Types of quadrilateral

Name Shape Properties

1. Quadrilateral 4 sides
(quad.) sum of interior 's 360

2. Kite quadrilateral
2 pairs of equal adjacent sides
a pair of equal opposite 's
a diagonal bisects angles
a diagonal bisected at 90

3. Trapezium quadrilateral
(trap.) a pair of parallel sides

4. Parallelogram trapezium
(parm) 2 pairs of parallel sides
opposite sides equal
opposite angles equal
diagonals bisect each other

5. Rectangle parallelogram
(rect.) a right angle
all interior 's 90
diagonals equal

6. Rhombus parallellogram
(rhom.) kite
all sides equal
diagonals perpendicular
diagonals bisect angles

7. Square rectangle (with all sides equal)

rhombus (with all
interior 's 90)

79
 Exercise 1
2 pairs of =
adjacent sides
4 sides

RECTANGLE
RHOMBUS

QUADRILATERAL
SQUARE

KITE
TRAPEZIUM
PARALLELOGRAM
All sides equal

Two pairs of adjacent

sides equal

Opposite sides equal

rectangle
right angle /

adjacent sides
rhombus with a

with a pair of =

Complete the table:

A pair of sides parallel

Opposite sides parallel

O O O O O
Interior angle sum 360

All angles 90

80
// sides
a pair of

A pair of equal opposite

angles
parallelogram

adjacent sides
with a pair of =

Both pairs of opposite

angles equal
Diagonals bisect each
other
a diagonal bisected at
90
Both diagonals bisected
at 90

Diagonals equal
// sides

with a
2 pairs of

right angle
The diagram below illustrate the relationship between the quadrilaterals

Diagonal bisects a pair

parallelogram

of opposite angles
Diagonal bisects both
pairs of opposite angles
All angles between
O O O O O O O O O O

diagonal and sides 45

 Exercise 2

Find the sizes of the angles marked with letters:

2.1 120 a 2.2
a

140
80

110
50 30

2.3 b 45
2.4 a 58
a
22

80
c b c d

Find the unknown lengths:

2.5 2.6 60
25 b

30 y

x
a 75

2.7 8 2.8

5 y2 3 x

x 1

4
2.9 Find the values of the x and angle ARM. A
P
2x
4x 3x
75

1
R
M
2.10 R 2
H RHMB is a rhombus.
2
1
Calculate, giving reasons:
74
O (a) BMH

(b) H 2
1 2
2 1
B M

81

2.11 Calculate A, giving reasons: 2.12 Determine the size of T1 in rectangle RECT.
R R E
A 2
64 1
112
O
20 35 1
P T 2
C
C
How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a trapezium?
By showing that it has a pair of parallel sides.

**e.g.1 Show that PQRS is a trapezium. y Q(2;4)

i.e. ... that PQ / /SR ... mPQ mSR R(6;2)

Answer: x
yP yQ 2 4 2 P(-7;-2)
mPQ
xP xQ 7 2 3
y y R 6 2 2
mSR S mPQ
xS xR 6 6 3 S(-6;-6)
PQ//SR PQRS trapezium

How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram?

that it has two pairs of parallel sides One pair is insufficient!
or
that it has two pairs of equal sides One pair is insufficient!

or
By showing that it has one pair of sides equal and parallel
or

that its diagonals bisect (i.e. diagonals have the same midpoint) Usually best
or

that it has two pairs of equal opposite angles Not recommended

**e.g.2 Show that PQRS is a parallelogram, using 4 different methods.

Answer: y
y yQ 24 1 Q(2;4)
Method 1: mPQ P
xP xQ 8 2 5
P(-8;2)
yS yR 4 2 1 x
mSR mPQ
xS xR 5 5 5
PQ//SR R(5;-2)
y yS 24
mPS P 2
xP xS 8 5 S(-5;-4)
y yR 4 2
mQR Q 2 mPS
xQ xR 2 5
PS//QR
PQRS is a parallelogram (2 pairs of // sides)
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 x xQ yP yQ
2 2
xS xR yS y R
2 2
Method 2: PQ P SR

