N A S A CR-54581 I,

GE R66FPD321 I

SIN6LE STAGE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF

HIGH MACH NUMBER COMPRESSOR ROTOR BLADING
PART 1 DESIGN OF ROTOR BLADING -
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D.R. S e y l e r and L.H. Smith, Jr.

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C 0 N T R A Cl US3-7617
N67- 2 5 0 7.8
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(ACCESSION NUMBER1
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(NASA CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEQOR~ ~

FLIGHT PROPULSION DIVISION

I
I
GENERAL ELECTRIC
LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS/ C I NC I N NATl, 0 H I O
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Requests for copies of this report should be referred to

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Attention: AFSS-A
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2
 NASA C R - 5 4 5 8 1
GE R 6 6 F P D 3 2 1

SINGLE STAGE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF

HIGH MACH NUMBER COMPRESSOR ROTOR BLADING
PART I -
DESIGN O F ROTOR BLADING

D. R. S e y l e r and L. H. S m i t h , Jr.

p r e p a r e d for

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

A p r i l 1 , 1967

CONTRACT NO. NAS3-7617

T e c h n i c a l Management
NASA L e w i s R e s e a r c h C e n t e r
Cleveland, Ohio
John E. M c A u l a y , Project Manager
Donald M. Sandercock, Research A d v i s o r

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND DEMONSTRATOR PROGRAMS DEPARTMENT

FLIGHT PROPULSION D I V I S I O N
GENE&% ELECTRIC
LYNN, MASSACHUShTTS/CINCINNATI, OHIO
 SINGLE STAGE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF
HIGH MACH NUMBER COMPRESSOR ROTOR BLADING

PART I - DESIGN OF ROTOR BLADING

by
D.R. S e y l e r and L.H. Smith, Jr.

ABSTRACT

A s e t of f o u r a x i a l - f l o w medium-aspect-ratio compressor r o t o r b l a d e rows was

designed t o provide a v e h i c l e f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n of t h e u s e of b l a d e
c a m b e r l i n e shape t o minimize b l a d e element l o s s e s i n t h e h i g h - t r a n s o n i c Mach
number r e g i o n . One b l a d e row was d e s i g n e d f o r a t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.35
w i t h a t i p blade element r a t i o of s u p e r s o n i c t o t o t a l camber of 0. The o t h e r
t h r e e b l a d e rows were d e s i g n e d f o r a t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.45 w i t h t i p
r a t i o s of s u p e r s o n i c t o t o t a l camber v a r y i n g from 0 t o 0.65, t h e v a l u e r e q u i r -
ed f o r a d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r arc b l a d e e l e m e n t ,

SUMMARY

A set of f o u r axial-flow medium-aspect-ratio compressor r o t o r b l a d e rows was

d e s i g n e d t o provide a v e h i c l e f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n of t h e u s e o f b l a d e
c a m b e r l i n e shape t o minimize b l a d e element l o s s e s i n t h e h i g h t r a n s o n i c Mach
number r e g i o n . One r o t o r , d e s i g n a t e d Rotor l B , was d e s i g n e d t o produce a t i p
d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.35 and t h e o t h e r t h r e e , d e s i g n a t e d Rotors 2B, 2 D and
2E, were designed to produce a t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.45. Rotor 1 B de-
l i v e r s a design total-pressure r a t i o of 1.60 and t h e R o t o r s 2 d e l i v e r a d e s i g n
t o t a l - p r e s s u r e r a t i o of 1.76. The i n l e t h u b - t i p r a d i u s r a t i o i s 0.50 f o r a l l
f o u r r o t o r s and a l l were d e s i g n e d t o p a s s a c o r r e c t e d weight flow of 29.66
l b / s e c - s q f t f r o n t a l a r e a a t a r o t o r t i p speed of 1400 f t / s e c . R a d i a l l y con-
s t a n t t o t a l p r e s s u r e but r a d i a l l y v a r y i n g l o s s e s were used i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
of v e l o c i t y diagrams. The l o s s s e l e c t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n weight-flow-averaged
r o t o r a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c i e s of 0.858 f o r Rotor 1 B and 0.837 f o r R o t o r s 2.
The Rotors 2 were d e s i g n e d f o r t h r e e l e v e l s o f t h e r a t i o of t h e camber i n t h e
f r o n t or s u p e r s o n i c p o r t i o n o f t h e b l a d e element t o t h e t o t a l camber. The
s m a l l e s t camber r a t i o was r e p e a t e d i n t h e d e s i g n of Rotor 1B. The a s p e c t
r a t i o f o r a l l i s about 2 . 5 ; p a r t - s p a n shrouds a r e employed t o i n s u r e s a t i s f a c -
t o r y aeromechanical performance. The t i p d i a m e t e r o f t h e compressor i s 36.5".
For t h i s diameter t h e d e s i g n weight flow i s 2 1 5 . 4 9 lb/sec. The compressor
v e h i c l e was designed t o be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e General E l e c t r i c Lynn Component
T e s t O p e r a t i o n House Compressor T e s t Stand.

Design parameters were selected f o r i n l e t s c r e e n i n g t o p e r m i t t h e s t u d y of

e f f e c t s o f i n l e t flow d i s t o r t i o n .

4
 I NTRODUCT I ON

Although e a r l y a t t e m p t s t o o p e r a t e compressors w i t h t r a n s o n i c Mach numbers

were d i s a p p o i n t i n g , t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n s t a g e p r e s s u r e
r a t i o w i t h t r a n s o n i c compressors s t i m u l a t e d r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a . In the
e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ' s t h e N a t i o n a l Advisory C o m m i t t e e f o r A e r o n a u t i c s embarked on an
e x t e n s i v e program t o develop t h e performance of t r a n s o n i c compressor s t a g e s
c u l m i n a t i n g w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n ( r e f . 1) t h a t t h e r e i s no Mach number b a r r i e r
f o r a x i a l - f l o w compressors, but r a t h e r a c o n t i n u o u s spectrum of performance a s
d e s i g n Mach number i s i n c r e a s e d i n t o t h e s u p e r s o n i c r a n g e .

T h i s work and p a r a l l e l i n g experiments i n t h e a i r c r a f t g a s t u r b i n e i n d u s t r y l e d

t o t e m p o r a r i l y a c c e p t e d d e s i g n l i m i t s f o r compressor f r o n t end s t a g e s which
acknowledged t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t :

1. D i f f u s i o n f a c t o r l e v e l s i n excess of 0 . 4 i n t h e r o t o r t i p r e g i o n a r e
f r e q u e n t l y accompanied by high l o s s e s .

2. Blade e l e m e n t s w i t h r e l a t i v e Mach numbers i n e x c e s s of 1 . 2 have t h e

p o t e n t i a l f o r h i g h l o s s e s when simple b l a d e s h a p e s such a s t h e double-
c i r c u l a r - a r c a r e employed.

3. Rotor t i p s o l i d i t i e s of less t h a n 1 . 0 i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t r a n s o n i c
r e l a t i v e Mach numbers a c c e n t u a t e t h e l o s s .

I s o l a t e d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , such a s t h a t i n r e f e r e n c e 2 , probed f u r t h e r w i t h
r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s , but s u f f i c i e n t d a t a and a r e a s o n a b l e model f o r t h e d e s i g n
of f r o n t s t a g e r o t o r s w i t h t i p speeds i n e x c e s s of 1200 f e e t p e r second do n o t
appear i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . The purpose of t h e d e s i g n s r e p o r t e d h e r e i n i s t o
o b t a i n b l a d e element d a t a from r o t o r b l a d e s which o p e r a t e a t h i g h - t r a n s o n i c
Mach numbers.

Analyses of t h e o r i g i n of l o s s i n t r a n s o n i c r o t o r s , such a s i n r e f e r e n c e 3,
where t h e shock l o s s i s c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y from t h e p r o f i l e or s u b s o n i c
d i f f u s i o n l o s s r e s u l t i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e shock l o s s c a n be a s i z e a b l e
f r a c t i o n of t h e t o t a l l o s s . C o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
shock l o s s and s u p e r s o n i c expansion on t h e curved uncovered p o r t i o n of t h e
b l a d e element l e d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e shape and d i r e c t i o n of t h e suc-
t i o n s u r f a c e i n t h e uncovered p o r t i o n p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n minimizing
t h e l o s s of t r a n s o n i c r o t o r b l a d e elements.

I t a p p e a r s t h a t , when h i g h - t r a n s o n i c Mach numbers a r e employed, fundamentally

d i f f e r e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s apply t o t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e shape of t h e uncovered
forward p o r t i o n of a b l a d e element and t h e shape of t h e covered p a s s a g e por-
t i o n behind i t . The uncovered p o r t i o n , i d e n t i f i e d i n s k e t c h 1 a s 1 - m , may be
f u r t h e r subdivided by t h e p o i n t , f , which r e p r e s e n t s t h e o r i g i n of t h e f i r s t
Mach wave from t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e t h a t i s c a p t u r e d by t h e a d j a c e n t b l a d e .
Along t h e i n l e t p o r t i o n , 1-f, expansion and compression waves, when t h e y a r e

5
 air flow

c
B

uncovered

supersonic
r e g i o n of main
shock s t r u c t u r e
2f v e r e d
or

\ sub s o n i c

sketch 1

p r e s e n t , must be o f such s t r e n g t h t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n of no change i n a n g u l a r

momentum of t h e flow a l o n g any blade-to-blade l i n e forward of t h e l e a d i n g
edge i s s a t i s f i e d . A p r i n c i p a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f p o i n t , m,
i s t h e t h r o a t area r e q u i r e m e n t . T h i s a r e a i s a f f e c t e d by s t a r t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ,
s t r e a m t u b e c o n t r a c t i o n , boundary l a y e r a l l o w a n c e s and t h e change i n choke
flow area t h a t occurs a l o n g a s t r e a m l i n e because of changing r a d i u s i n a ro-
t a t i n g c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m . The shape o f t h e c o v e r e d p o r t i o n , m-2, of t h e b l a d e
depends upon subsonic d i f f u s e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and d e v i a t i o n a n g l e r e q u i r e m e n t s .

F i n d i n g t h e minimum b l a d e element l o s s f o r h i g h - t r a n s o n i c r o t o r b l a d i n g seems

t o be most d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o a s e a r c h for a b l a d e element shape which pro-
v i d e s t h e b e s t balance between shock l o s s and s u b s o n i c d i f f u s i o n l o s s . A new
method f o r developing b l a d e e l e m e n t s , wherein t h e c a m b e r l i n e c o n s i s t s of two
c i r c u l a r a r c s which a r e m u t u a l l y t a n g e n t a t t h e p o i n t where t h e y j o i n , was
employed. The f r o n t a r c i s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e s u p e r s o n i c a r c , and t h e r e a r a r c
i s i d e n t i f i e d as t h e s u b s o n i c a r c . The t e r m , camber r a t i o , r e f e r s t o t h e
r a t i o of t h e camber o f t h e s u p e r s o n i c a r c t o t h e t o t a l camber. Blade e l e m e n t s
developed i n t h i s way a r e c a l l e d m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c e l e m e n t s and p r o v i d e a
r e a s o n a b l e means f o r v a r y i n g b l a d e s h a p e s between t h e two e x t r e m e s of double-
c i r c u l a r - a r c elements and m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c e l e m e n t s w i t h t h e s m a l l e s t
s u p e r s o n i c camber c o n s i s t e n t w i t h choke-free o p e r a t i o n .

6
,

For t h e 0 . 3 5 r o t o r - t i p - d i f f u s i o n - f a c t o r design t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n camberline

shape f o r t h e extremes approached normal manufacturing t o l e r a n c e s . Therefore
o n l y t h e b l a d e shape approaching t h e choke l i m i t was d e s i g n e d . For t h e 0 . 4 5
r o t o r - t i p - d i f f u s i o n - f a c t o r d e s i g n s u f f i c i e n t d i f f e r e n c e i n c a m b e r l i n e shape
r e s u l t e d so t h a t t h e d e s i g n of two extremes and an i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l of cam-
. b e r r a t i o was warranted. Other design p a r a m e t e r s e l e c t i o n s a r e made so t h a t
t h e r e s u l t i n g b l a d e geometry i s t y p i c a l aerodynamically and m e c h a n i c a l l y of
f u t u r e e n g i n e f r o n t s t a g e r o t o r blade rows.

The approach s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s e r o t o r d e s i g n s i s b e l i e v e d t o o f f e r t h e oppor-

t u n i t y f o r advancement i n compressor technology by u s i n g :

1. an axisymmetric procedure capable of c a l c u l a t i n g t h e flow f i e l d

throughout t h e r e g i o n of t h e b l a d e row t o a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e
flow d i r e c t i o n a t t h e b l a d e edges and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m e r i d i o n a l
s t r e a m t u b e a r e a through t h e blade row, and

2. b l a d e element s h a p e s of t h e type d e s c r i b e d i n appendix B, M u l t i p l e -

and Double-Circular-Arc P r o p e r t i e s , where t h e c a m b e r l i n e and s u r f a c e s
a r e c i r c u l a r a r c s of d i f f e r e n t c u r v a t u r e i n t h e uncovered or s u p e r -
s o n i c p o r t i o n and t h e covered or s u b s o n i c p o r t i o n o f t h e b l a d e ele-
ment.

T h i s m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c - b l a d e t y p e i s b e l i e v e d t o be c a p a b l e of good p e r -
formance i f t h e p r o p o r t i o n s a r e p r o p e r l y s e l e c t e d .

