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Hichem Mazighi1
Mustapha Kamel Mihoubi 2
Khaled Ghaedi3
Zainah Ibrahim4
ABSTRACT
In recent past, researches have done to properly investigate the uplift pressure effect at
the base level of concrete dams, in particular for a cracked-base situation under static
conditions. This paper attempts to implement two and three-dimensional Finite Element
(FE) Models for nonlinear static analysis. To aid the aim, Kinta Roller Compacted
Concrete (RCC) gravity dam is selected as a case study and FE ABAQUS software is
used to investigate the responses of the dam under ful reservoir hydrostatic pressure and
uplift effect as well as the effect of different densities of the dam for the stability purpose.
In addition, Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model is conducted to monitor the crack
propagation in the dam. The results show that, the uplift pressure affects considerably the
relative displacement more than the hydrostatic pressure. The relative displacements
increase when the concrete density of the dam goes up unlike the maximum and
minimum principal stresses and crack propagation.
INTRODUCTION
Dam stability analysis is an important factor before and after construction. The
hydrostatic and uplift pressures can generate tensile stresses near the upstream and the
foundation faces successively, possibly exceeding the strength of the material and
causing a horizontal crack or opening of construction joints. These huge structures
normally have cracks in practical service caused by previous earthquakes, construction
conditions, or temperature effects (Barani et al., 2016). For a concrete dam under its
probable maximum flood, the hydrostatic pressure acting inside the crack reduces the
resistance and increases the penetration of water which exerts a uplift pressure (Zhu and
Pekau 2007).
The water pressure inside the cracks greatly reduces the structural strength of the
concrete gravity dams (Bhattacharjee and Leger 1995).
Many researchers have analyzed the effect of the crack propagation in concrete dams
(Bruhwiller and Saouma 1995, Plizzari 1997, Slowik and Saouma, 2000; Javanmardi et
al., 2005; Pekau and Zhu, 2008; Shi et al., 2013; Pandey et al., 2014; Ghaedi et al., 2015).
1
Phd student, Laboratory Water Resource Mobilization and Enhancement (LMVR), National High School
for Hydraulic (ENSH), BP 31 Blida, ALGERIA, h.mazighi@ensh.dz
2
Prof., Laboratory Water Resource Mobilization and Enhancement (LMVR), National High School for
Hydraulic (ENSH), BP 31 Blida, ALGERIA, mihkam@ensh.dz
3
Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Malaysia; Hormoz Beton
Firm, Bandar Abbas City, Iran, khaledqhaedi@yahoo.com)
4
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Malaysia, zainah@um.edu.my
Guanglun et al., (2000) proposed a mathematical model based on the nonlinear crack
band theory to investigate the dynamic fracture behavior of gravity dams in two-
dimensional FEM.
Also, they presented the finite element remesh for the front cracks via shifting the
element edge couples of cracks in direction of the tensile stresses. The smeared crack
model was used to inspect the nonlinear dynamic response of dams considering reservoir
water effect under earthquake excitations (Mazloumi et al., 2012 ; Ayari, 1990).
Zhu and Pekau (2007) employed and adopted the Incremental Displacement Constraint
Equations (IDCE) model along the crack to consider the behavior of dynamic contact
states in the cracks.
The damping model of IDCE was validated in dynamic contact conditions for flexible
and rigid bodies. The obtained results revealed very attractive occurrences such as peak
rocking direction, jumping and large damping effect of multi cracks on the peak residual
sliding. Researchers also discussed about seismic behavior of dams by implementation of
two-dimensional finite element modeling, (Calayir and Karaton, 2005; Akkse and
Simsek 2010, Jiang and Du, 2012; Mazloumi et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2013, Paggi et al.,
2013; and others. However, the effects of base crack opening on dams have been
neglected in the above studies.
Ghaedi et al., 2016 analyzed the shape and size of the effects of the gallery on RCC dams
considering opening inside the dam body under earthquake excitation. Meanwhile, the
interaction of the reservoir dam with the stationary foundation is implemented. For this
purpose, two dimensional (2D) Finite Element Model (FEM) is used for nonlinear
dynamic analysis by means of finite element software, ABAQUS. In addition, Concrete
Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model is also implemented to inspect the tensile damage of
the dam during earthquake excitation. Kinta RCC dam of Malaysia is considered as a
case study in analysis.
Based on the above literature, many researchers have considered various aspects of dams
analyses. However, it seems that the simultaneous effect of uplift pressure and concrete
density of dam body has not been thoroughly considered. Therefore, present paper tries to
investigate the concurrent effect of uplift pressure, hydrostatic loading and concrete
density of dam body in 2D and 3D FE modelling on dams.
The linear assumption may not be suitable for seismic analysis of the RCC dams (Zhang
and Wang, 2013). In order to explain the complicated mechanical response of the
concrete materials under seismic excitations, many constitutive approaches have been
proposed including damage model, anisotropic damage and isotropic damage model. A
fundamental constitutive model was proposed by Lubliner et al., (1989) and modified by
van Mier and Fenves, (1998).