5 5 4 2
y
8 2 2 4
2 2 2 2
Q(2;4)
P(-8;2)
x 104 104
R(5;-2)
PQ SR

x x R yQ y R
2 2
xP xS yP yS
2 2
S(-5;-4) PS QR Q

8 5 2 4 2 5 4 2
2 2 2 2

45 45
PS QR
PQRS is a parallelogram (opposite sides )
yP yQ 24 1
Method 3: mPQ
xP xQ 8 2 5
y y R 4 2 1
mSR S mPQ
xS xR 5 5 5
PQ//SR
x xQ yP yQ
2 2
xS xR yS y R
2 2
PQ P SR

8 2 2 4 5 5 4 2
2 2 2 2

104 104
PQ SR
PQRS is a parallelogram (one pair of sides and //)
x xR yP y R x xS yQ yS
Method 4: midpoint PR P ; midpoint QS Q ;
2 2 2 2
8 5 2 2 25 44
; ;
2 2 2 2
1 12 ;0 1 12 ;0
midpoint PR midpoint QS
PQRS is a parallelogram (diagonals bisect each other)
If you had to decide which of these four methods to use ... ??

4 calculations 4 calculations 4 calculations 2 calculations

Yes, the preferred method for proving that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram is to prove that
the diagonals bisect ... i.e. that the midpoints of the diagonals are the same.

83
 How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a rectangle?
First show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram
that it has a right angle (i.e. two sides are perpendicular ... m1 m2 1)

Then show or
that its diagonals are equal

**e.g.3 Show that ABCD is a rectangle, using 2 different methods.

y
Answer: A(-1;6)
First prove that ABCD is a parallelogram: B(3;5)
(preferred method ... midpoints)
1 1 6 3
Midpt AC ; 0;1 2
1
x
2 2
3 3 2 5 D(-3;-2)
Midpt BD ; 0;1 2 Midpt AC
1
2 2 C(1;-3)

ABCD is a parallelogram (diags bisect)
Now do the extra step to prove that it is a rectangle:
62 6 5 AC2 1 12 6 32
mAD mAB
1 3 1 3 85

8 1
or BD 3 3 5 2
2 2 2

2 4

1 85 AC2
AC BD
AB AD (i.e. A 90)
ABCD is a rectangle

How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus?

First show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram
that it has a pair of equal adjacent sides
or Show that all four sides are equal
Then show or
that its diagonals intersect at 90

**e.g.4 Show that ABCD is a rhombus, using 2 different methods.
A(-4;6) y
Answer:
B(3;5)
First prove that ABCD is a parallelogram:
(preferred method ... midpoints)
x
4 4 6 2
Midpt AC ; 0;2 D(-3;-1)
2 2 C(4;-2)
3 3 1 5
Midpt BD ; 0;2 Midpt AC
2 2
ABCD is a parallelogram (diags bisect)
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 Now do the extra step to prove that it is a rhombus:
6 2 5 1
mAC mBD AB2 4 32 6 52 50
4 4 3 3

1 1 AD 4 3 6 1
2 2
or 2
50 AB2
1 AB AD

AC BD
ABCD is a rhombus

How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a square?

that the quadrilateral is a rectangle
and
that the quadrilateral has a pair of equal adjacent sides

Show: or

that the quadrilateral is a rhombus
and
that the quadrilateral has a right angle

**e.g.5 Show that ABCD is a square, using 2 different methods.

Answer: y
B(2;7)
First prove that ABCD is a parallelogram:
(preferred method ... midpoints)
A(-6;1) x
6 8 1 1 C(8;-1)
Midpt AC ; 1;0
2 2
20 77 D(0;-7)
Midpt BD ; 1;0 Midpt AC
2 2
ABCD is a parallelogram (diags bisect)

11 7 7 AB2 6 2 2 1 7 2 100
mAC mBD
6 8 2 0 or
AD 6 0 1 7 100 AB
2 2 2 2

1 AB AD
AC BD

ABCD is a rhombus
Now do the extra step to prove that it is a square:
1 7 1 7
mAB mAD AC2 6 82 1 12 200
6 2 6 0
2
BD 2 0 7 7 200 AC
2 2
1 or 2