SYMBOLS

The f o l l o w i n g symbols a r e used i n t h i s r e p o r t :

A exponent i n e q u a t i o n (B12), page 26

2
A flow a r e a , i n

a d i s t a n c e a l o n g chord l i n e t o p o s i t i o n where maximum p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i s -

placement between c a m b e r l i n e and chord l i n e o c c u r s , i n

enthalpy-equivalent static-pressure-rise coefficient,

h

7
C static-pressure-rise coefficient, C =
p2 - p1
P P p; - PI

C b l a d e chord l e n g t h , i n

C s p e c i f i c heat a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , 0 . 2 3 9 9 Btdlb-OR
P
D d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r , e q u a t i o n (l), page 15

e base of n a t u r a l system of l o g a r i t h m

F body f o r c e p e r u n i t mass, f t / s e c 2

frequency , c p s

a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , 3 2 . 1 7 4 f t / s e c 2

displacement a l o n g r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n between axisymmetric s t r e a m

surfaces, i n

i i n c i d e n c e a n g l e , d i f f e r e n c e between a i r a n g l e and camber l i n e a n g l e

a t l e a d i n g edge i n c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ( s e e Rotor Blade Shape Design
sect i o n ) , deg

J mechanical e q u i v a l e n t of h e a t , 778.161 f t - l b / B t u

t o t a l effective-area coefficient
Kbk
e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t due t o b l a d e blockage
Kbkb
e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t due t o p a r t - s p a n shroud blockage
Kbks

Kbkw e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t due t o w a l l boundary l a y e r blockage

L l e n g t h i n c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ( s e e Rotor Blade Shape Design s e c t i o n )

d e f i n e d i n appendix C , i n

b l a d e chord l e n g t h p r o j e c t e d t o a x i a l d i r e c t i o n , i n

M Mach number

m d e v i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , e q u a t i o n (21, page 7 , and f i g u r e 9 , page 54

N r o t a t i o n a l speed, rpm

number of r o t o r b l a d e s
Nb
P t o t a l or s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e , p s i a
 P s t a t i c or stream p r e s s u r e , p s i a

R g a s c o n s t a n t , 53.342 ft-lb/lb-"R

0 r radius, i n
L -
r mean r a d i u s , a v e r a g e of s t r e a m l i n e leading-edge and t r a i l i n g - e d g e
radii, i n

r r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of p r o j e c t i o n of s t r e a m l i n e on m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e ,
m
in

S e n t r o p y , Btu/lb-OR

S blade spacing, i n

T t o t a l or s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , O R

t s t a t i c or s t r e a m t e m p e r a t u r e , OR

t blade thickness, i n

t b l a d e edge t h i c k n e s s , i n ; s k e t c h 6 i n appendix B
e
b l a d e maximum t h i c k n e s s , i n
tm
U r o t o r speed, f t / s e c

U c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t d e f i n e d i n e q u a t i o n (B19), page 30, i n

v a i r velocity, ft/sec

W weight flow, l b / s e c

X e m p i r i c a l d e v i a t i o n a n g l e a d j u s t m e n t , deg

z d i s p l a c e m e n t along compressor a x i s , i n

B a i r a n g l e , a n g l e whose tangent i s t h e r a t i o of t a n g e n t i a l t o a x i a l
v e l o c i t y , deg

Y r a t i o of s p e c i f i c h e a t s

YO blade-chord a n g l e , a n g l e i n c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ( s e e Rotor Blade Shape

Design s e c t i o n ) between blade c h o r d and a x i a l d i r e c t i o n , deg

d e v i a t i o n a n g l e , d i f f e r e n c e between a i r a n g l e and camber l i n e a n g l e

a t t r a i l i n g edge i n c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ( s e e Rotor Blade Shape Design
s e c t i o n ) , deg

9
E meridional a n g l e , a n g l e between t a n g e n t t o s t r e a m l i n e p r o j e c t e d on
meridional p l a n e and a x i a l d i r e c t i o n , deg

e a n g u l a r displacement about compressor a x i s , deg

adiabatic efficiency
ad
t
1 u n i t v e c t o r i n d i r e c t i o n of i n t e r s e c t i o n of axisymmetric s t r e a m
K
s u r f a c e and b l a d e mean s u r f a c e
+
K a n g l e between c y l i n d r i c a l p r o j e c t i o n of i and a x i a l d i r e c t i o n , deg
K

x l e a n angle, a n g l e i n z = c o n s t a n t p l a n e between t a n g e n t t o b l a d e mean

s u r f a c e and r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n , deg
2 4
P s t a t i c or s t r e a m d e n s i t y , l b - s e c / f t

0 s o l i d i t y , r a t i o of chord t o s p a c i n g

(+ camber angle, d i f f e r e n c e between a n g l e s i n c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ( s e e

Rotor Blade Shape Design s e c t i o n ) of t a n g e n t s t o c a m b e r l i n e a t extremes
of camberline a r c , deg

9 stream function; $h = 0 , $c = 1
-
w total-pressure-loss coefficient
-
w l o c a l l o s s - r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t , e q u a t i o n (B3), page 24
Z

Subscripts :

a p o i n t o n camber l i n e where maximum camber l i n e rise o c c u r s

C t i p or c a s i n g a t any s t a t i o n

CY1 i n c y l i n d r i c a l s e c t i o n of b l a d e

d design

e e q u i v a l e n t two-dimensional c a s c a d e

h hub a t any s t a t i o n

i arbitrary axial station

i-1 preceding a r b i t r a r y a x i a l s t a t i o n

id ideal
m meridional d i r e c t i o n

m p o i n t on camberline where maximum t h i c k n e s s o c c u r s

r radial direction

S suction surface

sb s u b s o n i c or r e a r p o r t i o n of blade element

ss s u p e r s o n i c o r f r o n t p o r t i o n of b l a d e element

t t i p a t s t a t i o n 1.0

t t o t a l when r e f e r r i n g t o blade element

t hr l o c a t i o n i n p a s s a g e between a d j a c e n t b l a d e s where a r e a bounded by

a d j a c e n t b l a d e s and a d j a c e n t axisymmetric s t r e a m s u r f a c e s i s minimum;
appendix C

Z axial direct ion

9 tangential direction

1 l e a d i n g edge

1.o z = c o n s t a n t p l a n e i n d i c a t i n g s t a t i o n a t i n l e t t o b l a d e row

1.5 z = c o n s t a n t p l a n e i n d i c a t i n g s t a t i o n a t e x i t from b l a d e row

2 t r a i l i n g edge

Superscripts:

* c r i t i c a l flow c o n d i t i o n
I
relative t o rotor

ROTOR DESIGN

Overall Design F e a t u r e s

A set of f o u r medium-aspect r a t i o h i g h - t r a n s o n i c rotors was d e s i g n e d a s a

v e h i c l e f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n of t h e u s e of b l a d e camber l i n e shape t o
minimize b l a d e element l o s s e s . A l l f o u r r o t o r s have some o v e r a l l c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s i n common a s l i s t e d below:

1. Rotor t i p speed, 1400 f t / s e c .

2. I n l e t h u b - t i p r a d i u s r a t i o , 0.50.

11
 3. Rotor i n l e t t i p d i a m e t e r , 36.5 i n .

4. Corrected weight flow, 215.49 l b / s e c

5. Corrected weight flow p e r u n i t f r o n t a l a r e a , 29.66 l b / s e c - s q . ft.

6. Rotor t i p s o l i d i t y , 1 . 3 w i t h chord r a d i a l l y c o n s t a n t .

7. Number of r o t o r b l a d e s , 44.

Two l e v e l s of loading r e s u l t i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n some of t h e o v e r a l l c h a r a c t e r -

i s t i c s as l i s t e d below:

Rotor 1 B Rotors 2

Rotor t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r 0.35 0.45

Total-pressure r a t i o , r a d i a l l y c o n s t a n t 1.60 1.76
Rotor b l a d e a s p e c t r a t i o 2.5 2.4
Rotor t i p a x i a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o .91 .91
Rotor t i p r e l a t i v e Mach number 1.43 1.45
T i p b l a d e element camber r a t i o 1 level 3 levels
Weight-flow averaged r o t o r a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y 0.858 0.837

The Rotor 1 B t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.35 i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f common p r a c t i c e

f o r s t a g e s w i t h an i n l e t r a d i u s r a t i o of 0 . 5 ; t h e t i p Mach number, 1.43, i s
g r e a t e r t h a n i s commonly used. T h i s combination p r o v i d e s a l i n k w i t h p a s t
e x p e r i e n c e and o t h e r c u r r e n t d e s i g n s where s i m i l a r d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r l e v e l s
have been used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h lower Mach number l e v e l s . The s e l e c t i o n of
t h e Rotors 2 t i p d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r , 0.45, was made w i t h t h e thought t h a t t h e
d i f f u s i o n l o s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l o a d i n g l e v e l which i s somewhat h i g h e r t h a n
common p r a c t i c e might be t o l e r a b l e , i f t h e shock l o s s e s a r e minimized. The
t h r e e l e v e l s o f t h e r a t i o o f s u p e r s o n i c t o t o t a l camber w h i c h > c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e t h r e e Rotors 2 a r e i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e a range i n s i d e
which t h e minimum b l a d e element l o s s w i l l o c c u r . One l e v e l o f camber r a t i o
f o r Rotor 2 w a s achieved by s e l e c t i n g d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s ; t h e
r e s u l t i n g b l a d e i s i d e n t i f i e d a s Rotor 2D. The o t h e r two l e v e l s of camber
r a t i o f o r Rotors 2 were achieved by u s i n g m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s .
Rotor 1B a l s o employs m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s . All r o t o r s employ
d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s i n t h e hub r e g i o n . Because Rotor 2D i s a
b l a d e composed e n t i r e l y of d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s , i t p r o v i d e s a
g e o m e t r i c l i n k with p a s t e x p e r i e n c e . The remaining i t e m s were s e l e c t e d as
being t y p i c a l of a f a n or compressor f r o n t s t a g e , t h e most l i k e l y a p p l i c a t i o n
of a h i g h - t r a n s o n i c rotor b l a d e . The r a d i a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t - s p a n shroud
(app. A ) i s s u f f i c i e n t l y f a r removed from t h e h i g h Mach number r e g i o n so a s
n o t t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e important b l a d e element measurements. The r o t o r t i p
d i a m e t e r was s e l e c t e d t o be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Lynn Component
T e s t O p e r a t i o n House Compressor T e s t Stand. The o v e r a l l f l o w p a t h i s shown i n
figure 1.

12
 Method of C a l c u l a t i o n f o r Rotor Design

The o v e r a l l c a l c u l a t i o n procedure used f o r t h i s d e s i g n i s o u t l i n e d i n Appendix

B, Compressor Axisymmetric Flow Determination (CAFD), where t h e p r i n c i p a l
equations a r e l i s t e d .

A t o t a l of t w e n t y - t h r e e c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s and t e n equal-flow s t r e a m t u b e s
were used t o a r r i v e a t t h e d e s i g n v e c t o r diagrams i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e r o t o r .
F i g u r e 2 shows t h e l o c a t i o n of c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s i n t h e neighborhood of
t h e R o t o r s 2. The f i r s t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n , 0.1, was l o c a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y
15" forward of t h e r o t o r and t h e l a s t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n , 2.0, was l o c a t e d
approximately 15" a f t of t h e r o t o r ( t h e annulus h e i g h t a t r o t o r i n l e t s t a t i o n
i s 9 , 1 2 5 " ) ; t h e s t r e a m l i n e s l o p e and c u r v a t u r e boundary c o n d i t i o n s were e s -
t a b l i s h e d a t s t a t i o n s 19" forward and 23" a f t of t h e r o t o r . Two of t h e c a l -
c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s were l o c a t e d immediately upstream and downstream of t h e
b l a d e a x i a l p r o j e c t i o n e x t r e m i t i e s ( s t a t i o n s 1 . 0 and 1.5, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) and
f i v e a d d i t i o n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s were spaced e q u a l l y w i t h i n t h e s e ex-
tremes. The a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r i o r s t a t i o n s improve t h e o v e r a l l a c c u r a c y of t h e
s o l u t i o n by i n c l u d i n g i n f a i r d e t a i l t h e e f f e c t s of b l a d e t h i c k n e s s blockage
on t h e s l o p e s and c u r v a t u r e s a t t h e blade i n l e t and e x i t s t a t i o n s and t h e r e b y
enhance t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e r o t o r design.

I n t h e o v e r a l l CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n t h e change i n a n g u l a r momentum i s d i s t r i b u t e d

along axisymmetric s t r e a m s u r f a c e s i n t h e a x i a l s p a c e of t h e b l a d e a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r c y c l e of a s i n e wave r a i s e d t o t h e A power (eq. (B12),
page 26). I n t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n , A was g i v e n t h e v a l u e of 1 . 5 . Based on p a s t
e x p e r i e n c e t h i s s e l e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a r e a s o n a b l y good r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e ex-
p e c t e d r o t o r work i n p u t d i s t r i b u t i o n ; i t i s not a c r i t i c a l s e l e c t i o n because
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n does n o t have an important i n f l u e n c e on t h e a i r a n g l e s a t
b l a d e i n l e t and e x i t . D i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e change i n a n g u l a r momentum a l o n g
t w o s t r e a m l i n e s from Rotors 2 c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n f i g u r e 3. The dashed
l i n e i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e l e a d i n g edge of t h e b l a d e g i v e s i n d i c a t i o n of t h e
t e c h n i q u e which i s used t o f i n d modified a x i a l d e r i v a t i v e s of a n g u l a r momen-
tum t h a t a r e used i n t h e r a d i a l - e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n (eq. (B6) ). Modifying
t h e d e r i v a t i v e s minimizes t h e abnormal i n f l u e n c e of l a r g e changes from p o i n t -
to-point i n the c a l c u l a t i o n g r i d .

Ef f e c t i v e - A r e a C o e f f i c i e n t

I n a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e CAFD procedure t o t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n s , no a t t e m p t was

made t o c a l c u l a t e t h e l o c a l i z e d v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n s t h a t o c c u r deep i n t h e
a n n u l u s w a l l boundary l a y e r s . I n s t e a d , t h e c a l c u l a t e d f r e e - s t r e a m flow d i s -
t r i b u t i o n s w e r e c o n t i n u e d t o t h e annulus b o u n d a r i e s . The weight flow used a t
each s t a t i o n was r e l a t e d t o t h e a c t u a l weight flow by an e f f e c t i v e - a r e a co-
efficient, t h a t a c c o u n t s for t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t t h i c k n e s s of t h e w a l l
Kbkw '
boundary l a y e r s . S u i t a b l e v a l u e s for t h e e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t w e r e
s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of p a s t e x p e r i e n c e ; an e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t of
0.98 w a s used a t a l l s t a t i o n s forward of t h e r o t o r and 0.95 a t a l l s t a t i o n s
a f t of t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e r o t o r and t h e p a r t - s p a n shroud.

13
A t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s where p h y s i c a l o b s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e flow e x i s t , such a s
s t a t i o n s i n t e r n a l t o a b l a d e row, a m o d i f i e r must be i n c l u d e d i n t h e e f f e c t i v e -
a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t t o r e f l e c t t h e r e d u c t i o n of flow a r e a . T h i s m o d i f i e r i s a
f u n c t i o n of r a d i u s s i n c e b o t h t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e and t h e t a n g e n t i a l t h i c k n e s s
of t h e b l a d e s a r e dependent upon r a d i u s . The p r e s e n c e of p a r t - s p a n s h r o u d s i n
t h e s e d e s i g n s was r e f l e c t e d a t t h e i n t e r n a l b l a d e c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s by d i s -
t r i b u t i n g t h e r e s u l t i n g flow a r e a r e d u c t i o n uniformly a c r o s s t h e a n n u l u s ;
t h i s method was j u d g e d most a p p r o p r i a t e s i n c e a n u n u s u a l and u n d e s i r a b l e k i n k
would have r e s u l t e d from u s e of c o n c e n t r a t e d p a r t - s p a n shroud blockage. The
b l a d e t h i c k n e s s blockage was d i s t r i b u t e d r a d i a l l y a s i t a c t u a l l y o c c u r r e d ,
however. The combined e f f e c t s of boundary l a y e r , b l a d e t h i c k n e s s , and p a r t -
span shroud blockage r e s u l t e d i n minimum e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e
i n t e r n a l b l a d e c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s v a r y i n g from 0.85 a t t h e t i p t o 0.73 a t
t h e hub f o r Rotors 2 and v i r t u a l l y t h e same v a l u e s f o r Rotor 1B. F i g u r e 4
shows t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of t h e t h r e e blockages which f o r a t y p i c a l case make
up t h e . t o t a 1 e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t . A s i s t h e c a s e w i t h t h e a n g u l a r
momentum d e r i v a t i v e s , t h e dashed l i n e s i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e l e a d i n g and t r a i l -
i n g edge a r e used t o f i n d modified a x i a l d e r i v a t i v e s of t o t a l e f f e c t i v e a r e a
coefficient. I n t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s t h e shroud blockage e f f e c t was a p p l i e d
o v e r a l a r g e r a x i a l d i s t a n c e t h a n t h e a c t u a l shroud l e n g t h .

