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Vol. 47, No.3 / 2015 INMATEH
INMA
ICAR
ICAR
ICARGHEORGHE IONESCU IETI
ICMA
ICSITMUAMICM,ICMA
MAAICPMA MICM;
INMAG.DICSITMUA,
G.D . G.D
INMA
G.DANCS
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS (INMATEH), ISSN
1583 1019.
INMATEH - ,
(ISSN 2068 - 4215), (ISSN 2068 - 2239).
CNCSISAGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING: calq
INMATEH -
Vol. 47, No.3 / 2015 INMATEH
Vol. 47, No.3 / 2015 INMATEH
Editor in Chief
Pirn Ion, General Manager, Prof.Hon.Ph.D.Eng, SR I, Corresponding member of ASAS, pirna@inma.ro
Editorial Board
Acad. HERA Cristian - Romania, Honorary President of Prof. PhD. Eng. GERGEN Iosif - Romania, USAMVB
ASAS - Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Timioara;
"Gheorghe Ionescu ieti", member of Romanian Academy; Prof. Ph.D. Eng. ENU Ioan - Romania, USAMV Iai;
Acad. Prof. Ph.D. SIN Gheorghe - Romania, President of Assoc.Prof. Ph.D.Eng. BUNGESCU Sorin - Romania,
ASAS - Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences USAMVB Timioara;
"Gheorghe Ionescu ieti"; Prof. Ph.D.Eng. FENYVESI Lszl - Hungary, Hungarian
Prof. Ph.D. NICOLESCU I. Mihai - Romania, Vicepresident Institute of Agricultural Engineering Godolo;
of ASAS - Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Prof. Ph.D.Eng. KOSUTIC Silvio - Croatia, University
"Gheorghe Ionescu ieti"; of Zagreb;
Hon.Prof. Ph.D.Eng. GNGU Vergil - Romania, President of Ph.D. BIOCCA Marcello - Italy Agricultural Research
the Department of Agricultural Mechanization of ASAS - Council, Agricultural Engineering Research Unit;
Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences "Gheorghe Prof. Ph.D.Eng. MIHAILOV Nikolay - Bulgaria,
Ionescu ieti"; University of Rousse;
Ph.D. Eng. NICOLESCU C. Mihai - Romania, Scientific Assoc.Prof. Ph.D.Eng. ATANASOV At. - Bulgaria,
General Secretary of the ASAS - Academy of Agricultural University of Rousse;
and Forestry Sciences "Gheorghe Ionescu ieti"; Assoc.Prof. Ph.D. ERTEKIN Can - Turkey, Akdeniz
Assoc.Prof. Ph.D. Eng. BELC Nastasia - Romania, IBA University Antalia;
Bucharest; Prof. Ph.D.Sc. Eng. VARTUKAPTEINIS Kaspars -
Ph.D. Eng. BUU Alina - Romania, INSB Bucharest; Latvia, Latvia University of Agriculture, Institute of
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. PARASCHIV Gigel - Romania, P.U. Agricultural Machinery;
Bucharest; ir. HUYGHEBAERT Bruno - Belgium, Walloon Agricultural
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. BIRI Sorin - Romania, P.U. Bucharest; Research Center CRA-W;
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. NICULI Petru - Romania, USAMV Prof. Ph.D. Eng. FABBRO Dal Inacio Maria -
Bucharest; Brazil, Campinas State University;
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. VLASE Sorin - Romania, Transilvania Prof. PhD. Eng. DE WRACHIEN Daniele - Italy,
University Braov; State University of Milan;
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. RO Victor - Romania, Technical Prof. PhD. Guanxin YAO - P.R. China, Along
University Cluj Napoca; Agriculture R&D Technology and Management
Prof. Ph.D. Eng. FILIP Nicolae - Romania, Technical Consulting Co., Ltd;
University Cluj Napoca; Prof. PhD. Eng. GONZLEZ Omar - Republic of
Prof. PhD. Eng. VOICU Gheorghe - Romania, P.U. Bucharest; Cuba, Central University "Marta Abreu" de las Villas.
In the present, INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering journal is indexed in the next international databases:
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2
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
CUPRINS / CONTENT
Pag.
1. EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF MECHANISM USED IN 5
GRASSLAND DRILLS TRANSMISSION /
STUDIU COMPARATIV EXPERIMENTAL NTRE DOU TIPURI DE MECANSIME UTILIZATE N
TRANSMISIA MAINILOR DE REGENERAT PAJITI
Ph.D.Eng. Manea D.1), Prof. Ph.D.Eng. Voicu Gh.1), Prof.Ph.D.Eng. Paraschiv G.1), Ph.D.Eng. Marin E.2)
1)
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering / Romania
2)
National Institute of Research - Development for Machines and Installations designed to Agriculture and Food
Industry INMA, Bucharest / Romania
2. SOIL-CUTTING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A HANDHELD TILLERS 13
ROTAVATOR BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) /
Prof. Ph.D. Mingjin Yang1, 2) , Ms. Student Po Niu1), Ms. Bin Peng1), Ph.D. Ling Yang1), Ph.D. Yunwu Li1),
Prof. Xiaobing Chen2), Prof. Zhuomin Peng*2)
1)
College of Engineering & Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing / P. R. China
2)
Agricultural Machinery Quality Control and Inspection Technology Centre, Nanjing Research
Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing / P. R. China
3. FLOW FIELD SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BAG FILTER FOR AGRICULTURE SEWAGE / 21
Prof. Ph.D. Feng Zi-ming, Fang Xin, Gao Qiming, Ding Huanhuan
School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing/ China
4. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND COMPARATIVE SIMULATION OF THE VIBRATIONS 31
OF VIBRO-CULTIVATORS AND AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATORS /
MODELARE MATEMATICA SI SIMULAREA COMPARATIVA A VIBRAIILOR
COMBINATOARELOR SI CULTIVATOARELOR AGRICOLE
Math. Cardei P1,2)., Ph.D. Eng. Muraru V1,2)., Ph.D. Eng. Constantin N.2), Ph.D. Eng. Muraru C.1,2) ,
Ph.D. Cilan T.2), Eng. Hodre C. D.2),PhD.Stud. Eng. Matache Mihai1)
1)
INMA Bucharest/ Romania; 2)SVILUPPO-INSIEME SI VICE Chisineu-Cris, Arad county/ Romania
5. EFFECTS OF LIQUID FILM MULCHING ON SOIL EVAPORATION AND 36
COTTON PLANT GROWTH BY DRIP IRRIGATION /
M.E.Yunguang Li 1), 2), Ph.D.Jinzhu Zhang 1), 2), Ph.D.Zhenhua Wang 1), 2) ,
M.E.Wenhao Li 1), 2), Ph.D.Haoliang Yu 3),
1)
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi / China;
2)
Corps Key Laboratory of Modern Water-saving Irrigation, Shihezi University, Shihezi / China;
3)
Massey University, Palmerston North University / New Zealand
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT TYRES DESIGNED 49
TO THEIR RATIONAL USE /
CERCETAREA EXPERIMENTAL A PNEURILOR DE PE ECHIPAMENTELE AGRICOLE,
N VEDEREA UTILIZRII RAIONALE A ACESTORA
Ph.D. Stud. Eng. Lazr G., Ph.D. Eng. Ciuperc R., Ph.D. Eng. Nedelcu A., Ph.D. Stud. Eng. Zaica A.,
Ph.D. Eng. Popa L., Ph.D. Stud. Eng. tefan V., Ph.D. Stud. Eng. Petcu A.
National Institute of Research - Development for Machines and Installations designed to Agriculture
and Food Industry INMA, Bucharest / Romania
7. ANALYSIS OF THE UNSTEADY FLOW OF CENTRIFUGAL AGRICULTURAL 55
AUTO WATER PUMPS WITH VARIABLE CURVATURES /
Lect. Ph.D. Xue Dangqin 1), Lect. Ph.D. Ma Shibang 2), Lect. Ph.D. Eng. Shi Huojie 3,4), Prof. Ph.D.Hou Shulin4)
1)
School of Mechanical Automotive Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan / China; 2) Nangyang
Normal University, Henan / China; 3)Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University,
Pullman/USA; 4) College of Engineering ,China Agricultural University, Beijing / China
8. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BIODEGRADABLE 67
AGRICULTURAL FILMS /
ANALIZA ENERGETIC A PROCESULUI DE FABRICAIE
A FOLIILOR AGRICOLE BIODEGRADABILE
Ph.D. Eng. Deac T.1)., Ph.D Stud. Eng. Nagy E. M.2)., Eng. Coa C.2),
Ph.D. Eng. Cioica N.2), Eng. Gyorgy Z.2)
1)
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Mechanics / Romania;
2)
INMA Bucharest Branch of Cluj Napoca
9. DETERMINATION OF THE RELAXATION TIME AT STATIC COMPRESSION 75
OF IDARED APPLES VARIETY /
DETERMINAREA DURATEI DE RELAXARE LA SOLICITARI STATICE
DE COMPRESIUNE A MERELOR DIN SOIUL IDARED
Ph.D.Eng. Vering D.1), Ph.D.Eng. Vintil M.1), Ph.D.Eng. Popa L.2),
Ph.D.Stud.Eng.tefan V2), Ph.D.Stud.Eng.Petcu A.S. 2)
1)
I.C.D.I.M.P.H. HORTING Bucharest / Romania; 2) INMA Bucharest / Romania
3
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
4
Vol. 47, No. 3 /2015 INMATEH
Abstract: This paper presents the laboratory tests of the Rezumat: n aceast lucrare sunt prezentate rezultatele
two types of mechanism for seed rate adjustment of obinute la testarea n laborator a dou tipuri de
grassland drills, in the same working conditions. Tests mecanisme pentru reglarea normei de nsmnare a
were conducted on an automated installation, which mainilor de regenerat pajiti, n aceleai condiii de
simulates the working speed of the drill, collects, lucru. Cercetrile experimentale s-au desfurat pe o
measures and displays seed quantities. The main quality instalaie automatizat, care simuleaz viteza de lucru a
work indices as: the deviation in relation to the average of mainii, colecteaz, msoar i afieaz cantitile de
semine. Au fost determinai i comparai urmtorii indici
samples, the unevenness degree of seeds distribution on
calitativi de lucru: abaterea n raport cu media probelor,
the grassland drill working width and seeding rate, were
gradul de neuniformitate a distribuiei pe limea de lucru
determined and compared. i normele de nsmnare.
Keywords: quality work indices, cam-rocker, gear drive, Cuvinte cheie: indici calitativi de lucru, cam-balansier,
drill, grasslands roi dinate, semntoare, pajiti
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
Grassland is an important land use type in Europe, Pajitile ocup o suprafa important n Europa,
comprising approximately 35% of the agricultural land reprezentnd aproximativ 35% din terenul agricol. Exist
area. There is large spatial variability in both grassland o variabilitate spaial mare ntre regiunile Europei, att
systems and productivity between European regions. n sistemele de pajiti ct i n cele productive. Relaiile
Observed relations between grassland and crop observate ntre pajiti i variabilitatea culturilor sugereaz
variability suggest that similar factors explaining faptul c factori similari care influeneaz productivitatea
variability in crop productivity (i.e. climate and culturilor (ex. climatul i managementul) afecteaz de
asemenea i pajitile [11].
management) also affect grasslands [11].
Deoarece o lung perioad de timp nu s-au aplicat
Because a long period of time were not applied even
chiar i cele mai elementare msuri de ntreinere a
the most basic grasslands maintenance measures, pajitilor, considerndu-se c se pot obine producii
considering that on can get efficient production without eficiente fr inputuri tehnologice, n prezent politicile
technological inputs, now modern EU policies are moderne ale UE sunt formulate pentru a rezolva
formulated to solve problem of biodiversity decline and problema declinului biodiversitii i distrugerea pajitilor
destruction of grassland landscapes and sensitive i a habitatelor sensibile din Europa [4].
habitats in Europe [4]. Interaciunea dintre norma de nsmnare i nivelele
The interaction between seed rate and nitrogen levels de azot a fost semnificativ doar pentru furajul de Sorg
was only significant for dry matter for Sorghum fodder semnat cu o norm de 120 kg/ha i fertilizat cu 180 kg
sown with seed rate of 120 kg/ha and 180 kg N/ha N/ha, rezultnd o cantitate semnificativ mai mare de
resulted in significantly higher dry matter than all other materie uscat dect orice alt combinaie [1]. Normele
combinations [1]. Seed rates did not affect the straw yield de nsmnare nu au afectat semnificativ cantitatea de
of forage oats significantly [6]. paie a ovzului furajer [6].
Authors of [5] compared four kinds of seeders, a seed Pentru a evalua influena metodei de semnat asupra
broadcaster with roller, a seed broadcaster with harrow, a succesului supransmnrii, autorii lucrrii [5] au
comparat patru tipuri de semntori, o semntoare cu
drill seeder and a seeder with rotary band cultivator, to
tvlug, o semntoare cu grap, o semntoare
assess the influence of the seeding method on the
universal i un agregat de pregtit solul cu cuite rotative
success of overseeding. The seeder with rotary band i supransmnat. Agregat de pregtit solul i
cultivator gave slightly better results. Following their supransmnat a avut rezultate puin mai bune. n
studies, authors concluded that the seeding method only urma studiilor, autorii au concluzionat c metoda de
slightly influences the success of overseeding. semnat influeneaz doar n mic msur succesul
In practice there are two main types of transmissions supransmnatului.
for driving the metering devices of the grassland drills. n practic sunt dou tipuri principale de transmisii
The first type is represented by the gear drive (Northon pentru antrenarea aparatelor de dozare ale mainilor de
gearboxes), that deliver 24 ... 128 transmission ratios, for regenerat pajiti. Primul tip este reprezentat de
each transmission ratio value being achieved a certain transmisia cu roi dinate (cutia de viteze Northon), care
seeding rate [2]. Disadvantages of using the Northon type poate realiza 24 ... 128 rapoarte de transmitere, pentru
gear mechanism in the transmission system are: large fiecare raport realizndu-se o anume norm de
constructive dimension; high weight; complicated nsmnare [2]. Dezavantajele utilizrii mecanismului de
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
adjustments; require lubrication after few hours of tip Northon sunt: dimensiuni constructive mari; mas
operation; they have components subject to erosion. The ridicat; reglaje complicate; necesit ungere dup cteva
second type is transmission with cam-rocker ore de funcionare; are componente supuse eroziunii. Cel
mechanisms, which provide the driving of seed metering de al doilea tip este reprezentat de transmisiile cu
devices through an intermittent motion. mecanisme cam-balansier, care realizeaz antrenarea
Worldwide, famous manufacturers of agricultural aparatelor de dozare printr-o micare intermitent.
machinery (ex. Pottinger, Gaspardo, Morris, Amazone, Pe plan mondial, productori renumii de maini
agricole (ex. Pottinger, Gaspardo, Morris, Amazone,
Hassia, Sulky) used cam mechanisms in the transmission
Hassia, Sulky) au utilizat mecanisme cu cam n
of seed drills, due to the multiple benefits they offer,
transmisia semntorilor, datorit multiplelor avantaje pe
namely: simplified construction and operations of care acestea le ofer: construcie i reglaje simplificate,
distribution control, reduced manufacturing costs and costuri de producie reduse i mbuntirea design-ului
improved machine design. Also, it ensures the very mainii. De asemenea, asigur distribuia foarte precis a
precise distribution of seeds and the possibility of easy seminelor i posibilitatea de reglare uoar a normelor
adjustment of the seed rate. de nsmnare.
Precise distribution of the amount of seed needed per Distribuia precis a cantitii de semine necesar la
hectare, prescribed by the agro-technical conditions for hectar, impus de condiiile agrotehnice pentru fiecare
each crop, has positive implications for saving seeding cultur n parte, are implicaii pozitive n economisirea
material and thus saving additional expenses to transport materialului semincer, conducnd astfel la reducerea
seed at sown parcels [10]. cheltuielilor cu transportul la parcelele semnate [10].
Since 1999, National Institute of Research- ncepnd cu anul 1999, Institutul Naional de
Development for Machines and Installations Designed to Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Maini i Instalaii destinate
Agriculture and Food Industry - INMA Bucharest was Agriculturii i Industriei Alimentare - INMA Bucureti a
researched and introduced into series manufacturing a cercetat i introdus n fabricaia de serie un mecanism
avnd dou came montate n paralel i defazat, care
mechanism having two cams mounted parallel and out of
poate fi adaptat pe toate mainile de semnat aflate n
phase, that can adapt on all machines for sowing cereals
exploatare [3].
in operation [3]. n lucrarea [9] a fost realizat un studiu comparativ
In [9] was carried out a comparative study on quality privind indicii calitativi de lucru realizai de mecanismul cu
working indices performed by cam mechanisms cam i mecanismul cu roi dinate utilizat n transmisia
compared to the gear drive mechanisms used in the aparatelor de dozare a seminelor de tip cilindri cu pinteni
transmission of metering devices as spurs cylinders type de la semntorile de pioase.
of the wheat drills. n lucrarea [7], autorul a studiat uniformitatea de
In the paper [7], author studied the distribution distribuie a seminelor de gru i mazre, utiliznd o
uniformity of wheat and peas seeds, if using a pulse cutie de viteze cu impulsuri i o cutie Northon. Prin
gearbox and a Norton gearbox. Comparing the data compararea datele obinute pentru cele dou tipuri de
obtained for the two types of transmissions and for the transmisii i cele dou categorii de semine, pentru valori
two categories of seeds, it found that for low values of mici ale rapoartelor de transmitere s-au obinut valori
transmission ratios were obtained similar values of the similare ale coeficientului de variaie i prin urmare gradul
coefficient of variation of seeds frequency for both de neuniformitate al micrii mecanismului cam-
gearboxes, hence the unevenness motion degree passed balansier nu influeneaz uniformitatea de distribuie a
seminelor.
through the cam - rocker mechanism does not influence
Din analiza cercetrilor desfurate pn n prezent,
the uniformity of seeds distribution.
am descoperit slaba preocupare pentru realizarea unor
From the analysis of the research conducted so far, cercetri aplicative privind indicii calitativi de lucru ai
we found the weak effort to conduct applied research mecanismului cam-balansier din transmisia mainilor de
regarding the quality work indices of the cam - rocker regenerat pajiti.
mechanism from the grassland drills transmission. Lucrarea de fa are ca scop principal realizarea unor
This paper aimed mainly to perform comparative cercetri experimentale comparative ntre indicii calitativi
experimental researches between the quality work de lucru ai unei cutii de viteze avnd dou mecanisme
indices of a gearbox with two cam-rocker mechanisms cam-balansier i ai unei cutii de viteze Northon, n
and a Northon type gearbox, in order to optimize the scopul optimizrii procesului de distribuie a seminelor
distribution process of small and very small herb seeds. mici i foarte mici de ierburi.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
powered by another electric gear motor; an electronic semine colectat de la fiecare aparat de dozare i a
scale for measuring quantity of seeds collected from each cantitii totale; un panou automatizat de control i
individual metering device and finally the whole amount monitorizare, avnd un PLC (programmable logic
of seeds; an automated control and monitoring panel, computer).
having an PLC (programmable logic computer). The Parametrii selectai au fost: lungimea activ a
selected parameters were: active length of fluted cilindrilor cu caneluri (minim, medie, maxim), viteza de
cylinders (minimum, medium and maximum), working lucru (trei viteze), poziia manetei de reglare a turaiei
arborelui de ieire al cutiei de viteze pe sectorul gradat
speed (three speeds), lever position of the gearboxes
(apte poziii). Pentru fiecare secven de desfurare a
output shaft speed control (seven positions). For each
cercetrilor experimentale, unul dintre aceti parametrii a
sequence of performing the experimental researches, fost meninut constant, ceilali schimbndu-se succesiv n
one of these parameters were kept constant, others anumite game de valori, apoi parametrului meninut
successively changed in certain ranges of values, then constant i s-a atribuit o nou valoare i din nou ceilali
the parameter maintained constant assigned a new value parametrii s-au schimbat secvenial.
and again all parameters have changed sequentially. Aciunea combinat a reglajului dozrii seminelor,
The combined action of seed dosage adjustment, vitezei de lucru i turaiei arborelui de ieire din cutia de
working speed and gearbox output shaft speed, leads to viteze, a condus la obinerea indicilor calitativi de lucru
quality work indices (deviation in relation to the average (abaterea n raport cu media probelor, coeficientul de
of samples, coefficient of variation and the seed rates). variaie i normele de nsmnare).
The experimental research methodology developed in Metodologia de cercetare experimental dezvoltat n
this paper is based on the national standard provisions aceast lucrare are la baz prevederile standardului
[12]. The tests were carried out by actuating the metering naional [12]. Probele s-au efectuat prin acionarea
devices, collecting seeds distributed by each metering aparatelor de dozare, colectarea i cntrirea seminelor
device and weighing them with an accuracy of 0.2 g. distribuite de fiecare aparat cu o precizie de 0.2 g.
Each sample was carried out in five repetitions. The Fiecare prob s-a efectuat n cinci repetiii. Timpul
duration of each sample was browsing corresponding to
2
necesar fiecrei probe a fost corespunztor parcurgerii
2
an area of 100 m . unei suprafee de 100 m .
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
Fig. 1 - Details of the experimental installation:
a - fitting the electric gear motor on the input shaft of cam - rocker device; b- frequency converter;
c - band with seed collection boxes; d - collecting and weighing the seeds with the electronic
scale; e - control and monitoring panel; f - data record and display with specialized software
The conditions under which the experiments have Condiiile n care s-au desfurat cercetrile
been performed: the charge of the seed hopper - 80%; experimentale: ncrcarea buncrului de semine - 80%;
the number of metering devices used concomitantly - 8; numrul aparatelor de dozare utilizate concomitent - 8;
the active lengths of fluted cylinders - minimum (l1=7 lungimea activ a cilindrilor cu caneluri - minim (l1=7
mm), medium (l2=14 mm), maximum (l3=28 mm); mm), medie (l2=14 mm), maxim (l3=28 mm); vitezele de
simulated working speeds - v1=0.83 m/s, v2=1.38 m/s, lucru simulate - v1=0.83 m/s, v2=1.38 m/s, v3=1.94 m/s;
v3=1.94 m/s; rotation speeds of the electric gear motor turaia arborelui motoreductorului, corespunztoare celor
shaft, corresponding to the three working speeds - 29 trei viteze de lucru - 29 rot/min, 48 rot/min, 67 rot/min;
rot/min, 48 rot/min, 67 rot/min; positions of the poziiile manetei de reglaj a cutiei de viteze Pottinger - L-
adjustment lever of the Pottinger gearbox - L-40, L-50, L- 40, L-50, L-60, L-70, L-80, L-90, L-100; poziiile manetei
60, L-70, L-80, L-90, L-100; positions of the adjustment de reglaj a cutiei de viteze Northon- C-2, C-5, C-8, C-10,
lever of the Northon gearbox - C-2, C-5, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-13, C-15, C-17; durata unei probe, corespunztoare
C-15, C-17; duration of a sample, corresponding to the
vitezelor de lucru - 68 s, 41 s, 29 s; smna utilizat
three working speeds - 68 s, 41 s, 29 s; seed used -
Trifolium repens, cu urmtoarele caracteristici fizice:
Trifolium repens, which had following physical
puritatea 98.5%; masa a 1000 semine 2.1 g; greutatea
characteristics: purity 98.5%; mass of 1000 seeds 2.1 g; 3
specific mass 1.06 g/ cm .
3 specific 1.06 g/ cm .
Seed flow uniformity was highlighted by the deviation Uniformitatea debitului a fost pus n eviden de
in relation to the average of samples (D), calculated with abaterea n raport cu media probelor (D), calculat cu
the relation (1): relaia (1):
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
qmax 5 qmin 5
D ,% (1)
qmed 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
where: qmax , qmin , qmed are the maximum, minimum and unde qmax , qmin , qmed sunt cantitile maxime, minime i
average quantity of seeds at five repetitions; medii de semine colectate la cinci repetiii.
The unevenness degree of seeds distribution on the Gradul de neuniformitate a distribuiei seminelor pe
grassland drill working width was highlighted by the limea de lucru a mainii de regenerat pajiti a fost
coefficient of variation (Cv), calculated with the relation evideniat de coeficientul de variaie (Cv), calculat cu
(2): relaia (2):
S
Cv 100 , % (2)
x
where: S is the standard deviation and was calculated unde: S este abaterea standard, care a fost calculat cu
with the relation (3): relaia (3):
1 n
S ( xi x)2 , g
n 1 i 1
(3)
where: n is the number of metering devices; xi the unde: n este numrul aparatelor de dozare; xi - media
cantitilor de semine de la fiecare aparate de dozare;
average of seed amount from each metering device; x
x - media absolut, calculat cu relaia (4):
the absolute average calculated with the relation (4):
1 n
x xi , g
n i 1
(4)
The seed rate (Q) was calculated with the relation (5): Normele de nsmnare (Q) au fost calculate cu
relaia (5):
Q q 100 , kg/ha (5)
Where: Unde:
q este the average amount of seed in kg, distributed on q reprezint cantitatea medie de smn n kg,
2 2
the area of 100 m . distribuit pe o suprafa de 100 m .
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Fig. 2 - Comparative graphs of the deviation in relation to the average of samples (D)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
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Analyzing the comparative graphs in Figure 3, have Din analiza graficelor comparative din figura 3 se
emerged the following observations: desprind urmtoarele observaii:
the coefficient of variation values of the cam - rocker valorile coeficientului de variaie al dispozitivului cam-
mechanism are higher than those obtained with the balansier sunt mai mari dect cele obinute cu
dispozitivul cu roi dinate n 100% dintre cazurile
gear drive mechanism in 100% of compared cases;
comparate;
values of coefficient of variation close to the maximum
valori ale coeficientului de variaie apropiate de limita
limit of 8% were observed for the working speed of 0.83 superioar de 8% au fost observate pentru viteza de
m/s, lever position L-50 of the cam - rocker mechanism, lucru de 0,83 m/s, poziia manetei M-50 pentru
respectively C-5 in the case of gear drive mechanism, dispozitivul cam-balansier, respectiv C-5 n cazul
at the minimum active length of the fluted cylinders; dispozitivului cu roi dinate, la lungimea activ minim
values of coefficient of variation that exceed the a cilindrilor cu caneluri;
maximum limit of 8% were observed for the working valori ale coeficientului de variaie care depesc
speed of 1.38 m/s, lever position L-100 of the cam - limita superioar de 8% au fost observate pentru
rocker mechanism, respectively C-17 in the case of viteza de lucru de 1,38 m/s, poziia manetei M-100
pentru dispozitivul cam-balansier, respectiv C-17 n
gear drive mechanism, at the medium active length of
cazul dispozitivului cu roi dinate, la lungimea activ
the fluted cylinders.
medie a cilindrilor cu caneluri.
Therefore, it is better to avoid the last two operating De aceea este bine s se evite aceste ultime dou
modes. moduri de lucru.
The seed rates values, resulted from the experiments Valorile normelor de nsmnare rezultate n urma
with the two types of mechanisms are presented in Table experimentrilor cu cele dou tipuri de mecanisme sunt
1. prezentate n tabelul 1.
Table 1
Analyzing the data in Table 1 it was observed that the Analiznd datele din tabelul 1, s-a observat c valorile
values of seed rates calculated for the three working normelor de nsmnare calculate pentru cele trei viteze
speeds, three active lengths of fluted cylinders and seven de lucru, trei lungimi active ale cilindrilor cu caneluri i
positions of the adjustment lever, are lower in 100% of apte poziii ale manetelor de reglaj, sunt mai mici, n
compared cases for the cam - rocker mechanism than 100% din cazurile comparate, pentru dispozitivul cam-
those obtained with the gear drive mechanism. This is an balansier dect cele obinute cu dispozitivul cu roi
advantage because it leads to a significant saving of dinate. Acesta este un avantaj, deoarece conduce la o
seed. economie important de smn.
Meanwhile, it was observed that the range of seed n acelai timp, s-a observat c gama normelor de
rates is between 2.54 27.49 kg/ha for the cam - rocker nsmnare este cuprins ntre 2,5427,49 kg/ha pentru
mechanism and between 2.57 27.57 kg/ha for the gear dispozitivul cam-balansier i ntre 2,5727,57 kg/ha
drive mechanism, completely covering the agro pentru mecanismul cu roi dinate, acoperind complet
requirements, which for the clover seed are contained in cerinele agrotehnice, care pentru seminele de trifoi sunt
the range of 1.5 16.5 kg / ha. cuprinse ntre 1,516,5 kg/ha.
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CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
The higher values of the working quality indices Valorile mai mari ale indicilor calitativi de lucru realizai
performed by the cam - rocker mechanism compared de mecanismul cam-balansier n comparaie cu
with the gear drive mechanism, but which qualifies mecanismul cu roi dinate, dar care se ncadreaz n
cerinele agrotehnice, sunt compensate de avantajele net
agrotechnical requests, are compensated by the higher superioare atunci cnd sunt utilizate n transmisia
net benefits when use it on the grasslands drills mainilor de regenerat pajiti.
transmission. Valorile normelor de nsmnare obinute cu
The values of seed rates obtained with the cam-rocker mecanismul cam-balansier sunt cu puin mai mici n
mechanism were slightly lower compared to those comparaie cu cele realizate de mecanismul cu roi
performed by the gear drive mechanism. In other words, dinate. Cu alte cuvinte, mecanismul cam-balansier
permite reglarea cu precizie a normelor de nsmnare,
the cam-rocker mechanism allows the precise adjustment
conducnd la o important economie de smn.
of the seed rates, leading to a significant saving of seed.