AB AD AC BD


ABCD is a square

85
 How do we prove that a quadrilateral is a kite?
that the quadrilateral has 2 pairs of equal adjacent sides
or
Show:
that a diagonal is bisected
and Not recommended

that the diagonals intersect at right angles

**e.g.6 Show that ABCD is a kite.

y
Answer: B(0;7)
A(-11;5)
AB 11 0 5 7 125
2 2 2

x
AD 2 11 6 5 5 125 AB2
2 2

BC2 0 7 7 4
2 2
170 C(7;-4)
D(-6;-5)
CD2 7 6 4 5 170 BC2
2 2

AB AD and BC CD
ABCD is a kite

Exercise 3 A(6;6)
y
3.1 Given quadrilateral SALT with vertices S(2;4), A(6;6), L(5;4)
and S(1;2), prove, in three different ways, that SALT is a S(2;4)
L(5;4)
parallelogram.

T(1;2)
x

y B(1;8)
3.2 Show that quadrilateral BRAT in the figure alongside is a:
3.2.1 parallelogram
3.2.2 rectangle T(-7;2)
3.2.3 square R
7 x
y
C(-4;8)
K(7;6) A(-1;-6)
3.3
Prove that RUCK is a rhombus.
x
U(-9;-2)
R(2;-4)
I(-12;9) y
3.4 Quadrilateral KILN is a kite. Show why this is so. L(0;7)

K(-10;-3) N(1;-4)

86
 3.5 Conclude as accurately as possible what type of quadrilateral each of the following is,
showing full details of how you came to your conclusions:
3.5.1 y 3.5.2 M(-1;8) y
P(4;8)
T(-14;4) L(-13;3)
x
x
A(8;-1)
O(-2;-1)
S(-11;-3)
I(-4;-6)
3.5.3 y C(2;7) 3.5.4 K(-5;7) y
C(6;6)
T(-14;3)
x x
A(4;-1)
L(-4;-4)
S(-12;-5) U(7;-5)
3.5.5 y 3.5.6 y
I(4;12) A(-8;8) F(5;9)
A(-10;9)

-10 x
x Y
L(-2;-2)
L(6;-2)
F(-7;-4)

y
Finding the fourth vertex of a parallelogram.
B(-1;5)

**e.g.7 A(3;2), B(-1;5), C(1;-2) and D(x ; y) are the vertices of A(3;2)

parallelogram ABCD. x
(a) Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AC.
(b) Complete: The diagonals of a parallelogram C(1;-2)

(c) Give the numerical coordinates of the midpoint

of BD. D(x;y)

(d) Hence find the values of x and y.

x x y y2
Answers (a) 1 2 ; 1
2 2
31 2 2
;
2 2
2;0
(b) bisect each other.
(c) midpoint BD midpoint AC 2;0

87
 x 1 y 5
(d) ; 2;0
2 2
x 1 4 x 5

y 5 0 y 5
D 5; 5

**e.g.8 Given points P(2;7), Q(-6;5) and R(4;-3), find the coordinates of S, the
fourth vertex of parallelogram 8.1 PQRS 8.2 PSQR.
Answers 8.1 PR and QS are the diagonals.
midpoint PR midpoint QS y P(2;7)
2 4 7 3 x 6 y 5 Q(-6;5)
; ;
2 2 2 2
x
6;4 x 6; y 5 S(x;y)
x 6 6 x 12 R(4;-3)

y 5 4 y 1
S(12; 1)
8.2 PQ and SR are the diagonals. y
midpoint PQ midpoint SR S(x;y)
2 6 7 5 x 4 y 3
; ;
2 2 2 2
x 4 y 3 P(2;7)
2;6 ; Q(-6;5)
2 2
x
x 4 4 x 8

y 3 12 y 15 R(4;-3)
S(8;15)

a quicker method to find the fourth vertex of a parallelogram (and logical!)

