t:ich me::.:; occur for this type of instz,llations.
Fro~ experience the vertical clearances between conductors and

~nnerally used sports grounds could be reduced fro~ 12 to 8 rn.
In case of crossing of sports fields or other sports areas it has

to be ensured that an approach to the conductor of less than 3 m
wil~ be avoided in case of shooting or sports '.lith throwing
i m p l E: r~ e n t. s
f..ccount was taken of sporting activities on water by incorpo-

ro.ting clearances above the maximum water level and to the
i! eight gauge agreed upon above lakes and rivers.
For ca~ping installations with extendable or erectatle componen~s

3n appropriate clearance was specified.
Clau~c 14: Particular ~pccifications for crossings and approaches
~ 1 ll ~ ad j u .s t. n e n t
t ::, '::. o t he c u r r e n t l i r. e d e s i g n , s c ::: e c o n d i t i o n s
~~~~rn~~g particularly increased additiona~ loads of
~:uc:~r~ ir crossings could be o~~::~d whe~ compared ~~:h
~ ;:, r .-:: : i c ~~ ::; -:: c! i t ~ o !1 of t he s t a n da r d . F' ~..: : : ~ e r ::-: 0 r ~ ~ :-. e c o :;1 b i ra a : ~ c. :--.
r~~~~re:::e~:s ccncerning wood poles r~sulted i~ redu~ing :~e
:-. ~- e :- - ' p .~ r t. i ~ ~ l a:- s;:; ~ c 1 f i c a '::. i on s .
DIN VDE 0210 Page gg
Appendix A: Galvanizing of towers and other components
The r~vi~icn ai~ed at dividing the appendix into:
- ~tr~cture: and cowponents ~ade of st~el as well a~ colts and

nuts,
Steel wi~s,
- Cap: for overhead li~e insulators and fittings
~nd at r~ferring as far a~ necessary tc relevant DIN Standard:.
International patent classification
H 01 B l/C2
li 01 8 17/00
!! 02 G 7/00
E 04 H 12/00
E 04 H 12/08
E 04 H 12/10
E 04 H 12/12
....t' 04 H 12/20
E 011 H 12/22
E 02 D 27!00

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DEUTSCHE NORM DIN VDE 0210 December 1985

Planning and Design of Overhead Power

Planning and Design of Overhead Power DIN

This standard that is approved by the Managing Committee of

This standard supersedes VDE

No relevant regional or international standards exist

This standard (VDE Specification) applies as of lst December

German Electrotechnical Commission within DIN and VDE (DKE)

This standard applies to planning and design of overhead power

2.1 Overhead line

The term overhead line includes the entire installation for

2.2 Towers and poles

2.2.1 Suspension tower supports the conductors in a straight

2.2.2 Angle suspension tower serves as suspension support for

2.2.3 Angle tower carries the resulting conductor tensile forces

2.2.5 Terminal tower carries the total conductor tensile

2.2.7 Guyed tower is additionally provided with staywires in

2.2.8 Net working force of a tower or pole is the permissible to-

2.2.9 Uplift or downward forces are represented by the components

2.2.10 Additional load allows for the loading of conductors ,

2.2.11 Span length is the horizontal distance between two adja-

2.2.12 Wind span of a tower is the arithmetic mean value of the

2.2.13 Tower eq~ipment summarizes all components which are not

Foundations are parts of the supports and fulfil the task of

2.3.1 Compact foundation accommodates the tower body within one

2.3.2 Separate footing foundation provides individual foundations

2.3.3 Working load of a foundation is the load transferred from

2.).4 Failing load of a foundation is the load under which the

2.4.1 Bundle conductor is an arrangement of two or more subcon-

2.4.2 Failing load of a conductor is 0,95 times the theoretical

2.4.3 Unit deadweight force related to the cross-section (QLK) is

2.4.4 Nominal cross-section of a conductor is the cross-sectional

2.4.5 Actual cross-section of a conductor is the cross-section of

2.4.6 Tensile stress of a conductor is the theoretical value

2.4.7 Maximum working tensile stress is the horizontal component

2.4.8 Permissible maximum working tensile stress accordfhg to

2.4.9 Long-term tensile stress is the tensile stress which a con-

2.4.10 Everyday stress is the horizontal component of the con-

2.4.11 Maximum working tensile force of a conductor is the pro-

2.4.12 Conductor temperature is the temperature of a conductor

2.4.13 Sag of a conductor is the vertical distance between the

Insulators serve as insulation of live conductors against earth

2.5.1 Multiple insulator set is an arrangement of several insu-

2.5.2 Routine test load of an insulator is the static force to

Accessories serve for the mechanical attachment, the electrical

2.6.1 Accessories for conductors are components which are

2.6.2 Accessories for insulator sets and other conductor attach-

Usually, these are all components mechanically loaded by the

2.7 Layout of an overhead line

2.7.2 Span is the part of an overhead line situated between two

2.7.3 Crossing span is the part of an overhead line over or under

2.7.4 Clearances according to Clauses 11, 12 and 13 are

These requirements are met if an overhead line is designed and

DIN VDE 0105 Part 1 applies to operation and maintenance.

4.1.1 Thermal rating

taking account of ambient conditions or of the maximum short

Table 1. Permissible conductor temperature in case of short-cir-

Homogeneous Copper 170

4.1.2 Mechanical rating

4.1.2.1 Loading according to maximum working tensile stress

At a temperature of -5"C with the normal additional load

At -5"C with the increased additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2

- For selfsupporting metal-reinforced telecommunication aerial