MULUMIRI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rezultatele prezentate n aceast lucrare au fost
The work has been funded by the Sectoral obinute cu sprijinul Ministerului Fondurilor Europene prin
Operational Programme Human Resources Development Programul Operaional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor
2007-2013 of the Ministry of European Funds through the Umane 2007-2013, Contract nr. POSDRU/159/1.5/S/
Financial Agreement POSDRU/159/1.5/S/134398. 134398.
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(2002) - Effect of different nitrogen levels and seed rates (2002) - Efectul diferitelor cantiti de azot i al normelor
on growth, yield and quality of sorghum (Sorghum de nsmnare asupra creterii, recoltei i calitii
bicolor) fodder, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 72 furajului de sorrg (Sorghum bicolor), Jurnalul Indian al
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Tillage, Sowing and Crop Maintenance, Didactic and prelucrarea solului, semnatul i ntreinerea culturilor,
Pedagogical Publisher; Editura Didactic i Pedagogic;
[3]. Cojocaru I., Gngu V., Neacu M., Marin E., (2000) - [3]. Cojocaru I., Gngu V., Neacu M., Marin E., (2000) -
Gearbox with pulse intended for sowing cereals, Patent Cutie de viteze cu impulsuri pentru semnatul cerealelor,
no. 115668B1; Brevet nr. 115668B1;
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Rechiean D., Sauer M., Tapalag I., (2010) - Rechiean D., Sauer M., Tapalag I., (2010) - Structura
Multifunctional structure of permanent pastures in multifuncional a pajitilor permanente din Romnia,
Romania. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Lucrri tiinifice de Zootehnie i Biotehnologii,
Biotechnologies, Banats University of Agricultural Universitatea de tiine Agricole i Medicin Veterinar a
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. Agroprint Timisoara, Banatului, Editura Agroprint Timioara, Romnia;
Romania; [5]. Huguenin-Elie O., Stutz C. J., Luescher A., (2006) -
[5]. Huguenin-Elie O., Stutz C. J., Luescher A., (2006) - Regenerarea pajitilor prin supransmnare, Revue
Grassland improvement by overseeding, Revue Suisse d Suisse d'Agriculture 39 (1): 25-29;
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[6]. Kumar D., Seth R., Gangaiah B., (2006) - Influence of dimensiunilor seminelor i a normelor de smn
seed size and seed rate on seed yield of forage oats asupra recoltei furajului de ovz (Avena sativa), Jurnalul
(Avena sativa), Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Indian al tiinelor Agricole 76 (3): 154-6;
76 (3): 154-6; [7]. Loghin F., (2010) - Contribuii privind cinematica i
[7]. Loghin F., (2010) - Contributions regarding the dinamica transmisiilor cu micare intermitent a
kynematics and the dynamics of transmissions with semntorilor universale, Tez de doctorat, Universitatea
intermitent motion of universal seed drills, PhD Thesis, Transilvania din Brasov;
University Transilvania from Brasov; [8]. Manea D., Marin E., Paraschiv G., Voicu Gh., (2014) -
[8]. Manea D., Marin E., Paraschiv G., Voicu Gh., (2014) - Testarea modelului experimental de main pentru
Testing experimental model of drill for grasslands
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regenerarea pajitilor. n: Proceedings, Cel de al 43-lea
regeneration. In: Proceedings of the 43 International Simpozion Internaional Aspecte actuale ale Ingineriei
Symposium Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering, pp. Agricole, pag. 331-341;
331-341; [9]. Marin E., (2004) - Contribuii la optimizarea
[9]. Marin E., (2004) - Contributions to improving parametrilor funcionali a transmisiilor mainilor de
functional parameters of transmissions from cereals semnat cereale, prin utilizarea mecanismelor cu cam,
sowing machines, by using cam mechanisms, PhD Tez de doctorat, Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov.
Thesis, University Transilvania from Brasov; [10]. Marin E., (2007) - Mecanisme cu cam din
[10]. Marin E., (2007) - Cam mechanisms for transmisia mainilor de semnat cereale, EdituraTerra
transmission of distribution of cereals sowing machines, Nostra, Iai;
Terra Nostra Publisher, Iai; [11]. Smit H. J., Metzger M. J., Ewert F., (2008) -
[11]. Smit H. J., Metzger M. J., Ewert F., (2008) - Spatial Distribuia spaial a productivitii pajitilor i utilizarea
distribution of grassland productivity and land use in terenului n Europa, Sisteme Agricole 98: 208219;
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machinery. Test methods. Part 2: drills, ASRO. ASRO.
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Table 2
Parameters of rotary blade
Parameters Value
Rotary radius, mm 185
Material 65Mn
Density, kg/mm3 7.83e+3
Elastics modulus, Pa 2.07e+11
Poissons ratio 0.35
Method
a) FEM model of soil-cutting
Main links to set up a FEM model of soil-cutting of a a
rotavator are as follows:
1) FEM model of rotavator 1
Build the 3-D solid model of the rotavator by Pro/E, as Pro/E 3-D 1
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Fig.1 - The 3-D solid model of rotavator Fig.2 The FEM model of rotavator
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RESULTS
By solving the FEM model of soil-cutting of the rotavator,
the information of soil move with animation effect, soil-
cutting force, and power consumption can be obtained
for the corresponding analysis.
Soil move
From the animation information of soil move while soil-
cutting of the rotavator, the following findings were
observed: during the soil-cutting, there is no soil move
before rotary blades contact the soil. With rotavator
travelling forward, the lengthwise edges of two blades on
the rotavator firstly contact the soil concurrently, and the
soil is cut apart by the blades along forward direction.
With the rotavator travelling further, the contact areas
and contact points between soil and blades increase, and
the soil particles, surrounding the blades, are driven
apart along surfaces of the rotary blades under the co-act
of shearing and squeezing, which results in the soil
deformation and move. Then, the particles move with
parabolic mode after they leave the surface of rotary
blades to obtain effects of soil-throwing and pulverization. SPH
For quantitatively studying the soil move of different
3 28885A
tillage layers, 3 SPH soil particles, representing surface
layer, middle layer, and deep layer of tillage soil, were 30000B 29992C
chosen for soil move analysis, and they were numbered 5
as 28885 (A), 30000 (B), and 29992 (C), in Fig.5.
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a)
b)
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c)
Fig.6 - Soil move of different layers
a) Speed curve; b) Acceleration curve; c) Displacement curve
Soil-cutting force
The curve of soil-cutting force by FEM method was
obtained, as shown in Figure 7. In the initial stage of soil- 7
cutting, the soil-cutting force is relatively small with low
fluctuations, and with the processing of soil-cutting, the
soil-cutting force increases gradually, and it reaches a
certain status with a relatively high fluctuations. The
reason for the observed curve pattern of soil-cutting force
is as follows: in the initial stage of soil-cutting, there are
only two rotary blades on the rotavator contact the soil,
and after that more and more blades take part in the soil-
cutting operation to stabilize the soil-cutting force. This
soil-cutting force observation coincides with Lins study
on that of rotary blade [5].
In fact, when the rotary blades start to contact the soil, [5]
with the forward travel of the blades, the contact areas of
soil-blade increase, the soil deforms elastically, and the
force acting on the soil increases gradually. With the
increases of deformation and force acting on the soil, the
soil deforms plastically, and it follows the soil hardening,
then the soil-cutting force reaches maximum value, and
the soil structure breaks down and is destroyed
accordingly. After that, there is soil softening effect which
results in decrease of soil-cutting force. Therefore the
soil-cutting process is stabilized at a status with a certain [12]
fluctuations [12].
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a) b)
c)
Fig.8 - Total energy of soil-cutting
a) Kinetic energy; b) Internal energy; c) Total energy
CONCLUSIONS
The soil-cutting performance analysis of a handheld
tillers rotavator by FEM method was conducted, and the
effectiveness of the analysis was validated in this study.
During soil-cutting of the rotavator, soil of different layers
gets different velocity and acceleration, and the top layer
soil gets the highest velocity and acceleration. The soil-
cutting force increases to a maximum, and follows a
gradual decrease to reach a relatively stable status with
some fluctuation. Power consumption, combination of
kinetic power and internal power, is mainly consumed by
means of internal energy, with ratio of kinetic power and 19.5
internal power 1: 9.5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study was supported by the National Natural 51475382
Science Foundation of China (No. 51475385), the
Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned 2013-1792
Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of
China (No. 2013-1792), Fundamental Research Funds
for the Central Universities of China (No. XDJK2014C033
XDJK2014C033), and Funds from Nanjing Research 2014-1053
Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of
Agriculture (2014-1053).
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evaluation of rotary tiller blades: computer solution of [2]. Asl J.H., Surendra S. (2009) - Optimization and
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ISSN 1673-9205, pg. 55-57; [5]. , , , . (2015) -
[6]. Peng B., (2014) - Modeling and simulation of soil- . , 1 , ISSN 1673-
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simulation of soil cutting with rotary knife roller based on
ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. Transactions of the Chinese [8]. , , , . (2013) - ANSYS/LS-
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cutting with screw cutter based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA971.
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Simulation and evaluation of soil-cutting power
parameter of a handheld tillers rotary blade. International and evaluation of soil-cutting power parameter of a
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[14]. *** Chinese Standard Committee, (2008) - Rotary [14]. , (2008) -
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[15]. . (2007) -
[15]. *** Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization
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[16]. *** U.S. Department of Transportation Federal
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soil material model 147. Report of Turner-Fairbank material model 147. Report of Turner-Fairbank Highway
Highway Research Center, Georgetown, USA. Research Center, Georgetown, USA.
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FLOW FIELD SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BAG FILTER FOR AGRICULTURE SEWAGE
/
Prof. Ph.D. Feng Zi-ming, Fang Xin, Gao Qiming, Ding Huanhuan
School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing/ China
Tel: 008604596503121; E-mail: xueyuanfzm@163.com
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Table 1
Basic Characteristic Parameters of Flow Medium
Category Data Category Data
Medium Agriculture Sewage Medium density 1010 kg/m 3
concentration 15000PPM Dynamic viscosity 494 mPa.s
viscosity 494mPa.s Specific pressure heat capacity 4178 J/kg.k
Operation temperature 40 Coefficient of thermal expansion 5.40510-4k-1
inlet pressure 3.5MPa Heat conductivity coefficient 66.3510-2W/mk
Maximum flow 150m3/h Porosity of filter bag 0.45
1. Theoretical Basis 1.
Navier-Stokes Equations -
The general Navier-Stokes equations written in a
Cartesian frame can be expressed as:
t
Ud F dS F
I V
dS ST d (1)
S S
t
2
( ) ( ui ) G1 (Gk C3 Gb ) C2 S (3)
t xi x j x j k k
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Porosity =0.2 Porosity =0.3 Porosity =0.45 Porosity =0.6 Porosity =0.8
Fig.4 - Effect of filter bag porosity on flow field velocity vector distribution
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Porosity =0.2 Porosity =0.3 Porosity =0.45 Porosity =0.6 Porosity =0.8
Fig.5 - Effect of filter bag porosity on flow field total pressure distribution
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Viscosity =0.001 Viscosity =0.05 Viscosity =0.1 Viscosity =0.25 Viscosity =1.5
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the filter bag is simplified as a porous
medium material. Filter bag is established into CFD
numerical simulation model, and numerical calculations
are performed about the effects of porosity, outlet back- CFD
pressure, inlet velocity and viscosity on the pressure. The
calculation results show that;
The total pressure loss which is calculated by using the CFD
CFD technology can reflect the change regulation of
pressure drop in the filter bag.
With the increase of porosity, pressure loss increased
slightly, but overall, the change of total pressure loss is 360Pa
not large, remaining at around 360Pa.
The outlet pressure is from 0.5MPa to 1.5 MPa and the 0.5MPa 1.5MPa
pressure loss increases rapidly, it increases from 100Pa
100Pa 550Pa 1.5MPa 3.5MPa
to 550Pa. In the process from 1.5MPa to 3.5MPa, the
pressure tends to be stable, it basically maintained at 580Pa
around 580Pa. With the increase of inlet velocity, which
increases from 0.1m/s to 2.6m/s, the pressure drop is 0.1m/s 2.6m/s
increased rapidly and there is non-linear positive
correlation. Changes in growth amplitude are large, which
range from 170Pa to near 10000Pa and across 2 orders
of magnitude. As the viscosity increases, and the 170Pa 10000Pa 2
pressure drop is also increased, and the whole curve is
approximately the direct proportion of linear increasing.
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[1]. Fu H.M., Zhao Y.J., (2010) - Dynamic test and
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Abstract: Inspiration for investigations described in Rezumat: Sursa de inspiraie pentru realizarea
this article was to explain the differences between a investigaiilor descrise n acest articol a fost explicitarea
cultivator and a vibro-cultivator. Starting from the basic deosebirilor dintre un cultivator i un vibro-cultivator.
model of linear of damped oscillator, the authors Pornind de la modelul elementar al oscilatorului liniar cu
complicate the equations and specify or enrich some amortizare, autorii complic ecuaiile i particularizeaz
terms meanings entering the specific terms of sau mbogesc semnificaia unor termeni introducnd n
agricultural machinery for soil works. First, these ecuaii termeni specifici mainilor agricole de lucrat solul.
models attempt to explain the oscillating behaviour of Pentru nceput, aceste modele ncearc s explice
working bodies in different operating modes of comportamentul oscilator al organelor de lucru n diverse
agricultural machinery. Subsequently, the practical regimuri de funcionare ale mainilor agricole. Ulterior
application will consist in the control of these aplicaia practic va consta n controlul acestor vibraii
vibrations, using adjustable parameters of working folosind parametrii de regim reglabili. Mai mult, acest
processes. Furthermore, this simulator is useful for simulator este utilizabil pentru studiul teoretic al
theoretical study of the behaviour of an active part in comportamentului unui organ activ n prezenta unor
presence of friction and nonlinear damping, and also frecri i amortizri neliniare, de asemenea i a unor
of complex phenomena including the equation of fenomene complexe care includ ecuaia de micare a
motion of the unit. agregatului.
Keywords: mathematical model, simulation, vibrations, Cuvinte cheie: model matematic, simulare, vibraii,
vibro-cultivator, cultivator combinator, cultivator
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
The mathematical model described in this article tries Modelul matematic descris n acest articol ncearc s
to describe the behaviour of the whole working body - descrie comportamentul ansamblului organ de lucru -
working part support (AOLSOL) in soil, subassembly suport organ de lucru (AOLSOL) n sol, subansamblu
appropriate to vibro-cultivator or cultivator [1]. caracteristic al unui cultivator sau vibro-cultivator, [1].
This model aims: Acest model are urmtoarele scopuri:
- to describe the difference between the functioning of - s descrie diferena dintre modul de funcionare al
the cultivator and the vibro-cultivator AOLSOL, partially AOLSOL al cultivatorului i cel vibro-cultivatorului, n
to motivate the construction of the latter; parte pentru a motiva construcia acestuia din urm;
- to emphasize geometric material constants or the - s evidenieze constantele de material sau parametrii
most important geometrical parameters that would make geometrici cei mai importani care ar face diferena ntre
the difference between the working processes of the two procesele de lucru ale celor doua maini, n ceea ce
machines, in terms of AOLSOL; privete AOLSOL;
- to investigate possible ways of optimizing the - s investigheze eventuale posibiliti de optimizare a
operating mode in case of vibro - cultivator. regimului de lucru n cazul vibro-cultivatorului.
We do not know similar attempts in the area, Nu cunoatem ncercri similare n domeniu, mai ales
especially related to the consideration of nonlinear legate i de considerarea unor frecri neliniare mixte
mixed friction (viscous and dry). (vscoase si uscate).
Attempts to describe the mechanics of such vehicles ncercri de descriere a mecanicii unor astfel de
are found, for example in [6], but not at the level of maini se gsesc, de exemplu n [6], dar nu la nivel de
theoretical modelling. modelare teoretic.
The mathematical model considered for a first Modelul matematic considerat pentru o prim abordare
approach is relatively simple, classic in literature, for este unul relativ simplu, clasic n literatura de specialitate,
example [2]: linear damped oscillator described by de exemplu [2]: oscilatorul liniar cu amortizare, descris de
second order differential equation: ecuaia diferenial de ordinul al doilea:
mx cx kx , (1)
31
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
where x is the relative displacement of the mass centre n care: x este deplasarea relativ a centrului de mas al
of AOLSOL, m is the mass AOLSOL, c is damping AOLSOL, m este masa AOLSOL, c este coeficientul de
coefficient of AOLSOL, k is the stiffness coefficient of amortizare al AOLSOL, k este coeficientul de rigiditate al
AOLSOL and is excitation force. The structure of AOLSOL, iar este fora excitatoare. Structura fiecrui
each parameter will be subject to further clarifications. parametru va constitui subiectul unor precizri ulterioare.
Obviously, x , and x are derivatives of the first order Evident, x i x , sunt derivatele de ordinul nti, respectiv
and second order of relative displacement, x. al doilea ale deplasrii relative x.
The relative displacement is a function of time t, which Deplasarea relativ este o funcie de timp, t, care
is subject to initial conditions: trebuie s respecte condiiile iniiale:
x t0 x0 , x t0 x0 (2)
In physical terms, damping coefficient c is given by Din punct de vedere fizic, coeficientul de amortizare c,
the amortization of the soil and stiffness coefficient k is este dat de amortizarea produs de sol, iar coeficientul
AOLSOL stiffness, mainly given by the support of the de rigiditate k este rigiditatea AOLSOL, dat n principal
working body. de suportul organului de lucru.
Note: AOLSOL is not a classic oscillator. It can be Observaie: AOLSOL nu este un oscilator clasic. El
likened more to a phenomenon of hauling a very rigid poate fi asemnat mai mult cu un fenomen de traciune a
linear pendulum through a viscous fluid. unui pendul liniar foarte rigid printr-un fluid vscos.
The working body together with a part of the support is Organul de lucru mpreun cu o parte a suportului se
assimilated with pendulum mass, the amortization being asimileaz masei pendulului, amortizarea este dat de
given by the medium through which the part moves (soil) mediul prin care organul se mic (solul), iar rigiditatea
and the stiffness by the stiffness property of the working de proprietatea de rigiditate a suportului organului de
body support. lucru.
For damping, can be considered a more complex form Pentru amortizare poate fi considerat o forma mai
obtained by combining viscous friction with the dry one, complex, obinut prin combinarea frecrii vscoase cu
taking into account the soil moisture: cea uscat, innd seama i de umiditatea solului:
c
c cv f (u ) u g (u ) (3)
x
where cv is the coefficient of viscous damping, cu is the n care cv este coeficientul de amortizare vscoas, cu
dry friction coefficient, f is a function that increases with coeficientul de frecare uscat, f este o funcie
soil moisture and g is a decreasing function of soil cresctoare cu umiditatea solului iar funcia g este o
moisture, u. Functions f and g may be known in special funcie descresctoare cu umiditatea, u. Funciile f i g se
cases only on experimental basis, depending on the pot cunoate n particular numai pe baze experimentale,
texture and soil composition. depinznd i de textura i compoziia solului.
Excitation force, is produced by the interaction Fora excitatoare, este produs de interaciunea
between AOLSOL and soil. To simulate a large range of dintre AOLSOL i sol. Pentru a simula o gam ct mai
phenomena, it is considered for the excitation force the larg de fenomene, se consider pentru funcia
next form: excitatoare forma:
(t ) F t t (4)
where F is the force of resistance to deformation of the n care F este fora de rezistena la deformare a solului,
soil, which can be considered as: care se poate considera de forma:
F t Ka t b t abv 2 (t ) (5)
where K is the coefficient of resistance to deformation of n care K este coeficientul de rezistena la deformare al
the soil, it is working depth and b is working width, v is the solului, a este adncimea de lucru, iar b este limea de
working speed and is a coefficient that depends on lucru, v este viteza de lucru, iar este un coeficient care
soil characteristics and the shape and condition of the depinde de caracteristicile solului si forma si starea
working surface. It is considered that the working depth suprafeei organului de lucru. Se consider c
and width are functions of time, primarily due to adncimea i limea de lucru pot fi funcii de timp, n
consideration of the transition phase from working idle primul rnd datorit considerrii etapei tranzitive de la
stage in steady state, and secondly, that these two starea de repaus la lucru n regim stabilizat, iar n al
characteristics of farm soil machines can randomly vary doilea rnd, pentru c aceste dou caracteristici ale
and, especially the working depth. On the other hand, in mainilor de lucrat solul pot varia i aleator, mai ales
transitive stage, the working width increases with the adncimea de lucru. Pe de alta parte, n etapa tranzitiv
working depth for many types of working part. If these limea de lucru crete cu adncimea de lucru pentru
issues can be neglected, then a and b can be considered multe tipuri de organe de lucru. Dac aceste aspecte pot
constant as the coefficient of resistance to deformation of fi neglijate, atunci a i b se pot considera constante ca i
the soil, K. K.
The function t rF (t )sin(2ft ) is the random
Funcia t rF (t )sin(2ft ) este componenta
32
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
component of the force of resistance to soil deformation. aleatoare a forei de rezisten la deformare a solului.
The solution of the problem (1), (2), with hypotheses Soluia problemei (1), (2), cu ipotezele (3), (4), (5), chiar
(3), (4), (5), even with nonlinearity considered in (3) can cu neliniaritatea considerat n (3), se poate da folosind
be given using the techniques of operational calculus [2] tehnicile calculului operaional, [2] (mcar pe poriuni).
(even piecewise). Prezena unor neliniariti mai complicate n x sau x
The presence of more complicated nonlinearities in x anuleaz posibilitatea folosirii calculului operaional dac
or x cancels the possibility of using operational calculus if nu se aplic liniarizri. Liniarizarea limiteaz ns decisiv
linearization is not applied. But the linearization limits investigaiile noastre. Pe de alta parte, calculul produsului
decisively our investigations. On the other hand, de convoluie folosind programe de calcul consacrate,
calculating the convolution product using suitable este ineficient pentru timpi lungi i neliniariti complicate.
computer programs is ineffective for long time and Pentru aceste motive am optat pentru construcia
complicated nonlinearities. For these reasons we chose simulatorului AOLSOL bazat pe soluia numeric a
to build the simulator AL SOL based on the numerical problemei. Aceast opiune ofer i posibilitatea
solution of the problem. This option offers the possibility considerrii unei mari varieti de neliniariti. Dificulti
of using a wide variety of nonlinearities. Convergence de convergen pentru timpi lungi de simulare i folosind
difficulties for long simulation times may occur also in this neliniariti complicate, pot s apar, de asemenea i n
case. They can be partially solved by modifying the acest caz. Acestea se pot rezolva parial modificnd
numerical schemes used. parametrii schemelor numerice folosite.
RESULTS REZULTATE
To facilitate understanding, especially in simulation Pentru facilitarea inelegerii, n exemplul de simulare
example chosen, I considered a linear viscous friction ales, am considerat o frecare vscoas liniar (f(u)=1,
(f(u)=1, g(u)=0) in (3)). In a future article it will address g(u)=0 n (3)). ntr-un articol viitor se va aborda frecarea
the full friction type (3), and other types of friction and integral de tip (3), precum i alte tipuri de frecri i chiar
even stiffness. Next objective is to investigate the rigiditi. Obiectivul urmtor este cercetarea existenei
existence of internal parameters (dry friction, dry friction unor parametri interni (frecarea uscata, frecarea uscata si
and nonlinear viscous friction, possibly others) of the vscoas neliniar, eventual altii) ai modelului, capabili
model, capable of producing vibration even if the sa produc vibraii chiar dac funcia excitatoare este
excitation function is constant in time. The subject is vast constant n timp. Subiectul fiind foarte vast i,
momentan cu puine anse de acoperire experimental.
and currently with little chance of experimental covering.
Ca urmare investigaia este numai un obiectiv pe termen
Therefore, the investigation it is only a long-term goal.
lung. Modelul fizic al AOLSOL l constituie organe de
AOLSOL physical model comprises the working parts of
lucru ale combinatorului conceput n cadrul unui proiect
the vibro-cultivator designed in a research project.
de cercetare.
The total value of the working part and of its support Masa total a organului de lucru cu suport (poriunea
(vibrating portion, AOLSOL) is m = 5.388 kg (chosen so vibratoare, AOLSOL) are valoarea m=5,388 kg (aleas
that the natural frequency of the model to be equal to the astfel nct modelul s aibe frecvena proprie egal cu
experimentally determined value). The own support valoarea determinat experimental). Amortizarea proprie
damping (characteristic to metal) is not considered in this a suportului (proprie metalului) nu se consider n acest
model. Stiffness coefficient is calculated in accordance model. Coeficientul de rigiditate se calculeaz n
with [3], using the formula: conformitate cu [3], dup formula:
3EI
k (6)
l3
where E is the modulus of elasticity of the support n care E este modulul de elasticitate al materialului
11
material (steel in our case, so E = 2.1 10 Pa), I is the 11
suportului (oel n cazul nostru, deci E= 2,110 Pa), I
moment of inertia of the cross section of the rod holder: este momentul de inerie al seciunii transversale a barei
suportului:
a4
I s
(7)
12
because it is considered as a square section with deoarece se consider o seciune ptrat cu latura as.
edge as. The section edge is set to as = 0.025 m. The Latura seciunii are valoarea as= 0,025 m. Lungimea
length of the support (the support to the point of suportului (de la rezemare pn la punctul de fixare al
attachment of the working element) is l, with the value organului de lucru) este l, avnd valoarea l= 0,788 m. Se
of l = 0.788 m. For the spring constant of the oscillator, obine pentru constanta de elasticitate a oscilatorului,
value k = 41 902 N / m is obtained. valoarea k= 41902 N/m.
The purely viscous damping is characterized by cv Amortizarea de tip pur vscoas este caracterizata de
value according to [4] or [5], given by: valoarea cv conform [4] sau [5], dat de formula:
c v 30.924ab K (8)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Fig. 1 - AOLSOL history elongation (left) and its rate of change (right) subjected to constant force excitation over time (no oscillatory
component).
Fig. 2 - AOLSOL exciter force history and its components (left) and movement in the phase plane (right).
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Fig. 3 - AOLSOL history elongation (left) and its rate of change (right) subjected to force excitation over time (with oscillatory component).
Fig. 4 - AOLSOL exciter force history and its components (left) and movement in the phase plane (right).
Fig. 5 - Variation of oscillator amplitude with the frequency of excitation force (left) and variation of the ratio of amplitude oscillator and
relative displacement in case of the constant force exciter and of the ratio between the oscillator amplitude and the average value of
its elongation (right).
In Fig.1-5, we plotted very few results from very n fig. 1 - 5 au fost reprezentate grafic foarte puine
many that can be obtained and plotted using the model rezultate dintre foarte multele care se pot obine i
AOLSOL oscillator. cerceta folosind modelul AOLSOL.
In Fig. 1 and 2 we plotted the results that show In fig. 1 si 2 au fost reprezentate grafic rezultate care
AOLSOL behaviour when the excitation force has only arat comportamentul AOLSOL n cazul n care fora
excitatoare are numai componenta constant nenul,
non-zero constant component, oscillating component
componenta oscilatorie fiind nul. Viteza de lucru este
being null. The working speed is the critical speed,
viteza critica, 12.631 km/h. n fig. 3 i 4 am reprezentat
12,631 km / h. In Fig. 3 and 4 we plotted the results grafic rezultate care arat comportamentul AOLSOL n
which show- AOLSOL oscillator behaviour where force cazul n care fora excitatoare are ambele componente
has both non-zero excitatory components, In this case nenule. n acest caz viteza de lucru este egala cu viteza
working speed is equal to the critical speed, but the unit critic, dar, agregatul se deplaseaza oblic pe liniile de
obliquely displaces on ploughing lines. In this way the artur. In acest fel frecventa forei excitatoare este
force of excitation frequency is half the critical frequency. jumtate din frecventa critic.