This is called the vector method as it uses the same principle as vectors, a concept used in physics.
Consider this parallelogram:
y
Since DA//CB and DA CB, this means that D to A is the
B(3;4) same as C to B.
A i.e. D A C B 1 left and 5 up.
1 left and 5 up from D 3; 3 is A 3 1; 3 5 A 4;2
x

C(4;-1) It works the other way too:

D(-3;-3) i.e. B A C D 7 left and 2 down.
7 left and 2 down from B 3;4 is A 3 7;4 2 A 4;2

88
**e.g.9 Given points P(2;7), Q(-6;5) and R(4;-3), find the coordinates of S, the
fourth vertex of parallelogram 9.1 PQRS 9.2 PQSR.
P
Answers 9.1 S P S Q R i.e. 10 right, 8 down
Q S 2 10;7 8 12; 1
R
P

9.2 Q R S P Q i.e. 8 left, 2 down

R S 4 8; 3 2 4; 5
S

Exercise 4
4.1 M(-3;7), N(4;3), O(1;-5) and P(x ; y) are the vertices of
parallelogram MNOP.
4.1.1 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of MO.
4.1.2 Give the numerical coordinates of the midpoint of NP.
4.1.3 Hence find the values of x and y.
4.2 Use the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other to find the fourth vertex
of each of the following parallelograms ABCD:
A C
4.2.1 B(5;7) 4.2.2 4.2.3
A(-2;5)
D(8;9)
B(-2;-8)
C(4;0) D(-2;6)
D(5;-10)
D

C(2;3)
A(3;-14)

4.3 Use the vector method to find the fourth vertex of each of the parallelograms in question 4.2.
4.4 Find the fourth vertex of parallelogram ABCD:
4.4.1 A 3;9 ; B 5; 1 ;C 8;4 ; D x ; y
4.4.2 A 5; 3 ; B x ; y ;C 2; 5 ; D 6;7
4.4.3 A x ; y ; B 3;7 ;C 2;0 ; D 8; 6

4.5 Show that P 3; 1 ; I 2;4 ;C 3;0 and K 2; 5 are the vertices of parallelogram PICK.
4.6 Prove that quadrilateral RIGH is a rectangle, given R 3; 1 ; I 0;8 ;G 6;6 and H 3; 3 .
4.7 H x ; y ; E 4; 3 ; L 4; 1 and P 6;3 are the vertices of parallelogram HELP.
4.7.1 4.7.1.1 Determine the gradients of LE and PH. P
y
4.7.1.2 Calculate the value of x. T H
4.7.2 4.7.2.1 Use the distance formula to calculate x
the length of LE. L
4.7.2.2 Hence determine the value of y.
4.7.3 4.7.3.1 Determine the equation of PE. E
4.7.3.2 Hence determine the value of t if T 5;t lies on PE.

89
4.8 Using points V 3; 4 ; A 1; 7 ; R 2; 5 and Y 0; 2 :
4.8.1 Calculate the lengths of VR and AY, leaving you answer in surd form. y
x
4.8.2 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AY.
Y
4.8.3 Prove that VM AY.
4.8.4 Prove that V, M and R are co-linear. V
4.8.5 Show that M is the midpoint of VR. R
4.8.6 State, with reason, what type of quadrilateral VARY is.
A
QUADRILATERALS: Answers to exercises

Exercise 1
SQUARE
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
RHOMBUS
P P P P P P X P P P P P X P P X
RECTANGLE X X P P P P P P P P X X P X X X
PARALLELOGRAM X X P P P P X P P P X X X X X X
TRAPEZIUM X X X P X P X X X X X X X X X X
KITE X P X X X P X P X X P X X P X X
QUADRILATERAL X X X X X P X X X X X X X X X X
Both diagonals bisected at
A diagonal bisected at 90

Diagonal bisects a pair of

Interior angle sum 360

A pair of equal opposite

pairs of opposite angles

Diagonal bisects both
Two pairs of adjacent

Both pairs of opposite

A pair of sides parallel

Opposite sides parallel

Diagonals bisect each

diagonal and sides 45

Opposite sides equal

All angles between

opposite angles
Diagonals equal
All sides equal

All angles 90

angles equal
sides equal

angles

other

90

Exercise 2
2.1 50 2.2 60 2.3 45;90;90 2.4 42;116;42;58 2.5 25;75 2.6 60;30
2.7 7;7 2.8 5 2.9 15;105 2.10 148;16 2.11 96 2.12 56
Exercise 3
64 1 42
3.1 mSA mST 2
62 2 2 1
42 1 64
mTL mSA mAL 2 mST
5 1 2 65
SA//TL ST//AL SALT is a parallelogram
SA 2 2 6 4 6 ST 2 2 1 4 2 5
2 2 2 2
20
TL2 1 5 2 4 20 SA 2 AL2 6 5 6 4 5 ST 2
2 2 2 2

