ABSTRACT

This is a report on the Jominy end quench test. Using a prepared quenched sample of steel,
regions of faster cooling rate in the quenching of the sample bar showed higher hardness numbers, as
tested by the Rockwell C hardness test machine. Performing the Jominy test it is possible to know the
hardenability of steel. Hardenability of steels can be measured using the Jominy end test. The
Jominy end test testifies the incidence of the composition of the alloy and heat treatment
procedures for manufacturing purpos

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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF TABLE........................................................................................................... III
LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... IV
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1
2.0 THEORY............................................................................................................ 2
3.0 PROCEDURE...................................................................................................... 6
4.0 RESUL............................................................................................................... 8
5.0 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................... 16
6.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 22
7.0 REFERENCE.................................................................................................... 25

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1: Hardness Test.................................................................................................... 8

LIST OF FIGURE

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Figure 2.1: Sample........................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.2: Jominy Test Machine.......................................................................................... 3
Figure 2.3: Graph for hardness............................................................................................ 3
Figure 2.4 : A) Martensite, B) Ferrite/pearlite..........................................................................4
Figure 3.1 : Jominy End-Quench machine..............................................................................6
Figure 3.2 : Specimen....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3.3 : Vickers Hardness Test........................................................................................ 7

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Jominy end-quench test is used to measure the hardenability of a steel, which is a
measure of the capacity of the steel to harden in depth under a given set of conditions. This
article considers the basic concepts of hardenability and the Jominy test.

Knowledge about the hardenability of steels is necessary to select the appropriate

combination of alloy steel and heat treatment to minimize thermal stresses and distortion in
manufacturing components of different sizes. The Jominy end-quench test is the standard method
for measuring the hardenability of steels. This describes the ability of the steel to be hardened in
depth by quenching. Hardenability depends on the chemical composition of the steel and can
also be affected by prior processing conditions, such as the austenitizing temperature. It not only
is necessary to understand the basic information provided from the test, but also to determine
how the information obtained from the Jominy test can be used to understand the effects of
alloying in steels and the steel microstructure. [1].

2.0 THEORY

Jominy end quench test

The test sample is a cylinder with a length of 102 mm (4 inches) and a diameter of 25.4 mm
(1inch).

Figure 2.1: Sample

Jominy test specimen

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The steel sample is normalized to eliminate differences in microstructure due to previous
forging, and then austenitised. This is usually at a temperature of 800 to 900C. The test sample
is quickly transferred to the test machine, where it is held vertically and sprayed with a
controlled flow of water onto one end of the sample. This cools the specimen from one end,
simulating the effect of quenching a larger steel component in water.

Figure 2.2: Jominy Test Machine

Jominy test machine

The cooling rate varies along the length of the sample from very rapid at the quenched end, to
rates equivalent to air cooling at the other end.

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 Figure 2.3: Graph for hardness

The round specimen is then ground flat along its length to a depth of 0.38 mm (15 thousandths of
an inch) to remove decarburized material. The hardness is measured at intervals from the
quenched end. The interval is typically 1.5 mm for alloy steels and 0.75 mm for carbon steels.

High hardness occurs where high volume fractions of martensite develop. Lower hardness
indicates transformation to bainite or ferrite/pearlite microstructures.

A B

Figure 2.4 : A) Martensite, B) Ferrite/pearlite

Jominy end quench hardness data for two steels of different hardenability can be seen in a later
section of this TLP, with images of the microstructure variation along the length of the sample.

Similar tests have been developed in other countries, such as the SAC test, which uses a sample
quenched from all sides by immersion in water. This is commonly used in the USA. [2].

Hardenability

Hardenability is the ability of a steel to partially or completely transform from austenite to some
fraction of martensite at a given depth below the surface, when cooled under a given condition.
For example, a steel of a high hardenability can transform to a high fraction of martensite to
depths of several millimetres under relatively slow cooling, such as an oil quench, whereas a
steel of low hardenability may only form a high fraction of martensite to a depth of less than a
millimetre, even under rapid cooling such as a water quench. Hardenability therefore describes
the capacity of the steel to harden in depth under a given set of conditions.