In Fig.5 are given the qualitative results of the model n fig.5 sunt date rezultate calitative ale modelului
(simulator). In Fig. 5 (left) is represented the variation of (simulatorului). n fig. 5 (stnga) se reprezint variaia
the centre of mass of the working part amplitude, amplitudinii centrului de mas al organului de lucru,
depending on the frequency of the oscillator component funcie de frecvena componentei oscilatoare a forei de
of the excitation force, for three fixed values of the ratio excitaie, pentru trei valori fixate ale raportului dintre
amplitudinea componentei oscilatoare i a celei
between the amplitude of the oscillators component and
constante ale forei excitatoare. n fig. 5 (dreapta) se
constant component of the exciter force. In Fig. 5 (right) reprezint variaia rapoartelor dintre amplitudinea
is represented the variation of the amplitude ratios of the centrului de mas al organului de lucru i valoarea
centre of mass of the working part and the maximum maxim a elongaiei n cazul forei excitatoare cu
elongation when the oscillation exciter force is null or oscilaie nul, respectiv valoarea medie a elongaiei
average value of elongation AOLSOL if excitation force is AOLSOL n cazul forei excitatoare oscilante, funcie de
oscillating, depending on the AOLSOL stiffness. For this rigiditatea AOLSOL. Pentru acest caz agregatul lucreaz
case the unit works with the critical velocity, obliquely on the cu viteza critic, oblic pe liniile de aratur, fora
ploughing lines, exciter force being of frequency of 7 Hz. excitatoare avnd frecvena de 7 Hz.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
Although the study of this oscillator is only at its Dei studiul acestui oscilator este la nceput, se pot
beginning, we can draw some conclusions about its trage cateva concluzii asupra utilitii acestuia i asupra
usefulness and the applications in the design of vibro- aplicaiilor lui n proiectarea vibro-cultivatoarelor.
cultivators. Prima concluzie este aceea ca AOLSOL poate face
The first conclusion is that AOLSOL can make the diferena ntre un cultivator si un vibro-cultivator dac se
difference between a cultivator and a vibro-cultivator if is d prin convenie o valoare limit pentru raportul dintre
given a conventional limit value for the ratio of amplitude amplitudinea micarii oscilatorii i elongaia produs de
oscillatory motion and constant component elongation componenta constant a forei excitatoare, de exemplu.
force produced by exciter force, for example. Se pot introduce i alte criterii de diferen ntre
It may introduce other difference criteria between cultivator i vibro-cultivator folosind modelul
cultivator and vibro-cultivator using AOLSOL oscillator oscilatorului AOLSOL.
model. O alt concluzie important este aceea ca simulatorul
AOLSOL poate fi folosit pentru a proiecta (funcie i de
Another important conclusion is that the simulator
caracteristicile solului) un suport cu organ de lucru la o
AOLSOL can be used to design (depending on soil rigiditate care sa-i permit sa fac parte din categoria
characteristics) the support with a working part at a cultivatoarelor sau vibro-cultivatoarelor.
stiffness to allow it to take part of vibro-cultivator or Modelul matematic pe care se bazeaz simulatorul
cultivators categories. AOLSOL, permite de asemenea proiectarea unui regim
The mathematical model on which relies AOLSOL de lucru optimal care poate fi produs de componenta
simulator also allows the design of an optimal mode of oscilant a forei excitatoare.
operation that can be produced by oscillating force Am constatat nsa c, la acest nivel, procesul de lucru
exciter component. astfel optimizat intra n conflict cu principiul de
However, one has found that at this level, the optimalitate dat de geometria parcelelor dreptunghiulare.
optimized mode of operation is in conflict with the Modelul are multe perspective de completare, printre
principle of optimality required by geometry rectangular care mentionm: introducerea frecrilor neliniare,
plots. The model may be completed in various ways, introducerea unor rigiditi neliniare, dezvoltarea pn la
among which: the introduction of the nonlinear friction, modele care s includ ecuaia de micare a agregatului.
nonlinear stiffness, developing models to include the Orice progres n aceast construcie va necesita un
equation of motion of the unit. Any progress in this mare volum de date experimentale. Ori la acest capitol
building will require a large amount of experimental este, la ora actual, greu de intuit.
data, which is currently difficult to guess. Din punct de vedere experimental, modelul a fost
From the experimental point of view, the model was construit pe date reale ale organelor de lucru i suporilor
built on real data of working parts and supports of a acestora ale unui vibro-cultivator aflat n etapa de
vibro-cultivator in the prototype stage. The deflection prototip. Valoarea sgeii statice produse de componenta
caused by static exciter force constant component, with constant a forei excitatoare, cu valoarea de 24 mm,
the value of 24 mm, for a value of 755 N force, was a pentru o valoare a forei de 755 N, a fost un criteriu de
key criterion for the start of simulator building. The baz pentru startul construciei simulatorului. Sgeata
value of static deflection of 24 mm for 755 N force static de 24 mm, pentru forei de 755 N la centrul de
applied to the centre of mass of the working part was mas al organului de lucru, a fost stabilit pe standul de
set on the test. The natural frequency was also a ncercri. Frecvena proprie fundamental a fost de
fundamental criterion for the choice of constants model asemenea un criteriu de alegere a constantelor de
to get the value measured in the laboratory, namely model, pentru a obine valoarea msurat n condiii de
14.035 Hz. Correlation with experimental results is done laborator, 14,035 Hz. Corelarea cu rezultatele
in a subsequent phase, as we have this data and experimentale se face n continuare pe msura ce avem
simulator construction progresses. aceste date i construcia simulatorului avanseaz.
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Anghel S., Babiciu P., Caproiu S. (1972) Dictionary [1]. Anghel S., Babiciu P., Caproiu S. (1972) Dictionar
of Mechanical Harvester, CERES Printing House; de mecanica agricola, Editura Ceres;
[2]. Brnzanescu V., Stnil O, (1994) Special [2]. Branzanescu Vasile, Octavian Stanasila,(1994) -
mathematical theory, examples, applications, All Printing Matematici speciale, teorie, exemple, aplicatii, editura All,
House; Bucuresti;
[3]. Buzdugan Gh., Fetcu L., Rades M.,(1982) [3]. Buzdugan Gh., Fetcu L., Rades M.,(1982) - Vibratii
Mechanical Vubrations, Didactic and Pedagogical mecanice, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti;
Printing House, Bucharest; [4]. Koten H. van, Hoogenboom P. C. J.,(2012) Vibratia
[4]. Koten H. van, Hoogenboom P. C. J., (2012) - masinii si a solului din zona aferenta, HERON Vol. 57
Vibration of machine foundations and surrounding soil, (2012) Nro. 1;
HERON Vol. 57 (2012) No. 1; [5]. Mahajan S. P., Budhu M.,(2008) Vascozitatea la
[5]. Mahajan S. P., Budhu M., (2008) - Shear Viscosity of forfecare a argilei pentru a afla rezistenta vascuoasa a
th
Clays to Compute Viscous Resistance, The 12 solului, A 12-a Conferinta Internationala a Asociatiei
International Conference of International Association for pentru Metodele de calculator si Progresele
Computer Methodes and Advances in Geomechanics Geomecanice (IACMAG), Goa, India;
(IACMAG), Goa, India; [6] Fenyvesi L., Hudoba Z., (2009) Unelte vibratorii de
[6] Fenyvesi L., Hudoba Z., (2009) - Vibrated Tillage lucrat solul pentru economisirea de energie, Revista de
Tools for Energy Saving, Journal of Agricultural Stiinta a Masinilor Agricole, 5(4), 445-449.
Machinery Science, 5(4), 445-449.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
3
The plastic buckets were filled with medium loams with 1.37 kg/m
3
bulk density of 1.37 kg/m . In the tests, five different
2
treatment conditions were conducted on cotton plants as 5 1900 kg/hm LFD1
2
follows: LFD1 (1900 kg/hm liquid films), LFD2 (2200
2 2
2 2
kg/hm liquid films), LFD3 (2500 kg/hm liquid films), PFD 2200 kg/hm LFD2 2500 kg/hm
(plastic films), and NFD (cotton cultivated without
mulching films for comparison). Each treatment was LFD3PFDNFD 3
repeated for three times. On April 21, the cotton plants
were sown by dry sowing and wet germination. At the 4 21
distances of 1520 cm away from the center of buckets,
1520cm 3
equilateral triangles were drawn, and 34 cotton seeds
were placed in each vertex. The buckets formed two 34 2 2 1
columns, and two drip-irrigation tapes were used for
water supply. A 450 m drip-irrigation tape was placed 450 cm 7
above the top openings of 7 buckets, while the other tape
that was 510 cm long was placed above the top openings 510cm 8
of the remaining 8 buckets. For each bucket, 2 drip holes,
which are 7.5 cm away from the internal wall of top 2 7.5cm
opening, were made. Pressure regulating valve, pressure
gauge, and water meter were installed at the connection
of each drip-irrigation tape to regulate and control
pressure and irrigation. On April 22, the liquid films were
39
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Technology Roadmap
Bucket cotton
40
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
RESULTS
Effects of liquid film mulching on soil evaporation
Soil evaporation volume can be obtained by weighing
the buckets successively for six days in two irrigation 4 4
periods after liquid film mulching treatment. Fig. 4
displays the variation of soil evaporations using different
mulching treatments, which shows that after one-time
irrigation, the evaporation volume decreased gradually 6
with prolonged irrigation time. Compared with the
condition on bare land, the soil evaporations using liquid
film mulching decreased on all treatments, and the
average decreasing amplitude and ratio were 0.253.21 0.253.21 mm 4.2729.14%LFD1
mm and 4.27%29.14%, respectively. Specifically,
compared with bare land condition, when using LFD1, 0.251.82 mm 4.27
LFD2, and LFD3 treatments, the soil evaporation
volumes were reduced by 0.251.82, 0.633.21, and 16.57% LFD3 LFD2
0.572.14 mm, respectively, with the decreasing ratios of
41
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
9
8
8 7 LFD1
LFD1 6
6 LFD2
LFD2 5
4 LFD3
4 LFD3
3 PFD
PFD 2
2 NFD
NFD 1
0
0 19 20 21 22 23
1 2 3 4 5
Days after mulching/d Days after mulching/d
42
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
40 35
Ground temperature
Ground temperature
35 LFD1 30
LFDI
30 LFD2 25
25 20 LFD2
/
/
20 LFD3
15 LFD3
15 PFD 10
10 PFD
5 NFD 5
0 NFD
0
3 5 12 19 28 35 3 5 12 19 28 35
40 PFD NFD
35
/
30
25
20
5 10 15 20 25
Depth below the surface /cm
Fig.6 - Ground temperatures at different soil depth using different mulching treatments
43
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 1
Effects of different mulching treatments on the growth and development of cotton plant
Monthday
Treatment Sow Seedling Squaring Initial Boll opening
stage flowering stage
stage
LFD1 4-21 5-3 6-18 7-3 8-19
LFD2 4-21 5-2 6-17 7-1 8-18
LFD3 4-21 5-1 6-15 6-30 8-18
PFD 4-21 4-30 6-13 6-29 8-17
NFD 4-21 5-5 6-20 7-4 8-19
2500
LFD1 LFD2 LFD3 PFD NFD
2000
/ m/m3
1500
1000
500
0
10 20 30 40 50
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 2
Yield structures of cotton plants in different mulching treatments
Treatment Boll Single boll Seed cotton Growth ratio
number weight (g) yield compared
per plant (kg/hm2) with the
condition
without
mulching
(%)
LFD1 4.87 5.09 4980 7.10
LFD2 5.21 5.25 5196 11.79
LFD3 5.23 5.28 5317 14.39
NFD 4.56 4.77 4648
PFD 5.24 5.31 5345 14.50
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Discussion
Currently, many similar research results on the role of
liquid film in preservation of soil moisture and
enhancement of soil temperature were presented.
However, the research regarding the combination of liquid
film mulching cultivation technique and drip irrigation and
their effects on soil moisture and temperature, as well as
cotton growth and root systems, is still quite rare. In the
present work, not only the effects of liquid film mulching
on cotton growth and development, as well as the root
systems, were analyzed, but also the effects on soil
moisture and temperature. The results indicate that, after
liquid film spraying on drip-irrigation cotton plants, the soil
temperature can be remarkably enhanced, and
simultaneously the soil evaporation capacity can be
significantly reduced, i.e., the absorption and synthesis
capacity of the root systems can be improved. The
elevated root activity can also provide solid foundations
for promoting the growth and development of over ground
cotton plants and achieving high yields, which are
characterized by premature growth of cotton plants,
greater mass of cotton bolls, and significant increase in
yield. Moreover, different amounts of liquid film also
exhibited different degrees of mulching effects. A
favorable soil ecological environment is an important
prerequisite for high yield of cottons, since it firstly affect
the growth and development of underground roots and
then the growth of over ground cotton plants, and finally
leads to a high cotton yield. Although the liquid film is
inferior to plastic film in the aspects of soil moisture
preservation and yield growth, it can be beneficial to the
seepage of rainwater into soils, deeper rooting, the
increase of the ratio of root weight beneath the soils, and
the maintenance of strong absorption and synthesis
capacity of the cotton root at the later growth stages. In
addition, by using liquid films, the premature senility of
cotton plants can be effectively prevented. After liquid film
spraying, the boll numbers per cotton plant increased by
0.310.67 compared with the values on bare land; the 0.310.67
average cotton seed yields were enhanced by 7.1%
14.39% compared with the values on bare land, but were 7.1%14.39% 0.11%
reduced by 0.11%7.4% compared with the values using
plastic films. These results are slightly inconsistent with 7.4%
the previous research results. In further studies, we
should expand the test range of liquid film mulching. In
particular, we should conduct tests in farmland and probe
into the effects of intensity and frequency of liquid film
spraying on drip-irrigation cotton plants. Moreover, a
related technical specification of liquid film mulching
should be established and improved.
Liquid film, a novel cover material for cultivation in
farmlands, is highly efficient, nontoxic, innocuous, and
can be changed into organic fertilizers through
biodegradation and light degradation [1]. Liquid films are [1]
not only applied in the cultivation of grains and cotton in
fields, but also are applicable for the growth and
development of fruits and vegetables in orchards.
However, liquid film mulching technique should be further
improved in terms of degradation characteristics and rain-
wash resistance performances. As a consequence, these
liquid films can be completely degraded within the
mulching period, and moreover, they cannot be degraded
very prematurely to lose their mulching effect. As the
plastic films are commonly used for many years, the film
residues causes severe contamination in cotton fields.
Liquid films, owing to their low costs, strong adaptability
to geographic and geomorphic conditions, favourable
emergency, and ecological effects, can remarkably enhance
the economic and ecologic benefits of cotton fields.
46
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
CONCLUSIONS
(1) By spraying liquid films on drip-irrigation cotton
plants, the soil evaporation capacity can be reduced by 1
4.27%29.14%, and the soil temperatures at 5 cm depth
can be enhanced by 2.33%16.67% compared with the 4.27%29.14% 5cm
values on bare land. Liquid film spraying can promote the
growth of cotton roots and affect the growth and 2.33%16.67%
development of cotton plant. In particular, the squaring
stage of cotton plants in liquid films was 25 days earlier
than that in bare land and the yields were increased by
7.1%14.39%. The mulching effect using an appropriate
25
amount of liquid films was comparable with the results
using plastic films, that is, soil evaporation was increased
7.1%14.39%
by 1.85%6.90%. The ground temperatures at 5 cm
depth were 1C lower than the values using plastic films,
1.85%6.90%5cm 1
with the decreasing amplitude of 2.5%7.7%. The
decreasing amplitudes of the ground temperature at 10
cm depth were 3.0%6.4%. The growth stages were 12 2.5% -7.7%10cm 3.0%6.4%
days later, and finally, the yield was only reduced by
0.11%. 12 0.11%
(2) For the cotton cultivation by drip irrigation in arid
2
areas, the spraying of an appropriate amount of liquid
films can achieve a favorable mulching effect that is
comparable with plastic films. Moreover, the liquid films
can thoroughly eliminate increasing white pollution
caused by film residues in farmlands, and thus contribute
to the sustainable development of ecological environment
in farmlands. Liquid film mulching is a feasible technique
in cotton production by drip irrigation. With the urgent
need to protect the agricultural ecological environment
and agricultural water conservation, the sustainable and
efficient development of agriculture in China is more
extensive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the Project of Shihezi
RCZX201322
University for High-level Talent Introduction
(RCZX201322) and the National Natural Science
51369027
Foundation of China (51369027).
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[2]. Bao Honghui, Cao Longhui, Wei Chunhong, (2014) -
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Agrotechny, no.8, pp.1-3;
[3]. Chen Baolian, Wang Renhui and Cheng Guoxiang, [3]. ,,. (2001) -
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Petroleum Asphalt, vol.15, no.2, pp.44-47;
[4]. Duan Yizhong and Kang Furen, (2014) - Effects of [4]. ,. (2014) -
different mulching materials on the soil water content and
temperature and water use efficiency in dry land for ,, 34
potatoes ,Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,vol.34, , 5 ,55-59,66;
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[5]. Guan Enyan, (2011) - Effects of liquid films on seedling [5]. . (2011) -,,
growth, Modern Horticulture, no.7, pp.5-7; 7 ,5-7;
[6]. Haruyuki Kanehiro, (1999) -Plastic Litter pollution in
the Marine Environment, Journal of the Mass [6]. Haruyuki Kanehiro. (1999) -,
Spectrometry Society of Japan, vol.47, no.6, pp.319-321; , 47 , 6 ,319-321;
[7]. Huang Zhanbin and Shan Lun, (2000) - Discussion on
the technical route and approaches for Chinas dryland [7]. ,. (2000) -
farming construction, Agricultural Research in the Arid
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[8]. Li Caixia, Zhou Xinguo, Qiang Xiaoman, (2010) - Soil [8]. ,,. (2010) -
47
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
48
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Abstract: Soil compaction is one of the most Rezumat: Compactarea solului este unul dintre cei mai
important factors of anthropogenic influence on soil importani factori de influena antropic asupra
physical properties with immediate effect over the proprietilor fizice ale solului cu efecte imediate asupra
farms management and environment. The paper managementului fermelor agricole i asupra mediului
presents the results of experimental research carried nconjurtor. n lucrare sunt prezentate rezultate ale
out with a mobile stand designed and built for testing cercetrilor experimentale realizate cu un stand mobil
several types of tyres used on agricultural machinery proiectat i realizat pentru a efectua testarea mai multor
tipuri de pneuri utilizate pe echipamentele tehnice din
in order to determine their influence on soil and energy
agricultur, n vederea determinrii influenei acestora
parameters. Parameters measured, footprint,
asupra solului i a parametrilor energetici. Parametrii
penetration resistance, tensile strength and tyres msurai pata de contact, rezistena la penetrare, fora de
rational and efficient utilization contribute to reduce traciune contribuie la alegerea si utilizarea raional i
soil compaction and settlement. eficient a pneurilor pentru reducerea compactrii i
tasrii solului.
Keywords: tyres, agricultural machinery, penetration Cuvinte cheie: pneuri, maini agricole, compactarea i
resistance, soil protection tasarea solului, rezistenta la penetrare, protecia solului
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
Soil artificial compaction (anthropic) is determined by Compactarea artificial a solului (antropic) se
aggregates passing in the field when they perform the datoreaz traficului efectuat de agregate pe teren pentru
agricultural works required by the mechanizing efectuarea diferitelor lucrri agricole impuse de
technologies or during transport of technological and tehnologiile de mecanizare sau de efectuarea unor
farming products. [5,6,7] lucrri de transport a produselor tehnologice sau
agricole. [5,6,7]
In Romania, most of soils are compacted, being of
n Romnia, majoritatea solurilor sunt compactate, cu
heavy and average structure (the clay content varying
textur mijlocie i grea (coninutul de argil variaz ntre
between 30-50%), low drain and often they comprise an 30-50%), drenaj prost i adesea cu un strat de sol
impermeable soil layer [9]. impermeabil. [9].
Soil compaction also affects water dynamics in the Compactarea solului afecteaz dinamica apei n sol,
soil, erosion, nitrogen and carbon cycle in soil, the eroziunea, ciclul azotului i carbonului n sol, necesarul
energy necessary and efficacy of farming operations, as de energie i eficacitatea lucrrilor agricole, splarea
well as, pesticides washing, soil biology and plant pesticidelor, biologia solului, precum i tehnologiile de
cultivation technologies. cultivare a plantelor.
Soil compaction, determined by agricultural traffic Compactarea solului, cauzat de traficul agricol, are
results in soil structure damaging in its surface and depth ca efect deteriorarea structurii solului n straturile de
suprafa i n adncime, modificarea distribuiei porilor
layers, modifying the pores size, pores continuity, thus,
dup mrime, continuitatea porilor i deci a
of water and air permeability. All these may have
permeabilitii pentru ap i aer. Acestea pot avea efecte
negative effects on soil biological activity, its physico- negative asupra activitii biologice din sol, asupra
chemical balance and production. echilibrului fizico-chimic i asupra produciei.
The direct effect of soil compaction on total porosity is Efectul direct al tasrii solului asupra porozitii totale
manifest by reducing soil ability to retain water and air in se manifest prin reducerea capacitii acestuia de a
a sustainable manner. reine n mod durabil apa i aerul.
Soil compaction and settlement determine the Compactarea i tasarea solului conduc la formarea
appearance of deeper and more compacted strips, unor benzi mai adnci i compacte, sporind astfel riscul
enhancing the surface erosion risk, water slop, producerii eroziunii de suprafa, al bltirii apei, al
inappropriate use of nutrients by plants and their proastei utilizri a nutrienilor de ctre plante i a levigrii
lor n adncime.
leaching in depth.
Intensitatea i extinderea procesului de compactare
Intensity and extent of artificial compaction depends
artificial depinde de o multitudine de factori avnd
on a multitude of general but also local factors, such as: caracter general, dar i specific local, precum: clima,
climate, equipment technical characteristics and caracteristicile tehnice ale echipamentelor agricole i
methods of implementation of different components of modalitile de implementare n practic a diferitelor
49
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
agricultural technological systems, intrinsic features of componente ale sistemelor tehnologice agricole;
each type of soil. [8]. nsuirile intrinseci specifice fiecrui tip de sol. [8].
Load size on running systems of farming equipment Mrimea sarcinilor pe sistemele de rulare ale
echipamentelor agricole n timpul deplasrii sau
during its movement or staying on soil surface
staionrii pe suprafaa solului reprezint un factor
represents a very important factor especially for avoiding deosebit de important, ndeosebi pentru evitarea
the deep artificial compaction of soil. inducerii compactrii artificiale a solului n adncime.
Therefore, in order to avoid the appearance and Din acest motiv pentru evitarea apariiei i dezvoltrii
development of artificial compaction, in most countries it compactrii artificiale, n majoritatea rilor se
is recommended to limit the mass on axle to 4000...6000 recomand limitarea masei pe osie la 4000...6000 kg, se
kg, the wheels on axle should be increased (utilization of ncurajeaz creterea numrului de roi pe osie sau a
additional axles), and working pressure in the processed numrului de osii (utilizarea osiilor auxiliare), iar
presiunea n pneuri, n timpul lucrului pe terenul agricol
agricultural field should be limited to approx.50...60 kPa
prelucrat, se limiteaz la cca.50...60 kPa i la cca.80 kPa
and about 80 kPa in case of running system with twinned
n cazul sistemului de rulare cu roi jumelate [1].
wheels [1]. In domeniul abordat au fost realizate cercetri
Researches have been made related to wheel-soil referitoare la interaciunea roat sol urmrind utilizarea
interaction, aiming at a rational use of tyres as a general raional a pneurilor n general, i pe mijloacele din
rule and especially in terms of farming equipment when agricultur n special, unde condiiile de rulare sunt cu
running conditions are totally different from running in totul diferite fa de rularea pe drumurile amenajate, la
highroads, researches to which generally refer the care n general se refer studiile elaborate, majoritatea
studies, their majority addressing to motor cars and acestora adresndu-se automobilelor i tractoarelor [1,
tractors [1, 2, 3, 4]. 2, 3, 4].
Experimental researches performed with a mobile Cercetrile experimentale, efectuate cu un stand
mobil, au vizat relaia roat (pneu) sol n cazul
stand were designed to wheel- (tyre)-soil relation in case
pneurilor utilizate pe remorci i pe echipamentele tehnice
of tyres used with farming trailers and technical
utilizate n agricultur, unde sunt utilizate cu precdere
equipment, where are used especially carrying tyres pneuri portante i mai puin motoare, plecnd de la
instead of driving tyres, starting from tests and experienele i cercetrile efectuate pn n prezent pe
researches made up to now on tractors tyres [1]. pneurile de tractoare [1].
Fig. 1 Stand for tyre testing, STP, equipped with tyres for testing
1. shutter; 2. assembled chassis; 3. body shell; 4. drivetrain; 5. tyre to be tested
Tests were performed with testing stand trailed by Testrile s-au efectuat cu standul de testare tractat de
tractor NH TD 80D New Holland, of 50HP. tractorul NH TD 80D New Holland, cu o putere de 50CP.
Body was loaded with approx.5000kg loading material, Bena standului s-a ncrcat cu cca.5000kg material de
after which the aggregate Stand of testing + tractor NH lestare (balast), dup care agregatul Stand de testare +
TD 80D, moved forward in the testing land: asphalt, earth tractorul NH TD 80D, s-a deplasat pe loturile de testare:
road, stubble field, processed field for establishing asfalt, drum de pmnt, mirite, teren prelucrat pentru
agricultural crops. nfiinarea culturilor agricole.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Testing stand was alternatively equipped, for testing Standul de testare a fost echipat alternativ, pentru
with 5(five) types of tyres, organized in such way that testri, cu 5(cinci) tipuri de pneuri, organizate astfel nct
conclusions should be drawn comparatively in two concluziile s fie formulate comparativ, n dou variante,
variants, according to table 1. conform tabel 1.
Testing load measured on tyre has maintained steady Sarcina de testare pe pneu msurat, s-a meninut
and was of 2.63 tons. constant si a fost de 2,63 tone.
There were made tests for five types of tyres at three S-au realizat experimentri pentru cinci tipuri de pneuri:
air pressures, respectively: 3, 5; 3; 2.5 bar. A few aspects la trei presiuni ale aerului din pneu, respectiv: 3, 5; 3; 2,5
during the tests are shown in figure 2. bar. Cteva aspecte din timpul experimentrilor sunt
prezentate n figura 2.
Apparata used Aparatura utilizat
For performing the measurements during the Pentru efectuarea msurtorilor n timpul
experiments, the following specialized equipment was experimentelor s-au utilizat urmtoarele echipamente
used: specializate:
-Tensiometric bar, 0-60 kN, with two channels for -Bar tensiometric, 0-60 kN, cu dou canale pentru
traction and compression; traciune i compresiune;
-System of data acquisition; -Sistem achiziie date;
- Laptop ; - Laptop ;
- Romanian lever scale; - Bascul ROMN;
- TEKSCAN system with net and amplifying system of - Sistem TEKSCAN cu plas i sistem de amplificare
MG6 Plus, HBM type; de tip MG6 Plus, HBM;
- Gauge tape 0-5 m, Series no. QK5529; - Rulet de msur 0-5 m, Seria nr. QK5529;
- Manometer, Series no. 3295; - Manometru, Seria nr. 3295;
- Penetrometer SOIL COMPACTION METER SC 900 - Penetrometru SOIL COMPACTION METER SC 900
SPECTRUM; SPECTRUM;
- Penetrometer Penetrologger with GPS, Eijkelkamp, - Penetrometru Penetrologger cu GPS, Eijkelkamp,
Series no. 29266403 with humidity sensor for soil Theta Seria nr. 29266403 cu senzor umiditate pentru sol Theta
Probe, type ML2x; Delta-T Company, England. Probe, tip ML2x; Firma Delta-T Anglia.
Table 1
Variants of tyres tested
Variant I
Den.No. Approximately equal diameters and different widths
Tyre Code Diameter (D) Width (section B)
1. Tyre 11.5-15.3 845 mm 290 mm
2. Tyre 400-15.5 874 mm 404 mm
3. Tyre 19.0/45-17 866 mm 491 mm
Variant II
Den.No. Approximately equal width and different diameters
Tyre Code Diameter (D) Width (section B)
1. Tyre 14.9 R24 1237 mm 392 mm
2. Tyre 16.0/70-20 1078 mm 405 mm
3. Tyre 400-15.5 874 mm 404 mm
Fig. 1 Aspects during the tests (contact spot, resistance to running, settlement)
RESULTS REZULTATE
During the tests, a series of parameters that influence In timpul experimentrilor s-au determinat o serie de
parametri care influeneaz att starea pneurilor ct i
both tyres state and their action on soil, were determined. aciunea acestora asupra solului, precum: presiunea n
They were: pressure in tyre, running and static range, pneu, razele de rulare i statice, pata de contact,
contact spot, resistance to running, humidity and rezistena la rulare, umiditatea i rezistena la penetrare
penetration resistance and also the parameters allowing precum i parametri care permit aprecieri asupra urmei
lsate pe sol dup trecerea pneurilor sub sarcin.
to estimate the mark left in soil by loaded tyres.
n lucrarea de fa s-au fcut referiri asupra
In this paper, we have referred to determinations of determinrilor forei de traciune(rezisten la rulare) i
traction force (resistance to running) and penetration rezistenei la penetrare care dau indicii clare asupra
resistance, which clearly inform about the energy consumului energetic i a gradului de tasare i a
compactrii.
51
Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
consumption and compression and compaction level. Valorile forei de traciune determinate sunt prezentate
Values of traction force determined are shown in table n tabelul 2, iar ale rezistenei la penetrare n tabelul 3.
Variaiile celor doi parametri, pentru pneurile testate, la
2, and those of penetration resitance in table 3. diferite presiuni ale aerului n pneu i pe diferite tipuri de
Variations of the two parameters, for tested tyres, at suprafee, att individual ct si comparativ pentru cele
different pressures of air in tyre and in different types of dou variante testate, au fost prezentate sub forma unor
land, were presented as diagrams. A few representative diagrame. Cteva exemple reprezentative sunt
prezentate n diagramele din figurile3, 4.
examples are shown in diagrams from figures 3, 4.