Annulus Shape and A x i a l V e l o c i t i e s

For g i v e n o v e r a l l d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s , u s u a l l y s p e c i f i e d by weight flow, p r e s -

s u r e r a t i o , and blade speed, t h e annulus a r e a i s t h e primary f a c t o r i n d e t e r -
mining t h e l e v e l of a x i a l v e l o c i t y . When s e l e c t i n g a x i a l v e l o c i t y l e v e l s t h e
f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s must be c o n s i d e r e d : (1) f o r a g i v e n v a l u e o f b l a d e l o a d i n g
parameter, such a s d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r , a r e d u c t i o n i n a x i a l v e l o c i t y a c r o s s t h e
r o t o r t e n d s t o reduce t h e p r e s s u r e r a t i o c a p a b i l i t y of t h e r o t o r , (2) a l a r g e
i n c r e a s e i n a x i a l v e l o c i t y t e n d s t o choke t h e a n n u l u s or t o pose d i f f u s i o n
problems f o r succeeding b l a d e rows, and ( 3 ) t h e s l o p e s and c u r v a t u r e s o f t h e
c a s i n g and hub s u r f a c e s can s o m e t i m e s be used e f f e c t i v e l y t o y i e l d a x i a l
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s t h a t t e n d t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l y weak blade-end
r e g i o n s . An a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s d e s i g n i s t h a t t h e
r o t o r i s n o t immediately followed by a s t a t o r . Under t h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e ,
annulus choke downstream o f t h e r o t o r becomes a n i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . For
t h e s e d e s i g n s i t was decided t h a t t h e t i p a x i a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o should n o t be
l e s s t h a n 0.9.

The hub and c a s i n g c o n t o u r s f o r b o t h Rotor 1 B and Rotors 2 a n n u l i w e r e e s t a b -

l i s h e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e above c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n t h e c o u r s e of t h e d e s i g n
c a l c u l a t i o n s i t became c l e a r t h a t i t was p o s s i b l e t o a s s i g n t h e same c a s i n g
c o n t o u r t o b o t h Rotor 1 B and Rotors 2 and s t i l l m a i n t a i n a r e a s o n a b l e a x i a l
v e l o c i t y change n e a r t h e c a s i n g f o r both. Accordingly as i s s e e n i n f i g u r e 1
only t h e hub c o n t o u r i s d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e two r o t o r t y p e s . F i g u r e 2 i s a n
enlargement o f t h e flowpath i n t h e neighborhood of t h e r o t o r . Included i n
t h i s f i g u r e , f o r r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s , a r e t h e s t r e a m l i n e s o b t a i n e d from t h e
d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r Rotors 2 .

14
 T o t a l - P r e s s u r e Ratio and Loss C o e f f i c i e n t s

The s e l e c t i o n of d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r , s o l i d i t y , i n l e t r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y and, from

t h e preceding s e c t i o n , a x i a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o permits c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e r o t o r
t i p of t h e change i n a n g u l a r momentum a c r o s s t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r o t o r , The
change i n a n g u l a r momentum and a s u i t a b l e r o t o r t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t
determine t h e r o t o r t o t a l - p r e s s u r e r a t i o . The t o t a l - p r e s s u r e r a t i o was main-
t a i n e d c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e r a d i a l height of t h e b l a d e . The e q u a t i o n s used f o r
t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e 4, e x c e p t t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n
of d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r was used:
Vi r V - r V
2 02 101
D = 1 --+
2%:

T h i s form i s p r e f e r r e d when t h e r e i s a change i n r a d i u s as t h e flow p a s s e s

through a b l a d e row.

The p r o f i l e l o s s p o r t i o n s of t h e r o t o r t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s used
i n t h e CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n s were determined from t h e l o s s c o r r e l a t i o n ( r e f . 4 )
which i s t h e o b j e c t of a d d i t i o n a l development a t NASA Lewis Research Center.
I n r e f e r e n c e 4 i t i s demonstrated t h a t l o s s e s from r o t o r t e s t s f o r a l l r a d i a l
immersions e x c e p t t h e immersion ten-percent from t h e t i p c o r r e l a t e r e a s o n a b l y
w e l l on d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r when t h e t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s p a r a m e t e r i s used. Data
a t t h e t e n - p e r c e n t immersion above a d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r of 0.25 s c a t t e r s o v e r a
w i d e r a n g e of t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s parameter. The d e s i g n e r has t h e c h o i c e of
s e l e c t i n g v a l u e s w i t h i n t h i s broad band of v a r i a t i o n . The minimum l e v e l of
t h e t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s parameter band f o r t e n - p e r c e n t immersion was used t o
g u i d e t h e s e l e c t i o n of t i p p r o f i l e l o s s e s f o r a l l r o t o r s . A d d i t i v e shock
l o s s e s were c a l c u l a t e d by t h e NASA method g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e 3. The d i f f u s i o n
f a c t o r s and Mach numbers used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s
were t a k e n from immediately preceding CAFD r o t o r d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n and w e r e
t h e r e f o r e s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e f i n a l d e s i g n . Fig-
u r e 5 shows t h e r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of r o t o r t o t a l - p r e s s u r e - l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t
t h a t were employed. For Rotors 2 one l o s s c u r v e was u s e d t o s i m p l i f y t h e de-
s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s . A s w i l l be shown i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n r e a s o n a b l e r a d i a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n s of a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y and d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r r e s u l t e d from
t h e s e assumptions.

Because i t was d e c i d e d t o wash o u t t h e blockage i n f l u e n c e of t h e p a r t - s p a n

shroud downstream of t h e b l a d e i n a manner t y p i c a l of t h e d i s s i p a t i o n of a
wake, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e some i n d i c a t i o n of t h e a s s o c i a t e d mixing
loss. A t t h e f i r s t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n , 1.54, where t h e p a r t - s p a n shroud
blockage no l o n g e r e x i s t s a t o t a l - p r e s s u r e l o s s was i n t r o d u c e d . The l o s s was
determined by u s e of t h e compressible dumping loss c o e f f i c i e n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
t h e two p e r c e n t change i n t h e e f f e c t i v e a r e a of t h e shroud and t h e compressi-
b l e v e l o c i t y head a t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n 1.5. The l o s s was d i s t r i b u t e d u n i -
formly f r o m hub t o t i p . Accordingly, t h e p a r t - s p a n shroud loss d i d n o t i n -
f l u e n c e t h e shape of t h e r o t o r blading.

15
 Rotor Blade Shape Design

Constant-chord r o t o r s employing m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s i n t h e t i p
r e g i o n and d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e elements i n t h e hub r e g i o n were s e l e c t e d
t o f u l f i l l t h e requirements of t h e s e d e s i g n s . The c a m b e r l i n e o f a m u l t i p l e -
c i r c u l a r - a r c element c o n s i s t of two c i r c u l a r a r c s which a r e m u t u a l l y t a n g e n t
a t t h e p o i n t where t h e y j o i n . The method of development of t h e m u l t i p l e -
c i r c u l a r - a r c elements used i n t h e s e d e s i g n s i s d e s c r i b e d i n appendix B,
M u l t i p l e - and Double-Circular-Arc P r o p e r t i e s . The f r o n t a r c i s i d e n t i f i e d a s
t h e s u p e r s o n i c arc and t h e r e a r a r c i s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e s u b s o n i c a r c . Geo-
metric d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c e l e m e n t s f o l l o w s t h e customary
procedure of using one c i r c u l a r a r c t o r e p r e s e n t t h e c a m b e r l i n e and c i r c u l a r
a r c s of d i f f e r e n t r a d i i , t a n g e n t t o t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s and edge t h i c k n e s s
c i r c l e s , t o form t h e s u r f a c e s . The c e n t e r of t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s c i r c l e i s
l o c a t e d on t h e camberline mid-way between t h e l e a d i n g and t r a i l i n g edges.
D i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e r a t i o of s u p e r s o n i c t o t o t a l camber a r e shown i n f i g u r e
6. Multiple-circular-arc-type e l e m e n t s e x t e n d inward t o t h e r a d i a l l o c a t i o n
where t h e r a d i i of t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c a r c s a r e e q u a l , T h i s r a d i a l
l o c a t i o n v e r y n e a r l y c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e p a r t - s p a n s h r o u d s .
Double-circular-arc-type e l e m e n t s a r e employed i n t h e remaining r a d i a l l e n g t h .
Rotor 2D i s composed of d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c - t y p e elements along i t s e n t i r e
r a d i a l length.

The d e s i g n of the r o t o r e l e m e n t s was performed along axisymmetric s t r e a m s u r -

f a c e s u s i n g t h e p r o j e c t i o n recommended i n r e f e r e n c e 5. T h i s p r o j e c t i o n c u t s
t h e b l a d e s along t h e axisymmetric s u r f a c e s but views t h e c u t s e c t i o n s a l o n g a
r a d i a l l i n e . The i n c i d e n c e and d e v i a t i o n a n g l e s a r e d e f i n e d i n t h i s p r o j e c -
t i o n ( i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n ) and t h e r e s u l t i n g b l a d e a n g l e s a r e
termed c a s c a d e a n g l e s .

The b l a d e d e s i g n s w e r e based on t h e v e c t o r diagrams a t t h e edges. I n t h e hub

r e g i o n t h e i n l e t and e x i t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s (1.0 and 1 . 5 i n f i g u r e 2 ) a r e
r e a s o n a b l y c l o s e t o t h e l e a d i n g and t r a i l i n g edges. I n t h e t i p r e g i o n however
t h e edges a r e removed from t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n s by a s much a s twenty p e r -
c e n t o f t h e a x i a l d i s t a n c e between t h e i n l e t and e x i t s t a t i o n s . The importance
of p r o p e r l y accounting for t h i s displacement w i l l be s e e n l a t e r i n t h i s sec-
tion. Rotor 1 B d e s i g n d a t a i s l i s t e d i n t a b l e 1; R o t o r s 2 d e s i g n d a t a a r e
l i s t e d i n t a b l e s 2 , 3 and 4 . Although o n l y one o v e r a l l CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n was
performed f o r Rotors 2 , i n d i v i d u a l v e c t o r diagrams were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h
Rotor 2 t y p e depending upon t h e a x i a l p o s i t i o n of e a c h i n t h e a n n u l u s . These
d i f f e r e n c e s a r e observed when comparing t h e d a t a i n t a b l e s 2 , 3 and 4.

Design i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of p a s t e x p e r i e n c e
b u t s u b j e c t t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l c r i t e r i o n t h a t t h e b l a d e t h r o a t be adequate t o
p r e c l u d e t h e c o n d i t i o n of choking. The r o t o r geometry was checked f o r choking
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e method d e s c r i b e d i n appendix C , T h r o a t Area Parameter. In
r e g i o n s of e l e v a t e d d e s i g n i n l e t r e l a t i v e Mach number, i t was i n t e n d e d t h a t
t h e d e s i g n i n c i d e n c e a n g l e be c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e

16
 s u c t i o n s u r f a c e a n g l e a t t h e l e a d i n g edge be p a r a l l e l t o t h e u p s t r e a m flow
d i r e c t i o n . When Rotor 2B was set according t o t h i s c r i t e r i o n and checked f o r
choking, it was found t h a t i n t h e t i p r e g i o n l e s s t h a n 1%margin i n t h r o a t
a r e a e x i s t e d o v e r t h e c r i t i c a l a r e a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h one normal shock a t t h e
upstream Mach number. I n view of t h e u n c a l c u l a t e d r e a l f l o w e f f e c t s t h i s
margin was judged t o be i n s u f f i c i e n t t o p a s s t h e d e s i g n flow and a c c o r d i n g l y
t h e d e s i g n i n c i d e n c e was i n c r e a s e d . When t h e c a l c u l a t e d d e s i g n i n c i d e n c e f o r
Rotor 2D was a p p l i e d t o Rotor 2B t h e margin shown i n f i g u r e 7 ( a ) r e s u l t e d , and
a c c o r d i n g l y it was d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e Rotor 2D d e s i g n i n c i d e n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n
t o set t h e l e a d i n g edge d i r e c t i o n i n t h e t i p and p i t c h r e g i o n s f o r a l l R o t o r s
2. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were e n c o u n t e r e d when Rotor 1 B t i p b l a d e elements were set
t o t h e d e s i r e d i n c i d e n c e c r i t e r i o n and t h e d e s i g n i n c i d e n c e for Rotor 1 B w a s
l i k e w i s e i n c r e a s e d t o t h a t l e v e l which would have been used i f a r o t o r had
been d e s i g n e d w i t h d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c s e c t i o n s t o t h e l o a d i n g l e v e l of Rotor
1B. F i g u r e 7 ( b ) shows t h e f i n a l choke c h e c k r e s u l t s for Rotor 1B.

I n t h e hub r e g i o n , where t h e d e s i g n i n l e t r e l a t i v e Mach number i s n e a r s o n i c ,

b l a d e element l o s s e s a r e almost e n t i r e l y r e l a t e d t o d i f f u s i o n requirement,s,
and s e t t i n g t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e a t the l e a d i n g edge p a r a l l e l t o t h e u p s t r e a m
flow d i r e c t i o n i s n o t a meaningful c r i t e r i o n . Design i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s w e r e
lowered t o avoid e x c e s s i v e l e a d i n g e d g e l o a d i n g b u t l i m i t e d by t h e a d d i t i o n a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h e t h r o a t a r e a be l a r g e enough t o p a s s t h e d e s i g n flow.
The t h r o a t a r e a r a t i o margin f o r t h e hub e l e m e n t s was s e l e c t e d t o be a b o u t t h e
same a s t h e s m a l l e s t margin for t h e t i p e l e m e n t s .

The t a b u l a t i o n s of b l a d e s e t t i n g d a t a ( t a b l e s 1 t h r o u g h 4 ) l i s t t h e d i f f e r -
ences i n direction, K ' - K ' , between t h e c a m b e r l i n e and t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e
sl 1
a t t h e leading edges. The i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s employed i n t h e s e d e s i g n s are
shown i n f i g u r e 8.

The d e v i a t i o n a n g l e s were o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g a n e x t e n s i o n of C a r t e r ' s Rule

( f i g . 9). The two c u r v e s i n f i g u r e 9 f o r t h e p o s i t i o n s of maximum c a m b e r l i n e
rise a t f o r t y and f i f t y p e r c e n t of chord l e n g t h a r e e x t r a c t e d from C a r t e r ' s
c o r r e l a t i o n of c a s c a d e d a t a i n r e f e r e n c e 6. The t h r e e o t h e r c u r v e s were con-
s t r u c t e d by l a y i n g o f f a t any blade-chord a n g l e t h r e e i n c r e m e n t s i n d e v i a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t e q u a l t o t h e increment between t h e f o r t y p e r c e n t and f i f t y p e r -
c e n t c u r v e s . F o r e a c h b l a d e element an e q u i v a l e n t two-dimensional c a s c a d e
was d e f i n e d a s i s d i s c u s s e d i n appendix B, Blade S e t t i n g . The d e v i a t i o n co-
e f f i c i e n t , m, was o b t a i n e d from f i g u r e 9 u s i n g t h e blade-chord a n g l e and p o s i -
t i o n o f maximum c a m b e r l i n e rise o f t h e a c t u a l c a s c a d e . The d e v i a t i o n a n g l e
was c a l c u l a t e d from t h e camber of t h e e q u i v a l e n t two-dimensional c a s c a d e .

