Integrated Coastal

MK PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN PESISIR

Genap 2016/2017 RP 141411
Zone
Management (ICM/ICZM)
Dian Rahmawati, ST. MT.

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES

JURUSAN PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA (PWK ITS)

SURABAYA 2017
OUTLINE
Review history and
theory of ICM/ICZM
Case Studies
Discussions
REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY OF
ICM/ICZM
 Definition

Coastal process management in an integrated approach

from every involved aspects to achieve

SUSTAINABILITY
 Further Definition (1)
Integrated planning and management of coastal
resources and environments that concerns physical,
socio-economic, and political issues in a dynamic coastal
system
Integrated approach consists of both vertical
(structural/governmental) and horizontal (sectoral)
coordination which involve stakeholders that affect to
the quality and quantity of coastal resources and
environments through decision making process.
Adapted from Sorensen (1997)
 Further Definition (2)
Sustainable management and utilisation process
considering the landscape and ecosystem
vulnerability, the activity and function diversity,
variation of interaction along to their impacts either
in the sea nor the ground
Adapted from UNEP, 1992
 Main aspects to be considered:
A set of principles to understand special character of coastal
environment in guiding the decision making process

The perspective to understand ICZM from 2 sides- Bottom Up

(community involvement) and Top Down (Government control)

The existence of coordination mechanisms in enabling the

communication between all sectors and stakeholders in ICZM
process

The appropriate and relevant knowledges to support the decision

making process
 Historical Overview
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
adopt and implement ICM through Regional Seas
Program (UN Conference in Stockholm, 1972) to
achieve sustainable coastal development.
The concept is then renewed to ICZM in The Earth
Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (UNCED
Conference)
 History
Described in Agenda 21 Chapter 17 (The Oceans
Chapter) :
Coastal states are required to provide for an integrated
policy and decision making process, including all involved
sectors, to promote compatibility and a balance of uses in
the coastal marine area
(Robinson, 1992)
 Constraints in ICZM
The lack of long-term planning process to conserve coastal areas
Policy separation between national level-province level-local level
Inability to cope environmental impact as the coastal area are now becoming
an urbanised area
Climate change as a global challenge requires a more integrated urban and
regional planning process in adopting ICZM
The lack of political will in implement ICZM especially when facing
pressures in a real development process
The lack of coordination either in governmental level (structural/vertical)
and sectoral
The absence of effective national policy for marine protected areas and
urban planning
The absence of land-use planning systems that manage private and public
land use policy in coastal areas
 Dynamic
environment
of coastal

ICM/ICZM

Complexity
of national/ Sustainability
provincial/
local policy
Whats so important?
World coastal area = 8%,
global productivity = 25%

Coastal cities occupied 2/3 parts of the world

90% of coastal resources exploitated in Exclusive

Economic Zone since these resources considered as
common property
The variety of
activities may lead to
unsustainable actions
that damage coastal
environment and
human life.
According to FAO report (2000), 47% sea fisheries has been
identified maximally exploitated; while 28% are even over-
exploitated. In a whole, 75% needs management to reduce
capacity and exploitation pressure.
88 out from 126 sea mammals are listed in IUCN as Red List
of Threatened Species (Marsh et al, 2001).
More than 50% mangrove forests in the world are destroyed
(WRI, 2001).
STRATEGIC ROLE dan HIGHLY POTENCIAL of
coastal resources should be well-managed
 Aktualita di KKP Indonesia
Problem: Peraturan terbaru:
Penangkapan ikan ilegal Pengelolaan wilayah pesisir
Sulitnya pemantauan dan terendah ada pada provinsi
pengendalian wilayah laut Moratorium izin
Indonesia penangkapan ikan dengan
Berpotensi kehilangan 3 juta kapal ex-asing kapasitas
ton ikan/thn besar
Pelarangan transshipment
(pembongkaran ikan di
tengah laut)
Peledakkan kapal
asing di perairan
Belawan
Sumber: Mongabay, 2015

Kapal berbobot besar

di Sulawesi Utara
Sumber: Mongabay, 2015
 Goals of ICZM

Function integrity in coastal management

Minimize conflicts
Keeping the environment and humans health
Facilitating multisector development
 PROCESS IN ICZM
1. Issue and problem identifications
2. Planning preparation process
3. Formal adoption and finance
4. Implementation
5. Monitoring dan evaluation