Table 2
The values of the traction force (rolling resistance)
Pressure Bar
Type of
tyre 2.5 3 3.5 2.5 3 3.5 2.5 3 3.5 2.5 3 3.5
[code] Type of land
Asphalt road Earth road Stubble Processed land
Traction force
11,5-15,3 1.453 1.052 0.499 2.108 1.438 0.7975 5.261 4.379 3.446 10.285 9.110 8.389
400 -15,5 2.404 1.54 0.788 4.088 3.463 2.012 7.832 6.816 5.905 11.620 10.252 9.672
19.0 / 45-17 2.505 1.72 0.828 4.283 3.803 2.215 8.105 6.902 6.218 11.822 10.462 9.908
16.0 / 70-20 1.312 0.8174 0.625 5.042 2.302 1.858 6.788 4.783 4.503 9.783 8.886 8.015
14.9 R 24 1.211 0.791 0.583 4.721 2.089 1.708 6.223 4.598 4.102 9.325 8.325 7.912
Table 3
The penetration resistance for processed land for tyre 19.0/45 R17
After crossing
Penetration resistance before
Tyre 19/45 17
crossing of the tyres
Pressure in tyre 2,5 bar Pressure in tyre 3 bar Pressure in tyre 3,5 bar
Depth Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point
Point 3
(cm) 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
0 0.35 0.27 0.39 0.35 0.24 0.28 0.46 0.42 0.43 0.58 0.61 0.58
1 0.35 0.27 0.42 0.35 0.64 0.89 0.52 0.73 0.9 0.69 0.82 0.91
3 0.47 0.36 0.52 0.63 0.98 1.19 0.74 1.03 1.11 0.85 1.09 1.04
5 0.72 0.46 0.56 0.66 1.04 1.01 0.86 1.06 0.99 0.97 1.09 0.98
7 0.79 0.51 0.79 0.81 0.92 1.04 0.9 1.02 1 0.89 1.12 0.96
9 0.9 0.52 0.97 0.94 0.98 1.17 0.95 1.1 1.09 0.89 1.22 1.02
11 0.98 0.7 1.03 1.08 1.15 1.28 0.95 1.3 1.19 1.09 1.45 1.1
13 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.25 1.36 1.34 1.2 1.44 1.38 1.09 1.53 1.42
15 1.12 1.38 1.11 1.39 1.41 1.37 1.1 1.47 1.48 1.12 1.53 1.6
17 1.2 1.76 1.15 1.45 1.47 1.65 1.12 1.61 1.66 1.22 1.76 1.67
19 1.16 1.94 1.42 1.56 2.02 1.85 1.4 1.25
21 1.3 2.44 1.78 1.94 2.31 2.03 1.68 1.43
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CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
- tyre resistance to running has increased along with air - rezistenta la rulare a pneului creste odat cu scderea
pressure decrease, fig. 3; presiunii aerului din pneu, fig. 3;
- for tyre having the same width, resistance to running is - la pneuri cu aceeai lime, rezistenta la rulare este mai
higher at smaller diameter tyres, fig. 3; mare la pneurile cu diametru mai mic, fig. 3;
- running resistance increases when the equipment runs - rezistenta la rulare creste la deplasarea pe terenuri
in uneven field, fig. 3; deformabile, fig. 3;
- in the cross section of the tyre track in soil, the - in seciunea transversala a urmei lsate pe sol dup
compaction degree has increased from the exterior to trecerea pneului, gradul de compactare creste de la
interior of the track, fig. 4. exteriorul spre interiorul urmei, fig. 4.
- soil compaction after tyre displacement increases along - compactarea solului in urma deplasrii pneului crete
with air pressure from tyre growth, fig.4. odat cu creterea presiunii aerului din pneu, fig.4.
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Theoretical and experimental researches regarding the parametrilor pneurilor mainilor asupra proceselor de
influence of tyre parameters on soil settlement and tasare si compactare a solului, Lucrri tiinifice,
compaction, Scientific papers INMATEH - vol.17, No. INMATEH - vol.17, Nr. 2/2006, pag.133-140, ISSN 1583
2/2006, pp. 133140, ISSN 1583 1019; 1019;
[9]. Robescu V.O., Elekes C., (2008 ) - Soil damaging [9]. Robescu V.O., Elekes C., (2008) - Degradarea solului
as result of compaction process, a severe problem in efect al procesului de compactare. Problem grav n
Romania agriculture, Scientific Papers vol. 51(2), Romnia, Lucrri tiinifice vol. 51(2), Seria Agronomie,
series Agronomy, pp. 176182, USAMV Iasi; pag.176182, USAMV Iasi;
[10]. Ungureanu N., Vldu V., Voicu Gh., Biri S. t., [10]. Ungureanu N., Vldu V., Voicu Gh., Biri S. t.,
Dinc M., Ionescu M., Cujbescu D., Persu C., Lazar G., Dinc M., Ionescu M., Cujbescu D., Persu C., Lazar G.,
(2015) - Evaluation of the degree of soil compaction by (2015) - Evaluarea gradului de compactare a solului prin
penetrometer tests , ISB-INMATEH 2015, ISSN 2344 teste de penetrometrie , ISB-INMATEH 2015, ISSN 2344
4118, pp. 569 574. 4118, pag. 569 574.
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INTRODUCTION
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56
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( u j k ) k
( k ef f ) Gk (1)
x j x j x j
( u j )
( eff ) (C1 * Gk C2 ) (2)
x j x j x j k
C 3 (1 )
0
C *2 C2 (3)
1 3
where ef=+t C=0.0845 k=1.39 C1=1.42 ef=+t C=0.0845 k=1.39 C1=1.42
C2=1.68
C2=1.68
(1 / 0 ) k 1 u u
C1* C1 (2 EIJ .Ei j )1/ 2 Ei j ( i j ) (4)
1 3
2 x j xi
where 0=4.377,=0.012. 0=4.377=0.012
C2 is modified; thus, the coefficient of the eddy
viscosity of the RNG k- model under a low-strain rate is C2 RNG k-
higher than that of the standard k- model but lower k-
under the high-strain rate. The RNG k- model considers
high-strain rate and substantial curvature flow; this model k- RNG
can achieve significantly higher calculation accuracy than k-
the standard k- model can for rotational flow and
substantial curvature. The findings are particularly
applicable to the calculation of the internal flow of an ()
impeller blade (e.g., axial flow and centrifugal pumps).
The RNG k- model can generate higher accuracy and
reliability in a more extensive flow than the standard k- RNG k- k-
model can because of these characteristics. Thus, the RNG k-
present study adopts the RNG k- model.
The entrance, exit, and static wall surface were similar
to those for steady calculation. The interface between the Transient Rotor
inner rotor and the pump stator was set as the transient
rotor stator. The steady calculation result was employed Stator
as the initial flow field for unsteady calculation.
According to the requirement of the calculation model
:
regarding Courant number.
v t
Co 100 (5)
l
where t is characteristic time; v and l are the
characteristic speed and characteristic scale, which were t v l
determined based on the estimated mean speed and
minimum grid size in this study. The maximum length of
the optional time step of this model is 5 ms. Considering 5ms
the resolution requirements of pressure fluctuation in the
high-speed rotating machinery, the final time step length
was determined to be 1/90 of the rotation period and the
rotating time was set to 4, that is, approximately 0.11111 1/90 4
ms. Six full periods were calculated under every working 0.11111ms 6
condition; the maximum iteration steps of every time step
length were set to 10 because of the effective 10
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
p* pi p (6)
t * ti / T (7)
Fig.1 - Variable-curvature and half-open prototype pump and the distribution of monitoring points for simulation analysis
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RESULTS
Analysis of unsteady external characteristic
Fig. 4 presents the unsteady characteristics of the lift 4
in three periods under different working conditions. The
blade positions corresponding to ABCD are marked, and ABCD
the same blade is highlighted with a red frame. L1 is the
L1 L2
start point of the period, and L2 is the end point. This
figure 8 shows that:
The unsteady characteristics of a lift change
periodically. This change frequency is consistent with the
blade passing frequency, and this phenomenon is caused
by the dynamic and static interference of the water cut
and the impeller. A and B are blade phases indicating that AB
the blade just passes through the water cut. At C and D,
the blade is in the middle of the flow passage. Lift CD
fluctuation increases gradually with flow rate. At the same
time, the downward pressure fluctuation under a low flow
rate exhibited the poorest law in a single period. When
flow rate increases, the amplitude change within a single
period stabilizes, thereby implying that a high flow rate is
conducive to the stable pump operation.
Fig.5 - Static pressure at the middle impeller under the ABCD phases
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600
Q/Qd=0.7
400 Q/Qd=1.0
Q/Qd=1.3
200
p /Pa
0
*
-200
-400
-600
0.0 0.5 * 1.0 1.5 2.0
t
Fig.6 - Timedomain map of pressure fluctuation at the impeller entrance under different working conditions
Fig.7 - Timedomain map of pressure fluctuation at the volute exit under different working conditions
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(a) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P2 (b) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P3
(c) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P4 (d) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P5
(e) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P6 (f) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P7
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(g) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P8 (h) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P9
Fig.8 - Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation in the volute
(a) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P10 (b) Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation at P11
Fig.9 - Numerical calculation of the pressure fluctuation near the water cut
Experimental verification
According to the distribution of the actual test points,
C4C8 pressure monitoring points are scattered on the
full flow path of the volute. C7 is proximal to the water cut, C4~C8 C7
and this point is the closest one to the outlet. C8 is the
most proximal point to the volute exit; meanwhile, C4, C5, C8 C4C5C6
and C6 scattered on the volute evenly.
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Fig.11 - Frequency spectra of the pressure fluctuations at C4, C5, C6, C7 and C8
CONCLUSIONS
This research conducts an unsteady numerical
simulation and experimental study on quadratic variable-
curvature and half-open centrifugal agricultural auto
water pumps. The findings of this work are significant
with respect to the application of analysis and simulation
techniques in analyzing the dynamic characteristics of an
agricultural auto water pump and in optimizing its
structure design to improve the performance of the auto-
cooling water pump, to reduce the product development
period, and to lower cost. This work concludes that:
(1) The unsteady characteristics of the lift change
1
periodically. This frequency change corresponds with the
blade passing frequency, and this outcome is mainly
attributed to the dynamic and static interference of the
water cut and the impeller. Pressure fluctuation
intensifies gradually with an increase in rotation speed
and flow rate. 2
(2) The pressure fluctuation under a low flow rate
exhibits the poorest law in a single period. The low 1
frequency (< twice that of blade passing frequency)
significantly influences pressure fluctuation because of
the turbulence in the pump. As flow rate increases, the
pressure fluctuation amplitude in a single period gradually
stabilizes and the random fluctuation decreases
significantly. This result indicates that a high flow rate is
beneficial for steady pump operation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Science and Technology Research Project of Henan 142102210555
Province (142102210555).
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[1]. Aihua Jiang, (2011) - Research On Vibration Of [1]. . (2001) - ,
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[13]. Zhongyong Pan, Yongyan Ni, Shouqi Yuan, (2010) - [13]. , , , (2010) -
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Abstract: In recent years, in the agricultural sector the Rezumat: n ultima perioad n sectorul agricol
amount of low density non- biodegradable polyethylene cantitatea de folie din polietilen de joas densitate (PV),
film (PV) annually used has increased considerably. nebiodegradabil, utilizat anual a crescut considerabil.
Thus, worldwide the researches have intensified in order Astfel pe plan mondial s-au intensificat cercetrile de
to obtain films produced from renewable agricultural obinere a foliilor din surse agricole regenerabile.
sources. The paper presents the results regarding a new Lucrarea prezint rezultatele obinute privind o nou
method for manufacturing of biodegradable agricultural metod de realizare de folii biodegradabile pentru
film from renewable resources and energy analysis agricultur din resurse regenerabile i analiza energetic
process. a procesului.
Keywords: energy analysis, agricultural film, Cuvinte cheie: analiz energetic, folii agricole
biodegradable, renewable resources, the manufacturing biodegradabile, resurse regenerabile, proces de
process, energy consumption, extrusion lamination fabricaie, consum energetic, extrudare, laminare
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
Worldwide, the volume of films used in agriculture has Pe plan mondial, volumul foliilor pentru utilizare n
greatly increased in the last 10 years. The latest data agricultur a crescut foarte mult n ultimii 10 ani. Cele
show that agriculture and horticulture are responsible for mai recente date arat c agricultura i horticultura sunt
approximately 1.500.000 t consumption of annual responsabile pentru un consum de aproximativ
production of polymers in Europe. In the case of the thin 1.500.000 t din producia anual de polimeri din Europa.
films, in Europe are consumed more than 72.000 t / year n ceea ce privete categoria foliilor subiri, n Europa
as direct row covers, over 75.000 t / year films for culture sunt consumate peste 72.000 t/an folii pentru acoperire
in low tunnels and more than 130.000 t / year mulching direct pe rnduri, peste 75.000 t/an folii pentru culturi n
films [7]. tunele mici i mai mult de 130.000 t/an folii de mulcire [7].
Currently, the market is still dominated by agriculture n prezent, piaa este nc dominat de foliile pentru
films obtained from low-density polyethylene (PE). agricultur obinute din polietilen de joas densitate
These films have two major disadvantages: they are (PE).
manufactured from petroleum based raw materials and Aceste folii au dou mari dezavantaje: sunt fabricate
produce a large amount of waste that needs to be din materii prime pe baz de iei i produc o mare
removed from the field and destroyed [6]. Non- cantitate de deeuri care necesit a fi nlturate de pe
degradable polymers accumulate on the ground creating cmp i distruse [6]. Polimerii nedegradabili se
serious problems for plastic waste management [8]. acumuleaz pe sol crend probleme serioase de
Also in their manufacturing process large amounts of management a deeurilor din plastic [8].
energy that comes from conventional sources, are De asemenea, n procesul de fabricare a acestora se
consumed. consum cantiti nsemnate de energie care provine din
So, besides the fact that it is an important source of surse convenionale.
waste with negative environmental impact, producing low Aadar pe lng faptul c este o important surs de
deeuri cu impact negativ asupra mediului, producerea
density film is also conventional primary resource
foliilor de joas densitate este i consumatoare de
consuming [8].
resurse primare convenionale [8].
An alternative solution to agricultural polyethylene film
O soluie alternativ viabil la foliile agricole din
is the development and use of biodegradable plastics
polietilen o constituie dezvoltarea i utilizarea plasticelor
from renewable agricultural resources which break down
biodegradabile, provenite din resurse agricole
completely in contact with microorganisms found in the
regenerabile care se descompun complet n contact cu
soil [6]. In this way, we solve two problems of great
microorganismele aflate n sol [6]. n acest fel se rezolv
importance for the environment: fossil resources are
dou probleme de mare importan pentru mediu: se
saved and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are economisesc resursele fosile i se reduc emisiile de gaze
reduced [1]. cu efect de ser (GES) [1].
At worldwide level, the research of biopolymers Astfel, la nivel mondial s-au intensificat cercetrile n
development has intensified. Since 1990s Germany has domeniul dezvoltrii de biopolimeri. nc din anii `90
been financing research projects / development in the Germania finaneaz proiecte de cercetare/dezvoltare n
field of biodegradable thermoplastic manufacturing. The domeniul producerii de termoplastic biodegradabil. n
researches conducted have created a wide variety of urma cercetrilor realizate au fost create o mare varietate
biodegradable plastics [6]. de materiale din plastic biodegradabil [6].
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
However the energy consumption for producing films Totui problema consumului de energie pentru
remains a problem because, in this case too, both in the producerea foliilor rmne o problem, deoarece i n
extraction of raw materials process and in the acest caz att n procesul de extracie a materiei prime
manufacturing process the energy consumed comes also ct i n procesul de fabricaie energia consumat
from fossil sources. provine tot din surse de energie fosile.
In this context, the main objective of the paper was to n acest context, obiectivul principal a lucrrii a fost de
develop a theoretical mathematical model of analysis of a realiza un model matematic teoretic de analiz a
energy consumption in the production process of consumului energetic al procesului de fabricaie a foliilor
agricultural biodegradable films and its application to agricole biodegradabile i aplicarea acestuia pentru
determine the maximum energy consumption of the determinarea consumului energetic maxim al procesului
production process of agricultural biodegradable films de producere a foliilor agricole biodegradabile utiliznd
using corn starch as raw material and the technology ca materie prim amidon de porumb i tehnologia
developed by INMA Bucharest, Branch of Cluj-Napoca. dezvoltat n acest sens de ctre INMA Bucureti,
Thus, a theoretical model for analyzing energy Sucursala Cluj-Napoca. Astfel n lucrare s-a dezvoltat un
consumption using systemic analysis method and model teoretic de analiz a consumului energetic
applying mathematical model, has been developed, to utiliznd metoda analizei sistemice i aplicarea modelului
determine the maximum consumed energy in the matematic pentru determinarea energiei maxime
manufacturing of agricultural films from corn starch. consumate n procesul de fabricaie a foliilor agricole din
amidon de porumb.
n
E MPF E MPF.Fi (1)
i 1
k
E EMPF . F E MPF .Fi. j (2)
i j 1
Where: Unde:
EMPF - total energy consumed in manufacturing EMPF - energia total consumat n procesul de
process of biodegradable agricultural film [kWh/kg]; fabricaie a foliilor agricole biodegradabile [kWh/kg];
EMPF.Fi - energy consumed during i phase of the EMPF.Fi energia consumat n faza i a procesului de
manufacturing process [kWh/kg]; fabricaie [kWh/kg];
i = 1...n phases of production. i=1n fazele procesului de fabricaie.
By systemic analysis of the manufacturing process Prin analiza sistemic a fazelor procesului de fabricaie,
phases, each term of relationship (1) is divided into sub- fiecare termen a relaiei 1, se divide n subtermeni de
terms of lower grade. The division of the terms in terms of grad inferior.
Divizarea termenilor n termeni de grad inferior se
lower level is performed in accordance with the phases,
realizeaz n concordan cu fazele respectiv activitile
respectively, the activities of the technological process [7,
procesului tehnologic [7, 8] pn cnd rezult relaiile
8] until the final relationships for determining the energy finale de determinare a consumurilor energetice (rel.2),
consumption (rel.2), result, which allow absolute care s permit cuantificarea consumurilor energetice n
quantification of energy consumption. valoare absolut.
Where: Unde:
EMPF.Fi,j - energy consumed during the phase i, activity j EMPF.Fi,j - energia consumat n faza i, activitatea j a
of manufacturing process [kWh/kg]; j = 1...k activities of procesului de fabricaie [kWh/kg]; j=1k activitile fazei i
phase i of the process of production. To determine the a procesului de fabricatie.
components of relationship (2) it is necessary to analyze Pentru determinarea componentelor relaiei (2) este
the technological process for manufacturing renewable necesar analiza procesului tehnologic de fabricaie a
foliilor agricole din surse regenerabile (Figura 1).
agricultural film (Figure 1).
n urma analizei procesului tehnologic relaia (1) devine
After analyzing the technological process, relation (1)
relaia (3):
became relation (3):
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Granulation of raw
Obtaining raw material material
Where: Unde:
EMPF.F1 - energy used for preparing raw material EMPF.F1- energia consumat pentru prepararea materiei
[kWh/kg]; prime [kWh/kg];
EMPF.F2- energy consumed in the process of dispensing, EMPF.F2 energia consumat n procesul de dozare,
extrusion and widening the extruded material [kWh/kg]; extrudare i lire a materialului extrudat [kWh/kg];
EMPF.F3 - the energy consumed in the process of rolling EMPF.F3 - energia consumat n procesul de laminare
[kWh/kg]; [kWh/kg];
EMPF.F4 - energy consumed for intermediate storage EMPF.F4 energia consumat pentru depozitare
intermediar [kWh/kg];
[kWh/kg];
EMPF.F5 energia consumat aferent fazei de
EMPF.F5 - energy consumed in intermediate transport
transport intermediar (n procesul de fabricaie) i final (la
phase (in manufacturing) and final transport (to the beneficiar) [kWh/kg].
beneficiary) [kWh/kg].
Termenul al 2-lea al relaiei (3) se va divide n
The term 2 of relation (3) will further divide in terms of continuare n termeni de ordinul 3 (relaia 4).
order 3 (relation 4). Unde:
Where: EMPF.F2.1- energia consumat pentru dozarea materiei
EMPF.F2.1 - the energy used for dosing raw materials prime [kWh/kg];
[kWh/kg]; EMPF.F2.2 - energia consumat pentru extrudare
EMPF.F2.2 - energy used for extrusion [kWh/kg]; [kWh/kg];
EMPF.F2.3 - the energy use by widening matrix [kWh/kg]. EMPF.F2.3 - energia consumat de matricea de lire
Energy consumption for raw material dosage can be [kWh/kg].
expressed by a final relation (relation 5): Energia consumat pentru dozarea materiei prime
poate fi exprimat printr-o relaie final (relaia 5):
Ed
E MPF . F . (5)
2.1 Cd
E MPF .F . E MPF .F . E MPF .F . E MPF .F . (6)
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3
p
E MPF .F2.2.1 E MPF .F2.2.1.m (7.1)
m 1
Where Ed is hourly energy consumption of the unde: Ed este consumul energetic orar al dozatorului
dispenser [kWh]; Cd - hourly production capacity of the [kWh]; Cd capacitatea de producie orar a dozatorului
dosing feeder [kg/h]. [kg/h].
The energy consumed by the extrusion equipment will Energia consumat de echipamentul de extrudare se
divide in terms of lower order (relation 6). va divide n termeni de ordin inferior (relaia 6).
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Where: EMPF.F2.2.1 is the energy used to run the Unde: EMPF.F2.2.1 este energia consumat pentru
extrusion screws [kWh/ kg]; acionarea melcilor de extrudare [kwh/kg];
EMPF.F2.2.2 - energy consumed by heating system EMPF.F2.2.2 - energia consumat de instalaia de
[kWh/kg]; nclzire [kwh/kg];
EMPF.F2.2.3 - energy consumed by cooling system [kWh / EMPF.F2.2.3 - energia consumat de instalaia de rcire
kg]. [kwh/kg].
Terms from relation 6 are divided further in lower order Termenii relaiei 6 se divid n continuare n termeni de
terms (relations 7.1; 7.2, 7.3, 8, 9) ordin inferior (relaiile 7.1; 7.2, 7.3; 8, 9):
Where: EMPF.F2.2.1.m is energy consumed per each area Unde: EMPF.F2.2.1.m este energia consumat pe fiecare
of the extruder cylinder [kWh/kg]; m = 1...p identification zon a cilindrilor extruderului [kwh/kg]; m=1...p
coefficient of extruder cylinder areas [kWh/kg]. coeficient de identificare a zonelor cilindrilor de extrudare
Also in relation (7.2): [kwh/kg].
Cma is dependence coefficient on thermo-physics De asemenea n relaia (7.2):
characteristics of the material; Cma este coeficent de dependen de caracteristicile
Cex - coefficient depending on the characteristics of termo-fizice ale materialului;
the extrusion cylinder; Cex - coeficent de dependen de caracteristicile
Chex - the productivity of the extruder [kg / h]; cilindrilor de extrudare;
Tex - Extrusion temperature [C]; Tex = f(Cma). Chex productivitatea extruderului [kg/h];
The relation (7.1) can be quantified by relation (7.3), Tex temperatura de extrudare [C]; Tex= f(Cma).
where: Relaia (7.1) se poate cuantifica prin relaia (7.3),
Chc total energy consumption for driving extrusion unde:
screws [kWh]; Chc consumul orar total de energie pentru
The energy consumed by the heating system antrenarea melcilor de extrudare [kwh];
EMPF.F2.2.2, and cooling system EMPF.F2.2.3 is influenced by Energia consumat de instaia de nclzire EMPF.F2.2.2 ,
extrusion temperature and technical characteristics of the respectiv rcire EMPF.F2.2.3 este influenat de temperatura
plants (relation (8.1)), and can be quantified using de extrudare i caracteristicile tehnice ale instalaiilor
relations (9.1), (9.2), where: (relaia (8.1)) i se poate cuantifica utiliznd relaiile (9.1),
(9.2), unde:
C hi
E MPF .F . (9.1)
2.2.2 Dhex
C hr
E MPF .F . (9.2)
2.2.2 Dhex
C hml
E MPF .F . (10)
2.3 Dhml
C hv C hli C hlr
E MPF .F . (12)
3 Dhl
N d Cd
E MPF.F (13)
4 Md
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N t Ccb H cb
E MPF . F5 . (14)
M f
The energy consumption of the rolling equipment Energia consumat de echipamentul de laminare
EMPF.F3 will divide in terms of lower order (relation 11), EMPF.F3 se va divide n termeni de ordin inferior (relaia
where: 11), unde:
EMPF.F3.1 -is energy consumed by driving of laminating EMPF.F3.1 -este energia consumat cu antrenarea
rollers [kWh]; valurilor de laminare [kWh];
EMPF.F3.2 respectively EMPF.F3.3 - the energy consumed EMPF.F3.2 i respectiv EMPF.F3.3 energia consumat de
for heating or cooling system [kWh]. instalaia de nclzire respectiv rcire [kWh].
The relation (11) can be quantified by the equation 12, Relaia (11) poate fi cuantificat prin relaia 12, unde:
where: Chv este consumul orar de energie electric a
Chv -hourly electricity consumption for laminating rollers valurilor de laminare [kWh];
[kWh]; Chli - consumul orar de energie electric a instalaiei
Chli - hourly electricity consumption of the heating de nclzire a laminatorului [kWh];
system of the rolling equipment [kWh]; Chl - consumul orar de energie electric a instalaiei
Chl - hourly electricity consumption for cooling system of de rcire a laminatorului [kWh];
the rolling equipment [kWh]; Dhml capacitatea de producie orar a laminatorului
Dhml - rolling equipment hourly production capacity [kg [kh/h].
/h]. Energia consumat cu depozitarea intermediar se
Energy for intermediate storage is determined by the determin cu relaia (13), unde:
relation (13), where: Nd -este numrul de zile de depozitare;
Nd - is number of storage days; Cd energia necesar funcionrii optime a
Cd - energy requirement for optimal warehouse Cd = Cd1 depozitului Cd= Cd1 + Cd2 [kWh]; Cd1 energia
+ Cd2 [kWh]; Cd1 - energy consumed to illuminate the consumat pentru iluminarea depozitului [kWh]; Cd2
deposit [kWh]; Cd2 - energy consumed for heating deposit energia consumat pentru nclzirea depozitului [kWh];
[kWh]; Md cantitatea total de material depozitat [kg/h]
Md - total amount of deposited material [kg/h] Energia consumat cu transportul se determin cu
Energy for transport is determined by the relation (14), relaia (14), unde:
where: Nt -este distana de transport [km];
Nt is transport distance [km]; Ccb consumul de carburant [l/km];
Ccb fuel consumption [l / km]; Hcb puterea caloric a carburantului [kW/l];
Hcb - calorific value of the fuel [kW / l]; Mf cantitatea de material transportat [kg].
Mf - the amount of material transported [kg].
RESULTS REZULTATE
General mathematical method developed was applied Metoda matematic general elaborat a fost aplicat
to determine the energy consumption of manufacture of la determinarea consumurilor energetice a procesului de
biodegradable agricultural film using the system fabricaie a foliilor agricole biodegradabile utiliznd
developed for this purpose by INMA Bucharest, Branch instalaia dezvoltat n acest sens de ctre INMA
of Cluj-Napoca (fig.2). To determine the energy Bucureti, Sucursala Cluj-Napoca (fig.2). Pentru
consumption of the process, a simplified mathematical determinarea consumurilor energetice a procesului, se va
model will be applied, taking into account only the actual aplica un model matematic simplificat lundu-se n calcul
two phases of the manufacturing process: extrusion and doar cele dou faze efective ale procesului de fabricaie:
laminating respectively. extrudarea i respectiv laminarea.