+x .

17

\
The e m p i r i c a l adjustment, X , which i s shown w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g d e v i a t i o n
a n g l e s i n f i g u r e 10 i s d e r i v e d from e x p e r i e n c e w i t h aerodynamic d e s i g n and
performance s y n t h e s i s f o r t h i s g e n e r a l t y p e o f r o t o r .

Some p e r t i n e n t d e s i g n d a t a which summarize t h e r e s u l t s of t h e f i n a l o v e r a l l

CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n s appear i n f i g u r e s 11 through 15 f o r Rotor 1B and i n f i g u r e s
16 through 20 f o r Rotors 2. S o l i d l i n e s i n d i c a t e edge c o n d i t i o n s and broken
l i n e s i n d i c a t e s t a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s . Examination of t h e g r a p h s g i v e s i n d i c a -
t i o n of t h e importance of p r o p e r l y a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t between
t h e s t a t i o n s and t h e edges. A s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , f o r Rotor 1B t h e r e l a t i v e
i n l e t a i r a n g l e a t t h e b l a d e edge i s up t o two d e g r e e s d i f f e r e n t from t h a t a t
c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n 1.0 ( f i g . 13). The d i f f e r e n c e i n d e s i g n d a t a ( t a b l e s 2,
3 and 4) f o r Rotors 2 a r e s m a l l enough s o t h a t w i t h t h e s c a l e s s e l e c t e d
t h e y cannot a l w a y s be c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d i n t h e g r a p h s . Some i n d i c a t i o n o f
t h e d e s i g n requirements f o r a s t a t i o n a r y b l a d e row t o f o l l o w c l o s e o n t o t h e
d e s i g n e d r o t o r s i s g i v e n i n t h e g r a p h s of a b s o l u t e a i r c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e r o t o r
e x i t c a l c u l a t i o n s t a t i o n ( f i g s . 21 and 22).

A l a y o u t on a cascade p r o j e c t i o n of a t y p i c a l b l a d e element from Rotor 2B

i s shown i n f i g u r e 23. A p o r t i o n of t h e p r e s s u r e s u r f a c e of t h e n e x t b l a d e
i n t h e counter-rotor-wise d i r e c t i o n i s i n c l u d e d ; t h i s s u r f a c e a t any a x i a l
l o c a t i o n i s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e c o r r e c t c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t and i t s
shape i s t h e r e f o r e not i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of t h e f i r s t b l a d e . The c o n s t r u c -
t i o n of t h e t h r o a t width and upstream c a p t u r e width which i s performed t o a r -
r i v e a t t h e Throat Area Parameter i s i n c l u d e d . Although t h i s method of t h r o a t
a r e a d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s approximate, s t u d i e s have shown t h a t i t i s q u i t e a c c u r a t e
e x c e p t when t h e m e r i d i o n a l a n g l e , E , i s v e r y l a r g e and t h e number of b l a d e s i s
very s m a l l .

The r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y ( f i g . 2 4 ) a r e o b t a i n e d d i r e c t -
l y from t h e o v e r a l l CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n s . But i n keeping w i t h t h e planned method
f o r r e d u c t i o n of aerodynamic t e s t d a t a , where measured q u a n t i t i e s w i l l be c o r -
rected from t h e measurement p l a n e s t o t h e b l a d e e d g e s , r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of
o t h e r performance i n d i c a t o r s , d i f f u s i o n f a c t o r , a x i a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o , r e l a t i v e
t u r n i n g a n g l e , s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e - r i s e - c o e f f i c i e n t and e n t h a l p y - e q u i v a l e n t s t a t i c -
p r e s s u r e - r i s e - c o e f f i c i e n t ( f i g u r e s 25 through 29), were c a l c u l a t e d from t h e
d e s i g n v e c t o r diagrams a t t h e edges.

The m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c and d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s w e r e s p e c i -
f i e d i n t h e cascade p r o j e c t i o n and t h e c o n v e r s i o n from t h i s p r o j e c t i o n t o
c y l i n d r i c a l s e c t i o n s was accomplished by means of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n r o u t i n e
which i s d i s c u s s e d i n appendix B , S p e c i a l A i r f o i l G e n e r a t o r . F i g u r e 30 i s
i n c l u d e d t o r e v e a l t h e d i f f e r e n c e between c y l i n d r i c a l and c a s c a d e blade-edge
angles f o r a typical case. I n t h e hub r e g i o n , d i f f e r e n c e s a s l a r g e a s 3.5
d e g r e e s o c c u r , and t h e r e b y i l l u s t r a t e t h e importance o f u s i n g t h e c a s c a d e
p r o j e c t ion.

18
For t h e purpose o f manufacturing t h e b l a d i n g , t h e developed c y l i n d r i c a l sec-
t i o n s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s p l a n e s e c t i o n s normal t o t h e s t a c k i n g a x i s , since
t h e e r r o r involved i s n e g l i g i b l e .

TEST VEHICLE

I n l e t Ducting

The c o n d i t i o n s of z e r o i n l e t s w i r l and m o d e r a t e l y t h i n c a s i n g boundary l a y e r

r e q u i r e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of a flow s t r a i g h t e n e r i n t h e v e h i c l e i n l e t and pro-
v i s i o n f o r a l a r g e a r e a c o n t r a c t i o n i n t o t h e t e s t v e h i c l e ; see f i g u r e 1. The
flow s t r a i g h t e n e r h a s honeycomb t y p e c e l l s which a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u i v a l e n t
t o a 7/8 d i a m e t e r ; t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c e l l s i s 8. An i n c o m p r e s s i b l e axisym-
metric f l u x p l o t of t h e i n l e t c o n t r a c t i o n r e g i o n y i e l d s t h e c a s i n g v e l o c i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n shown i n f i g u r e 31; t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e f o u r s t r u t s was i g n o r e d
f o r p u r p o s e s of t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n . The l a c k of a d v e r s e v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t s on
b o t h w a l l s s u g g e s t s c o n d i t i o n s conducive t o h e a l t h y boundary l a y e r s .

O u t l e t Guide Vanes

The same set of o u t l e t g u i d e vanes ( f i g u r e 1 ) which was d e s i g n e d f o r t h e Con-

t r a c t NAS3-7618 v e h i c l e ( r e f . 7 ) w i l l be used f o r t h i s v e h i c l e . Since t h e
performance of t h e r o t o r i s of primary i n t e r e s t , t h e p u r p o s e of t h e o u t l e t
g u i d e v a n e s y s t e m i s t o remove s w i r l and d e c r e a s e Mach number so t h a t t h e ex-
h a u s t s y s t e m p r e s s u r e d r o p w i l l be minimized when t h e d i s c h a r g e Mach number
i s h i g h . The o u t l e t g u i d e v a n e s were d e s i g n e d t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s which were
performed a s a p a r t o f t h e C o n t r a c t NAS3-7618 d e s i g n . Check c a l c u l a t i o n s
w e r e performed, and i t was determined t h e o u t l e t g u i d e vane d e s i g n performed
under C o n t r a c t NAS3-7618 would f u l f i l l t h e n e e d s o f t h e t e s t v e h i c l e f o r
Rotor 1 B and R o t o r s 2 . S i n c e t h e o u t l e t g u i d e v a n e s have v a r i a b l e s t a g g e r ,
any problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r high i n c i d e n c e o p e r a t i o n on t h e high-
p r e s s u r e p a r t of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c can be r e a d i l y e l i m i n a t e d .

The o u t l e t g u i d e vane s e c t i o n s employ a m o d i f i e d NACA 6 5 - s e r i e s t h i c k n e s s

d i s t r i b u t i o n and a c i r c u l a r - a r c camberline. The hub s o l i d i t y is 1 . 4 , and
t h e c h o r d i s c o n s t a n t r a d i a l l y , The a s p e c t r a t i o i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 .

Distortion Screens

R a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s t o r t i o n s c r e e n s were d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e a
t o t a l - p r e s s u r e l o s s of 15% a t t h e r o t o r i n l e t i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s t a t i o n . The
c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s c r e e n w i l l c o v e r a 90 a r c of t h e i n l e t a n n u l u s w h i l e t h e
r a d i a l s c r e e n w i l l c o v e r t h e o u t e r 40%o f t h e i n l e t a n n u l u s . The s o l i d i t y o f
t h e s c r e e n s for b o t h t y p e s of d i s t o r t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d t o be 0.54. This
v a l u e of s o l i d i t y w a s a r r i v e d a t u t i l i z i n g t e s t d a t a o f r e f e r e n c e 8 which ap-
p r o x i m a t e s t h e d e s i r e d d e s i g n , and a c o r r e l a t i o n of s c r e e n t o t a l - p r e s s u r e -
loss c o e f f i c i e n t w i t h s c r e e n s o l i d i t y and screen i n l e t Mach number ( r e f . 9 ) .

19
A s c r e e n w i t h approximately 0.016 i n c h w i r e d i a m e t e r and 20 mesh w i l l p r o v i d e
t h e r e q u i r e d 0.54 s o l i d i t y . These d i s t o r t i o n s c r e e n s w i l l be s u p p o r t e d by a
s c r e e n c o v e r i n g t h e e n t i r e a n n u l u s whose w i r e d i a m e t e r i s about 0.092 i n c h e s
and which h a s a 3/4 i n c h mesh.

APPENDIX A

ROTOR BLADE AEROMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

P. C h i f o s and C.E. Danforth

Summary

The s e l e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r t h e s e r o t o r s , t i t a n i u m b l a d i n g of a s p e c t r a t i o
of about 2 . 5 with p a r t - s p a n shroud a t about 6 0 - p e r c e n t b l a d e h e i g h t , g i v e s t h e
most r e a s o n a b l e e x p e c t a t i o n of f u l f i l l i n g t h e aeromechanical d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e s .
Designs w i t h o u t p a r t - s p a n s h r o u d s would have r e q u i r e d a s p e c t r a t i o s a s low a s
1.5. Although t h e reduced v e l o c i t i e s * f o r t h e s e l e c t e d d e s i g n s a r e i n t h e
range of reduced v e l o c i t i e s f o r c u r r e n t b l a d i n g o p e r a t i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y i n
General E l e c t r i c e n g i n e s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t s e l f - e x c i t e d b l a d e v i b r a t i o n may
be e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e 80-percent d e s i g n speed r e g i o n b e f o r e s t a l l i s a t t a i n e d
while t h e test vehicles are operated with c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l i n l e t d i s t o r t i o n .

Resonant V i b r a t i o n

Two aeromechanical c o n s i d e r a t i o n s governed t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e r o t o r b l a d e

designs :

1. The avoidance of two per-rev r e s o n a n c e w i t h t h e f i r s t f l e x u r a l

frequency of t h e b l a d e s a t h i g h speed.

2. The a t t e m p t t o guard a g a i n s t s e l f - e x c i t a t i o n a s t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e
i n c r e a s e s when s t a l l i s approached.

While i t i s u s u a l l y d e s i r a b l e t o avoid i n t e g r a l o r d e r p e r - r e v r e s o n a n c e i n t h e
low p e r - r e v range and o c c a s i o n a l l y even h i g h e r o r d e r per-rev r e s o n a n c e , t h e
avoidance of two p e r - r e v resonance w i t h t h e f i r s t f l e x u r a l mode i s g e n e r a l l y
mandatory f o r engine d e s i g n s and f o r r e s e a r c h v e h i c l e s which must be o p e r a t e d
with c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s t o r t i o n . I n l e t s y s t e m s f o r a i r c r a f t engines frequently

* ( V e l o c i t y r e l a t i v e t o t h e blade/semi-chord t i m e s t o r s i o n a l f r e q u e n c y ) , dimen-
s i o n l e s s , v a r i e s approximately i n v e r s e l y with aspect r a t i o .

20
 d e l i v e r one p e r - r e v and two per-rev d i s t o r t i o n s , e i t h e r of which c a n e x c i t e
t h e f i r s t f l e x u r a l v i b r a t i o n modes. The avoidance o f two p e r - r e v r e s o n a n c e
may be a c h i e v e d i n e i t h e r of two ways:

1. Design f o r two per-rev f l e x u r a l r e s o n a n c e a t low s p e e d s where ex-

c i t a t i o n energy l e v e l s a r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y low, o b t a i n i n g a b l a d e
w i t h n a t u r a l frequency a t high speed between one- and two-per-rev.
There a r e such d e s i g n s which a r e c u r r e n t l y s u c c e s s f u l , Aspect
r a t i o s a r e moderately h i g h .

2. Design t o have a f i r s t f l e x u r a l f r e q u e n c y above t h e two p e r - r e v w i t h

a d e q u a t e margin a t h i g h speeds, a r e s u l t achieved by u s e of low a s -
p e c t r a t i o s or of moderate-to-high a s p e c t r a t i o s w i t h shrouding of an
appropriate type.

There a r e compromises i n each approach. The low-speed resonance approach w i t h

c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y a p p r e c i a b l e a s p e c t r a t i o s i s workable o n l y i f t h e aerodynamic
environment h a s been e s p e c i a l l y t a i l o r e d t o a v o i d t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s conducive
t o i n s t a b i l i t y i n t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y high reduced v e l o c i t y l e v e l s t h a t n a t u r a l -
l y f o l l o w . The second approach of exceeding t w o p e r - r e v f r e q u e n c i e s demands
a c o m p a r a t i v e l y low a s p e c t r a t i o ( f l e x u r a l f r e q u e n c y going up a p p r o x i m a t e l y
a s t h e c h o r d ) and a w e i g h t / s i z e p e n a l t y .

B u t t h e low a s p e c t r a t i o a c h i e v i n g t h e f l e x u r a l frequency margin o v e r t w o

per-rev c a r r i e s w i t h i t a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e reduced v e l o c i t y which i n c r e a s e s
t h e d e s i g n ' s i n c i d e n c e m i g r a t i o n range t h a t i s f r e e from i n s t a b i l i t y . How-
e v e r , f o r t h e p r e s e n t aerodynamic d e s i g n s t h i s second approach would r e q u i r e
an a s p e c t r a t i o of about 1 . 5 w i t h a c o n v e n t i o n a l d o v e t a i l and no s h r o u d i n g .
Designs t o t h e o r i g i n a l l y d e s i r e d a s p e c t r a t i o o f t h r e e (3) imply t h e need
f o r shrouding.