(Olsen et al, 1998)

 Issues and problems
identification
Evaluate comprehensively from existing condition
according to physical, social-economic, and
technical aspects as well as the existing management
program
Expected output:

COASTAL PROFILE

1
 PLANNING PREPARATION
PROCESS
Goal setting in the ICZM program
Define integration guide and level as an approach
Institution planning to sustain implementation
program, integration and coordination, finance and
human resource

2
 FINANCE
Formal adoption
Innovative finance:
1. Public Private Sector Partnership
2. Revolving Funds
3. Private Sector Funds
4. Investment Funds

3
 IMPLEMENTATION
May have different levels (national, regional, and
local)
Depends on problem location and boundaries. (e.g :
entire coastline problem as national issue or rural
coastline as regional issue)
Program compatibility and resource availability

4
 Evaluasi dan Monitoring
Performance Evaluation
(Pelaksanaan program ICZM terhadap persyaratan pembiayaan)
Evaluation of Management Capacity
(Kelayakan terhadap struktur pengelolaan)
Outcome Evaluation
(Menilai hasil pelaksanaan program ICZM terhadap lingkungan/fisik,
sosial, dan ekonomi)

5
 INTEGRAtion LEVEL
Sectoral integration
Physical integration
Structural/Government integration
Countries integration (international affairs)
Field of disciplines integration
 Prinsip Utama ICZM

NO END-STATE

On-going process which should constantly

readjust the equilibrum between economic
development and the protection of
environment
 DISCUSSIONs

Form a group of 6-7

Discuss and review about:
How far does Indonesia adopt and implement
ICZM, both institutionally and technically.
Hint:
Coastal law, policy, or planning/management
product reviews and implemented programs may
show some benchmark.
Time: 30 minutes max. Write your resume and the
2 most provocating groups are ...
 ICM implementation in the US
Enacted CZMA (Coastal Zone Management Act) since 1972
memiliki landasan dalam mengelola pesisir yang disebut
sebagai ketentuan konsistensi pemerintah. Ketentuan ini
berisi bahwa aktivitas pemerintah yang memiliki dampak
sesuai prediksi (dengan aktivitas yang layak dijalankan)
pada darat, laut, ataupun sumberdaya alam kawasan pesisir
harus semaksimal rencana pengelolaan pesisir
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
bertanggungjawab thd pengelolaan wilayah pesisir
Amerika Serikat yakni seluas (sekitar) 152.529 km dengan
penduduk 153 juta jiwa (53% dari jumlah penduduk AS).
 Penerapan ICM di Australia
Pemerintah Australia melalui Natural Resources
Management Ministerial Council menjelaskan tujuan
utama ICM adalah untuk menjaga, mengembalikan,
dan memperbaiki kualitas ekosistem pesisir dan
lingkungan masyarakat sekitarnya.
Pemerintah provinsi Victoria mendefinisikan ICM
dalam (Victorian Coastal Strategy 2008) sebagai
sebuah kerangka yang berupaya untuk
mengintegrasikan perencanaan dan pengelolaan di
sebuah kawasan, termasuk seluruh permukaan darat
dan laut serta lahan pribadi dan public, untuk
memperlakukan zona pesisir (termasuk DAS) sebagai
sebuah kesatuan biofisik.
 Contoh PROGRAM ICZM lokal

Coastal Zone Management in

Banten Bay Indonesia

Develop Banten Bay MIS (Monitoring and

Management Information System)
Focus : Marine Ecosystems (seagrass, coral reef, biard
sanctuary)
Threat : rapidly industrialising
 iczm dI tELUK bANTEN
Mengidentifikasi fungsi sistem abiotik dan ekosistem
pantai sebagai aktor utama
Memodelkan arah, proses, dan interaksi antara
ekosistem laut, sumberdaya alam, dan aktivitas manusia
Mengembangkan Banten Bay MIS untuk perencana dan
pengambil keputusan dalam kerangka kerja yang layak
untuk pengelolaan pesisir
Empasis : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
 Acuan Kebijakan

Kepmen Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 10/2002

tentang Pengelolaan (Pedoman Umum Perencanaan
Pengelolaan Pesisir Terpadu)
UU 27/2007 tentang Pengelolaan Pesisir Terpadu

Acuan REFERENSI

Review of Integrated Coastal Zone; Management

and Principals of Best Practice. CMRC.