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Steels with high hardenability are needed for large high strength components, such as large
extruder screws for injection moulding of polymers, pistons for rock breakers, mine shaft
supports, aircraft undercarriages, and also for small high precision components such as die-
casting moulds, drills and presses for stamping coins. High hardenability allows slower quenches
to be used (e.g. oil quench), which reduces the distortion and residual stress from thermal
gradients.Steels with low hardenability may be used for smaller components, such as chisels and
shears, or for surface hardened components such as gears.

Hardenability can be measured using the Jominy end quench test. [3]

3.0 PROCEDURE

1) In the Jominy End-Quenchs furnace show in the figure 3.1, the specimen is heated until
the temperature reaches 900C.

Figure 3.5 : Jominy End-Quench machine

2) Next, the water flow is adjusted until the height reaches approximately 65 mm at Jominy
End-Quench test bench.
3) The safety pin is pulled out from the furnace so that the specimens fall down to the
quenching apparatus.
4) The water is applied within 5.5 seconds; the water should be taken care so that it only
strikes the bottom of the specimen.
5) In the quenching unit, the specimen should be left for few minutes until it cools.

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6) The specimen is removed for hardness test and microstructure evaluation using
microscope.

Figure 3.6 : Specimen

7) The readings of Vickers hardness are taken at 1mm intervals for the first 10 mm, 5s mm
interval for the next 40 mm and 10 mm interval for the remaining 50 mm length of the
specimen.

Figure 3.7 : Vickers Hardness Test

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4.0 RESUL

DISTANCE(mm) D1 D2 HARDNESS(HV)
0 62.9 62.3 473
1 61.2 63.5 458.8
2 66.2 66.2 422.9
3 68.6 66.6 411.8
4 74.2 77.1 318.0
5 74.6 78.1 318.2
6 79.6 84.1 277.1
7 81.9 85.0 266.3
8 91.7 90.9 222.5
9 92.6 90.0 220.3
10 92.8 91.1 219.4
15 95.9 96.1 201.0
20 97.0 95.7 199.8
25 84.2 96.6 227.0
30 102.8 101.1 178.7
35 99.7 107.3 173.1
40 107.3 112.0 154.2
45 100.0 98.3 188.7
50 108.2 104.8 163.8
60 105.4 107.0 164.3
70 110.0 110.6 152.5
80 116.8 116.7 136.1
90 112.0 109.7 151.0
100 117.1 118.9 133.1

Table 4.1: Hardness Test

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 Hardness VS Distance
500

450

400

350

300

250
Hardness(HV)
200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Distance(mm)

Graph 4.1 : Graph Hardness vs Distance

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5.0 DISCUSSION
[4], [5], [6]

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6.0 CONCLUSION

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7.0 REFERENCE

[1] Industrial Heating, "Understanding the Jominy End-Quench Test," September

2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.industrialheating.com/articles/92224-
understanding-the-jominy-end-quench-test.

[2] U. o. Cambridge, "Jominy test," 2015. [Online]. Available:

https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/jominy/jominy.php.

[3] U. o. Cambridge, "Hardenability," 2015. [Online]. Available:

https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/jominy/hardenability.php.

[4] D. o. I. f. t. P. o. M. Science, "The JominyEnd Quench Test," University of

Cambridge, 22 March 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/jominy/index.php.

[5] C. E. a. M. Science, "The hardenability of steel," UC Davis, 22 March 2009.

[Online]. Available:
http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/Other/Files/Hardenability.pdf.

[6] I. Heating, "Understanding The Jominy End Quench Test," 22 March 2009.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.industrialheating.com/CDA/Archives/22d2fcf0ddbb7010VgnVCM1000
00f932a.

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