A f t e r i t became c l e a r t h a t p a r t - s p a n shrouds should be c o n s i d e r e d , p a r a m e t r i c

s t u d i e s were made t o a s s e s s t h e d e s i r a b l e spanwise l o c a t i o n f o r t h e shroud.
F i g u r e 32 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e c h o i c e s a v a i l a b l e t o avoid i n t e g r a l o r d e r resonance
w i t h t h e f i r s t f l e x u r a l frequency. Resonance w i t h two per-rev e x c i t a t i o n i s
not a problem f o r any r e a s o n a b l e shroud l o c a t i o n . The proposed Rotor 1 B de-
s i g n y i e l d s a f i r s t f l e x u r a l frequency a t about 3 . 6 p e r - r e v a t d e s i g n speed
(1400 f t / s e c t i p speed, 8791 rpm). Campbell diagrams a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 33
and 34 f o r R o t o r s 1 B and 2B, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Self -Excitation

A d e t a i l e d examination of t o r s i o n a l frequency and c o r r e s p o n d i n g reduced v e l o -

c i t y v a r i a t i o n was made f o r a s p e c t r a t i o s 3.0 and 2.5. Primary emphasis was
p l a c e d on Rotor 1 B which, because of i t s l o w e r r o o t camber and h i g h e r a s p e c t
r a t i o , h a s t h e lowest t o r s i o n a l f r e q u e n c i e s . Whereas a t 80-percent d e s i g n
speed, where t h e i n c i d e n c e margin a p p e a r s t o be t h e s m a l l e s t , t h e a s p e c t r a t i o
3.0 d e s i g n y i e l d e d a l o i n c i d e n c e margin between c l e a n i n l e t s t a l l and s e l f -
@
21
e x c i t a t i o n , t h e a s p e c t r a t i o 2.5 d e s i g n r e s u l t s i n a 3" i n c i d e n c e margin. Be-
c a u s e of t h e n e c e s s i t y t o o p e r a t e w i t h i n l e t d i s t o r t i o n and t h e u n a v o i d a b l e
blade-to-blade manufacturing d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e a s p e c t r a t i o 3.0 d e s i g n was con-
sidered too r i s k y . The a s p e c t r a t i o 2.5 d e s i g n was chosen.

Steady Stress and M a t e r i a l S e l e c t i o n

C a l c u l a t i o n s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 5 p o i n t c l e a r l y t o t h e u s e of t h e t i t a n i u m a l l o y ,
6A1-4V-Ti, which h a s t h e g r e a t e s t s e r v i c e e x p e r i e n c e , on t h e b a s i s of t h e f o l -
lowing c o n s i d e r a t i o n s :

1. Part-span shroud r e s t r a i n t and t h e r e s u l t i n g r o o t warping s t r e s s t o -

g e t h e r with t h e s t r e s s components due t o c e n t r i f u g a l and a i r l o a d s
combine t o produce an u n t i l t e d r o o t edge stress of a p p r o x i m a t e l y
100,000 p s i for s t e e l , p r a c t i c a l l y t h e y i e l d p o i n t f o r t y p i c a l b l a d -
i n g m a t e r i a l such a s 403 s t a i n l e s s . T h i s i s an u n r e a s o n a b l e c h o i c e i n
t h e event t h a t any u n a n t i c i p a t e d v i b r a t i o n or m a l f u n c t i o n be encoun-
t e r e d . C a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e an u n t i l t e d r o o t edge stress of 69,000
p s i f o r t i t a n i u m , which h a s a y i e l d s t r e n g t h of 111,000 p s i . T h i s
stress reduces t o 13,500 p s i f o r Rotor 1B w i t h t i l t i n g , a s i s shown
i n Table 5.

2. High t i p speed and t h e r e l a t e d l a r g e b l a d e p u l l makes t h e b l a d e dove-

t a i l d e s i g n d i f f i c u l t w i t h s t e e l but r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d w i t h
t i t a n i u m which has about t h e same s t r e n g t h but o n l y 56% of t h e dead
load.

3. E l a s t i c u n t w i s t and o u t e r p a n e l ( t h e p o r t i o n o u t s i d e of t h e p a r t - s p a n
s h r o u d ) s t a l l stress w i t h o u t resonance appear t o be a c c e p t a b l e .

APPENDIX B

DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED I N DESIGN

Compressor Axisymmetric Flow D e t e r m i n a t i o n

(CAFD)

The name, Compressor Axisymmetric Flow D e t e r m i n a t i o n , and t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n

f o r i t , CAFD, r e f e r t o a d i g i t a l computer program which d e s c r i b e s t h e axisym-
m e t r i c flow f i e l d i n t h e r e g i o n of turbomachinery b l a d i n g .

The o v e r a l l c a l c u l a t i o n scheme may be summarized a s f o l l o w s : The flow i s

c o n s i d e r e d a t a number of a x i a l s t a t i o n s ( z = c o n s t a n t p l a n e s ) , and t h e r a d i a l -
e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n , energy e q u a t i o n , and c o n t i n u i t y c o n d i t i o n a r e employed
a t each of them t o determine t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of flow p r o p e r t i e s from hub t o
casing. I t i s n e c e s s a r y , however, t h a t t h e s e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o b t a i n e d s e p a r a t e l y

22
a t e a c h s t a t i o n be c o n s i s t e n t from s t a t i o n t o s t a t i o n and t h a t t h e r a d i a l ac-
c e l e r a t i o n which a f l u i d p a r t i c l e undergoes a s i t p a s s e s from s t a t i o n t o s t a -
t i o n be accounted f o r i n t h e r a d i a l - e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n . T h i s i s done by
assuming t h a t t h e shape of a m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e i s a d e q u a t e l y r e p r e s e n t e d
by a s p l i n e c o n s t r a i n e d a t e a c h a x i a l s t a t i o n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e c o n t i n u i t y
c o n d i t i o n and a t upstream and downstream boundary s t a t i o n s by a s e l e c t e d
o r i e n t a t i o n and shape. The r a d i a l a c c e l e r a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of t h e
m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e s l o p e and c u r v a t u r e .

An i t e r a t i v e method of s o l u t i o n i s implied. M e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e s h a p e s a r e
assumed based on r e s u l t s from t h e p r e v i o u s i t e r a t i o n and flow d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t
e a c h a x i a l s t a t i o n a r e found. These imply new m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e s h a p e s ,
and t h i s i t e r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n is allowed t o c o n t i n u e u n t i l t h e changes i n
s t r e a m l i n e shapes between two s u c c e s s i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e s m a l l enough t o
s a t i s f y t h e user.

A n i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e of t h e computer program i s t h e i n c l u s i o n of terms i n

t h e r a d i a l - e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n which r e p r e s e n t t h e b l a d e a c t i o n by a d i s t r i -
b u t e d body f o r c e f i e l d and t h e blade t h i c k n e s s by d i s t r i b u t e d blockage. The
e q u a t i o n , which a p p e a r s i n r e f e r e n c e 10, wherein p h y s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
t h e i n d i v i d u a l terms i s rendered, i s r e s t a t e d h e r e :

2
144 a D 1 - M- /V: D
- ---
2
p ar 1 - M r Dz 1 - M rar
m m~

- -Fe MIMe + -Fr

2
1 2 1 - Mm 12

The h e a t a d d i t i o n t e r m h a s been o m i t t e d s i n c e i t does n o t a p p e a r i n compressor

d e s i g n : i n t h e absence of t r a n s i e n t s t h e b l a d e s u r f a c e and t h e f l u i d a d j a c e n t
t o i t a r e a t t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e .

I t i s s u g g e s t e d ( r e f . 10) t h a t a term be added t o r e p r e s e n t t h e h e a t i n g e f f e c t

of i n t e r n a l f l u i d f r i c t i o n , which encompasses a l l l o s s s o u r c e s i n c l u d i n g
shock waves :

23
The l o s s - r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t ,
z
, i s defined a s follows:

)
- 1 DP' DPid
= - - z ---
z P - P (Dz D: '
-
and i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e l o s s - c o e f f i c i e n t , W ' , i n t h a t t h e l o s s - r a t e
c o e f f i c i e n t i s concerned w i t h t h e manner i n which t h e e n t r o p y i n c r e a s e s i n -
s i d e o f t h e b l a d e r o w whereas t h e l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t m e r e l y acknowledges t h a t
t h e e n t r o p y h a s i n c r e a s e d a c r o s s t h e b l a d e row.

The r a d i a l and t a n g e n t i a l components of t h e b l a d e f o r c e may be e x p r e s s e d i n

t e r m s of t h e a x i a l change i n a n g u l a r momentum by means o f t h e f o l l o w i n g re-
lationships:

and F = F tan X 035)

r 0

By u s i n g t h e f a c t t h a t t h e second d e r i v a t i v e of t h e m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e
1
shape can be r e l a t e d t o t h e m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e c u r v a t u r e , trigo- -
r
, and
m
nometry t o r e l a t e v e l o c i t y components, e q u a t i o n (Bl) may be r e w r i t t e n as
follows:

144 ap
--- -
1- M i F-i + 2 3
V sec E
z
+
2
Vz t a n E a(rtan E) I
1

r
m
1 - ML
J-,

z
ra r -I p'

24

-~
The p a r t i c u l a r grouping of t e r m s on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e of e q u a t i o n (B6) i s
intentional: t h e f i r s t b r a c e s i n c l u d e t e r m s which a r e p r e s e n t anywhere i n t h e
flow f i e l d w h i l e t h e second b r a c e s i n c l u d e t e r m s which o c c u r o n l y when c a l c u -
l a t i o n s i n s i d e t h e a x i a l e x t e n t of a b l a d e row a r e d e s i r e d . The a t t e n t i o n of
t h e r e a d e r i s a g a i n i n v i t e d t o r e f e r e n c e 10 where a numerical example i l l u s -
t r a t e s t h e r e l a t i v e magnitude of each t e r m i n e q u a t i o n (B6).

A t e a c h z x i a l s t a t i o n where t h e r o t a t i n g b l a d e row i s i n f l u e n t i a l t h e e n t h a l p y
of t h e f l u i d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e f l u i d s w i r l v e l o c i t y by t h e energy e q u a t i o n
which may be found i n r e f e r e n c e 11:

where
v2
T = t +-
2gJc
P

The s t a t i c c o n d i t i o n of t h e f l u i d i s d e s c r i b e d by u s e of t h e e q u a t i o n of s t a t e ,
1
P =- gPRt 9 (B9)
144
and t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t s a r e assumed t o be c o n s t a n t . A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e
c o n t i n u i t y c o n d i t i o n i n t h e form which may a l s o be found i n r e f e r e n c e 11,

i n combination w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s f o u r e q u a t i o n s y i e l d s a complete d e s c r i p t i o n
of t h e flow a t e a c h a x i a l s t a t i o n .

Because a form of t h e r a d i a l - e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n employing s t a t i c p r e s s u r e

was u s e d , an e n t r o p y g r a d i e n t term does n o t appear e x p l i c i t l y . The e n t r o p y
v a r i a t i o n s t h a t r e s u l t from r a d i a l l y non-constant l o s s e s a r e c o r r e c t l y ac-
counted f o r , however, through t h e use o f

which r e s u l t s from t h e d e f i n i t i o n of e n t r o p y and t h e assumption of a p e r f e c t

gas.

25
With t h e flow f i e l d completely d e s c r i b e d , l o a d i n g p a r a m e t e r s , such a s d i f f u s i o n
f a c t o r and s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e - r i s e c o e f f i c i e n t , and f o r c e s on t h e b l a d i n g and
w a l l s a r e c a l c u l a t e d from s t a t i o n d a t a ,using g e o m e t r i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e
s y s t e m where r e q u i r e d .

I n t r a - B l a d e Energy D i s t r i b u t i o n
(IBED)

T h i s d i g i t a l computer program p r o v i d e s t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e

and t h e d e r i v a t i v e of t h e product of r a d i u s and t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y w i t h re-
s p e c t t o t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n along a s t r e a m l i n e a t d e s i r e d a x i a l l o c a t i o n s i n
t h e r e g i o n of a r o t o r b l a d e row. The upstream and downstream s t a g n a t i o n p r e s -
s u r e and temperature and t h e a x i a l l o c a t i o n s of t h e b l a d e edges a r e s p e c i f i e d .
The a x i a l v a r i a t i o n of energy a d d i t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w -
ing e q u a t i o n :

rV - r V A z - z
6 1 01
r 2 V e 2 - r 1V e 1

which a l l o w s a n a l y t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e a x i a l d e r i v a t i v e of energy a d d i t i o n ,

t- 1

L J

The s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s determined from t h e energy e q u a t i o n , (B7), and

t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s found by assuming a c o n s t a n t p o l y t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
a t t h e v a l u e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e downstream p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e . The
v a l u e of A i s s e l e c t e d from p a s t e x p e r i e n c e t o g i v e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e r a t e o f
energy a d d i t i o n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e x p e c t e d b l a d e s u r f a c e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o c s .

Blade S e t t i n g
(BLAST )

I n t h i s b l a d e s e t t i n g procedure, a f t e r t h e axisymmetric flow f i e l d i s e s t a b -

l i s h e d and t h e i n c i d e n c e and b l a d e s o l i d i t y a r e selected, t h e c a m b e r l i n e
o r i e n t a t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g C a r t e r ' s c o r r e l a t i o n ( r e f . 6). When changes
i n r a d i u s and a x i a l v e l o c i t y a r e p r e s e n t a l o n g a s t r e a m l i n e a c r o s s a b l a d e
row, t h e d e v i a t i o n angle i s found by u s i n g t h e camber which i s d e r i v e d from
an e q u i v a l e n t two-dimensional c a s c a d e of t h e same a b s o l u t e c i r c u l a t i o n a s i s
r e q u i r e d along t h e s t r e a m l i n e .

26
S k e t c h 2 shows a t y p i c a l v e l o c i t y diagram. The e x i t v e l o c i t y diagram of t h e
e q u i v a l e n t two-dimensional case appears i n dashed l i n e s . For t h e e q u i v a l e n t
diagram t o have t h e same c i r c u l a t i o n a s t h e a c t u a l diagram, t h e e q u i v a l e n t ab-
s o l u t e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y must be l a r g e r t h a n t h e a c t u a l a b s o l u t e t a n g e n t i a l
v e l o c i t y by t h e r a t i o of t h e e x i t r a d i u s t o t h e i n l e t r a d i u s .

--
!
c

sketch 2

A d d i t i o n of v e c t o r s i n t h e t a n g e n t i a l d i r e c t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
statement:

VAg, = u1 - - L

r 1 '02

27
By s u b s t i t u t i o n of t h e v e l o c i t y diagram r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,

v0
= u - Vztan B' ,
and Vztan 6' = VA , (B15a)

and rearrangement, an e x p r e s s i o n r e l a t i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t and a c t u a l r e l a t i v e

f l u i d e x i t angles i s obtained:

When s t a t o r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d t h e a b s o l u t e f l u i d a n g l e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s o b t a i n -
ed by s e t t i n g t h e wheel speed t o z e r o .