The manufacturing process of biodegradable Procesul de fabricaie al foliilor agricole biodegradabile
agricultural film for which the mathematical method pentru care s-a aplicat metoda matematic dezvoltat s-a
developed was applied, was developed under the desfurat n urmtoarele condiii: materia prim utilizat
following conditions: raw material used was a mixture of a fost un amestec de amidon, glicerina i apa. Amidonul
starch, glycerol and water. Corn starch used had the de porumb utilizat a avut umiditatea raportat la
water content on wet basis of 10.76%, particle sizes substanta umeda de 10,76%, dimensiunile particulelor
3
between 2.3 and 37.3 m, and a density of 0.561 g / ntre 2,3 i 37,3 m i densitatea de 0,561 g/cm ;
3
cm ; glycerine had a concentration of 99.5% and a glicerina a avut o concentraie de 99,5 % i o densitate
3
3
density of 1.262 g / cm . The water used was from the de 1,262 g/cm . Apa utilizat a fost apa de la reea.
water supply system.. Starch was introduced into the Amidonul a fost introdus n extruder cu ajutorul
extruder by means of the dispenser and the plasticizers dozatorului iar plastifianii cu ajutorul pompei peristaltice.
with a peristaltic pump. In order to use a single metering n scopul utilizrii unei singure pompe dozatoare, cei doi
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
pump, the two plasticizers, glycerol and water, being plastifiani, glicerina i apa, fiind miscibili, au fost
miscible, were mixed in the proportions of the formulation amestecai n proporia din reet i introdui n
and introduced into tank plasticizers. The feed rate with rezervorul pentru plastifiani. Debitul de alimentare cu
raw material was 12 kg / h. Temperatures in the five materie prim 12 kh/h. Temperaturile n primele cinci
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
zones of the extruder were 30 C, 50 C, 100 C, 130 C, zone ale extruderului au fost 30 C, 50 C, 100 C, 130 C,
0 0
0
150 C and the temperature in the mould was 150 C.
0
150 C iar temperatura n zona matriei a fost de 150 C.
The main parts of the installation are: dispenser 1; Elementele principale ale instalatie sunt: Dozatorul 1,
extruder 2, widening matrix 3 and the rolling equipment 4. Extruderul 2, Matria de lire 3 i Echipamentul de
Extrusion equipment used was a laboratory twin-screw laminare 4.
extruder with co-rotating intermeshing screws, with a Echipamentul de extrudare folosit a fost un extruder
productivity of 12 kg/h, screw diameter D=25 mm, screw cu doi melci modulari corotativi, cu o productivitate de 12
length L=30xD and screw speed of 400 rpm. The kg/h, diametrul melcilor: D=25 mm, lungimea melcilor:
extruder cylinder is modular and has five zones, each L=30xD, turaia melcilor 400 rot/min. Cilindrul extruderului
zone having independent heating and cooling. Each of este modular i are cinci zone, fiecare zona avnd
the 5 zones, Z1-Z5, is equipped with one temperature nclzire i rcire independenta. Fiecare dintre primele 5
sensor that measures temperature and controls starting zone, Z1-Z5, este prevazuta cu cate un senzor de
or stopping of the heaters or fans to maintain the temperatura care msoar temperaturile i comand
temperature set in each zone. pornirea sau oprirea nclzitoarelor sau ventilatoarelor
Dosage of powder materials in the extruder hopper pentru meninerea temperaturilor reglate pe fiecare zon.
was achieved using twin screw dispenser and dispensing Dozarea materialelor pulverulente n plnia
components in the Z2 area will be done using metering extruderului s-a realizat cu ajutorul dozatorului cu doi
pumps. melci iar dozarea componenilor in zona Z2 se va face cu
The results obtained by applying the mathematical ajutorul unor pompe dozatoare.
method developed are presented in Table 1. Rezultatele obinute n urma aplicrii metodei
matematice dezvoltate sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.
Table 1
Energy consumption divided on biodegradable agricultural film manufacturing phases / stages
Notation
Parameter U.M. Value
Material flow Dm [kg/h] 12.00
Energy consumption of the dispenser EMPF.F2.1 [kwh/kg] 0.05
Total energy consumption of extruder EMPF.F2.2 [kwh/kg] 0.90
Energy consumption of extrusion screws EMPF.F2.2.1 [kwh/kg] 0.43
Energy consumption of heating system EMPF.F2.2.2 [kwh/kg] 0.37
Energy consumption of cooling system EMPF.F2.2.3 [kwh/kg] 0.10
Energy consumption of widening matrix EMPF.F2.3 [kWh/kg] 0.42
Total energy consumption of rolling equipment EMPF.F3 [kWh/kg] 1.20
Energy consumption for driving laminating rollers EMPF.F3.1 [kWh/kg] 0.03
Energy consumption for heating EMPF.F3.2 [kWh/kg] 0.50
Energy consumption for cooling EMPF.F3.3 [kWh/kg] 0.67
Total energy consumption for the process EMPF [kWh/kg] 2.57
1.88%
Energy consumption of the
dispenser
Total energy consumption of
46.66% 35.23% extruder
Energy consumption of
w idening matrix
16.23% Total energy consumption of
rolling equipment
Fig. 3 The structure of energy consumption divided into phases of the manufacturing process of biodegradable agricultural film
Energy consumption of
11.06%
extrusion screw s
Fig. 4 The structure of energy consumption divided into stages of extrusion phase of biodegradable agricultural film
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
2.57%
Fig. 5 Energy consumption structure divided into stages of rolling phase of biodegradable agricultural film
The analysis of energy consumption (Fig. 3) shows a Analiza structurii consumurilor energetice (fig.3) arat
maximum power consumption (46.66%) during the rolling, un consum maxim de energie (46,66%) n faza de
followed by energy consumption in the extrusion phase laminare a materialului, urmat de consumul energetic din
(35.23%), the phase of widening (16, 23%) and the faza de extrudare (35,23%), a fazei de lire (16,23%) i
dispenser (1.88%). respectiv al dozatorului (1,88%).
In the extrusion phase of the material (Fig. 4) The n faza de extrudare a materialului (fig.4) consumul
maximum power consumption is determined by the energetic maxim se datoreaz acionrii melcilor de
extrudare, urmat de instalaia de nclzire (41,01%) i
operation of the extrusion screws, followed by the heating
respectiv instalaia de rcire (11.06%). Energia necesar
(41.01%) and the cooling (11.06%). The energy required
pentru acionarea melcilor de extrudare este influenat
to drive the extrusion screws is influenced primarily by the n primul rnd de turaia melcilor de extrudare care
extrusion screws speed which depends on the physical depinde de caracteristicile fizice ale materialului i
characteristics of the material and structural transformrile structurale care au loc pe parcursul celor 5
transformations that occur in the five phases of extrusion etape ale fazei de extrudare. De asemenea energia
phase. Also, the energy consumption for the heating or consumat de instalaiile de nclzire, respectiv rcire,
cooling systems, depends on the working temperature in este dependent de temperatura de lucru pe cele 5 zone
the 5 zones of the extruder which are determined based ale extruderului care se determin funcie de
on the thermo-physical characteristics (glass transition caracteristicile termofizice (temperatura de tranziie
temperature and the melting temperature) of the vitroasa i temperatura de topire) ale amestecurilor
processed mixtures. procesate.
Energy-intensive stage of rolling is due to the cooling Consumului energetic ridicat n etapa de laminare se
equipment (consuming about 55.67% of this total energy datoreaz echipamentului de rcire (acesta consumnd
consumed in this phase of the process (Fig. 5), followed circa 55,67% din energia total consumat n aceast
by heating equipment (41.75%) and driving the laminating faz a procesului (fig.5), urmat de echipamentul de
nclzire (41,75%) i respectiv antrenarea valurilor de
rollers (2.57%).
laminare (2,57%).
The analysis of energy consumption in the manufacturing
Analiza structurii consumurilor energetice n fazele
process for the respective phases of biodegradable respectiv etapele procesului de fabricare a foliilor agricole
agricultural film allows to identify equipment with high biodegradabile permite identificarea echipamentelor cu
energy consumption. Thus, we can achieve energy consum energetic ridicat. Astfel putndu-se realiza o
optimization of the manufacturing process so that the optimizare energetic a procesului de fabricaie astfel
energy consumed in the process to be minimized, thus nct energia consumat n proces s fie ct mai redus,
ensuring a positive effect on the environment and asigurndu-se astfel un efect pozitiv asupra mediului
optimum use of resources. inconjurtor i o utilizare optim a resurselor.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
Determining the energy consumption of the Determinarea consumurilor energetice a procesului de
manufacturing process for biodegradable films produced fabricaie a foliilor biodegradabile obinute din surse
from renewable sources, for agriculture is important both regenerabile, pentru agricultur este important att din
in terms of environmental impact and in terms of the use punct de vedere a impactului asupra mediului ct i din
of energy resources needed. Such general mathematical punct de vedere a utilizrii resurselor energetice
method developed in this paper allows the determination necesare. Astfel metoda matematic general dezvoltat
of both total energy consumption of the manufacturing n cadrul lucrrii permite att determinarea consumului
process of biodegradable agricultural film using various energetic total al procesului de fabricaie a foliilor agricole
raw materials and to identify the main energy biodegradabile utiliznd diverse materii prime, ct i
consumers, thus enabling optimization of the process identificarea principalilor consumatori energetici,
permind astfel optimizarea procesului din punct de
energetically. This involves beneficial effects on the
vedere energetic. Aceasta implicnd efecte benefice att
environment by saving resources, and an economic
asupra mediului nconjurtor prin economie de resurse,
efficiency of the process.
ct i o eficientizare economic a procesului.
Applying mathematical method for energetic analysis Aplicarea metodei matematice n vederea analizei
of manufacturing process for biodegradable agricultural energetice a procesului de fabricare a foliilor agricole
film from renewable materials, using innovative bidegradabile din surse regenerabile utiliznd tehnologia
technology developed by INMA Bucharest, Branch of inovativ dezvoltat de INMA Bucureti, Sucursala Cluj-
Cluj-Napoca allowed assessment in terms of energy of Napoca a permis evaluarea din punct de vedere
the technology, on the one hand and on the other hand energetic al tehnologiei pe de o parte iar pe de alt parte
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
the identification of rolling phase as the main consumer a identificarea fazei de laminare ca fiind principalul
of energy (46,66%), followed by energy consumption in consumator de energie (46,66%), urmat de consumul
the extrusion phase (35.23%), the phase of widening (16, energetic din faza de extrudare (35,23%), a fazei de lire
23%) and the dispenser (1.88%). (16,23%) i respectiv al dozatorului (1,88%).
Further development of the mathematical method Dezvoltarea n continuare a metodei matematice
proposed according to the specific manufacturing propuse n concordan cu specificul tehnologiilor de
technology used will also allow the study of the influence fabricaie utilizate va permite de asemenea i studiul
of the mixtures physical-thermal characteristics from influenei caracteristicilor fizico-termice ale amestecurilor
renewable material used as raw materials on the energy din surse regenerabile utilizate ca materie prim asupra
consumption of the phases or stages of the consumurilor energetice ale fazelor respectiv etapelor
procesului de fabricaie.
manufacturing process.
Acknowledgement Mulumiri/Recunotin
The results presented in this article were obtained Rezultatele prezentate n acest articol au fost obinute
under the project: New products, biodegradable, n cadrul proiectului : Produse noi, biodegradabile, pentru
agriculture, renewable resources, Program NUCLEU: agricultura, din resurse regenerabile, Program NUCLEU:
Development System research, mechanization Dezvoltarea cercetarilor privind sistemele, tehnologiile de
technologies, computerization, automation, management mecanizare, informatizare, automatizare, management i
and technical equipment competitive for agriculture and echipamente tehnice competitive pentru agricultura i
food industry / Stimme, Contract number: 15 N / industrie alimentara / STIMM, Numar contract: 15 N /
27.02.2009 / Act ad.nr.1 / 2015. 27.02.2009 / Act ad.nr.1/2015.
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Abstract: Paper presents an experimental method of Rezumat: Lucrare prezint o metod de determinare
determining the static compression relaxation time of experimental a duratei de relaxare la solicitri statice de
Idared apples variety, by preserving their integrity. compresiune a merelor din soiul Idared, cu meninerea
Using the yield test by taking into account the viscous integritii lor. Utiliznd testul de fluaj prin considerarea
and elastic behaviour of the bodies described by physical comportrii liniar vscoelastice a corpurilor descrise de
rheological model of Burgers body made of elastic and modelul fizic reologic al corpului Burgers format din
viscous linear elements, the method theoretical elementele elastice i vscoase liniare s-au evideniat
groundwork was emphasized. A mathematical model and bazele teoretice ale metodei. S-a gsit un model
the suitable rheological equation describing the apples matematic i ecuaia reologica corespunztoare care s
behaviour at steady static strain, has been found. descrie comportarea merelor la solicitri statice
Theoretical relations and experimental data are useful for constante. Relaiile teoretice i datele experimentale sunt
evaluating (predicting) the storing time in packages which utile la evaluarea (predicia) duratei de depozitare n
height is known. ambalaje de nlime cunoscut.
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
During the technological flow storing, the apple Pe fluxul tehnologic de depozitare de lung durat,
commercial value and quality are affected because of valoarea comercial i calitatea merelor sunt afectate
mechanical damage by crushing (contusion) of pulp datorit vtmrilor mecanice prin strivirea (contuzia)
tissue and also by apparition of deformations and esutului pulpei ct i prin apariia deformaiilor i
abaterilor de la forma geometric caracteristic.
deviations from characteristic shape.
Vtmarea prin contuzia esutului celular la mere i
Apple cellular tissue damage by contusion and deformaiile remanente vizibile cu modificarea formei
remaining deformations visible through the geometrical geometrice constituie cauzele majore a pierderilor de
shape modification, represent major causes of quality calitate i n consecin a reducerii valorii i a gradului de
decrease and, consequently, of reduction of value and comercializare n stare proaspt a merelor [7,8,12].
trading of fresh apples [7,8,12]. Valoarea pierderilor reprezint 10 12% din cantitatea
Value of losses represent10 12% out of the quantity depozitat [5,7], iar pentru reducerea acesteia este
stored [5,7], and for diminishing it, a suitable package necesar alegerea adecvat a ambalajului utilizat. In
should be chosen. Therefore, researches on finding the acest sens s-au realizat cercetri privind obinerea
corelaiei ntre nlimea ambalajului, soiul de mr
best solution between the package height, apple variety
depozitat, gradul de coacere, durata i condiiile de
stored, ripening degree, time and conservation pstrare.
conditions, were performed. nlimea de aranjare a fructelor n ambalaje, trebuie
Apple arranging height in packages has to be chosen astfel aleas, nct s nu se produc defecte fructelor din
so that any damage of fruits from lower rows do not rndurile inferioare i s afecteze calitatea i clasa
produce, thus being detrimental to apples quality and merelor. Limitele de nlime sunt funcie de soiul de
class. Height limits depend on apple variety and ripening mere i de stadiul de coacere caracterizat printr-o
stage, characterized by a mechanical feature that can be proprietate mecanic ce poate fi o msur a nsuirilor de
a measure of rigidity (,,firmness) of fruit pulp [7,8,12]. rigiditate (fermitate ,,firmness) a pulpei fructelor [7,8,12].
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Tests on Idared variety apple behaviour during Testele privind comportarea la solicitarea de
compression strain have emphasized, by deformation- compresiune a merelor din soiul Idared au evideniat, prin
time curves, the effect of time of application of curbele for-deformaie efectul timpului de aplicare a
deformation force and speed, demonstrating that the forei i a vitezei de deformare, dovedindu-se c efectul
time effect is of practical importance in case of fruit timpului este de importan practic pentru cazul de fluaj
deformation under static load. [1,4,7]. al fructelor sub sarcin static [1,4,7].
It has been tried to find out a mechanical model and its S-a ncercat s se gseasc un model mecanic i
appropriate rheological equation which be suitable to ecuaia reologica corespunztoare care s se
experimental flow curve, similar to that from fig. potriveasc curbei de fluaj experimental, similar celei
1.(through Burgers model (fig. 1a), where deformation- din fig.1.(b) prin considerarea modelului Burgers (fig.1a),
time curves obtained with this model are overlapping. n care curbele deformaie timp obinute cu acest model
Consequently, this curve simulates apple behaviour se suprapun. In consecin, aceast curb simuleaz
under static load. Following the compression tests made comportamentul fructelor de mr sub sarcin static.
Din testele de compresiune realizate pe merele
on whole apples located between two plane plates, the
ntregi amplasate ntre dou plci plane s-au obinut
deformation-time curves have had the same profile as
curbe de deformaie timp cu acelai profil cu curba din
the curve from fig. 1 b, concluding that this curve might
fig. 1 b, fapt ce a permis ipoteza c se poate descrie
be described through a Burges model type, fig. 2, [2,8].
aceast curb printr-un model tip Burgers, fig. 2, [2,8].
This new model type has been obtained from the
Acest nou tip de model s-a obinut din modelul clasic prin
classical model, by replacing: , F, E K, *
* nlocuirile: , F, E K, , aa cum se
, as one can see in fig.2. Appropriate experimental tests
poate urmri n fig.2. Testele experimentale
have the advantage of being performed more easily
corespunztoare au avantajul c se pot efectua mai
along with preserving the fruit integrity [9,11,12].
comod, cu meninerea integritii fructului [9,11,12].
a) b)
Fig. 1 - Burgers physical model(a) and its deformation-time curve (b)
Establishing the rheological equation suitable to fruit Stabilirea ecuaiei reologice corespunztoare
behaviour at static compression was performed by taking comportrii fructului la solicitarea de compresiune static,
into account the physical model of Burgers type and also s-a fcut innd cont de modelul fizic tip Burgers i s-a
the fact that equations appropriate to ideal elements state avut n vedere c ecuaiile de stare corespunztoare
are: elementelor ideale sunt:
for the ideal elastic element, Hooke: pentru elementul ideal elastic, Hooke:
F K (1)
for ideal viscous element, Newton: pentru elementul ideal vscos, Newton:
F
*
(2)
where unde
is deformation; este deformaia;
K-rigidity of elastic element [N/m]; K-rigiditatea elementului elastic [N/m];
* *
- size similar to viscosity of ideal viscous element - mrime similar vscozitii elementului ideal
[Ns/m]. vscos [Ns/m].
Fig. 2 - Burgers type physical model for describing the compression behavior of the whole apple
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Body represented by Burgers model, subject to a Corpul reprezentat prin modelul tip Burgers, supus
constant compression force, F = F0 = const. will have a aciunii unei fore de compresiune constante, F = F 0 =
time deformation given by equation: const. va avea o deformaie n timp dat de ecuaia:
t
F0 F0 F0
t 1 e
Ti
(3)
K K1
Working method Metoda de lucru
For performing the experiments, The Idared apple Pentru efectuarea experimentrilor s-a ales soiul de
variety, coming from Institute of Research-Development mr Idared, provenit de la Institutul de Cercetare
for Tree Growing Piteti - Mrcineni Arge, was chosen, Dezvoltare pentru Pomicultur Piteti - Mrcineni Arge,
the harvesting being manually made when fruits were recoltarea s-a fcut manual cnd fructele s-au aflat n
completely ripen. stadiul deplinei maturiti.
Apple samples chosen were of different sizes, Probele de mere au fost de diferite dimensiuni,
selectate n mod aleatoriu, cutndu-se totui probele cu
randomly selected, but though, trying to find samples with
o form apropiat de cea sferic. Pn la efectuarea
apples closer of spherical shape. Up to tests performing,
0 experimentrilor merele au fost pstrate n celule
apples were kept in refrigerating cells at 3-4 C 0
frigorifice la o temperatur de 3-4 C i o umiditate
temperature and 80 85% relative humidity. relativ de 80 85%.
Before performing the tests, the apples were taking Inainte de efectuarea experimentrilor, fructele au
out from the cells and kept in laboratory at ambient fost scoase din celule i inute n laborator la temperatura
temperature during, at least 4 5 hours, for reaching camerei o durat de cel puin 4 5 ore pentru a avea
environment temperature. temperatura mediului.
In order to perform the deformation tests for finding In scopul efecturii testelor de fluaj n vederea
out the elasticity module relaxation to apple static determinrii relaxrii modulului de elasticitate i a duratei
compression strain and relaxation time, the apparatus de relaxare la solicitri statice de compresiune a merelor
whose scheme is shown in fig 3a), has been designed a fost conceput, proiectat i realizat aparatul a crui
and manufactured. In fig. 3(b,c) are presented images of schem este prezentat n fig. 3a. In fig. 3(b,c) sunt
apparatus aimed to perform the measurements. prezentate vederi ale aparatului pregtit pentru
efectuarea msurtorilor. In conformitate cu procedura
According to testing procedure, the apple is subject to
de testare, mrul este supus la solicitarea de
static compression by pressing down, with a steady load, compresiune static prin apsarea, cu o sarcin
either with a rigid plane plate, fig.3(c), or another half of constant, fie a unei plci plane rigide fig.3(c) fie a unei
apple fig. 3(b) and deformation is measured by means of alte jumti de mr fig. 3(b) iar deformaia este msurat
a comparing clock, at differenttime moments, at the cu ajutorul unui ceas comparator, la diferite momente de
beginning of feeding. timp la nceputul ncrcrii.
a) b) c)
Fig. 3 Scheme of apple compression deformation testing apparatus
1- main plate; 2-support; 3-apple 4- rigid pressing plate; 5- guidance; 6- comparing clock; 7-pan 8-load
Tests were performed in two variants, namely with Experimentrile au fost efectuate n dou variante cu
the whole fruit (fig.3 b) and with halves of fruit (fig.3c). fructul ntreg (fig.3 b) i cu jumti de fruct (fig.3c). S-a
The apple was divided by a sharp knife with rigid blade secionat mrul ntr-un plan axial cu ajutorul unui cuit
and one apple half was laid on fixed surface of bine ascuit cu lama rigid i una din jumti s-a aeazat
apparatus. The upper cup was charged with the mass pe suprafaa fix a aparatului. S-a ncrcat platanul
appropriate to a constant pressing force F=15 N. The superior cu masa de ncrcare corespunztoare unei
rigid plate was brought into contact with apple surface fore constante de apsare F=15 N. S-a adus placa rigid
and cup rod was released for compression performing. n contact cu suprafaa mrului i s-a eliberat tija
Deformation (t) at different moments of time was platanului pentru realizarea solicitrii la compresiune.
measured in seconds, starting from the beginning of S-a msurat deformaia (t) la diferite momente de
strain, from 15 seconds to 15 seconds for 10 readings, timp msurate n secunde, de la nceputul solicitrii din
from 30 seconds to 30 seconds for 5 readings, at 1 15 n 15 secunde pentru 10 citiri, din 30 n 30 secunde
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
minute for 5 readings, from 5 to 5 minutes for 5 readings, pentru 5 citiri, la 1 minut pentru 5 citiri, din 5 n 5 minute
from 10 minutes to 10 minutes for 5 readings and from 15 pentru 5 citiri, din 10 n 10 minute pentru 5 citiri i din 15
minutes to 15 minutes for 5 readings, which required a n 15 minute pentru 5 citiri, ceea ce a necesitat o durat
period of 2.5 hours for each experiment for which 35 de 2,5 ore pentru fiecare experiment pentru care s-au
values have been measured. msurat 35 de valori.
The elasticity module E was calculated in each point.. S-a calculat n fiecare punct modulul de elasticitate E.
RESULTS REZULTATE
Compression deformation experiments have been Experimentrile de fluaj la compresiune au fost
performed at pressing loads of 12.5 N; 15 N; 17.5 N for efectuate la sarcini de apsare de 12,5 N; 15 N; 17,5 N
the two variants. Deformations for different times have pentru cele dou variante. Au fost msurate deformaiile
been measured and values o Young elasticity modules pentru diferii timpi i calculate valorile modulelor de
have been calculated. elasticitate Young.
Data obtained are shown in Tab.1. Datele obinute sunt prezentate n Tab.1.
Table 1
Data of deformation test at constant force compression, deformation (t)
at different time intervals t and elasticity longitudinal module selective data
F= 12,5 N F= 15 N F= 17,5 N
apple between apple/apple apple between apple/apple applebetween apple/apple
Timel
plates plates plates
[s] 6 6 6 6 6
[mm] E*10 [mm] E*10 [mm] E*10 [mm] E*10 [mm] E*10 [mm] E*106
[Pa] [Pa] [Pa] [Pa] [Pa] [Pa]
15 0.48 4.07 0.66 8.62 0.60 3.81 0.77 7.82 0.64 4.12 0.74 8.61
45 0.51 3.69 0.73 7.45 0.66 3.30 0.83 6.95 0.66 3.89 0.83 7.34
75 0.53 3.51 0.77 6.91 0.68 3.14 0.86 6.56 0.69 3.68 0.87 6.84
105 0.54 3.37 0.79 6.56 0.70 3.03 0.88 6.34 0.71 3.51 0.89 6.58
135 0.56 3.25 0.81 6.39 0.71 2.95 0.90 6.15 0.73 3.39 0.91 6.35
180 0.57 3.17 0.83 6.17 0.74 2.80 0.92 5.93 0.75 3.22 0.93 6.11
240 0.58 3.06 0.85 5.97 0.76 2.65 0.94 5.75 0.77 3.14 0.96 5.88
300 0.59 2.99 0.86 5.85 0.78 2.54 0.96 5.58 0.78 3.08 0.98 5.71
420 0.6 2.89 0.87 5.68 0.81 2.40 0.98 5.41 0.82 2.90 1.00 5.52
540 0.61 2.81 0.89 5.50 0.84 2.30 1.00 5.26 0.83 2.77 1.02 5.36
900 0.64 2.64 0.92 5.28 0.88 2.15 1.01 5.16 0.87 2.60 1.06 5.07
1500 0.67 2.46 0.93 5.18 0.92 2.01 1.02 5.10 0.90 2.49 1.09 4.86
2100 0.69 2.35 0.94 5.12 0.94 1.95 1.03 5.05 0.92 2.40 1.11 4.72
3300 0.72 2.21 0.95 4.99 0.96 1.87 1.04 4.95 0.94 2.30 1.14 4.52
4500 0.74 2.12 0.98 4.80 0.99 1.80 1.06 4.81 0.97 2.21 1.16 4.42
6000 0.76 2.03 1.01 4.58 1.01 1.74 1.09 4.61 0.99 2.11 1.18 4.29
7800 0.79 1.89 1.05 4.32 1.03 1.69 1.10 4.53 1.04 2.00 1.20 4.19
9600 0.80 1.88 1.08 4.11 1.06 1.62 1.11 4.47 1.07 1.90 1.22 4.10
Based on the data obtained following the experiments, Pe baza datelor obinute din experimente s-au
deformation depending on time (t) was represented by reprezentat prin puncte deformaia n funtie de timp (t)
points, in fig.4 fig.6 for stress scheme apple between n fig. 4 fig.6 pentru schema de solicitare mr ntre plci
plates and in fig.7 fig.9 for apple/apple stress scheme.. i n fig.7 fig.9 pentru schema de solicitare mr/mr .
By means of Microcal Origin program, experiments Cu ajutorul programului Microcal Origin s-au prelucrat
data were processed, testing the equation (4) for module datele obinute din experimentri, testndu-se ec.(4)
relaxation through non-linear regression with pentru relaxarea modulului prin regresie neliniar cu
experimental data and appropriate curves were datele experimentale i curbele corespunztoare au fost
represented comparing to experimental data in the same reprezentate, comparativ cu datele experimentale, pe
graphics fig.4 fig.9. aceleai grafice fig.4 fig.9.
0.00085
0.00080
0.00075
0.00070 F=12,5 N
Deformation, m
0.00065
= 9.2896E-11
2
0.00060 R = 0.99081
a=0.00066 5.8859E-6
b=0.00016 6.6145E-6
0.00055 c=0.00237 0.00024
d=1.6971E-8 1.049E-9
0.00050
0.00045
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time, s
Fig.4 Deformation curve (t) depending on time, for Idared apples at F=12,5 N
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
0.0011 0.0011
0.0010 F=17,5 N
0.0010
Deformation, m
0.0009
F=15 N
Deformation, m
0.0009
0.0008
= 3.3705E-11
2
= 1.534E-10 0.0008 R = 0.99808
2
R = 0.99233 a=0.00087 3.1335E-6
0.0007
a=0.00078 7.6516E-6 b=0.00023 3.9194E-6
b=0.00019 8.5291E-6 c=0.00314 0.00013
c=0.00232 0.00026 0.0007 d=2.1769E-8 5.8203E-10
0.0006 d=2.7845E-8 1.3586E-9
0.0005 0.0006
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time, s Time, s
Fig.5 - Deformation curve (t) depending on time, Fig.6 - Deformation curve (t) depending on time,
for Idared apples at F=15 N for Idared apples at F=17,5 N
0.00120
0.00115
0.00110
0.00105
F= 12,5 N
Deformation, m
0.00100
0.00095
0.00090 = 6.9258E-11
2
R = 0.99412
0.00085 a=0.00089 3.3052E-6
b=0.00023 6.8241E-6
0.00080 c=0.00714 0.00045
d=2.0547E-8 6.8879E-10
0.00075
0.00070
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time, s
Fig.7 Curve of deformation (t) depending on time for Idared apples at F=12.5 N
0.00084
0.0013
0.00082
0.00080
0.0012 F= 17,5 N
0.00078
0.00076
Deformation, m
0.0011
Deformation, m
F=15 N
0.00074
0.00072 0.0010
= 2.185E-11
0.00070 2
R = 0.99304
= 2.6063E-10
2
a=0.00076 1.8965E-6 R = 0.98628
0.00068 0.0009
b=0.00016 3.7407E-6 a=0.00106 7.9793E-6
0.00066 c=0.00675 0.00034
b=0.00029 0.00001
d=5.3404E-9 3.9174E-10
0.0008 c=0.00397 0.00036
0.00064 d=1.8334E-8 1.5286E-9
0.00062
0.0007
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time, s Time, s
Fig.8 - Curve of deformation (t) depending on time Fig.9 - Curve of deformation (t) depending on time
for Idared apples at F=15 N for Idared apples at F=17,5 N
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
In technological flow, from harvesting to market, including In lanul tehnologic de la recoltare la comercializare,
the log time storing, operations which fruits are subject inclusiv cu pstrare de lung durat, operaiile la care
may produce mechanical damages (harvesting, sorting, sunt supuse fructele (recoltare, sortare, depozitare, etc.)
storage, etc.) that affect their quality [6]. Damages are pot produce vtmri mecanice ce le afecteaz calitatea
produced when strains surpass the elastic limit of fruit [6]. Vtmrile se produc cnd tensiunile depesc
pulp, reaching its breaking resistance, fact manifested by limita elastic a pulpei fructului, atingnd rezistena la
crushing the fruit pulp tissue or apparition of deformations rupere a acesteia, fapt manifestat prin strivirea esutului
and deviations from characteristic geometrical shape. pulpei fructului sau apariia unor deformaii i abateri de
Considering the linear viscoelastic behaviour of bodies la forma geometric caracteristic.
