Hauman 1

Nicholas Hauman

Prof. Newport

English 102-09

17 April 2017

Annotated Bibliography

For my research paper, I will be writing about poverty in inner cities. Specifically, I will

be using my hometown of Milwaukee, Wisconsin as the main case for this research. Milwaukee

is commonly referred to as one of the most (if not the most) segregated cities in America. I will

be addressing the main causes of poverty in inner cities and discussing why African Americans

are largely at or below the poverty line in rustbelt cities. Poverty in inner cities is caused mainly

by failed schools, generational poverty from an economic disadvantage, and a lack of family

structure.

Source 1: Camera, Lauren. "Stagnant City Schools Are Failing Minorities." Www.usnews.com.

US News, 7 Oct. 2015. Web. 15 Apr. 2017.

This source is an online news article. The topic of the article is to discuss how schools in

the inner city are failing the minorities they are supposed to be educating. The style of argument

this article follows is a neutral observation that strives to educate the reader on a common issue

in the national department of education. The main points this article discusses are the unequal

funding of schools in the inner city and the educational procedures that fail on educating youth.

The author is an experienced editor and analyst of reporting education for US News. She

has written articles for US News for more than a decade and is mentioned in various other

sources such as Education Week and the Chronical of Higher Education. She attended Columbia
 Hauman 2

University and achieved the 2013 Spencer Fellow award from her analysis of Obamas education

reform.

Source 2: Census, U.S. "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)." Milwaukee County

Wisconsin QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. N.p., 1 Jan. 2017. Web. 12 Apr.

2017.

This source is a case study from the U.S. Census Department. It is a discussion of how

much money each household produces on average as well as how many people live in each

household. This source is used to demonstrate the populations of the inner city and how much

each household makes with a ration to how many people live in each household. It also provides

information in a report form of what age bracket has the highest income on average depending

on race in Milwaukee. The key idea of this article is a report on facts and figures regarding

income, race, and age depending on household size and location.

The author of this source is unnamed, but is rather a collection of census workers that

have devised a report on income.

Source 3: Downs, Kenya. "Why Is Milwaukee So Bad for Black People?" NPR. NPR, 05 Mar.

2015. Web.15 Apr. 2017.

This article is a news article from an NPR report. The article is argumentative on why

Milwaukee, as well as other rustbelt cities are hostile for minorities. Mainly, the articles

argument is that rustbelt cities are so hostile for minorities because of a failed educational

system, a general large incarceration number for those who are minorities, and segregation based

on pervious redlining effects from generations prior.

The author of this article is Kenya Downs, who is a native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. I

picked this article based on its truthfulness that is identical based on my own observations as a
 Hauman 3

resident of Milwaukee. Her background is in public relations reports from a wide range of media

including radio, reports, journalism, and films from organizations such as PBS. She has also

written articles for sources such as Al Jazeera, NewsOne, and CBS.

Source 4: Holland, Steve. "Gentrification: Causes and Consequences." ELCA. Journal of

Lutheran Ethics, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 15 Apr. 2017.

This article is a source from a humanitarian perspective. This article discusses the

dangers of gentrification. The main argument behind this source is a discussion on why

gentrification is a failed attempt on addressing the issues in the inner city. The article states that it

is a waste because there is a high demand for better living conditions. It states that instead of

creating a system that makes it easy for better living conditions that that money instead should be

spent on programs that educate and support those at an economic disadvantage.

The author of this source is Steve Holland. Steve Holland is an author for the Journal

Lutheran Ethics. He is a television producer, writer, and journalist. His work mainly presides

working for Reuters covering politics in America and White House affairs.

Source 5: Planning, Cubit. "53218 Income Statistics." 53218 Income Statistics - Current Census

Data for Zip Codes. N.p., 2017. Web. 17 Apr. 2017.

This source is a report of income per area code in Milwaukee County. Specifically, this

income addresses the area codes in which I personally preside. This area has received some of

the quickest periods of infrastructural decay in the entire city. The argument of this source is a

neutral report on income per area code in the city.

The author of this source is Cubit Planning Incorporated. This study is a reflection and

study case of income based on the latest environmental census studies. It is a company that has

real estate investors interest for possible acts of philanthropy and gentrification.
 Hauman 4

Source 6: Moore, Joan, Ph.D. "Bearing the Burden: How Incarceration Weakens Inner-City

Communities." Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2003.

Web. 12 Apr. 2017.

This source is an academic report that argues how and why the incarceration rates

negatively affect the populations of the inner city. The author states that the main reason why this

happens is a systematic plight in which is emphasized by poor education and a poor job market,

just to name a few. This in turn affects the family structure to create a system that is difficult to

climb out of. This idea works excellently with my theme to develop a strong argument to the

cyclic motion seen in inner city minorities that we observe as the system.

The author of this source is Joan Moore Ph.D. She is a sociology professor who currently

teaches at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. From her credentials and location, it becomes

clear that her work on this source is a direct observation from a scholarly perspective of

contemplation.

Source 7: Robinson, Sharon, and Mark Nicolini. "2017 Budget." N.p., 26 Sept. 2016. Web. 10

Apr. 2017.

This source is a report of the budget for Milwaukee County that discusses all aspects of

spending within the budget. This sources argument style is a report of facts and figures that

explain in detail the extent of aspects of the councils budget. The main ideals in this argument

discuss the reasoning behind the budget for 2017 with aspects such as public transport quality,

road quality, and education to name a few. I picked this source mainly to depict how the county

can manage the budget to taper it to the inner city schooling and acts of gentrification and grants

to the inner city.

 Hauman 5

The authors of this source are members of the Milwaukee City Council. Sharon Robinson

is the Administrative Director of this council. The Budget and Management Director is Mark

Nicolini. This source is directed to be presented to Mayor Tom Barrett of Milwaukee, as these

authors have tapered this source to be as informative as possible.

Source 8: Urban Ventures. "Facts About Poverty." Urban Ventures. Urban Ventures, 2017. Web.

17 Apr. 2017.

This source is a research program that is active in disadvantaged urban settings. It is a

source that states the purposes of generational poverty. They are a non-profit organization that is

tasked with breaking the cycle of generational poverty through education and providing support

for family structure. The page cited is a description of causes and effects of generational poverty.

Urban Ventures also discusses how this can be eliminated.

This source comes from a variety of authors that are volunteers for this organization.

Specifically, they are mainly from the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities area around

Minneapolis.