C a r t e r ' s formula,

6" = - 'e
VG
may be e x p r e s e d i n terms of r e l a t i v e f l u i d a n g l e s and t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e a s
follows :

The unguided p o r t i o n o f t h e f l u i d a t t h e e x i t of t h e cascade i s more c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d t o t h e a c t u a l blade-chord a n g l e t h a n t h e blade-chord a n g l e of t h e
e q u i v a l e n t cascade and t h e r e f o r e t h e d e v i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , m, i s determined
by e n t e r i n g t h e f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p (shown g r a p h i c a l l y i n f i g u r e 1 0 ) w i t h
t h e a c t u a l blade-chord a n g l e . The t r a i l i n g edge a n g l e i s c a l c u l a t e d by ap-
p l i c a t i o n of t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e from e q u a t i o n (B18) t o t h e a c t u a l f l u i d e x i t
angle. I t e r a t i o n i s required t o a r r i v e a t t h e correct deviation c o e f f i c i e n t .
The i t e r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n i s s t o p p e d when t h e blade-chord a n g l e from t h e s u c -
c e s s i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s d i f f e r s by less t h a n 0.01 d e g r e e s .

O c c a s i o n a l l y , p a s t e x p e r i e n c e s u g g e s t s t h e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l allowance i n
d e v i a t i o n a n g l e , and a n e m p i r i c a l a d j u s t m e n t , X, i s p r o v i d e d i n e q u a t i o n
(B18). The f o r m u s e d i n t h i s d e s i g n i s g i v e n i n e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) .

M u l t i p l e - and Double-Circular-Arc Properties

(MADCAP)

For i n p u t t o t h e S p e c i a l A i r f o i l G e n e r a t o r computer program ( d e s c r i b e d l a t e r

i n t h i s Appendix) a n a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e b l a d e c a m b e r l i n e shape and
t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s r e q u i r e d . The MADCAP computer program p r o v i d e s f o r
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e p o i n t a t which two c i r c u l a r a r c s j o i n when m u l t i p l e -

28
circular-arc blade elements are selected. In addition, the direction of the
camberline and the circumferential displacement of the camberline are calcu-
lated at preselected axial locations. After the trailing edge is located, the
blade-chord angle is calculated. The angle between the camberline and the
suction surface at the leading edge and the position along the chord line at
which the maximum rise of the camberline occurs (in percent of chord) are also
calculated.

A section through a blade (sk. 3) is obtained by cutting the blade along a

stream surface but viewing it in the radial direction as recommended in

sketch 3

29
r e f e r e n c e 5 . T h i s i s c a l l e d t h e c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n . The C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s -
placement of any p o i n t on t h e c a m b e r l i n e from t h e l e a d i n g edge i n t h e c a s c a d e
p r o j e c t i o n i s d e f i n e d as f o l l o w s :

u = 1 rd0 .

I n s k e t c h 3 and o t h e r s k e t c h e s i n t h i s s e c t i o n u i s measured p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
t h e compressor a x i s i n t h e p l a n e of t h e paper.

The camberline of a m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e i s made up of two c i r c u l a r arcs

i n t h i s p r o j e c t i o n , The maximum t h i c k n e s s e x i s t s a t t h e p o i n t where t h e two
arcs j o i n . The camber b i s e c t o r of t h e forward o r s u p e r s o n i c p o r t i o n i n t e r s e c t s
t h e l i n e of l e a d i n g edges a t a p o i n t midway between a d j a c e n t l e a d i n g e d g e s as
shown.

From knowledge of t h e i n l e t and e x i t a i r a n g l e s , t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e and a

t e n t a t i v e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e , t h e l e a d i n g edge d i r e c t i o n , K ' ,and t h e t o t a l camber,

$t , are found, The v a l u e of camber r a t i o ,

'
ss
- ,
1
i s s p e c i f i e d and t h e t o t a l
't
chord, c and l e a d i n g edge s p a c i n g , s are known from p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n
t ' 1 '
s e l e c t i o n s . The camber of t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c p o r t i o n s are found s i m -
p l y by m u l t i p l i c a t i o n and s u b s t r a c t i o n . The chord o f t h e s u p e r s o n i c p o r t i o n
may t h e n be found from

c
ss
= s sin
1
;1. - F
$ss ) .

By a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e l a w o f c o s i n e s t h e s u b s o n i c chord may be found from

'ss 2 'ss 'sb

sb

30
With t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c chords c a l c u l a t e d t h e r a d i i of b o t h arcs may
be found from

C
ss
r =
ss
2sin -
4ss
2

and (B22a)

When d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e e l e m e n t s are s e l e c t e d , s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e
4ss
v a l u e of camber r a t i o , - , i s not r e q u i r e d ; i t can be d e t e r m i n e d from t h e
+t
o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e r a d i u s of t h e c a m b e r l i n e i s t h e same i n b o t h t h e super-
s o n i c and s u b s o n i c p o r t i o n s o f t h e b l a d e e l e m e n t ,

C
r = r = t
Y (B22b)
ss sb
2sin -
4,
2
and t h e u s e of e q u a t i o n s (B20) and (B22):

sin
4,
-
2 s sin K'
-4s
,= - 1 1 2
arctan
4, +t
c + s cos K' sin
4t
-
t 1 1 2

The camber a n g l e s of t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c p o r t i o n s may be found s i m p l y

by m u l t i p l i c a t i o n and s u b t r a c t i o n , and t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c c h o r d s may
be found from rearrangement of e q u a t i o n s (B22) and (B22a).

The blade-chord a n g l e of t h e b l a d e element i s t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e chord l i n e ,

a s t r a i g h t l i n e p a s s i n g through t h e l e a d i n g edge and t r a i l i n g edge p o i n t s ,
w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a x i s of t h e compressor, and i s found as f o l l o w s :

U
2
yo = arctan S

=2 - 5

31
where t h e numerator and denominator a r e t h e summations of t h e p r o j e c t i o n s of
t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c c h o r d s i n t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l and a x i a l d i r e c t i o n s :

u2 = cs s s i n [ K i
'ss
-2 + csbsin ( K1
' - @ss -
), (B25)

and 2 2 - 2 1 = C ss C O S ( K i - @7 s s
) + cs b cos ( K; - ?)-
@ s s - 'sb (B26)

The d i r e c t i o n of t h e c a m b e r l i n e a t a p r e s e l e c t e d a x i a l l o c a t i o n on t h e s u p e r -
s o n i c a r c , p o i n t i , is determined u s i n g t h e method o u t l i n e d i n s k e t c h 4.

1 A
*I:i 1

sketch 4

32
Summation of t h e i n d i c a t e d l e n g t h s i n t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n y e i l d s :

r
ss
sin K'
i
+ (zi - z ) = r
1 ss
sin K'
1 ' 0327)

or r e a r r a n g i n g :
(B27a)

The c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l displacement from t h e l e a d i n g edge may be determined i n

a s i m i l a r manner:

To a v o i d numerical d i f f i c u l t y e q u a t i o n (B22) i s s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o e q u a t i o n
(B27a) y i e l d i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e f e r r e d form:
7 1

2
K'
i
= arcsin sin K'
1
- -
c
+ss
sin -
2 (Zi - zl> , (B27b)
ss
L J

and a n a l t e r n a t e form i s i n t r o d u c e d f o r e q u a t i o n (B28):

K'
i
+ K'
1
u
i
= (zi - zl) tan
2
(B28a)

On t h e s u b s o n i c arc t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s a p p l y :
-

K!
1
= arcsin
L
sin (K'
1
- A
lss'
- r
sb
COS [ K; - +SS

1
and u
i
= csssin ( K i -1 + rsb
+ss ) [ cos K'
1
- cos (K; - +ss)l. -I
(B30)

Again a l t e r n a t e e q u a t i o n s a r e introduced t o a v o i d numerical d i f f i c u l t y :

1
- t)ss)- c
2 sin
sb
2 kzi - zl> - csscos[ Ki - +I} (B29a)

c - I
and

ss

33
Determination of the chordwise position of the maximum camberline rise (per-
pendicular displacement from the chord line) depends upon the use of the
observation that the direction of the camberline at the maximum camberline-
rise point is the blade-chord direction. The axial and circumferential dis-
placements from the leading edge to the maximum camberline-rise point, a, are
special cases of equations (B29) and (B30), where K; = Y o . Therefore

z -2
a 1

I
I

sketch 5

34
S k e t c h 5 shows t h e c a s e where t h e maximum c a m b e r l i n e r i s e o c c u r s toward t h e
t r a i l i n g edge w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o i n t , m, where t h e a r c s j o i n , or

For t h e c a s e where t h e maximum camberline r i s e o c c u r s towards t h e l e a d i n g

edge w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o i n t where t h e arcs j o i n , or

t h e a x i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s may be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g e q u a t i o n s
(B27) and (B28):

a - 1 = - ss ( s i n y o - sin 1
K) ,

and
ua = r ss (cos y o - cos K) 1 .
The d i s p l a c e m e n t a l o n g t h e chord d i r e c t i o n from t h e l e a d i n g edge t o t h e
maximum c a m b e r l i n e r i s e i s o b t a i n e d by a d d i t i o n of t h e two l e n g t h s i n d i c a t e d
i n s k e t c h 5 and t h e r e f o r e

The d i f f e r e n c e i n d i r e c t i o n a t t h e l e a d i n g edge between t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e

and t h e camberline i s c a l c u l a t e d f o l l o w i n g t h e method o u t l i n e d i n s k e t c h 6.
The edge t h i c k n e s s i s c o n s i d e r e d t o e x i s t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e c a m b e r l i n e edge
d i r e c t i o n and a t t h e e d g e ; t h e s u c t i o n and p r e s s u r e s u r f a c e s are c l o s e d by a
c i r c u l a r arc which p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e camberline-edge p o i n t and i s t a n g e n t
t o b o t h s u r f a c e s . On t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s l i n e t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e arc and
t h e c a m b e r l i n e arc have t h e same d i r e c t i o n . The i n c i d e n c e a n g l e r e q u i r e d t o
set t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e a t t h e l e a d i n g edge p a r a l l e l t o t h e upstream flow
d i r e c t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e j u s t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n camber i n t h e s u p e r s o n i c p o r t i o n
between t h e s u c t i o n s u r f a c e arc and t h e c a m b e r l i n e arc:

Since
t
4SSS
c
ss
sin -
@SS + -t*- -
2 2 2
e
cos 4S S
tan 2 =
t 9 (B39)
4ss e
c
ss
cos -
2
+-
2
sin 4
ss

35
 sin 4
ss

c '
ss
-
s i n +SS
2

sketch 6
3
'
C a l c u l a t i o n of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s f o r d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e elements cannot
be performed using e q u a t i o n (B40), because, u n l i k e t h e m u l t i p l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c
c a s e , t h e p o s i t i o n s on t h e c a m b e r l i n e of t h e r e a r t e r m i n u s of t h e s u p e r s o n i c
a r c and t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s do not c o i n c i d e . Suppose i n s k e t c h 6 t h a t t h e
p o i n t where t h e s u p e r s o n i c and s u b s o n i c a r c s j o i n were moved rearward ( a s i s
t h e c a s e i n t h e t i p r e g i o n for Rotor 2D); t h e camber of t h e arc between t h e
l e a d i n g edge and t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s p o i n t s can t h e n be d e s i g n a t e d 4 m a and

t h e chord of t h e a r c , cm i n b o t h s k e t c h 6 and e q u a t i o n (B40). By o b s e r v i n g

t h a t for d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c elements t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t :

C
4t - t
0, = 2 and C
m
2 cos
Om
-
2

f o r t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r a r c e q u a t i o n (B40 may be w r i t t e n

i = 2 arctan
1
c 4I
tan -
0&
+ tm- t e c o s 2) --
0,
2 -
c + te s i n
0t
-
t 2

Special A i r f o i l Generator
(SAG)

With t h i s program t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e b l a d e as a series of c a s c a d e p r o j e c -

t i o n s f o r t h e s e v e r a l axisymmetric s t r e a m s u r f a c e s i s c o n v e r t e d t o a d e s c r i p -
t i o n on c y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e s from which t h e b l a d e c a n be manufactured. The
b l a d e i s s t a c k e d and l e a n a n g l e s , X , a r e c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e e v e n t a d d i t i o n a l
axisymmetric flow f i e l d c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e d e s i r e d .

A t e a c h g r i d p o i n t ( i n t e r s e c t i o n o f m e r i d i o n a l s t r e a m l i n e and a x i a l s t a t i o n )
c y l i n d r i c a l b l a d e a n g l e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d from

K
CY1
= a r c t a n (tan K - tan E tan A) , 0343)

and c u r v e - f i t r a d i a l l y so t h a t v a l u e s may be found on t h e d e s i r e d c y l i n d r i c a l

surfaces.

From knowledge of t h e a x i a l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e b l a d e e d g e s , edge a n g l e s a r e c a l -

c u l a t e d and an a n a l y t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c a m b e r l i n e a n g l e v e r s u s z on t h e
c y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e i s o b t a i n e d . The e f f e c t i v e - a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t due t o t h e
b l a d e b l o c k a g e and t h e edge t h i c k n e s s a r e c u r v e - f i t r a d i a l l y and v a l u e s on t h e
d e s i r e d c y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e s a r e found. C o o r d i n a t e s f o r t h e c a m b e r l i n e a r e
o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e camberline a n g l e e q u a t i o n u s i n g a d d i t i o n a l a x i a l
l o c a t i o n s f o r more complete d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n . S u r f a c e c o o r d i -
n a t e s a r e found by c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n from

- t- -
(1 - Kbkb) 2rr c o s K
cy1
9
C
t *bCt

and a p p l y i n g i t normal t o t h e camberline.

37
A f t e r t h e c e n t e r s - o f - a r e a of t h e s e c t i o n s are determined t h e s e c t i o n s are
d i s p l a c e d a x i a l l y and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l l y t o o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d r e l a t i o n s h i p
of e a c h s e c t i o n t o a r a d i a l l i n e . Lean a n g l e s are c a l c u l a t e d a t t h e d e s i r e d
a x i a l p l a n e s by d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of t h e f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between circum-
f e r e n t i a l p o s i t i o n and r a d i u s . The s i g n c o n v e n t i o n f o r l e a n a n g l e , h , i s
t h a t which y i e l d s a p o s i t i v e a n g l e when a p o i n t moving a l o n g t h e b l a d e moves
o p p o s i t e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of r o t o r r o t a t i o n a s i t moves outward a l o n g t h e
blade .
APPENDIX C

THROAT AREA PARAMETER

The knowledge of t h e d e t a i l s of t h e axisymmetric flow f i e l d i n s i d e a t r a n -

s o n i c r o t o r blade row a l l o w s an approximate c a l c u l a t i o n which measures t h e
c a p a b i l i t y of any r o t o r b l a d e element t o p a s s t h e flow f o r which i t was de-
signed. The r e s u l t of t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s named t h e T h r o a t A r e a P a r a m e t e r ;
i t i s defined a s follows:

* h L
thr - A1 Kbkthr t h r t h r
- *
E1
1
Athr hl L1

The r a d i a l stream t u b e h e i g h t , h , i s o b t a i n e d from o v e r a l l CAFD c a l c u l a t i o n s .