Considernd pentru fruct, comportarea liniar
described by physical rheological model of Burgers body,
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
the paper substantiates an experimental determination vscoelastic a corpurilor descrise de modelul fizic
method of relaxation time at static compression strains. reologic a corpului Burgers, n lucrare se fundamenteaz
At the same time, using the deformation test, a o metod de determinare experimental a duratei de
mathematical model describing the static compression relaxare la solicitri statice de compresiune. Totodat
behaviour of apples is presented; it is necessary to utiliznd testul de fluaj se prezint un model matematic
prognosis of fruit package height, so that mechanical pentru descrierea comportrii la compresiune static a
damages during the storing-conservation period be merelor necesar la prognozarea nlimii de aranjare a
avoided and allow the prediction of storing time in certain fructelor n ambalaje, astfel nct s evite apariia
packages. vtmrilor mecanice pe durate de depozitare pstrare,
i a prediciei duratei de depozitare n anumite ambalaje.
A mechanical model and its appropriate rheological
S-a gsit un model mecanic i ecuaia reologica
equation were found in order to match to experimental
corespunztoare care s se potriveasc curbei de fluaj
deformation curve, similar to that from fig.1.b, by
experimental, similar celei din fig.1b prin considerarea
considering the Burgers model (fig.1a), where the
modelului Burgers (fig.1 a), n care curbele deformaie
deformation time curves, obtained with this model are timp obinute cu acest model se suprapun. In consecin,
overlapped. Consequently, this curve simulates the apple aceast curb simuleaz comportamentul fructelor de
behaviour subject to static load [3,10,13]. mr sub sarcin static [3,10,13].
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Abbott J.A., R. Lu. (1996), Anisotropic mechanical [1]. Abbott J.A., R. Lu. (1996), Proprietatile anizotropice
properties of apples, Transactions of the ASAE, mecanice ale merelor, Transactions of the ASAE,
vol.39(4), pp.1451-1459; vol.39(4), pag.1451-1459;
[2]. Csndroiu T., Opria N. (1994), Experimental [2]. Csndroiu T., Opria N. (1994), Cercetri
researches on evaluation of compression and penetration experimentale privind evaluarea comportrii la
behaviour of certain apple varieties, Scientific research compresiune i la penetrare a unor soiuri de mere,
report at Ctr.no.1530/25.05.1994, UPB Bucharest - Raport t.de cercetare, Ctr.1530/1994, UPB-ICDVPH-RA;
ICDVPH- Bucharest); [3]. Csndroiu T., Ivnescu D. (2009), Aspecte teoretice
[3]. Csndroiu T., Ivnescu D. (2009), Theoretical privind modelarea matematica a compresieimaxime
aspects on mathematical modelling of the maximum statice permisibile care s nu vtmeze merele din punct
allowable static compression received to no mechanical de vedere mecanic, MOCM, vol 15 (2), Ed. Alma Mater,
injury in apples, MOCM, volume 15 (2), Alma Mater Bacu, pag.29-38;
Publishing House, Bacu, pp.29-38; [4]. Fridley R.B., Adrian P.A. (1966), Proprietatile
[4]. Fridley R.B., Adrian P.A. (1966), Mechanical mecanice ale piersicilor, perelor, caiselor si merelor,
properties of peaches, pears, apricots and apples, Trans. Trans. Of the ASAE, vol 9(1), pag.135-138;
Of the ASAE, volume 9(1), pp.135-138; [5]. Gherghi A., Iordchescu C., Burzo I. (1979),
[5]. Gherghi A., Iordchescu C., Burzo I. (1979), Meninerea calitii legumelor i fructelor n stare
Maintaining quality of fresh vegetables and fruits, proaspt, Ed. Tehnica, Bucureti;
Tehnica Publishing House, Bucharest; [6]. Milic C. I., Brbat I. (1977) Fiziologia vegetal, Ed.
[6]. Milic C. I., Brbat I. (1977) Vegetal physiology, Didactic Pedagogic, Bucureti;
Didactical and Pedagogical Publishing House, Bucharest; [7]. Mohsenin N.N. (1970), Proprietatile fizice ale
[7]. Mohsenin N.N. (1970), Physical properties of plant materialelor provenite din plante si animale, Editura
and animal materials, Gordon and Breach Science Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, N.Y.
Publishers, N.Y.; [8]. Nelson C.W., Mohsenin N.N. (1968), Sarcinile statice
[8]. Nelson C.W., Mohsenin N.N. (1968), Maximum si dinamice maxime permisibile si efectul temperaturii
allowable static and dynamic loads and effect of asupra vatamarii mecanice a merelor, J. Agric. Engng.
temperature for mechanical injury in apples, J. Agric. Res., vol.13(4), pag.305-317;
Engng. Res., vol.13(4), pp.305-317; [9]. Ross J.J., Isaacs G.W. (1961), Fortele care
[9]. Ross J.J., Isaacs G.W. (1961), Forces acting in actioneaza asupra materialelor granulare sub forma de
stacks of granular materials (part I), Trans. Of the ASAE, stiveces acting in stacks of granular materials (partea I),
4(1), pp.92-96; Trans. Of the ASAE, 4(1), pag.92-96;
[10]. Roudot A.C., Duprat F., Weinian C. (1991), [10]. Roudot A.C., Duprat F., Weinian C. (1991),
Modelling the response of apples to loads, J. Agric. Eng. Modelarea raspunsului merelor asupra sarcinilor, J.
Res., vol.48, pp.249-259; Agric. Eng. Res., vol.48, pag.249-259;
[11]. Rumsey T.R., Fridley R.B. (1977), Analysis of [11]. Rumsey T.R., Fridley R.B. (1977), Analiza solicitarii
viscoelastic contact stress in agricultural products using a de contact vasco-elastice asupra produselor agricole prin
finite element method, Transactions of the ASAE, folosirea metodei elementelor finite, Jurnalul
vol.20(1), pp.162-167; Transactions of the ASAE, vol.20(1), pag.162-167;
[12]. Shahabasi Y., Segerlind L.J., Carroll N.J. (1995), A [12]. Shahabasi Y., Segerlind L.J., Carroll N.J. (1995), Un
simulation modal to determine the allowable depth for model de simulare pentru a determina adancimea
apples stored in bulk, Transactions of the ASAE, permisibila pentru merele depozitate in vrac, Jurnalul
vol.38(2), pp.587-591 Transactions of the ASAE, vol.38(2), pag.587-591
[13]. Yang W.H. (1966), The contact problem for [13]. Yang W.H. (1966), Problema de contact pentru
viscoelastic bodies, Applied Mechanics Journal, pp.395- corpurile viscoelastice, Revista de Mecanica Aplicata,
401. pag.395-401.
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INTRODUCTION
Great efforts have been made in the past decades in
the use of robots for selective harvesting, which is the
most time-consuming process in agricultural operations.
In natural environments, the growth of fruits depends on
soil, season, and weather, which varies enormously and
hinders precise locating and harvesting. Therefore, the
research and development of high-end robots with
accuracy and efficiency has become increasingly
significant in agricultural harvesting [2,8,10,11]. Such a
study has been performed for more than 40 years in
many countries [16,21,18,6]. Japan, the United States, [2,8,10,11]40
and some developed European countries have been
working relentlessly on the R&D of harvesting robots. In [16,21,18,6]
Japan, eggplant-harvesting robots spend 64.1 s in
64.1
picking one eggplant and have success rates of 62.5%
[7]. Grape-harvesting robots are not only capable of 62.5%[7]
harvesting but also of spraying, bagging, and clipping [1].
Kiwifruit-harvesting robots have harvesting speeds of [1]
74.6 s for each fruit and suction attachment success
rates of 95.3% [3]. Wageningen University designed 74.6 95.3%[3]
cucumber-harvesting robots that utilise near-infrared
visual system to identify cucumbers with success rates of
approximately 70% [15]. Mushroom-harvesting robots 70%[15]
designed in the United Kingdom can harvest one
mushroom in 1.5 s with a success rate of 75% [4]. Melon- 1.5
harvesting robots designed in Israel and the United
75% [4]
States can achieve a success rate of over 85% during
identification and harvesting [5]. The apple-harvesting 85%[5]
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Fig.1 - Picking robot chart. (a) The specific location of each servo. (b) Picking end-effector joint control.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 1
Relation between No.3 servos revolving angle and PWM wave high-level duration
Angle () 72 45 30 0 60
High-level
2000 1775 1588 1380 1000
voltage (s)
Table 2
Relation between No.4 servos revolving angle and PWM wave high-level duration
Angle () 50 35 0 45 90
High-level
2100 2000 1760 1380 1000
voltage (s)
Table 3
Relation between No.5 servos revolving angle and PWM wave high-level duration
Angle () 45 0 90 143
High-level
500 800 1470 2100
voltage (s)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 4
Relation between No.6 servos revolving angle and PWM wave high-level duration
Angle () 14 0 90 173
High-level
500 620 1380 2000
voltage (us)
Table 5
Relation between No.7 servos revolving angle and PWM wave high-level duration
Angle () 0 24 37 49
High-level
2100 1850 1720 1600
voltage (s)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
d X 2 Y2 Z2 (1)
The triangles height h can be calculated by Herons
formula:
2 p( p r0 )( p r1 )( p d )
h (2)
d
where p is the half perimeter defined by the following:
p
1
p (r0 r1 d ) (3)
2
By using r0, r1, and height h with anti-trigonometric
r0, r1, h
function, angles 3 and 6 in this triangle can be acquired
as follows: 3 6
h
3 arcsin( ) (4)
r0
h
6 arcsin( ) (5)
r1
By using the Z coordinates of the target kiwifruit, angle
Z OA
4 of line segment OA and the horizontal plane can be
calculated as follows: 4
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Z
4 arcsin( ) (6)
d
Finally, according to the law of the right angle, 1 and
1 2
2 are given by the following:
1 90 3 4 (7)
2 90 4 6 (8)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Fig.7- Flow chart of receiving the coordinates by the end-effectors Fig.8- Flow chart of picking feedback
controller
RESULTS
This paper selects clusters of fruits to be picked. The
process is shown in Figure 9. 9
Fig.9 - Fruit picking process. (a) Start grabbing; (b) Finish grasping; (c) Start spinning; (d) Finish picking.
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Table 6 shows how the PWM cycle affects the servo 6 PWM PWM
operation. When the PWM cycle is 2000 s, the end-
effector moves extremely fast, this is applicable for 2000s
harvesting large fruits. When the cycle is 3000 s, the PWM 3000s
speed is moderate, thus neither wearing off the machine
because of the fast speed nor enabling harvesting
because it is too slow. Therefore, the default PWM cycle
utilized in this system is 3000 s. PWM 3000s
Table 6
PWM cycle and servo control
PWM Cycle (us) 1500 2000 3000 7000
Table 7
Test results of the picking end-effector
Space
coordinates of (150, 150, 156) (100, 200, 156) (100, 400, 256) (50, 100, 160)
the target(mm)
Tested Results Accurate picking Accurate picking Target can not be picked Accurate picking
CONCLUSIONS
The research on fruit picking robots is thriving in China
and abroad because of its significance in the
development of science and technology and human
civilization. The picking end-effector is a metal structure
composed of five servos that control each junction of the
end-effector to adapt complicated situations. The picking
end-effector is more flexible and stable than other
manipulators. In this paper, the movement in harvesting
fruits is discussed; and each junction of the end-effector
has mathematical modelling through which the
coordinates of the target fruit are disassembled and
analyzed so the end-effector can reach to the target
precisely. Finally, experiments have verified the validity of
the end-effector and its efficiency in agricultural
operation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was funded by the National Natural
No.
Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61505037,
the National Spark Program under Grant 61505037 , No.
No.2014GA780009, the State Scholarship Fund under 2014GA780009 CSC
Grant CSC No.201408440326, the Guangdong Natural No.201408440326
Science Foundation under Grant No.S2013040014993,
the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou under No.S2013040014993
Grant No.201506010035, the University-sponsored No. 201506010035
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[2]. Blanes C., Ortiz C., Mellado M., Beltrn P., (2015) - [2]. Blanes C., Ortiz C., Mellado M., Beltrn P.,. (2015) -
Assessment of eggplant firmness with accelerometers on
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[3]. Chiu Yi-Chich, Yang P.Y., Chen S., (2013) - [3]. Chiu Yi-Chich, Yang P.Y., Chen S.. (2013) -
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INTRODUCTION
The problem of energy saving in agriculture requires
the introduction of new technologies aiming to intensify
,
processing of agricultural products [7,11]. [7,11].
One of the most energy-intensive processes in
soybean refining is its drying [1,3]. Thus, the study of [1,3].
methods of cultivation of soybean seeds that ensure fast
,
and high quality moisture removal at minimum energy .
consumption, is important.
More efficient drying of agricultural materials is
enabled through preconditioning. One of such drying .
intensification methods of the drying process is to ,
increase the contact area of the drying agent with wet , ,
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4 4
8
2 2
1 5 5
1
) b)
Fig. 1 - Experimental unit: a - picture; b - scheme
1 electromotor ; 2 belt transmission; 3 loading hopper; 4 casing; 5 unloading tray ;
6 seed collection container; 7 cylindrical deck with knife plates; 3 disk with blades
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Table 1
Factors and their levels of variation
Factors
x1 x2 x3 x4
Upper/ (+1) 23 500 55 6
Table 2
Factors and their levels of variation
Factors
Moisture, The temperature of the drying agent, Velocity of the drying agent
Levels of variability W ,% Vc, m/s
x1 x2 x3
Upper/ (+1) 23 45 2,2
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RESULTS
Experiment results were processed using the
software based on Mathcad. ,
1. Four-factor experiment. Homogeneity of Mathcad.
variances tested was evaluated by the Cochrane 1. .
criterion. Since,
. ,
Gcalc. =0.187< Gtabl. (0.05;27;2) =0.198
the process is reproduced. G . =0,187< G . (0,05;27;2) =0,198,
During the determining of confidence intervals for .
regression coefficients, the Student test was used,
tabulated value of which at a 5 -% level of significance
and the number of degrees of freedom of variance of , 5-%
experiment reproducibility was f1=2 is = 4.3 [8,9].
The significance of regression coefficients was tested f1=2 c t=4.3 [8,9].
according to the established confidence intervals and
covariance.
As a result, the regression equation acquired the .
form: :
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a b c
d e f
Fig. 2 - Response surface of the area deformation coefficient k depending on:
) initial soybean moisture content W , angular velocity of the disc V at feeding quantity Q=200;350 and 500 kg/hour and number
of blades n=4; b) angular velocity of the disc V, feeding quantity Q at initial moisture content W=15;19 and 23 % n=4 ;
c) seed moisture content W and feeding quantity Q at the blade quantity n=2.4 and 6 and disc angular velocity V=40 m/s;
d) feeding quantity Q, number of blades n at seed moisture content W=15.19 and 23% and V=40 m/s ;
e) disc angular velocity V, number of blades n at moisture content W=15.19 and 23% and feeding quantity Q-350 kg/h;
f) quantity of blades n, seed moisture content W at disc angular velocity V=25.40 and 55 rpm and Q=350 kg/hour.
2. Three-factor experiment. 2. .
After the four-factor experiment was carried out, the
samples were selected with the required W value, with
maximum k coefficient: W=23% - k=1.0055; W=19% - W, k
k=1.0053; W=15% - k=1.003. : W=23% - k=1,0055; W=19% -
Homogeneity of variances was tested by the k=1,0053; W=15% - k=1,003.
Cochrane criterion.
.
Since, ,
Gcalc =0.176< Gtabl. (0.05;15;2) =0.335 the process is G . =0,176< G . (0,05;15;2) =0,335,
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reproduced. .
During determining of confidence intervals for
regression coefficients, the Student test was used,
tabulated value of which at a 5 -% level of significance , 5-%
and the number of degrees of freedom of variance of
experiment reproducibility was f1=2 is t = 4.3 [8,9]. f1=2 c t=4,3 [8,9].
Test for the significance of regression coefficients was
performed according to their established confidence
intervals and covariance. .
As a result, the regression equation acquired form: :
y 12,222 3,292 x1 4.25 x2 0,278 x12 1,306 x22 1,889 x32 (4)
1,48 W 0,017 W 2 0,052 t 2 5,029 t 20,99 Vca2 79,76 Vca 183,67 (5)
where: :
t - temperature of drying agent, C; t - , ;
V velocity of drying agent, m/s; V , /;
W moisture content of soybean seeds, %. W , %.
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a) b) c)
Fig. 3 - Response surface of drying time t depending on:
) drying agent velocity Vc and initial moisture content of the soybean seeds W at the temperature
of the drying agent tca=35;40 and 45 ; b) initial moisture content of the soybean seeds W and the temperature
of the drying agent tca at the drying agent velocity Vc=1.6;1.9 and 2,2 m/s; c) temperature of the drying agent tca
and drying agent velocity Vca at the initial moisture content of the soybean seeds W=15;19 and 23 %.
CONCLUSION
The results of complex experimental studies allow the
conclusion that all factors are significant against the area ,
deformation coefficient of the seed and drying time.
.
Two proposed mathematical models resulted in
determining time within 5.7...22.7 minutes, necessary to ,
achieve moisture of the soybean seeds after previous 5,722,7 .,
deformation of the seed coat.
Increasing the initial moisture content of soybean .
seeds W leads to longer drying time . The difference in W
.
drying exposure is 34 minutes, which is less than the
3-4 ,
difference in exposures of drying of material without pre-
conditioning (812 min) as the coefficient k is different (8-12 ).
for various W values and confirms its influence on the , k
speed of moisture removal from the seed. W
Thus, considering the proposed mechanism to .
,
prepare soybean before drying, as part of the loading
,
mechanism of the dryer, we argue it will allow reducing ,
the energy consumption through increasing the contact ,
area of the drying agent and material and changes in the ,
intensity in moisture removal from the seed. Therefore, it
is feasible to apply the proposed energy saving method .
of the soybean seed drying to produce oil. Reduction in
.
oil yield was not observed. .
REFERENCES
[1]. Babich A.A. (1993) - Modern production and use of [1]. ..(1993) -
soybean, Kyiv: Urozhay, p.427; . : 427 ;
[2]. Balakay H.T., Bezyhlova . S., (2003) - Soybeans: [2]. .., . . (2003) - :
ecology, agriculture, processing, D.: Fenuks, p.160; , , .- : .-
[3]. Didyh V.F. (2002) - Improving the efficiency of drying 160 ;
[3]. .. (2002) -
of agricultural plant materials: monograph, Lutsk: LNTY,
-
p.165; : : . 165 ;
[4]. Kirchuk R., Tsiz I., Tsiz ., (2014) - Intensification of [4]. ., ., .(2014)
drying soybean, The Ukrainian Farmer, Kyiv, 7(55), // The Ukrainian Farmer- , 7(55).
p.76; .76;
[5]. Kirchuk R., Tsiz ., (2013) - Deformation seed shell [5]. ., .
machine, Patent 84111, Ukraine, IPC B07B, Appl. /
12.04.2013; publ. 10.10.2013; Bul. 19; 84111 , B07B. 12.04.2013;
[6]. Kirchuk R., Tsiz .E., (2014) - Deformation seed shell . 10.10.2013; . 19;
[6]. ., .
machine Patent 87184. Ukraine, IPC B07B 9/00
. /
u201310015, Appl.12.08.2013; publ.27.01.2014; Bul. 87184 ,07 9/00 (). u201310015;
2; .12.08.2013; .27.01.2014. . 2;
[7]. Kotov B.I., (1994) - Technological and heat power [7]. .. (1994) -
bases of increase of efficiency of drying vegetable raw
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Abstract: In this paper is studied, based on the Rezumat: n aceast lucrare este studiat, pe baza
calculation model of plansifter SPP 618 A, the influence of modelului de calcul al sitei plane SPP 618 A, influena
the elastic suspending rods on the circular movement tijelor elastice de suspendare asupra micrii circulare
described by the plansifter. The operating regime of the descrise de sita plan. Regimul de funcionare al sitei
plansifter must transmit to the material an adequate trebuie s asigure materialului o micare relativ
relative motion that should meet the requirements of a corespunztoare care s ndeplineasc cerinele unei
good separation. Thus, each grid point of the plansifter bune separri. Astfel, fiecare punct al sitei plane trebuie s
must describe a circle of radius equal to the eccentricity descrie un cerc de raz egal cu excentricitatea dintre
between the vertical long axis of the plansifter and the axul lung vertical al sitei plane i axul scurt al
short axis of the counterweights. For usual construction of contragreutilor. Pentru construcii uzuale de sit plan
plansifters, the radius of the described circle has the value raza cercului descris are valoarea r = 45 mm. Pe baza
of r = 45 mm. Based on the calculation model, we modelului de calcul au fost determinate pulsaiile proprii,
determined the own pulsations, the stiffness of the rigiditatea sistemului de suspendare i, implicit, raza
suspending system and thus the radius of the circle cercului descris de micarea plan circular a sitei. Acest
described by the movement of the plansifter. This study studiu a fost realizat n vederea stabilirii unei dependene
was conducted in order to establish dependencies ntre dimensiunile i materialele din care sunt
between dimensions of elastic rods and materials they are confecionate tijele elastice i raza cercului descris de
made of and the radius of the circle described by the micarea sitei plane.
movement of the plansifter.
Keywords: plansifter, circular plan motion, eccentricity, Cuvinte cheie: sita plan, micare plan circular,
suspension rods, elastic elements. excentricitate, tije de suspendare, elemente elastice.
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
The use of plansifters for sifting intermediate Folosirea sitelor plane pentru cernerea produselor
products, resulted in the milling process is known for intermediare, rezultate n procesul de mcinare este
over a century, during which time they have undergone cunoscut de peste un secol, timp n care acestea au
many changes to improve product quality, production suferit numeroase modificri pentru a mbuntii calitatea
capacity, specific charging and reducing energy produselor, capacitatea de producie, ncrcarea specific
consumption. The principle of sifting was preserved i reducerea consumului de energie. Principiul de cernere
regardless the type of construction of the plansifters. a fost pstrat indiferent de tipul constructiv al sitei.
The plansifter assembly consists of several overlapped Ansamblul sit plan este format din mai multe site
sieves, which are simultaneously put in motion by an aezate suprapus, care sunt acionate simultan de un
oscillating mechanism, determining a circular plan
mecanism liber oscilant, imprimnd suprafeelor de
motion to sieving surfaces. The plansifter offers the
cernere, o micare plan circular. Sita plan ofer
possibility of sorting a mixture of milled products into
posibilitatea sortrii unui amestec de produse mcinate n
several fractions of the same particle size or
appropriate granulations. The relative movement of the mai multe fraciuni de aceeai granulaie sau de granulaii
material on plansifter is ensured by transmitting to the apropiate. Deplasarea relativ a materialului pe sita plan
sieve a circular motion by using a crank type se asigur imprimnd sitei o micare circular cu ajutorul
mechanism. The operating regime of the plansifter must unui mecanism de tip biel-manivel (cel mai des ntlnit).
transmit to the material an adequate relative movement Regimul de funcionare al sitei trebuie s imprime
that should meet the requirements of a good separation materialului o micare relativ corespunztoare care s
[3]. ndeplineasc cerinele unei bune separri [3].
The efficiency of the sifting process on sieve is Micarea relativ care asigur desfurarea eficient a
ensured by a relative movement in both ways without procesului de separare pe sit este cel de deplasare
the detachment of the material. At the same time, the relativ n ambele sensuri fr desprindere. Totodat
material on the sieve must have a forward movement to materialul de pe sit trebuie s aib o micare de naintare
the opposite end of feeding, to allow the discharge of ctre captul opus alimentrii, pentru a permite evacuarea
the material. In order to achieve quality in sifting, the refuzului. Pentru a realiza o cernere de calitate, trebuie ca
plansifter vibration parameters (amplitude and parametrii vibraiilor sitei (amplitudine i frecven) s fie
frequency) must be correlated with other parameters so corelai cu ceilali parametri, astfel nct s se realizeze
as to be, simultaneously, achieved the required values simultan valorile necesare pentru nlimea i lungimea
for the height and the length of the material grain jumps saltului granulelor de material pe sit [2].
on the sieve [2].
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Most often, the vibration generator is composed of Cel mai adesea, generatorul de vibraii se compune
an electric motor with flange and a driving sheave. dintr-un motor electric cu flan i aib de antrenare.
The motor assembly is fitted in the interior of the central Ansamblul motor este fixat n interiorul cadrului central prin
frame through a metal plate which allows the interiorul unei plci metalice care permite deplasarea
displacement of the entire system through V-belts, ntregului sistem prin intermediul curelelor trapezoidale, ce
which ensure transmission of the motion from the drive asigur transmiterea micrii de la arborele motor la axul
shaft to the axis of the central mechanism for mecanismului central de generare a micrii de rotaie a
generating the rotational movement of the sieve, [1]. To sitei, [1]. Pentru realizarea unor vibraii circulare i, implicit,
achieve circular vibration and thus a circular movement, a unei micri circulare, este nevoie de un singur
it takes only one vibration generator placed at the
generator de vibraii amplasat la partea inferioar a
bottom of the plansifter.
cadrului sitei.
Each grid point of the plansifter must describe a
Fiecare punct al sitei plane trebuie s descrie un cerc
circle of radius equal to the eccentricity between the
vertical long axis of the plansifter and the short axis of de raz egal cu excentricitatea dintre axul lung vertical al
the counterweights in order to achieve a good separation sitei plane i axul scurt al contragreutilor pentru a obine
of the product in question [5]. For usual construction of o bun separare pentru produsul n cauz, [5]. Pentru
plansifters, the radius of the described circle, r = 45 mm construcii uzuale de sit plan raza cercului descris, r =
[5]. The sieves block are suspended by a frame 45 mm, [5]. Blocul cu site este suspendat de un schelet
mounted on the ceiling by means of suspending rods montat pe tavan cu ajutorul tijelor de suspendare elastice
that are made from different materials (e.g. elastic reed, care pot fi confecionate din diferite materiale (ex. trestie,
bamboo, boiled beech, glass fiber etc.). bambus, fag fiert, fibra de sticl etc.).
The method used is based on the calculation model Metoda utilizat are la baz modelul de calcul al sitei
of the plansifter and graphical representation of motion plane, precum i reprezentarea grafic a micrii
described by the plansifter according to Figure 2. For descrise de sita plan n conformitate cu Figura 2. Pentru
the application of the calculation model (see Figure 2- aplicarea modelului de calcul (v. Figura 2-b) s-a pornit de
b) it was based on the following considerations: la urmtoarele considerente:
- The location of the center of mass CM of the - poziia centrului de masa al blocului de site CM
sieves block and the center of mass Cm0 of i centrul de masa al generatorului de vibraii
vibration generator is symmetrical about the Cm0 se afl n poziie simetric cu poziia
position of the center of mass of the whole centrului de masa al ntregului sistem, C (v.
system, C (see Figure 2-a); Figura 2-a);
- The two centers of mass are moving on - cele dou centre de mas se deplaseaz pe
concentric circles centered in C, equilibrating cercuri concentrice cu centrul n C, echilibrnd
the sifting system (see Figure 2-a); sistemul de cernere (v. Figura 2-a);
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
- It is neglected the effect of elastic elements - este neglijat efectul de mas a elementelor
mass and their nonlinear effects; elastice i efectele lor neliniare;
- The amplitude of the plansifter vibrations is - amplitudinea vibraiilor sitei plane este
approximated as being the radius of the circle aproximat ca fiind raza cercului descris de
described by its own circular motion. micarea circular a sitei plane.
a) The trajectory described by the center of mass CM of the sieves b) The calculation model of the plansifter SPP 618 A
block and the center of mass Cm0 of vibration generator
The differential equations of motion for the model in Ecuaiile difereniale ale micrii pentru modelul din
Figure 2 were determined in paper [5], where was shown Figura 2 au fost determinate n lucrarea [5], unde s-a
that each point of the plansifter describes a circle of demonstrat faptul c fiecare punct al sitei plane descrie
radius equal to the amplitude of vibration A0 (calculated un cerc de raz egal cu amplitudinea vibraiilor A0
with relation 1). (calculat cu relaia 1).