SA TL ST AL SALT is a parallelogram
25 44 7
Midpoint SL ; ;4
2 2 2
6 1 6 2 7
Midpoint AT ; ; 4 Midpoint SL SALT is a parallelogram
2 2 2
7 7 2 0
3.2 3.2.1 Midpoint TR ; 0;1 (Proving diagonals bisect)
2 2
1 1 6 8
Midpoint AB ; 0;1 Midpoint TR BRAT is a parallelogram
2 2
82 80 82 80
3.2.2 mTB mBR 1 (proving quad has a right angle) mTB mBR 1
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
TB BR BRAT is a rectangle
20 86 20 86
3.2.3 mTR mAB 1 (Proving diagonals perpendicular) mTR mAB 1
7 7 1 1 7 7 1 1
TR AB BRAT is a square

90
 4 2 8 4
3.3 Midpoint CR ; 1; 2 (Proving diagonals bisect)
2 2
9 7 2 6
Midpoint UK ; 1; 2 Midpoint CR RUCK is a parallelogram
2 2
8 4 2 6 20 86
mCR mUK 1 mTR mAB 1
4 2 9 7 7 7 1 1
CR UK RUCK is a rhombus
IK 2 12 10 9 3 148 NK 2 10 1 3 4
2 2 2 2
3.4 122 (Proving adjacent
sides equal)
IL2 12 0 9 7 148 IK 2 NL2 1 0 4 7
2 2 2 2
122 NK 2
IK IL NK NL KILN is a kite
3.5 3.5.1 Definitely not a parallelogram! Test for trapezium:
4 8 2 3 1 2
mTP mSO mTP TP//SO trapezium
14 4 9 2 11 9
3.5.2 Could be parallelogram. Test using midpoints of diagonals:
13 8 3 1 5
Midpoint LA ; ;1
2 2 2
1 4 8 6 5
Midpoint MI ; ;1 Midpoint LA parallelogram
2 2 2
Could be rhombus. Test using gradients of diagonals:
31 8 6
mLA mMI 1 CR UK
13 8 1 4
3.5.3 Could be rectangle. Test for parallelogram using midpoints of diagonals:
14 4 3 1
Midpoint TA ; 5;1
2 2
2 12 8 6
Midpoint CS ; 5;1 Midpoint TA parallelogram
2 2
Test for rectangle using gradients of CT, TS:
73 3 5
mCT mTS 1 CT TS rectangle
2 14 14 12
3.5.4 Could be rhombus. Test for parallelogram using midpoints of diagonals:
5 7 7 5
Midpoint KU ; 1;1
2 2
64 64
Midpoint CL ; 1;1 Midpoint KU parallelogram
2 2
Test for rhombus using gradients of CL, KU:
64 75
mCL mKU 1 CL KU rhombus
6 4 5 7
3.5.5 midpoint AL midpoint IF; no lines //; no adjacent sides = quadrilateral
3.5.6 Could be kite. Check lengths of adjacent sides:
AY 2 8 10 8 0 68 LY 2 10 2 2 0 68 AY LY
2 2 2 2

AF 2 8 5 8 9 170 LF 2 5 2 9 2
2 2 2 2
170 AF LF kite
Exercise 4
4.1.1 1;1 4.1.2 1;1 4.1.3 6; 1
4.2.1 3; 2 4.2.2 4;12 4.2.3 0; 4
4.3.1 3; 2 4.3.2 4;12 4.3.3 0; 4
4.4.1 0; 6 4.4.2 1;9 4.4.3 7;1
4.7.1.1 undefined 4.7.1.2 6 4.7.2.1 2 4.7.2.2 y 1 4.7.3.1 y 53 x 53 4.7.3.2 12
5

4.8.1 26 ; 26 4.8.2 12 ; 29 4.8.6 square

91