The c a p t u r e width, L1, i s j u s t t h e p r o d u c t , s cos B ' . The t h r o a t w i d t h ,
1
L i s t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e p r e s s u r e and s u c t i o n s u r f a c e s of a c a s c a d e
thr
i n t h e c a s c a d e p r o j e c t i o n a t t h e l o c a t i o n where t h e a r e a found by t h e p r o d u c t ,
Lh
, i s minimum. An example of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n used t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t -
A* t h r
i o n f o r Throat Area Parameter c a l c u l a t i o n s a p p e a r s i n f i g u r e 23. T r i a l - a n d -
e r r o r i s required t o a r r i v e a t the t h r o a t location. The p r e s s u r e s u r f a c e of
t h e n e x t blade i n t h e c o u n t e r - r o t o r - w i s e d i r e c t i o n i s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e
c o r r e c t c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l spacing and i t s shape i s t h e r e f o r e n o t i d e n t i c a l w i t h
t h a t of t h e f i r s t b l a d e .

The e f f e c t i v e a r e a coef f i c e i n t , i s i n t r o d u c e d a s a m o d i f i e r on t h e
Kbkthry
t h r o a t stream t u b e h e i g h t t o p r o v i d e for i n c l u s i o n of any i n f l u e n c e on t h e
t h r o a t a r e a which i s n o t o t h e r w i s e i n t r o d u c e d . I n t h e s e d e s i g n s t h e blockage
of t h e part-span shroud was d i s t r i b u t e d e q u a l l y o v e r t h e a n n u l u s h e i g h t and
a c c o r d i n g l y r e s u l t e d i n no a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r a c t i o n of t h e axisymmetric stream-
tube. The t w o p e r c e n t blockage ( f i g . 4) of t h e p a r t span shroud was used i n
a l l c a l c u l a t i o n s ( f i g s . 7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) ) i n v o l v i n g e q u a t i o n ( C l ) .

38
The change i n c r i t i c a l flow a r e a between t h e l e a d i n g edge and t h e t h r o a t re-
s u l t s from t h e change i n r e l a t i v e s t a g n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e s t r e a m l i n e
r a d i u s changes. The r a t i o of c r i t i c a l a r e a s may be e x p r e s s e d a s f o l l o w s :

-=4* (+) v+l

2Y
(C2)
Athr id
where t h e i d e a l r e l a t i v e s t a g n a t i o n - p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s g i v e n by a r e a r r a n g e -
ment of an e q u a t i o n found i n r e f e r e n c e 11,

The T h r o a t Area Parameter i s u s u a l l y p l o t t e d a g a i n s t i n l e t r e l a t i v e Mach num-

b e r a s i n f i g u r e s 7 ( a ) and 7 ( b ) . On t h e s e c o o r d i n a t e s , c u r v e s of t h r o a t a r e a
r e q u i r e d f o r one-dimensional i s e n t r o p i c flow and f o r flow w i t h t h e l o s s i n
r e l a t i v e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h one normal shock a t t h e i n l e t
r e l a t i v e Mach number may be c o n s t r u c t e d . A Throat Area Parameter i n excess
of t h e one-normal-shock curve i s p r e f e r r e d because t h e procedure f o r checking
t h e t h r o a t a r e a does n o t account f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a l flow e f f e c t s which
tend t o r e q u i r e more t h r o a t area:

1. build-up of b l a d e boundary l a y e r ,

2. build-up of a n n u l u s w a l l boundary l a y e r s from t h e l e a d i n g edge t o

the blade throat,

3. shock l o s s e s i n e x c e s s of those a s s o c i a t e d w i t h one norva shock a t

t h e i n l e t r e l a t i v e Mach number, and

4. l a c k o f uniform flow i n t h e f r e e stream a t t h e b l a d e t h r o a t .

REFERENCES

1. L i e b l e i n , Seymour and Johnsen, I r v i n g A . : ∑ o f Transonic-Compressor

Research a t NACA L e w i s Laboratory, J o u r n a l of E n g i n e e r i n g f o r Power,
T r a n s . ASME, S e r i e s A , V o l . 83, J u l y 1961, Page 219.

2. Klapproth, John F . , J a c k l i t c h , John J., Jr., and T y s l , Edward R.: Design

and Performance of a 1400-Foot-per-Second-Tip-Speed Supersonic Com-
p r e s s o r Rotor, NACA RM E55A27, 1955.

39
3. Miller, Genevieve R., L e w i s , George W., Jr., and Hartmann, Melvin J.:
Shock Losses on T r a n s o n i c Compressor Blade ROWS, J o u r n a l of Engineer-
i n g f o r Power, T r a n s . ASME, S e r i e s A, Vol. 83, J u l y 1961, Page 235.

4. Robbins, William H . , Jackson, Robert J . , and L i e b l e i n , Seymour: Blade-

Element Flow i n Annular Cascades, Aerodynamic Design of Axial-Flow
Compressors, NASA SP-36, Chapt. V I I , 1965, pp. 227-254.

5. Smith, Leroy H., Jr., and Yeh, Hsuan: Sweep and D i h e d r a l E f f e c t s i n

Axial-Flow Turbomachinery, J o u r n a l of B a s i c E n g i n e e r i n g , T r a n s . ASME,
S e r i e s D, V o l . 85, 1963, pp. 401-416.

6. C a r t e r , A.D.S.: The Low Speed Performance of R e l a t e d A e r o f o i l s i n Cascade;

N a t i o n a l Gas T u r b i n e E s t a b l i s h m e n t , Report Number R55, September 1949,
A e r o n a u t i c a l Research C o u n c i l , C.P. No. 29, (12883).

7. G i f f i n , R.G., and Smith, L.H., Jr.: Experimental E v a l u a t i o n of Outer Case

Blowing or Bleeding of S i n g l e S t a g e A x i a l Flow Compressor, P a r t I -
Design of Rotor and Bleeding and Bl.owing C o n f i g u r a t i o n s , NASA CR-54587,
A p r i l 20, 1966.

8. Robbins, William H., and G l a s e r , F r e d r i c k : Experimental I n v e s t i g a t i o n of

t h e E f f e c t of C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l I n l e t Flow D i s t o r t i o n on t h e Performance
of a Five-Stage Axial-Flow Research Compressor w i t h T r a n s o n i c Rotors
i n a l l Stages, NACA RM E57J17, 1957.

9. C o r n e l l , W.G.: ASME Paper No. 57-F-19, ASME T r a n s a c t i o n s , Vol. 80, #4,

Page 791-799.

10. Smith, L.H., Jr.: The Radial E q u i l i b r i u m E q u a t i o n of Turbomachinery,

J o u r n a l of Engineering f o r Power, T r a n s . ASMF, S e r i e s A, Vol. 88,
1966, pp. 1-12.

11. Giamati, C h a r l e s C . , Jr., and F i n g e r , Harold B.: Design V e l o c i t y D i s -

t r i b u t i o n i n Meridional P l a n e , Aerodynamic Design of Axial-Flow
Compressors, NASA SP-36, Chapt. V I I I , 1965, pp. 255-278.

40
 T a b l e 1. - C a s c a d e P r o j e c t i o n D a t a for R o t o r 1 B B l a d e S e t t i n g

r
-
r
1
B; i K' K'sl--K' 1 -
tel
1 C
t t
1.0 .9955 65.13 3.25 61.88 2.46 .0060
.9 .9586 63.74 3.68 60.06 2.91 .0063
.8 .9202 62.57 4.10 58.47 3.41 .0066
.7 .8807 61.48 4.54 56.94 4.03 .0069
.6 .8388 60.36 4.99 55.37 4.75 .0072
.5 .7947 59.29 5.48 53.81 5.47 ,0076
.4 .7473 57.88 5.88 52.00 5.98 .0080
.3 .6963 56.50 6.02 50.48 6.51 .0084
.2 .6404 55.12 6.06 49.06 7.02 .0089
.1 .5768 53.74 6.22 47.52 7.54 .0094
0 .5000 52.39 7.08 45.31 8.02 .OlOO

-
r2 6 O K?
-
te2
J, r 6; 2 ';e C
t t
1.0 .9804 58.63 3.70 54.93 56.77 .0058
.9 .9484 58.19 3.47 54.72 54.62 .0062
.8 .9135 57.08 3.55 53.53 52.36 -0065
.7 .8768 55.38 3.47 51.91 50.03 -0069
.6 .8385 53.10 3.41 49.69 47.29 .0072
.5 .7980 50.12 3.36 46.76 44.07 .0076
.4 .7547 46.21 3.95 42.26 39.96 .0080
.3 .7092 41.12 4.92 36.20 34.93 .0085
.2 .6607 34.57 6.22 28.35 28.32 .0090
.1 .6096 25.46 7.97 17.49 18.62 .0094
0 .5557 13.60 10.74 2.86 .37 .0100

J,
-
tm
Y O
-
a
C
a
@t
C t
t
1.0 .0350 60.77 .731 1.3062 6.95
.9 .0387 58.89 .696 1.3534 5.34
.8 .0425 57.07 .658 1.4075 4.94
.7 .0467 55.17 -616 1.4685 5.03
.6 .0509 52.94 .562 1.5387 5.68
.5 .0554 50.29 .500 1.6204 7.05
.4 .0604 47.13 .500 1.7183 9.74
.3 .0658 43.34 .500 1.8363 14.28
.2 ,0714 38.71 .500 1.9836 20.71
.1 .0778 32.51 .500 2.1754 30.03
0 .0850 24.09 .500 2.4447 42.45

41
 Table 2 . - Cascade P r o j e c t i o n Data f o r Rotor 2B Blade S e t t i n g .

r
- 1 sl- K ' 1 -
tel
I JI r B; i K'
1
K'
C
t
t
1.0 .9959 64.14 3.29 60.85 2.48 .0060
.9 .9597 62.60 3.68 58.92 2.95 .0062 -
.8 .9227 61.60 4.10 57.50 3.47 ,0066
.7 .8840 60.60 4.52 56.08 4.06 .0069
.6 .8434 59.61 4.94 54.67 4.84 .0072
.5 .8005 58.55 5.35 53.20 5.45 .0076
.4 ,7540 57.27 5.82 51.45 5.91 .0079
.3 .7046 56.20 6.10 50.10 6.36 .0083
.2 .6492 55.53 6.09 49.44 6.80 .0088
.l .5850 56.18 5.90 50.28 7.23 .0093
0 .4995 61.18 5.70 55.48 7.56 .OlOO

r
JI -
2
lo K'
_te2
L

r 6; 2 6; e C
t t
1.0 .9800 54.58 5. 70 48.88 52.91 .0060
.9 .9488 54.20 5.66 48.54 49.94 .0063
.8 .9160 52.77 5.3% 47.39 47.54 .0066
.7 .8813 50.75 5.17 45.58 45.02 .0070
.6 .8456 47.97 5.22 42.75 41.83 ,0074
.5 .8070 44.05 5.05 39.00 37.76 .0078
.4 .7675 39.12 3.73 33.39 32.78 .0082
.3 .7257 33.36 6.71 26.65 27.15 .0086
.2 .6824 26.32 4.21 18.11 19.68 .0091
.1 .6378 18.34 10.70 7.64 8.52 .0095
0 .5912 10.18 16. d2 -6.64 -19.05 .OlOO

J,
-
tm -
a
0
C
Y O
C
t
6,
t
1.0 .0350 58.86 .726 1.3062 11.97
.9 .0387 56.41 .685 1.3523 10.38
.8 .0426 54.32 .642 1.4036 10.11
.7 .0466 52.00 .593 1.4620 10.50
.6 .0510 49.11 .533 1.5280 11.87
.5 .0556 46.10 .500 1.6055 14.20
.4 .0604 42.42 .500 1.6963 18.06
.3 .0655 38.37 .500 1.8044 23.45
.2 .0708 33.77 .500 1.9382 31.33
.1 .0770 28.96 .500 2.1106 42.64
0 .0850 24.42 .500 2.3663 62.12
 Table 3. - Cascade Projection Data for Rotor 2E Blade Setting.

J,
r
-
1
i K' K' -K;
-
tel
r 1 sl C
t t

1.0 .9963 64.67 3.29 61.38 2.49 .0060

.9 .9600 62.87 3.68 59.19 2.96 .0063
.8 .9229 61.79 4.10 57.69 3.48 .0066
.7 .8840 60.74 4.52 56.22 4.10 .0069
.6 .8433 59.66 4.94 54.72 4.84 .0072
.5 .8005 58.55 5.35 53.20 5.45 .0076
.4 .7540 57.27 5.82 51.45 5.91 .0079
.3 .7046 56.20 6.10 50.10 6.36 .0083
.2 .6492 55.53 6.09 49.44 6.80 .0088 1

.1 .5850 56.18 5.90 50.28 7.23 .0093

0 ,4995 61.18 5.70 55.48 7.56 .OlOO ~

r
Q -
r
2
6" K'
2
-
+-e2 1
1
t ';e C
t
1.0 .9801 54.58 4.96 49.62 53.33 .0060 ,
.9 .9489 54.41 4.79 49.62 50.47 .0063
.8 .9159 53.00 4.61 48.39 48.09 .0066
.7 .8815 50.84 4.69 46.15 45.17 .0070
.6 .8454 47.78 4.76 43.02 41.66 .0074
.5 .8070 44.05 5.05 39.00 37.76 .0078
.4 .7675 39.12 5.7-1 33.39 32.78 .0082
.3 -7257 33.36 6.71 26.65 27.15 .0086 ~

.2
.1
.6824
.6378
26.32
18.34
8.21
10.70
18.11
7.64
19.68
8.52
.0091
.0095
1
0 .5912 10.18 16.82 -6.64 -19.05 .OlOO

Q
-
tm
Y O
-
a
(3
C
t
C
t
0,
1.0 .0350 57.40 .660 1.3058 11.76
.9 .O_IE7 55.58 .621 1.3520 9.57
.8 .0426 53.85 .585 1.4036 9.30
.7 .0467 51.83 .562 1.4618 10.07
.6 -0510 49.30 .534 1.5283 11.70
.5 -0556 46.10 .500 1.6055 14.20
.4 .0604 42.42 -500 1.6963 18.06
.3 -0655 38.37 .500 1.8044 23.45
.2 .0708 33.77 .500 1.9382 31.33
.1 .0770 28.96 -500 2,1106 42.64
0 .0850 24.42 .500 2.3663 62.12

43
 Table 4 . - C a s c a d e Projection Data for Rotor 2D B l a d e Setting.

9 - 1 -
tel
r
t
Bi i K1
1
K'
sl
-K1
1 C
t
1.0 .9963 64.65 3.29 61.36 3.30 .0059
.9 .9600 62.76 3.68 59.08 3.71 .0062
.8 .9228 61.74 4.10 57.64 4.11 .0065
.7 .8841 60.66 4.52 56.14 4.50 .0069
.6 .8435 59.64 4.94 54.70 4.97 .0072
.5 .8005 58.55 5.35 53.20 5.45 .0076
.4 .7540 57.27 5.82 51.45 5.91 .0079
.3 .7046 56.20 6.10 50.10 6.36 .0083
.2 .6492 55.53 6.09 49.44 6.80 .0088
.1 .5850 56.18 5.90 50.28 7.23 .0093
0 .4995 61.18 5.70 55.48 7.56 .OlOO

r
9 -
2 K'
2 ,.
r 1
t t
1.0 .9794 54.52 3.48 51.04 53.41 .0060
.9 .9485 54.13 3. 7 2 50.41 50.18 .0063
.8 .9157 52.77 3.92 48.85 47.77 .0066
.7 .8815 50.72 4.15 46.57 45.09 .0070
.6 .8454 47.78 4.57 43.21 41.71 .0074
.5 .8070 44.05 5.05 39.00 37.76 .0078
.4 .7675 39.12 5.73 33.39 32.78 .0082
.3 .7257 33.36 6.71 26.65 27.15 .0086
.2 .6824 26.32 8.21 18.11 19.68 .0091
.1 .6378 18.34 10.70 7.64 8.52 .0095
0 .5912 LO. 18 16.82 -6.64 -19.05 -0100