F0
A0 k (1)
2
1
0
where, F0 m0 e 2 is the inertia force of the n care, F0 m0 e 2 este fora de inerie a
vibration generator, [N], m0 is the mass of the vibration generatorului de vibraii, [N], m0 este masa generatorului
generator, [kg], e eccentricity of the vibration generator, de vibraii, [kg], e este excentricitatea generatorului de
n n
[mm], is the angular velocity of the vibration vibraii, [mm], este viteza unghiular a
30 30
generator, [rad/s], n is the revolution speed of the generatorului de vibraii, [rad/s], n este turaia
12 E I 12 E I
vibration generator, [rot/min], k z is the generatorului de vibraii [rot/min], k z este
l3 l3
stiffness of the suspending system, [N/m], z is the rigiditatea sistemului de suspendare, [N/m], z este
number of the elastic suspending rods, E is the elasticity numrul de tije elastice de suspendare, E este modulul
d4 d4
I I
2 2
modulus, [N/mm ], is the axial inertia de elasticitate [N/mm ], este momentul de
64 64
4 4
moment of the rod, [mm ], d represent the diameter of the inerie axial al tijei de suspendare, [mm ], d reprezint
elastic rod, [mm], l is the length of the elastic rod, [mm], diametrul tijei elastice [mm], l este lungimea tijelor de
k k
02 is the own pulsation of the system, suspendare, [mm], 02 este pulsaia
M m0 M m0
[rad/s] and M is the mass of the sieves block, [kg]. proprie a sistemului, [rad/s] iar M este greutatea blocului
de site [kg].
RESULTS
REZULTATE
It is noted that the stiffness of the suspending system
Se observ faptul c rigiditatea sistemului de
might influence the radius of the circle described by the
suspendare ar putea influena raza cercului descris de
movement of the plansifter. To determine this influence
micarea sitei plane. Pentru a determina aceast
we calculated the amplitude of vibration of SPP 618 A
influen am calculat amplitudinea vibraiilor sitei plane
plansifter for elastic suspension rods made of different
SPP 618 A, pentru tijele elastice de suspendare
materials and of different sizes. The materials used in the
confecionate din diferite materiale i de diferite
simulation for the elastic suspension rods are shown in
dimensiuni. Materialele folosite n studiu, sunt prezentate
Table 1.
n Tabelul 1.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 1
Characteristics of the materials used in study
For these, we calculated the stiffness of the Pentru aceasta s-a calculat rigiditatea sistemului de
suspending system, k and amplitude of vibration, A0 suspendare k i amplitudinea vibraiilor A0 cu ajutorul
using relation (1). The results have been listed in Table 2 relaiei (1). Rezultatele obinute sunt prezentate in
and Table 3. Tabelul 2 i Tabelul 3.
Table 2
The stiffness and the vibration amplitude for rods with 12 and 14 diameter
The diameter of elastic rods
[mm]
Elastic d = 12 d = 14
rod I = 1018 mm4 I = 1885,74 mm4
Material
length Suspending Own Pulsation Vibration Suspending Own Pulsation Vibration
[mm] stiffness pulsation ratio amplitude stiffness pulsation ratio amplitude
k /0 A0 k /0 A0
[N/m] [rad/s] [mm] [N/m] [rad/s] [mm]
1285 1381.754 0.568 40.550 20.970 2559.558 0.773 29.794 20.981
1385 1103.547 0.508 45.374 20.968 2044.208 0.691 33.338 20.977
1485 895.284 0.457 50.376 20.966 1658.422 0.622 37.013 20.973
Boiled 1585 736.296 0.415 55.549 20.965 1363.912 0.565 40.814 20.970
Beech 1685 612.831 0.378 60.888 20.963 1135.206 0.515 44.737 20.968
1785 515.496 0.347 66.388 20.962 954.904 0.472 48.778 20.967
1885 437.730 0.320 72.045 20.962 810.849 0.435 52.934 20.965
1985 374.851 0.296 77.853 20.961 694.373 0.403 57.202 20.964
1285 11054.036 1.607 14.337 21.060 20476.461 2.187 10.534 21.148
1385 8828.378 1.436 16.042 21.039 16353.660 1.955 11.787 21.110
1485 7162.273 1.294 17.811 21.024 13267.373 1.761 13.086 21.081
Fiber 1585 5890.368 1.173 19.640 21.012 10911.300 1.597 14.430 21.059
glass 1685 4902.646 1.070 21.527 21.003 9081.646 1.457 15.817 21.042
1785 4123.971 0.982 23.472 20.996 7639.231 1.336 17.246 21.028
1885 3501.839 0.905 25.472 20.990 6486.796 1.231 18.715 21.018
1985 2998.808 0.837 27.525 20.985 5554.983 1.139 20.224 21.009
1285 2234.297 0.723 31.888 20.978 4138.805 0.983 23.430 20.996
1385 1784.436 0.646 35.682 20.974 3305.484 0.879 26.217 20.988
1485 1447.675 0.582 39.616 20.971 2681.668 0.792 29.107 20.982
1585 1190.591 0.527 43.684 20.969 2205.446 0.718 32.096 20.978
Bamboo
1685 990.947 0.481 47.883 20.967 1835.628 0.655 35.181 20.975
1785 833.558 0.441 52.208 20.965 1544.080 0.601 38.359 20.972
1885 707.809 0.407 56.656 20.964 1311.144 0.553 41.627 20.970
1985 606.134 0.376 61.224 20.963 1122.801 0.512 44.983 20.968
Table 3
The stiffness and the vibration amplitude for rods with d 16 and d 18 diameter
The diameter of elastic rods [mm]
d =16 d = 18
Elastic
I = 3217 mm4 I = 5153 mm4
rod
Material Suspending Own Pulsation Vibration Suspending Own Pulsation Vibration
length
stiffness pulsation ratio amplitude stiffness pulsation ratio amplitude
[mm]
k /0 A0 k /0 A0
[N/m] [rad/s] [mm] [N/m] [rad/s] [mm]
1285 4366.507 1.010 22.811 20.998 6994.284 1.278 18.023 21.022
Boiled
1385 3487.339 0.903 25.525 20.990 5586.031 1.142 20.168 21.009
Beech
1485 2829.204 0.813 28.338 20.984 4531.826 1.029 22.391 21.000
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
In addition, we notice that the stiffness of the De asemenea, observm c rigiditatea sistemului de
suspending system decreases proportionally with suspendare scade direct proporional cu creterea
increasing length of elastic rods. In Figure 3 is lungimii tijelor elastice. n Figura 3 este reprezentat
represented graphically the variation of vibration grafic variaia amplitudinii vibraiei cu diametrul tijei
amplitude with diameter of elastic rod made of boiled elastice confecionat din fag fiert pentru valorile lungimii
beech for its length values. acesteia.
Fig.3 - The variation of vibration amplitude with the diameter of elastic rod made of boiled beech for its length values
The final relation that describes the amplitude Relaia final care descrie dependena amplitudinii
dependence of the system parameters is represented by: funcie de parametrii sistemului este reprezentat de:
m0 e 2
A0 (2)
12 z E d 4
M m0 2
64 l 3
In Figure 4 is shown the variation of the amplitude of n figura 4 este reprezentat variaia amplitudinii sitei
vibration with the length and the diameter of the elastic cu diametrul i cu lungimea tijei confecionat din fag
rod made of beech boiled. The step along the length of fiert. Pasul n lungimea tijei este de 0.1 m, lungimea
the rod is 0.1 m, the length considered: between 1 and 2 considerat: ntre 1 i 2 m. Pasul n diametrul tijei este
m. The step in the diameter of the rod is 0.001 m, the 0.001 m, diametrul considerat: ntre 0.01 i 0.03 m.
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Fig.4 - The variation of vibration amplitude with diameter and the length of elastic rod made of boiled beech
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
From the obtained results it is noted that the stiffness Din rezultatele obinute se observ c rigiditatea
of the elastic suspending system has influenced in small sistemului elastic de suspendare influeneaz n mic
amount the radius of the circle described by the msur raza cercului descris de micarea circular a sitei
movement of the plansifter. plane.
In Figure 3 can be noted that the amplitude of Din Figura 3 se observ c amplitudinea vibraiilor,
vibration, has remained constant around the value of 21 rmne constant n jurul valorii de 21 mm pentru toate
mm for all cases we studied. cazurile studiate.
From Figure 4 is seen that the amplitude of the Din Figura 4 se observ c amplitudinea vibraiei
vibration increases with rod diameter increasing and crete cu creterea diametrului tijei i scade odat cu
decreases along with the length of the rod. For the model creterea lungimii tijei . Pentru modelul studiat se
we studied it is observed that each grid point of the observ ca fiecare punct al sitei plane descrie n micare
plansifter has described a circle of radius 21 mm, which un cerc de raz 21 mm, cerc care este concentric cu cel
is concentric with the circle described by the movement descris de micarea generatorului de vibraii cu raza de
of the vibration generator radius of 260 mm. 260 mm.
The study establishes a dependence between the Studiul realizat stabilete o dependen ntre rigiditatea
stiffness the suspending system and the circular sistemului de suspendare i micarea circular descris
movement described by the plansifter and provides de sita plan i furnizeaz date importante referitoare la
important data on the construction of plansifter. construcia sitelor plane.
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Constantin G. A., Moise V., Voicu Gh., tefan E.M., [1]. Constantin G. A., Moise V., Voicu Gh., tefan E.M.,
(2013) - Structural model for an actuation mechanism of (2013) Model structural pentru un sistem de acionare
th
plansifters in wheat mills, Proceedings of the 41 . de la sitele plane din industria morritului, Lucrrile
International symposium on agricultural engineering, simpozionului internaional nr. 41, n Ingineria agricol,
Opatija, Croatia, pp.268-278; Opatija, Croatia, pag. 268-278;
[2]. Ene Gh., Sima T., (2013) Aspects of sifting [2]. Ene Gh., Sima T., (2013) Aspecte privind cernerea
materials on vibrating screeners II, Synthesis of materialelor pe ciururile vibratoare II, Sinteze de
theoretical and applied mechanics, vol. 4, no. 2, Mecanica Teoretica si Aplicata, vol. 4, nr. 2, Bucureti;
Bucharest; [3]. Ggeanu P., (2001) Cercetri privind asimilarea n
[3]. Ggeanu P., (2001) Research on assimilating in fabricaie a sitelor plane cu rame ptrate de mare
manufacturing of plansifters with square frames of high- randament din morile de gru de medie i mare
yield from medium and high capacity wheat mills, INMA capacitate, INMA Bucureti.
Bucharest. [4]. Rade M., (2008) Vibraii mecanice, Editura
[4]. Rade M., (2008) Mechanical vibrations, Printech Printech, Bucuresti;
Publisher, Bucharest; [5]. Voicu G., Constantin G.A., Plosceanu B., tefan
[5]. Voicu G., Constantin G.A., Plosceanu B., Stefan E.M., Voicu P., Stoica D., (2015) Analiza micrii
E.M., Voicu P., Stoica D., (2015) Vibratory movement vibratorii a sitelor plane din industria morritului, Activiti
analysis of plansifters from milling plants, Actual Tasks actuale privind ingineria agricol, Opatija, Croatia,
on Agricultural Engineering, Opatija, Croatia, pp.24-27. pag.24-27.
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Abstract: In the present paper it has been studied a Rezumat: n prezenta lucrare s-a studiat un mixer
horizontal mixer with a revolutionary kneading arm which orizontal cu un bra de frmntare revoluionar care nu
is not treated in its domain. The purpose of this paper is se regsete n literatura acestui domeniu. Scopul lucrrii
to determine a mathematical model for the energetic este acela de a determina un model matematic pentru
kneading process of the studied mixer and the specific procesul energetic de frmntare al acestuia i rezisten a
medium kneading resistance Km, for multiple types of specific medie la malaxare Km, pentru mai multe tipuri
flour mixed with different quantities of water. de fin, la care au fost adugate cantiti de ap diferite.
Keywords: torque, specific medium resistance to Cuvinte cheie: moment de torsiune, rezisten specific
kneading, kneading arm, dough consistency, surface of medie la malaxare, bra de frmntare, consistena
the kneading arm aluatului, suprafaa braului de frmntare
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
In bread making industry, kneading is one of the key n industria de panificaie, frmntarea este unul
steps that determine the mechanical properties of dough, dintre punctele cheie care determin proprietile
which has a direct consequence on the quality of the end mecanice ale aluatului, i care are consecine directe
product. The rheological properties of wheat flour doughs asupra calitii produsului finit. Proprietile reologice ale
are largely governed by the contribution of starch, aluaturilor din fin de gru sunt determinate de
proteins and water. contribuia amidonului, a proteinelor i a apei.
Wheat flour dough is a very non-Newtonian Aluatul din fin de gru este un fluid foarte ne-
newtonian, vsco-elastic, dependent de timp i de
viscoelastic fluid, which depends on time and strains
deformaiile aplicate. Aceste proprieti reologice sunt
applied. These rheological properties are related to foarte sensibile cu temperatura, coninutul de ap i
temperature, water content and dough composition. One compoziia aluatului. Amestecare aluatului este una dintre
of the most important methods of characterizing the cele mai importante ci prin care se poate caracteriza
wheat flour quality is dough mixing. It has found that the calitatea finii de gru. S-a constatat c temperatura de
mixing temperature greater influences the dough amestecare are un impact mai mare asupra consistenei
consistency and stability than stirring speed. It has found i stabilitii aluatului dect de viteza de amestecare. S-a
a powerful connection between the mixing speed and observat o legtur puternic ntre viteza de amestecare
dough consistency during mixing, mixing stability, light i consistena aluatului n timpul amestecrii, stabilitatea
proteins, starch jellification and amylases activity, [1]. The la malaxare, slbirea proteinelor, gelificarea amidonului i
activitatea amilazei, [1]. Nivelul de dezvoltare (formare) a
level of growth of the dough mostly depends on the
aluatului depinde n mare msur de aportul de energie
energy input, kneading speed, as well as on deformation (Energy input), viteza de frmntare, precum i de tipul
type (shearing vs. stretching) generated by kneading deformrii (forfecare vs. ntindere) generate de braele de
arms [2,3]. Kneading speed influences both dough frmntare [2,3]. Viteza de frmntare influeneaz att
consistency and its stability (the bigger the kneading consistena aluatului, ct i stabilitatea acestuia (cu
speed is, the greater the dough consistency is and the creterea vitezei de frmntare crete consistena
smaller becomes the stability) [3]. At the same time, the aluatului i scade stabilitatea) [3]. De asemenea, n
paper, [4] showed that besides those mentioned above, lucrarea [4] a fost artat faptul c pe lng cele
also the mixing vat geometry influences the dough menionate mai sus, i geometria cuvei malaxorului are
rheological characteristics (growth and stability time). influen asupra caracteristicilor reologice ale aluatului
(timp de dezvoltare i stabilitate).
Role of a kneader is to uniformly mix particles of
Rolul unui frmnttor este acela de a amesteca
different dimension, humidity and density so that finally a uniform particule de dimensiuni, umiditi i densiti
homogenous mass should be obtained. diferite, astfel nct, n final, s se obin o mas
During kneading, a mixer must transfer sufficient omogen.
energy to dough in order to stimulate the gluten n timpul frmntrii, un malaxor trebuie s transfere
production and structural development. Elastic forces of suficient energie aluatului pentru a stimula producerea i
compression and shearing activated by mixer dezvoltarea structural a reelei glutenice. Forele
components generate the stirring energy. A part of this elastice, de comprimare i de forfecare activate de
energy produces changes of dough composition and componentele malaxorului genereaz energia de
another part determines the dough temperature malaxare. O parte din aceast energie produce
transformri n consistena aluatului, iar o alt parte
increment. Many parameters influence these forces,
produce creterea temperaturii aluatului. Mai muli
among which: parametri au o influen asupra acestor fore, dintre care:
- form and dimensions of arms and vat; - forma i dimensiunile braelor i cuvei;
- dough rheological characteristics (viscosity, elasticity, - caracteristicile reologice ale aluatului (vscozitate,
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
unloading speed), which are themselves influenced elasticitate, viteza de descrcare), care sunt ele
by component elements (water, flour, salt, additives); nsele influenate de elementele componente (ap,
- dough reaction to external environment (friction, fin, sare, aditivi);
adhesion), - reacia aluatului n ceea ce privete mediul su
exterior (frecare, adeziune),
- relative quantity of dough in the mixer
- cantitatea relativ de aluat n malaxor.
Therefore, there isnt an established measuring unit Din aceste considerente, nu exist o unitate de
for consistency, but every device used for this purpose msur unic pentru consisten, ci fiecare aparat care
adopts conventional measuring units. msoar consistena folosete uniti de msur
A definition for dough consistency sounds like this: convenionale. O definiie pentru consistena aluatului
consistency is a complex rheological propriety, obtained sun n felul urmtor: consistena este o proprietate de
by combining viscosity, plasticity and elasticity and which natur reologic, complex, rezultat prin combinarea
varies with humidity, temperature and time, with the vscozitii, plasticitii, elasticitii, care variaz cu
proportions between dough phases (solid, liquid, gas), umiditatea, temperatura i timpul, cu proporia dintre
with flours biochemical composition, with added fazele aluatului (solid, lichid, gaz), cu compoziia
biochimic a finii, cu materialele adugate (Mx
materials (Mx auxiliary materials) and the quantity of
materiale auxiliare) i cu cantitatea de energie utilizat la
energy used for kneading, [5,6]. frmntare, [5,6].
A part of the results obtained in this paper, are O parte din rezultatele obinute n aceast lucrare
completely new to this area because in the analysis of the sunt o noutate n domeniu, deoarece n analiza braului
kneading arm, it was used a mathematical method of de frmntare, a fost folosit o metod matematic de
deducing the charge surface of the kneading arm, an deducere a suprafeei de atac a acestuia, abordare care
approach which has not been tried until now. nu a mai fost ntlnit pn acum.
(1)
It is taken into consideration that the surface of the Se ia n considerare faptul c suprafaa braului de
kneading arm is inclined with an angle in radial frmntare este nclinat cu unghiul n planul orizontal
horizontal plane and angle in vertical plane. radial i cu unghiul n planul vertical.
In this situation, the attack surface will be: n aceast situaie, suprafaa de atac va fi:
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
(2)
where: unde:
- Sa is the attack surface of the kneading arm; - Sa este suprafaa de atac a braului de frmntare;
- Si is the surface of one strip, expressed in cm; - Si este suprafaa unei fii din bra, exprimat n cm;
- is angle made by every strip in horizontal plane, - este unghi format de fiecare fie n plan orizontal,
expressed in degrees; exprimat n grade;
- is angle in vertical plane expressed in degrees; - este unghi n plan vertical exprimat n grade;
- Asi is the surface for the portion between the base of the - Asi este suprafaa poriunii dintre baza suprafeei de
contact surface and its end, expressed in cm. contact i terminaia acesteia, exprimat n cm.
For a more accurate calculation, the surface of the arm Pentru un calcul mai exact, suprafaa braului a fost
has been divided between strips of 60 mm thickness and mprit n fii cu grosimea de 60 mm i nlime
variable height, based on the form of the kneading arm. variabil funcie de forma braului de frmntare.
In order to calculate the sum of radiuses starting from Pentru a calcula suma razelor de la centrul
the center of the surfaces determined at the rotation axis suprafeelor determinate la axa de rotaie (rmi), a fost
(rmi), it was drawn a scheme for calculus (figure 2) which desenat o schem de calcul (figura 2), ce folosete
ultimately helps to determine the resistant moment for a ulterior pentru determinarea momentului rezistent n
kneader with horizontal spindle. malaxorul cu ax orizontal.
Fig. 2 - Calculus scheme for determining the attack surface for a kneader with horizontal kneading arm [11]
The surface of an arm portion it is calculated with the Suprafaa unei poriuni din bra se calculeaz cu
formula, [15]: formula, [15]:
(3)
where: unde:
- h1 is the height of a palette; - h1 este nlimea unei palete;
- L1 is the length of a palette. - L1 este lungimea unei palete.
The distance from the center of the contact surface (d) Distana de la centrul suprafeei de contact (d) la axa
to the rotation axis, can be expressed with the following de rotaie se poate exprima cu urmtoarea formul:
formula:
(4)
where: unde:
- re is the distance between the rotation axis and - re este distana de la axa de rotaie la captul
the end of a palette; paletei;
- ri is the distance between the rotation axis and the - ri este distana de la axa de rotaie la nceputul
beginning of the palette. paletei.
The length of the contact surface is: Lungimea suprafeei de contact este:
(5)
The contact surface is supported by another surface, Suprafaa poriunii suportului suprafeei de contact,
which fills into the material and is calculated with the care ptrunde n material se calculeaz astfel:
formula:
(6)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
(7)
a) b)
Fig. 3 - The spindle, divided into 28 blades: a) 2D drawing; b) 3D drawing
Because the attack surface remains constant, it is ntruct suprafaa de atac va rmne constant, ea se
calculated just once. The variable Km and implicitly Mt, calculeaz o singur dat. Variabila Km (rezistena
vary with increase and decrease of dough consistency. specific medie la malaxare) i implicit momentul de
The mathematical model proposes to demonstrate the torsiune, Mt variaz cu creterea sau descreterea
consistenei aluatului.
correlation between torque and specific resistance at
Modelul matematic i propune s demonstreze
kneading, applied to the attack surface. corelaia ntre momentul de torsiune i rezistena
In the second part of the paper, it is determined the specific la malaxare, aplicat la suprafaa de atac.
medium value for specific resistance at kneading, Km. n a doua etap a lucrrii, se determin valoarea
Considering that the specific resistance, Ki has a rezistenei specifice medii la malaxare, Km.
different value from one section to another, depending on Avnd n vedere c rezistena specific, Ki n acelai
tangential speed at the sections surface, it is possible to malaxor difer de la o seciune la alta, depinznd direct
introduce in calculation, the medium value for specific de viteza tangenial la suprafaa seciunii, se introduce
resistance, Km, which is valid for the entire kneader. n calcule valoarea rezistenei specifice medii la malaxare
Km, valabil pentru ntregul malaxor.
Table 1
Calculation for the attack surfaces of the kneading arm
Section
Si [cm] cosi cosi Asi [cm] rmi [cm] Ri [cm]
number
I 36 0.156 0.972 88.2 17.7 1657
II 36 0.382 0.972 78.9 16.1 1486
III 36 0.587 0.972 62.22 13.3 1100
IIII 36 0.76 0.972 46.5 10.7 783
V 36 0.891 0.972 37.5 9.2 632
VI 36 0.972 0.972 33.9 8.6 584
VII 36 1.000 0.972 31.5 8.2 354
VIII 36 1.000 0.972 31.5 8.2 354
IX 36 0.972 0.972 33.9 8.6 584
X 36 0.891 0.972 37.5 9.2 632
XI 36 0.76 0.972 46.5 10.7 783
XII 36 0.587 0.972 62.22 13.3 1100
XIII 36 0.382 0.972 78.9 16.1 1486
XIV 36 0.156 0,972 88.2 17.7 1657
XV 36 0.156 0,972 88.2 17.7 1657
XVI 36 0.382 0.972 78.9 16.1 1486
XVII 36 0.587 0.972 62.22 13.3 1100
XVIII 36 0.76 0.972 46.5 10.7 783
XIX 36 0.891 0.972 37.5 9.2 632
XX 36 0.972 0.972 33.9 8.6 584
XXI 36 1.000 0.972 31.5 8.2 354
XXII 36 1.000 0.972 31.5 8.2 354
XXIII 36 0.972 0.972 33.9 8.6 584
XXIV 36 0.891 0.972 37.5 9.2 632
XXV 36 0.76 0.972 46.5 10.7 783
XXVI 36 0.587 0.972 62.22 13.3 1100
XXVII 36 0.382 0.972 78.90 16.1 1486
XXVIII 36 0.156 0.972 88.20 17.7 1657
=26384
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
The values for medium specific resistance Km, were Valorile rezistenelor specifice medii la malaxare Km
experimentally determined by comparing the results au fost determinate experimental de ctre autori prin
obtained with different sets of dough made with different compararea rezultatelor obinute cu diferite arje de aluat
types of flour and different quantities of added water, as din finuri diferite care au necesitat hidratri diferite, aa
shown in table 3. In figure 4 it can be analyzed the graph cum se poate observa n tabelul 3. n figura 4 se poate
that explains the variation of specific resistance for analiza graficul care expliciteaz variaia rezistenei
kneading depending on dough humidity. specifice la malaxare funcie de umiditatea aluatului.
The physicochemical characteristics of the flours Caracteristicile fizico-chimice ale finurilor utilizate n
used for the experiments are presented in table 2. realizarea experimentelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 2.
It is possible to conclude that Km values are linear Se poate constata c valorile Km sunt funcii liniare de
functions dependent on flour quality and its capacity to coninutul i calitatea finii, dar i de capacitatea acesteia
absorb water and also directly dependent on medium de hidratare i depind direct de vitezele tangeniale medii
tangential speeds inside the mixing bin, [7]. For all the n interiorul cuvei de amestecare, [7]. Toate probele au
tests, the tangential speed at the section surface had the avut aceeai vitez tangenial la suprafaa seciunii: 2.8
same value: 2.8 m/s. m/s.
Table 2
Physico chemical characteristics of the flours used in the experiments
Protein Gluten Falling
Humidity, Wet gluten, Ash, [%] Acidity, Gluten
Flour type content, [%] deformation number,
[%] [%] d.s. [degrees] index
d.s [mm] [sec]
FA 650 (F1) 13.5 28 0.65 26.8 3.5 2 318 84
FN 1350 (F2) 13.5 32.4 1.35 27.5 4 3.4 318 88
Analyzing the information presented above, it is Din analiza datelor prezentate mai sus se pot formula
possible to formulate the following observations: once urmtoarele observaii: odat cu creterea umiditii
with the rise of dough humidity, the effective viscosity of aluatului, vscozitatea efectiv a aluatului scade,
dough decreases, whatever the flours quality, indiferent de calitatea finii, de timpul de fermentare i de
fermentation time and superficial tension, are [12,13,14]. tensiunea superficial, [12,13,14].
An example of resistant moment Mt, determined for a Un exemplu de moment rezistent Mt, determinat
650 flour type which had 50% added water can be pentru o fin tip 650 la care s-a adugat ap n
verified with the expression: proporie de 50%, se verific cu expresia:
(8)
Table 3
Experimental determinations for medium specific resistance at kneading
Difference of
pressure
Efficiency
Angular Pump Read between
Humidity of Torque Power
Flour type speed flow pressures Km suction and
[%] transmissi [Nm] [kW]
[rpm] [m/s] [bar] delivery of
on
hydraulic
pump [bar]
FA - 650(F1) 48 12.56 0.95 154 135 0.091 2400 125 30.48
FA - 650(F1) 50 12.56 0.95 154 128 0.088 2321 118 28.77
FA - 650(F1) 52 12.56 0.95 154 120 0.080 2110 110 26.82
FA - 650(F1) 54 12.56 0.95 154 116 0.078 2058 106 25.85
FN - 1350(F2) 56 12.56 0.95 154 123 0.094 2480 113 27.55
FN - 1350(F2) 58 12.56 0.95 154 120 0.086 2269 110 26.82
FN - 1350(F2) 60 12.56 0.95 154 130 0.076 2005 120 29.26
FN - 1350(F2) 64 12.56 0.95 154 120 0.070 1846 110 26.82
Knowing the oil pressure which is introduced into the Cunoscnd presiunea de ulei introdus n motorul
hydraulic engine, it was possible to calculate the resistant hidraulic a fost posibil calcularea momentului rezistent
moment for the spindle of the mixing arm. la arborele braului de malaxare.
The maximum resistant moment was calculated after Momentul rezistent maxim a fost calculat dup
drawing a similar graph with the one made by a realizarea unui grafic asemntor cu cel trasat de un
farinograph, by monitoring the pressure from 5 to 5 farinograf prin monitorizarea presiunii din 5 n 5 secunde,
seconds, for 230 seconds, and which could be observed timp de 230 s, care se poate citi direct de pe ecranul
directly on the monitor screen. The dough had in its monitorului. Aluatul avea n componen fin tip 650
composition, 650 flour type (ash content 0.65%). The (coninut de cenu 0,65%). Graficul poate fi observat n
obtained graph can be observed in figure 5. figura 5.