In the incremental theory of plasticity the strain tensor ( ) is divided into two parts
including the elastic strain ( ) and plastic strain ( ) in which for the linear elasticity
e p
The Sg. Kinta Dam project is part of the stage II development of the Ipoh Water Supply
on mainland Malaysia that is located approximately 12 km from the city of Ipoh, which is
turn located about 200 km north of Kuala Lumpur. It is the first Roller Compacted
Concrete (RCC) dam which is located in Malaysia (Allan et al., 1999, Ghaedi K. et al.,
2015). A finite element representation of the Kinta RCC dam including the foundation is
presented in Figure 1.
In this case study, the uplift and hydrostatic pressures illustrated in Figure 2 that are
considered to evaluate the static analysis of the dam.
The drainage system is neglected to study the effect of uplift pressure on the stability of
the dam in the most devastated case
The modeling is developed using the finite element software, ABAQUS (version 6.14).
This software is used for different nonlinear static and dynamic analysis such as water
wave and seismic loadings. The boundary conditions of the dam in 3D are shown in
Figure 3
Material properties
Table 2 : Different case study of concrete in the Kinta RCC dam depending on the binder
content for the corresponding density
Cases 1 2 3
Mass density (Kg/m3) 1800 2000 2300
The relative displacement in both horizontal and vertical direction due to hydrostatic and
uplift pressures respectively of the dam heel confirm that the maximum value in X
direction is 0.14 cm and 0.46 cm for Y direction. As the values indicated, the difference
of 69.5% occurred for relative displacement for Y direction in compared to X direction.
The state of the relative displacement of the dam heel is indicated in Figure 4.
Fig. 5 shows the displacement as a function of time from 0 pressure to the peak at the
dam heel due to the hydrostatic pressure and the pressure respectively.
0.0016
0.0014
Displacement (m)
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)
a)
0.005
Displacement (m)
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)
b)
The maximum and minimum principal stresses for Kinta RCC dam in 2D and 3D model
are illustrated through the figures 6 and 7. As indicated in these figures, the maximum
stress for is 2.430 MPa and the minimum stress is 3.45 MPa.
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
-1
-2
-3
-4
Time (s)
The crack propagation of the dam body is observed at 3 levels of the dam body and
formed from the upstream face which propagates toward downstream side. It is because
of the pressure applied in the crack due to hydrostatic pressure. The most critical cracks
occurs in the heel elements owing to the concurrent effect of hydrostatic and uplift
pressures in those elements as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Tensile cracks in the dam body due to Mutual effect of hydrostatic and uplift
pressure
The relative displacement of the dam heel due to hydrostatic and uplift pressures for the
three cases are investigated and illustrated in figures 9 and 10. It shows that when the
concrete density of dam body increases the relative displacement increases too for both
directions.
Table 3 indicates the peak relative horizontal and vertical displacements of the Kinta
RCC dam for the 3 cases.
a) = 1800 kg/m3
b) = 2000 kg/m3
a) = 1800 kg/m3
b) = 2000 kg/m3
The stresses in the RCC dam body for the 3 cases are also investigated and illustrated in
Figures 11 and 12. It is shown that the maximum and minimum principal stresses are
inversely proportional to the concrete density of dam body, when the density increases
the maximum principal stress on the foundation decreases and the same for minimum
principal stress.
a) = 1800 kg/m3
c) = 2300 kg/m3
Figure 11. Maximum principal Stress on dam in 2D
a) = 1800 kg/m3
c) = 2300 kg/m3
Figure 12. Minimum principal Stress on dam in 2D
The damage propagation of the Kinta RCC dam is inspected for different conditions, the
starting point of the cracking is formed upstream face and it propagates toward
downstream side, it is observed when the concrete density of dam body increases over the
dam becomes more stable as Figure 13 shows.
b) = 2000 kg/m3
c) = 2300 kg/m3
Figure 13. Tensile cracks generated in body dam under the simultaneous hydrostatic
pressure and uplift pressure effect without drains.
In this study an attempt has been made to inspect the concurrent effect of hydrostatic and
uplift pressure as well as density changes of the dam body using 2D and 3D models. For
this purpose, Kinta RCC dam located in Malaysia has been chosen and nonlinear time
history analysis has been conducted. The obtained results have been presented in terms of
bottom nodal and relative displacement, tensile crack pattern, maximum and minimum
principal stresses. Based on the analysis of 3 different cases of density changes of dam
body, the following conclusions can be written:
In general, from above discussions it can be concluded that the uplift pressure affects
considerably the analysis of concrete gravity dams and must be taken into
consideration mostly in relative displacement and crack propagation, also the
concrete density of dam body must be selected carefully.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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