$ -
tm
Y O
-
a
C C
t t

1.0 -0350 56.19 .500 1.3063 10.33

.9 -0357 54.74 .500 1.3523 8.67
.8 .0426 53.24 .500 1.4038 8.79
.7 .0466 51.35 .500 1.4618 9.57
.6 .0510 48.95 .500 1.5281 11.49
.5 -0556 46.10 .500 1.6055 14.20
.4 .0604 42.42 .500 1.6963 18.06
.3 .065j 38.37 .500 1.8044 23.45
.2 .0708 33.77 .500 1.9382 31.33
.1 .0770 28.96 .500 2.1106 42.64
0 .0;50 24.42 .500 2.3663 62.12

44

i
 Table 5. - Aeromechanical Data for Rotor Blading

Rotor 1B Rotor 2B

kesign speed stresses (psi)

Average root centrifugal stress 29,600 28,600

Total stress at root

Convex side 59,500 27,000

Trailing edge 13,500 27,000

Total stress at shroud

Convex side 16,900 15,500

Trailing edge 11,000 12,500

Maximum estimated stall vibratory

stress at shroud (z endurance)

Convex side 8,400 (22) 12,300 (31)

Trailing edge 7,600 (18) 5,300 (13)

Blade natural frequencies at design speed (cps)

1st flexural 525 575

2nd flexural 1910 2150

1st torsional 1205 1340

Tip untwist at design speed (de& 0.8 0.7

Design speed reduced velocity
- 1.33 1.19
Ea ter ia1 6A1-4V-Ti titanium a1loy

45
I I I

9
co
0
I
II
N

0 0
- 0
r)

NI tf sntaw

46
 I8 I

I6

14 - DESIGN STREAMLINES

z
- - -
12
LL
v,
-3,
c3
a
IO

8 CAFD CALCULATION STATIONS Q

$ & b & & & Q & % i f i i 3 6 & & t B6 %

STATION 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.86 1.05 1.083 1.5 1.51 1.52
0.9 0.950.98 1.01.017 1.54
1.033 1.067
I I I I

-8 -4 0 4

AXIAL DISTANCE , Z , I N

FIGURE 2. DESIGN FLOW FIELD FOR ROTORS 2

47
 Station 0.98 1.0 1.017 1.05 1.083 1.51
1.033 1.067 1.5
10000

5000

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4

Axial distance, z , in

Figure 3. - Typical axial variation of angular momentum.

24
&
Station 0.98 1.0 1.017 1.05 1.083 1.51 1.52 1.54

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Axial distance, z , in

Figure 4. - Typical axial variation of effective area coefficient.

48

~~
 rn
rn
0
rl
I
PI
bl
5
rn
rn
al
bl
e
td
U
0
U

r
Radius ratio, 1.0
r
t

Figure 5. - Radial variation of design relative total-pressure-loss coefficients,

49
 .
.8

.6

0-
.rl .4
U
cd
M

.2

0
.5 .7 .8 .9

r
1.0
Radius ratio, 7

Figure 6. - Radial variation of design r a t i o of supersonic

to t o t a l blade camber.

50
 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Relative Mach number, M'

1

Figure 7 ( a ) . - Rotors 2 design choke check.

51
 1.1

1.0

q-5
4 4 414

.9

.8

.7 areas fof a l l streamlines reduced

percent to account for part-span shroud

.6
.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Relative Mach number, M'

I

Figure 7(b). - Rotor LB design choke check.

52
 10

8
M
a
-0

.5 .6 .7 .8 1.0

r
1
Radius ratio, -
r
t

Figure 8 , - Radial variation of design incidence angle.

53
 .6

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Blade-chord angle, yo , deg

Figure 9. - Coefficients for design deviation angle rule.

 12

10

0
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio, -
r2
r
t

Figure 10(a). - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design deviation angle

and empirical deviation angle adjustment.

55
 18

16

14

12

10

0
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
Radius ratio, -
r
2
r
t

Figure 10(b). - Radial variation Of Rotors 2 design deviation angle

and empirical deviation angle adjustment.

56
 700

6 50

600

5 50

500
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

r
Radius ratio , -
r
t

Figure 11. - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design axial velocity.

57
 1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

t-i 1.1
a,
n
;
G
s
B 1.0

Y
.d
u
a
d
3 .9

.8

.7

.6

.5
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio , -
r
r
t

Figure 12. - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design relat ive Mach number.

~ ~~~~
 70

60

50

40

30

20

10
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio, r -
1:
t

Figure 13. - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design r e l a t i v e a i r angle.

59
 20

10

- 10
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio , -
r
r
t

Figure 14. - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design streamline meridional angle.

60
 1.0

.8

.2

.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio , r
-
r
t

Figure 15. - Radial variation of Rotor 1B design streamfuction.

61
 750

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

3 50
.5 .6 .7 *. 8 .9 1.0

r
Radius ratio , -
rt

Figure 16. - Radial variation of kotors 2 design axial velocity.

 .. ..... .....

~ i *.___

. .: i_ ,

..,. . : , .

: ,
.-.-.~.--..I. ~

. .
: . . . : ...

.8

.7

.6

.5
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius racio , -
r
r
t

Figure 17. - Radial variation of Rotors 2 design r e l a t i v e Mach number.

63
 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

r
Radius r a t i o , r
t

Figure 18. - Radial variation o f Rotors 2 design r e l a t i v e a i r angle.

 30

20

10

-10
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Radius ratio , -
r
r
t

Figure 19. - Radial variation of Rotors 2 design streamline meridional angle.

65
 1.0

3
W
e
(d
.4
aJ
&
U
Cn

0
.5 .7 .8 .9

Radius ratio , -
r
r
t

Figure 20. - Radial variation of Rotors 2 design streamfuction.

 1.0

.9

.5
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
, -
r

Radius ratio '1.5

r
t

Figure 21. - Radial variation rotor exit absolute Mach number.

50

40

.. m
4"

0
rn .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
n
-4

Radius ratio , -
rl.5
r
t

Figure 22. - Radial variation rotor exit absolute air angle.

67
 1.05

* - -' * 1.00
Q I<
.9 5

0 \
.5

I.c

I .5

2.c

z.5

3 .c

CAFD 1.0 1.017 1.033\ 1.050 1.067 1.083 1.5

Station I
1 I I I
\
Pressure surface,next
blade counter- rotor - wise
I I I I
0 .5 I .o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
A x i a l displacement, z , i n

Figure 23, - Typical cascade projection layout

68
 1.0

.9

.8

.7
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
S treamfunc t ion, J,
Figure 24. - Radial variation of design adiabatic efficiency.

.6

.5

.4
+
I
- N -r4
3
I
3
.3
4
II
n
n
&I .2
0
U
0
a
rC(

d
.I
3
W
W
d
n

0
0 2 6 -6 .8 1.0
Streamfuncgion, J,

Figure 25. - Radial variation of design diffusion factor.

69
 2.0

1.5

1.0

.5
0 .4 .6 .8 1.0

S treamf unc t ion, 1c,

Figure 26. - Radial variation of design a x i a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o .

70
 60

50
M
al
Q

- CI

8. 40

30
c
$4
1
U

20

10

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0

S treamfunct ion, J,

Figure 27. - Radial variation of design relative turning angle.

71
 -6

.5

a
u
.4

.3

,2

.1

0
0 .4 .6 .8 1.0

S tr eamfunc t ion, JI

Figure 28. - Radial variation of design static-pressure-rise coefficient.

72
 N
-4
.7
3

.6

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1

0
0 .4 .8 1.0

Streamfunction- $

Figure 29. - Radial variation of design enthalpy-equivalent

static-pressure-rise coefficient.

73
 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

- 10

-20
.5 .6 .7 .a .9 1.0

r
Radius r a t i o -
' rt

Figure 30. - Comparison of typical cascade and cylindrical edge angles.

74
 0

0
rl
I

0
h(
I

0
m
I

3
P

Q
0 0 C 9
h( d

75
 .5 .6 .7 .8

Shroud radial position, -

-rh
r -r
c h

1F = 1st. flexural frequency

t selected position

Figure 32. - Part-span shroud position selection.

76
 20 /rev
2400

2000

v) 1600
a
u
CI

w
h

1200

800

400

llrev

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 + 10000

Rotor speed ,N , rpm

1F = 1st. flexural frequency

1T = 1st. torsional frequency
2F = 2nd. flexural frequency
.f = deslgn s p e e d (8791 rpm)

Figure 33. - Rotor 1B Campbell diagram.

77
 20lrev
2400

2000

10Irev
1600
v)
a
0

w" 1200

5Irev
r 800

400

llrev

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 + 10000

Rotor speed, N, rpm

1F = 1 s t . f l e x u r a l frequency
1T = 1st. torsional frequency
2F = 2nd. flexural frequency
f = design speed (8791 rpm)

Figure 34. - Rotor 2B Campbell diagram.

78
 RFPORTS DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR
SINGLE STAGE EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF
HIGH MACH NUMBER COMPRESSOR ROTOR BLADING

CONTRACT NAS3 -7617

1. NASA-Lewis Research C e n t e r
21000 Brookpark Road
C l e v e l a n d , Ohio 44135
A t t e n t i o n : Report C o n t r o l Off i c e MS 5-5 1

Technical U t i l i z a t i o n Office MS 3-19 1

Library MS 60-3 1

F l u i d System Component D i v i s i o n MS 5-3 1

Pump & Compressor Branch MS 5-9 6

1.1. P i n k e l MS 5-3 1

A. Ginsburg MS 5-3 1

P. Hacker MS 5-3 1

M. J. Hartmann Ms 5-9 1

W.A. Benser MS 5-9 1

D.M. Sandercock MS 5-9 1

L.J. Herrig MS 5-9 1

C.L. Ball MS 5-9 1

J. Howard C h i l d s MS 60-4 1

Dr. W.H. Roudebush MS 60-6 1

J.H. Deford MS 60-5 1

S. L i e b l e i n MS 7-1 1

P r o j e c t s Branch MS 60-6 16

L . Macioce MS 60-6 1

79
 W. Beede MS 60-6 1

J. McAulay MS 60-6 1

2. NASA S c i e n t i f i c & T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t l a n F a c i l i t y
P.O. Box 33
C o l l e g e P a r k , Maryland 20740
A t t e n t i o n : NASA R e p r e s e n t a t i v e 6

3. FAA H e a d q u a r t e r s
800 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, D.C. 20553
A t t e n t i o n : Brig. G e n e r a l J . C . Maxwell 1
F.B. Howard 1

4. NASA H e a d q u a r t e r s
Washington, D.C. 20546
A t t e n t i o n : N.F. Rekos (RAP) 1

5. U.S. Army Aviation Material Laboratory

Fort Eustis, Virginia
A t t e n t i o n : John White 1

6. Headquarters
Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio 45433
A t t e n t i o n : J . L . W i l k i n s , SESOS 1
S. Kobelak, APTP 1
R.P. C a r m i c h a e l , SESSP 1

7. Department of t h e Navy
Bureau of Weapons
Washington 25, D.C.
Attention: Robert Brown, RAPPl4 1

8. Department of t h e Navy
Bureau of S h i p s
Washington, D.C. 20360
A t t e n t i o n : G.L. Graves 1

9. NASA-Langley Research C e n t e r
Technical Library
Hampton, V i r g i n i a 23365
A t t e n t i o n : Mark R. N i c h o l s 1
John V. Becker 1

80
10. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
Florida Research & Development Center
P.O. Box 2691
West Palm Beach, Florida 33402
Attention: R.A. Schmidtke
C.L. Joslin
W.R. Alley
B.N. Torrel
B.A. Jones
B.S. Saven

11. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft

400 Main Street
East Hartford, Connecticut
Attention: J.A. Fligg
A.W. Stubner
W.D. Harshbarger
P. T r a m
M.J. Keenan
B.B. Smyth

12. Allison Division, GMC

.
Dept 8894, Plant 8
P.O. Box 894
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Attention: J.N. Barney
R.H. Carmody
G.E. Holbrook
B.A. Hopkins
M.L. Miller
Library

13. Northern Research & Engineering

219 Vassar Street
Cambridge 39, Massachusetts
Attention: R.A. Novak 1
K. Ginwala 1

14. General Electric Company

Flight Propulsion Division
Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
Attention: J.W. Blanton J-19
W.G. Cornel1 K-49
J. R. Erwin 5-162
E.E. Hood/J.C. Pirtle 5-165
J.F. Klapproth H-42
J.W. &Bride H-44
14. General Electric Company (Cont.)
Flight Propulsion Division
Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
Attention: L.H. Smith H-50
S.N. Suciu H-32
J .B, Taylor 5-168
Technical Information Center N-32

15. General Electric Company

1000 Western Avenue
West Lynn, Massachusetts
Attention: D.P. Edkins Bldg. 2-40
F.F. Ehrich Bldg. 2-40
L.H. King Bldg. 2-40
R.E. Neitzel Bldg. 2-40
Dr. C.W. Smith Library Bldg. 2-40M

16. Curtiss-Wright Corporation

Wright Aeronautical
Woodridge , New Jersey
Attention: S . Lombard0 1
B. Provenzale 1
J. Wiggins 1

17. Air Research Manufacturing Company

402 South 36th Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85034
Attention: Robert 0 . Bullock 1
John H. Daman 1

18. Air Research Manufacturing Company

8951 Sepulveda Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90009
Attention: L.C. Wright 1

19. Avco Corporation

Lycoming Division
550 South Main Street
Stratford, Connecticut
Attention: Clause W. Bolton 1

20. Continental Aviation & Engineering Corporation

12700 Kercheval
Detroit , Michigan 48215
Attention: Eli H. Benstein 1
Howard C. Wasch 1

82
 21. Solar
San Diego, California 92112
Attention: P.A. Pitt 1
Mrs. L. Walper 1
4

22. Goodyear Atomic Corporation

Box 628
Piketon, Ohio
Attention: C.O. Langebrake 2

23. Iowa State University of Science and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ames, Iowa 50010
Attention: Professor George K. Serovy

24. Pennsylvania State University

233 Hammond Building
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Attention: B. Lakshmenarayana

25. The Ebeing Company

Commercial Airplane Division
P.O. Box 3991
Seattle, Washington 98124
Attention: G.J. Schott, M.S. 80-66 1

26. Union Carbide Corporation

Nuclear Division
Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant
P.O. Box "P"
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
Attention: R.G. Jordan 1

83