The necessary power for the hydraulic engine (Pab) Puterea necesar motorului hidraulic (Pab) se
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can be calculated by knowing the difference between calculeaz cunoscnd diferena de presiune ntre
aspiration pressure and plenum pressure (pp), the aspiraie i refulare (pp), debitul introdus n motorul
introduced flow into the hydraulic engine (Qm) and the hidraulic (Qm) i randamentul transmisiei (tm = 0.95), [8].
transmissions efficiency, (tm = 0.95), [8].
a) Km variation for 1350 flour type b) Km variation for 650 flour type
Fig.4 - Graph which explains the variation for Km, depending on dough humidity and type of flour
(9)
The necessary torque for driving the kneading arm, Momentul nvrtitor necesar antrenrii braului de
after overcoming the resistant moment if the power and frmntare dup nvingerea momentului rezistent dac
angular speed m are known, can be calculated with the se cunoate puterea i viteza unghiular m a braului de
following formula, [9]: frmntare se calculeaz cu formula, [9]:
(10)
Fig. 5 - Graph which explains the variation for the resistant moment depending on time of kneading
The maximum value registered on the diagram for the Valoarea maxim nregistrat pe diagrama pentru
torque, is: momentul de torsiune este:
(11)
Following the analysis of graphic shown in figure 5, it has Din analiza graficului prezentat n figura 5, se observ
found that during the first seconds of mixing process c n primele secunde ale procesului de malaxare (circa
(about 30 seconds) the moment of torsion of kneaders 30 secunde) momentul de torsiune la braul
arm is almost steady, as well as the driving power. This is frmnttorului este aproximativ constant. La fel i
possible, because the arm moves only in flour, without puterea necesar acionrii. Acest lucru este posibil
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water supplement. When one begins to add water into deoarece braul se mic numai n fin simpl, fr
kneaders vat, the torque (and power) of kneaders arm adaos de ap. n momentul nceperii adugrii apei n
start to increase, at the beginning almost suddenly cuva frmnttorului, momentul (la fel i puterea) la
(during 5-10 seconds), then more slowly up to reaching braul frmnttorului ncepe s creasc, la nceput
the maximum moment. What cannot be noticed in the aproape brusc (pe o durat de 5-10 secunde), apoi mai
graphic is reaching this moment and also the lent pn la atingerea momentului maxim. Ceea ce nu se
maintenance of dough formed at this value. The moment observ pe grafic este atingerea acestui moment i ct
is neither noticed at the beginning of consistency timp se menine la valoarea acestuia aluatul format. Nu
se observ nici nceputul scderii consistenei, adic faza
decreasing, namely in the dipping phase. This could be
de nmuiere. Aceasta ar putea fi determinat prin
determined by prolonging the duration of data acquisition
prelungirea duratei de achiziie a datelor (respectiv a
(respectively of power consumed by kneaders arm). In
puterii consumate de braul frmnttorului). n graficul
graphic shown, the acquisition duration was of only 160 prezentat, durata de achiziie a fost de numai 160
seconds and this moment could not be noticed. Both secunde, iar acest moment nu a putut fi semnalat.
values shown in the graphic have approximately the Ambele mrimi prezentate pe grafic au aproximativ
same variation, taking into account the mathematical aceeai variaie avnd n vedere relaia matematic
relation between the two values. dintre acestea.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
The correlation between the mathematical model and Corelaia ntre modelul matematic i experimentul
the conducted experiment is quite accurate for efectuat este una destul de exact pentru a putea
determining the resistant moment for a kneading arm, determina momentul rezistent la braul de frmntare
depending on dough consistency and the type of flour funcie de consistena aluatului i tipul de fin utilizat.
used. Frmntarea intensiv i rapid, cunoscut i ca
Intensive and fast kneading, known also as dezvoltarea mecanic a aluatului, const ntr-o
mechanical development for dough, represents much frmntare mult mai energic a aluatului, care se
more active dough kneading, which is achieved at higher
realizeaz la turaii mai mari ale braelor de frmntare i
speed for kneading arms and in smaller time compared
ntr-un timp mai scurt fa de frmnttoarele clasice.
to classical mixers.
The kneading process at high speed for kneading Frmntarea la turaii mari ale braelor de frmntare
arms determines a more pronounced loosening of determin desfacerea mai pronunat a proteinelor
globular proteins, along with surface exposure for a globulare, nsoit de expunerea la suprafa a unui
bigger number of reactive groupings, capable of reacting numr mai mare de grupri reactive, capabile s
with those of neighbor molecules in order to form a reacioneze cu cele ale moleculelor vecine i s formeze
bigger number of intermolecular connections. un numr mai mare de legturi intermoleculare.
Besides flour quality, the optimal quantity of energy n afar de calitatea finii, cantitatea optim de
which must be introduced in the kneading process energie ce trebuie transmis la frmntarea aluatului mai
depends also on its humidity and temperature, the quality depinde de umiditatea i temperatura acestuia, de starea
of raw material used in the process, the type and speed materiilor prime folosite n proces, de felul i turaia
of the kneading arm. braului de frmntare.
Beside the amount of energy introduced, it is of very n afara cantitii de energie, foarte important este
high consequence the speed with which the energy is viteza cu care este transmis energia, respectiv timpul de
transmitted, respectively, the kneading time. When frmntare. La mrirea turaiei braului de frmntare,
increasing speed at the kneading arm, the kneading time
timpul de frmntare se reduce. Din acest punct de
reduces. From this point of view, there is an optimal
vedere, exist o vitez optim de transmitere a energiei
speed for introducing the necessary energy into dough.
The importance of designing and analyzing the shape aluatului.
of the kneading arm becomes determinant in the way of Importana proiectrii i analizei formei braului de
transmitting the energy, as well as the speed with which frmntare devine determinant n modul cum este
the energy is transferred to the dough in order to obtain a transmis energia, precum i viteza cu care aceasta este
dough with superior quality. cedat aluatului pentru a obine o calitate superioar a
The understanding of the kneading process for this acestuia.
kind of machine is useful in industrial bread making nelegerea procesului de frmntare la acest tip de
process because it helps the technological engineer to utilaj este util n procesul de producie deoarece ajut
find solutions for quality problems which can appear inginerul tehnolog s gseasc soluii la probleme de
because of defective forming of dough in the vat or calitate care pot aprea din cauza formrii defectuoase a
caused by flours physical and chemical characteristics aluatului n cuva malaxorului sau care au la baz
like weak flours which necessitate slow kneading, flours caracteristicile fizico-chimice ale finii, cum sunt finuri
with increased hydration capacity, at which it can be mai slabe care necesit o frmntare mai lent, finuri cu
determined the optimal quantity of added water by o capacitate de hidratare mare la care se poate
controlling the value for maximum consistency, or the determina cantitatea optim de ap adugat la fin,
optimization of the entire kneading process by adapting prin controlul valorii consistenei maxime, optimizarea
the speed of the kneading arm (setting the hydraulic ntregului proces de frmntare prin adaptarea turaiei
pressure into the radial engine with axial pistons for four braului de frmntare (setarea presiunii hidraulice n
configurable speeds) for the type of dough wished to be motorul radial cu pistoane axiale pentru cele 4 viteze
obtained. configurabile) la tipul de aluat care se dorete a fi obinut.
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[12]. Zeng H., Morgenstern M.P., Companella O.H., Larsen N.G .(2000) Proprietile reologice ale aluatului
Larsen N.G. (2000) - Rheological properties of dough in timpul creterii mecanice a acestuia,, Journal of Cereal
during mechanical dough development, Journal of Cereal Science, 32, pag. 293-306;
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INTRODUCTION
China has a vast maritime territory and boasts a coastline
of 18 thousand kilometres. The sea areas along the 1.8
continental margins are rich in nutrients and therefore
favourable for the reproduction and growth of marine
organisms. As the sea foods occupy a significantly
increasing ratio in human diets, the consumers set
increasingly high demands for their appearance quality.
In particular, for some precious sea foods with relatively
high prices such as sea cucumber and abalone, their
commercial values largely depend on their appearance
quality grades mainly including body size and colour.
With the advancement of the deep processing
industrialization, manual detection has become a major
factor hampering its development. Using the computer
vision technique, the sample shape can be described in a
non-destructive, non-contact and visual way. Owing to
these strengths, the shape tracking of crops and foods
based on computer vision and image processing
technology now has become a subject of intense interest,
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GSUM A G1 B G2 (1)
(a) Original image sample (b) Image sample after segmentation, binarization and filtering
Fig. 2 - Image of sea cucumber
(a) Original image sample (b) Image sample after segmenting ,binarization and filtering
Fig.3 - Image of abalone
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rk y k y 0 (4)
Start
N
n=0rkrk+n+1
N
n++rkrk-n
Y
Y
Rk=rk-n
N
rk is a body rk is not a body
core contour core contour
point point
Finish
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(a) Contour tracing results of the sea cucumber (b) Identification of the points at the body core
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1, f ( x, y ) 0
Q( x, y ) (5)
0, f ( x, y ) 255
C Q( x, y ) (6)
S Q( x, y ) (7)
RESULTS
Detection Results of Sea Cucumber
Using the aforesaid method, the body cores of the sea
cucumbers were identified. By effectively eliminating the
effects of the thorns on the detected sizes, this method
can significantly enhance the detection precision. With
the adoption of the actual body core sizes as the
standard, using neighbourhood comparison method, 30
sea cucumbers were used to verify the detection
performances. The results demonstrate that the average 30
detection errors of long-axis and short-axis sizes are
+2.10 and +1.61mm, respectively. +2.10mm+1.61mm
Clusterin Clusterin
a
s
a
s
(a) Clustering chart based on the visual sample values (b) Clustering chart based on estimated sample values
Fig. 8 - Clustering charts
CONCLUSIONS
(1) Using the neighbourhood comparison method, the
identification of the body core coordinates of the sea (1)
cucumbers and the fitting of body core can be achieved
in this article. By effectively avoiding the effects of thorns
on the detection results, the non-contact detection of the
long-axis and short-axis sizes of the sea cucumbers can
be realized. The results demonstrate that, using the
proposed method, the errors of the long-axis and short- +2.10mm+1.61mm
axis errors are + 2.10 and +1.61 mm, respectively.
(2) According to the habits in abalone manual detection, (2) ROI
the area and perimeter of the ROI in the image were
adopted as the characteristic parameters for rapid
detection. By comparing with the clustering results using
the estimated values, the effectiveness and accuracy of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is funded Public Science and Technology
Research Funds Projects of Ocean (201505029) and 201505029
National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood
(2012FU125X03). 2012FU125X03
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Abstract: The paper analyses the bending vibrations of a Rezumat: Lucrarea analizeaz vibraiile de ncovoiere ale
plow blade, modeled as a variable cross-section beam, unei lame de plug, modelat ca o bara de seciune
clamped at one end and free at the other. The study is variabil, ncastrat la un capt i liber la cellalt. Studiul
performed by using the discretization method, while the vibraiilor se efectueaz prin metoda discretizrii, iar
differential equations of the free vibrations are deduced by ecuaiile difereniale ale vibraiilor se deduc cu ajutorul
means of the influence coefficients method. metodei coeficienilor de influen
Keywords: bending vibrations, variable cross-section, Cuvinte cheie: vibraii de ncovoiere, seciune variabil,
discretization, influence coefficient discretizare, coeficient de influen
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
Vibration study is of considerable importance in Studiul vibraiilor prezint o importan deosebit n
agricultural machinery design, due to two reasons: first, proiectarea mainilor agricole din dou motive: n primul
the interaction between soil and tillage tools generates rnd, interaciunea dintre sol i uneltele de prelucrare a
oscillatory phenomena that can affect the functionality and solului genereaz fenomene oscilatorii care pot afecta
the service life of such tools and, second, certain funcionalitatea i durata de via a uneltelor, iar n al
oscillations induced to active organs of agricultural units doilea rnd, anumite oscilaii induse unor organe active
can increase the quality and efficiency of the process they ale agregatelor agricole pot crete calitatea i eficiena
procesului pe care acestea l ndeplinesc.
carry out.
Din acest motiv, un mare numr de lucrri au fost
For this reason, a large number of scientific works were
dedicate acestui obiect. Astfel, n lucrarea [11] au fost
dedicated to the subject. Thus, in paper [11], the influence studiate vibraiile active ale cuitelor i influena frecvenei
of the oscillation frequency was studied, upon the tillage de oscilaie asupra prelucrrii solurilor i a consumurilor
and upon the energy consumption. Reference [1] presents energetice. Referina [1] prezint rezultate ale unor
the results of some experiments performed on experimente efectuate pe pluguri de decompactare, care
decompaction plows, which determine the frequency determin benzile de frecven specifice mecanismelor de
bands specific to actuators. A study model of the acionare. Un model de studiu al vibraiilor unei unelte de
vibrations of a tillage tool, based on the finite element prelucrare a solului, bazat pe metoda elementului finit,
method, is proposed in paper [17]. In reference [2], este propus n lucrarea [17]. n referina [2] sunt
spectral domains of the oscillations due to the soil prezentate domeniile spectrale ale oscilaiilor datorate
irregularities and to the quasi-periodical variations of the neregularitilor solurilor i variaiilor cvasiperiodice ale
resistant forces are presented. The energetic efficiency of forelor de rezisten la naintare. Eficiena energetic a
the tillage processes with vibratory devices is analyzed in unor procese de prelucrare a solului cu organe de lucru
papers such as [10, 13]. vibratoare este analizat n lucrri precum [10, 13].
Part of this framework, the present paper is dedicated Lucrarea de fa se nscrie n acest cadru, fiind
dedicat studiului vibraiilor unui cuit de plug.
to the study of the vibrations of a plow blade. Knowing the
Cunoaterea din stadiul de proiectare a frecvenelor
eigenfrequencies of such a device as early as in the
proprii ale unui astfel de organ permite stabilirea
design stage allows it to determine the optimal work parametrilor optimi de lucru pentru mecanismele de
parameters of actuators. acionare.
MATERIAL AND METHOD MATERIAL I METOD
In order to study the vibrations of an arbitrary blade Pentru studiul vibraiilor unui cuit oarecare, cu seciune
with variable section, the model of a rectangular variabil, n lucrarea de fa se adopt modelul unei bare
cross-section beam is adopted, with variable width. The de seciune dreptunghiular, de lime variabil, ncastrat
beam is clamped at one end and free at the other (Fig.1a). la una dintre extremiti i liber la cealalt (fig.1a).
The beam performs bending vibrations, in the longitudinal Bara efectueaz oscilaii de ncovoiere n plan
plane (vertical in the figure). longitudinal (vertical pe figur).
280 F
4
85
wx x
x
9 25 l
z
a) b)
Fig. 1 - Beam with variable cross-section
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The width of the beam varies with abscissa x Limea barei variaz cu abscisa x dup legea
according to the law
0.025 m if 0 x 0.085 m
b x (1)
0.03197436 0.08205x if 0.085 m x 0.280 m
It is known from the strength of materials [16] that the Se cunoate din rezistena materialelor [16] c
deflection w of the neutral fiber of the beam acted by a deplasarea pe direcie transversal, w , a fibrei medii a
force F in static regime (Fig. 1 b) results from the barei acionate n regim static de o for F (fig. 1 b)
equation rezult din ecuaia
M z x
wx (2)
EI y x
where n care
M z x F l x (3)
is the bending moment produced by the force in the este momentul ncovoietor produs de for n seciunea
section defined by abscissa x , definit de abscisa x ,
bx h 3
I y x (4)
12
is the geometrical moment of inertia of the section, while este momentul de inerie geometric al seciunii, iar E
E is the Youngs modulus of the material of the beam. este modulul lui Young al materialului barei.
By integrating two times equality (2), the equation of Integrnd de dou ori egalitatea (2), rezult ecuaia
the neutral fiber in static regime is obtained: fibrei medii deformate, n regim static:
xx
M x x
x lx
wx z
12 F
0 0 EI y x
dx dx
Eh3 0 0 bx d x d x (5)
It is known from the literature [8, 9, 12, 14, 15] that the Se cunoate din literatur [8, 9, 12, 14, 15] c
bending vibrations of the beam are governed by the vibraiile de ncovoiere ale barei sunt guvernate de
partial derivative differential equation ecuaia diferenial cu derivate pariale
2 2w 2w
EI y x 2 Ax 2 (6)
x 2 x t
where Ax is the area of the cross-section of the beam, unde Ax este aria seciunii barei, iar este densitatea
while is the density of the material of the beam. materialului barei.
However, the differential equation (6) cannot be Ecuaia diferenial (6) este, ns, imposibil de integrat
integrated analytically in the general case, i.e. for analitic n cazul general, adic n cazul unor funcii
arbitrary functions I y x and Ax , respectively. oarecare I y x , respectiv Ax .
Therefore, in the present paper, the study is performed Ca urmare, n lucrarea de fa, studiul este efectuat
numerically, by means of the discretization method, numeric, cu ajutorul metodei discretizrii, prezentat i
which was presented and successfully used in papers [3, utilizat cu succes n lucrrile [3, 4, 5, 6, 7], pentru studiul
4, 5, 6, 7], for the study of the free and forced bending oscilaiilor de ncovoiere libere i forate, ale unor bare
oscillations, respectively, of homogeneous beams with or omogene, unele dintre acestea avnd ataate un numr
without a number of attached concentrated masses. de mase concentrate.
The method consists in replacing the distributed mass Metoda const n nlocuirea sistemului continuu
system by a discrete one, made of a relatively high printr-unul discret, alctuit dintr-un numr n , relativ
number n of material points, of masses: mare, de puncte materiale, de mase:
which are attached to a beam with negligible mass (fig. 2). ataate unei bare de mas neglijabil (fig. 2).
0 1 2 i j n
Fig.2 - Discretized beam
The differential equations of the free small oscillations Ecuaiile difereniale ale micilor oscilaii libere se pot
can be obtained by means of the method of the influence obine cu ajutorul metodei coeficienilor de influen [8,
coefficients [8, 10]. The influence coefficient ij represents 10]. Coeficientul de influen ij reprezint deplasarea
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the deflection of the neutral fiber in section i , produced by fibrei medii n seciunea i , produs de o for egal cu
a unit force, applied statically in section j (fig. 2). unitatea, aplicat static n seciunea j (fig. 2).
For the analyzed beam n cazul barei analizate
xi
x xj x
ij ji
12
bx d x d x i,j 1,2,...,n if xi x j . (8)
Eh 3 0 0
In the present paper, integrals in formula (8) were In lucrarea de fa, integralele din formula (8) au fost
computed numerically. calculate numeric.
By defining the matrix of the influence coefficients, the Construind matricea coeficienilor de influen, matricea
mass matrix and the dynamic matrix, respectively, maselor, respectiv matricea dinamic,
, ij m m , ij D m , (9)
it is shown in references [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] that the circular se arat n referinele [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] c pulsaiile proprii ale
eigenfrequencies are sistemului sunt
i
1
i 1,2,...,n , (10)
i
where i represent the eigenvalues of matrix D , while n care i reprezint valorile proprii ale matricei [D] , iar
the eigenmodes are equal with the corresponding modurile proprii sunt egale cu vectorii proprii
eigenvectors of the same matrix. corespunztori ai aceleiai matrice.
RESULTS REZULTATE
The numerical study of the vibrations of the beam in Studiul numeric al vibraiilor barei din figura 1 a s-a
Figure 1 a was performed based of the following values: efectuat considernd urmtoarele valori:
The first three vibration eigenshapes are illustrated in Primele trei forme proprii de vibraie sunt ilustrate n
Figure 3. figura 3.
The experimental study of the system was performed Studiul experimental al sistemului s-a efectuat cu
on the measuring stand shown in Figures 4-6. ajutorul bancului de prob prezentat n figurile 4-6.
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A measuring chain was used, with four accelerometers, S-a utilizat un lan de msur cu patru accelerometre,
counted from 0 to 3. Accelerometer 3 was positioned at numerotate de la 0 la 3. Accelerometrul 3 a fost amplasat
the free end of the beam, while accelerometer 0 on the n capul liber al barei, iar accelerometru 0 pe bar, lng
beam, near the fixing system. Accelerometers 1 and 2 ncastrare. Accelerometrele 1 i 2 au fost plasate pe
were placed on the fixing system. sistemul de prindere.
Similar to references [3. 4], free vibrations produced by Ca i n referinele [3, 4], s-au studiat vibraii libere,
applying percussions on the beam were studied, as well produse prin aplicare unor percuii pe bar, precum i
as forced vibrations, produced by the excitation system in vibraiile forate, produse de sistemul de excitaie din figura
Figure 6, with white signal. 6, cu semnal alb.
The obtained date were processed with LabVIEW Datele au fost prelucrate cu ajutorul programului
program, resulting the spectra in Figures 7-8. LabVIEW, obinndu-se spectrele din figurile 7-8.
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CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
Based on a simple model, the paper analyzed the Lucrarea a analizat pe baza unui model simplu
vibrations of an arbitrary blade with variable section, vibraiile unei lame oarecare de seciune variabil, ce
which can represent a plow coulter. poate reprezenta un cuit lung de plug.
The spectra obtained by processing the experimental Spectrele obinute prin prelucrarea datelor
data in the case of free vibrations present a pronounced experimentale n cazul vibraiilor libere prezint un vrf
peak at a frequency close to the first computed accentuat la o frecven apropiat de prima frecven
eigenfrequency. The spectrum of the signal measured by proprie calculat. Spectrul semnalului msurat de
accelerometer 3, placed at the free end of the beam, accelerometrul 3, plasat n captul liber al barei, prezint
shows a lower peak close to the second computed un vrf mai redus n apropierea celei de a doua
eigenfrequency. The first three accelerometers, situated frecvene proprii calculate. Primele trei accelerometre,
close to the fixing system and on the fixing system, aflate n apropierea sistemului de prindere, respectiv pe
respectively, exhibit supplementary peaks, due to the acesta, prezint vrfuri suplimentare, datorate vibraiilor
stand vibrations. bancului.
The spectra obtained in the case of forced vibrations Spectrele obinute n cazul vibraiilor forate confirm
confirm the presence of the first two components, but the prezena primelor dou componente, dar semnalul captat
signal captured by accelerometer 3 presents also some de accelerometrul 3 prezint, de asemenea, componente
components multiple of 50 Hz, due to the excitation n apropierea unor frecvene multiplu de 50 Hz, datorate
system which is placed close to this accelerometer. sistemului de excitaie, plasat lng acest accelerometru.
The numerical method used in the paper provided Metoda numeric utilizat a condus la rezultate n
results in agreement with the experiments. The method acord cu experimentele. Metoda permite determinarea
frecvenelor proprii i, n consecin, identificarea
allows it to determine the eigenfrequencies and,
domeniilor de rezonan ale organelor de lucru active.
consequently, the resonance domains of the active
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
organ. The resonance phenomenon presents a double Fenomenul de rezonan prezint o dubl importan n
importance in agricultural machine design, since the proiectarea mainilor agricole, deoarece amplificarea
displacement amplification it implies can cause damage deplasrilor pe care o implic poate conduce la
of the organ, but, in certain circumstances, it can be distrugerea organului respectiv, dar, n anumite condiii,
exploited in order to increase the efficiency of the device. poate fi exploatat n vederea creterii eficienei
agregatului.
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Abstract: The paper analyses the bending vibrations of Rezumat: Articolul analizeaz vibraiile de ncovoiere ale
leaf springs, devices that are largely used in agricultural arcurilor lamelare, dispozitive de larg utilizare la
machinery. The studied type of spring is modeled as a mainile agricole. Tipul de arc studiat este modelat ca un
system of straight superposed bars, consisting of three sistem de bare drepte suprapuse, fiind format din trei
bars of different lengths, fixed at one end and free at the bare de dimensiuni diferite, ncastrate la un capt i
other. The paper presents, in its first part, a theoretical libere la cellalt. Articolul prezint, n prima sa parte, un
study, by the discretization method, of the free vibrations studiu teoretic al vibraiilor libere pentru modelul studiat,
of the studied model, with the determination of the prin metoda discretizrii, cu determinarea frecvenelor
eigenfrequencies of the system. The cases in which the proprii ale sistemului. Se analizeaz cazurile n care
bars are clamped with strong and weak tightening, barele sunt prinse cu strngere slab, respectiv
respectively, are analyzed. For the case of weak puternic. n cazul strngerii slabe, sunt propuse dou
tightening, two modalities are proposed for the modaliti de calcul a matricei coeficienilor de influen,
computation of the influence coefficients matrix, necesar pentru determinarea ecuaiilor difereniale ale
necessary for determining the differential equations of the vibraiilor. n partea a doua a articolului, sunt determinate
vibration. In the second part of the paper, the pe cale experimental, n cele dou cazuri, frecvenele
eigenfrequencies of the system are determined proprii ale sistemului i este efectuat o analiz
experimentally for the two cases and a comparative study comparativ a rezultatelor obinute analitic i numeric.
of the analytical and numerical results is performed.
Keywords: bending vibrations, leaf spring, Cuvinte cheie: vibraii de ncovoiere, arc lamelar,
eigenfrequencies, discretization, influence coefficient. frecvene proprii, discretizare, coeficient de influen.
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCERE
Leaf springs are frequently used in agricultural Arcurile lamelare sunt frecvent utilizate la mainile
machinery for the damping of vibrations; thus, the agricole pentru amortizarea vibraiilor, motiv pentru care
development of methods for their efficient modeling and dezvoltarea unor metode eficiente de modelare i calcul
computation are of a particular practical interest. In the al lor este de un deosebit interes practic. n articol se
paper, the bending vibrations of a leaf spring, modeled as analizeaz vibraiile de ncovoiere ale unui arc lamelar,
a system of superposed bars, are analyzed. The system modelat ca un sistem de bare drepte suprapuse.
consists of three bars with different lengths, fixed at one Sistemul este format din trei bare de lungimi diferite,
end and free at the other. A theoretical study of the free ncastrate la un capt i libere la cellalt. Este realizat
vibrations of the studied model is first performed, by the mai nti un studiu teoretic al vibraiilor libere pentru
discretization method, with the computation of the modelul studiat, prin metoda discretizrii, cu
eigenfrequencies of the system. The cases in which the determinarea frecvenelor proprii ale sistemului. Se
bars are clamped with weak and strong tightening, analizeaz cazurile n care barele sunt prinse cu
respectively, are analyzed. For the case of weak strngere slab, repectiv puternic. n cazul strngerii
tightening, two modalities are proposed for the slabe, sunt propuse dou modaliti de calcul a matricei
computation of the influence coefficient matrix, necessary coeficienilor de influen, necesari pentru determinarea
for the determination of the differential equations of ecuaiilor difereniale ale vibraiilor. n continuare, este
vibration. Next, an experimental study for the prezentat un studiu experimental de determinare n cele
determination, for the two cases, of the eigenfrequencies dou cazuri a frecvenelor proprii ale sistemului. Articolul
of the system is presented. The paper is concluded with se ncheie cu o analiz comparativ a rezultatelor
a comparative study of analytical and numerical results. obinute analitic i numeric.
The paper continues previous studies of the authors, Articolul continu studii anterioare ale autorilor, n care
in which the discretization method and the influence metoda discretizrii i metoda coeficienilor de influen
coefficients method were applied for the study of the free au fost aplicate pentru studiul vibraiilor libere i forate
and forced vibrations of other types of mechanical ale unor alte tipuri de sisteme mecanice, demonstrndu-
systems, demonstrating the efficiency of the mentioned se eficiena metodelor respective n estimarea
method in the assessment of vibration characteristics [1, caracteristicilor vibraiilor [1, 2, 3, 4].
2, 3, 4].
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
The bar system performs bending vibrations in the Sistemul de bare efectueaz oscilaii de
Oxz plane. ncovoiere n planul Oxz.
F 3 2 1
x wx
l1
l2
x
l3
z
Fig. 9 The suspension system Fig. 10 Leaf spring model
The bars are kept in permanent contact by the use of Barele sunt inute n contact permanent cu ajutorul
tightening clamps, such that the deflections of all bars are unor cleme de fixare, astfel nct deplasrile tuturor
equal in the same transverse section. If the tightening of barelor n aceeai seciune transversal sunt egale. Dac
these bars is weak, the bars slide on one another during strngerea acestor cleme este redus, barele alunec una
the bending, forming a system of elastic bodies mounted peste alta n timpul ncovoierii, alctuind un sistem de
in parallel. If the tightening is strong, the bars do not slide corpuri elastice montate n paralel. Dac strngerea este
and the system behaves like a single bar with variable puternic, barele nu alunec, sistemul comportndu-se ca
section, equal to the sum of the component sections. The o singur bar, de seciune variabil, egal cu suma
paper analyzes both situations, the first of them by using seciunilor componente. Lucrarea analizeaz ambele
two theoretical methods. Three analysis cases result, all of situaii, prima dintre ele cu ajutorul a dou metode
teoretice. Rezult trei cazuri de calcul, toate bazate pe
them based on the modeling by the discretization method
modelare prin metoda discretizrii i pe studiul vibraiilor
and on the study of vibrations by the influence coefficients
prin metoda coeficienilor de influen.
method.
Aa cum se cunoate din literatura de specialitate,
As known from the literature, the approximate study of studiul aproximativ al vibraiilor corpurilor continue se
the vibrations of continuous bodies can be performed by poate face cu ajutorul metodei discretizrii, ce const n
the discretization method, which consists in the aproximarea sistemului printr-un numr n de puncte
approximation of the system by a number n of material materiale, conectate prin elemente elastice de mas
points, connected by elastic elements of negligible mass neglijabil [6]. n cazul sistemului studiat rezult modelul
[16]. For the studied system, the model in Figure 3 results. din figura 2.
The mass in section i is Masa din seciunea i este
where is the density of the bar material, b is the width unde este densitatea materialului barei, b este
of the bar section, limea seciunii barelor,
h1 2h0 if / dac 0 x l1
hx h2 2h0 if / dac l1 x l2 (12)
h 3h l 2 x l3
3 0 if / dac
represents the height of the cross-section of the bar reprezint nlimea seciunii pachetului de bare, h0 este
package, h0 is the height of the section of a bar and nlimea seciunii unei bare, iar
n n-1 j i 2 1 0
Fig. 11 - Discretized system of beams
The vibrations of the discrete system can be studied Vibraiile sistemului discret rezultat pot fi studiate cu
with the methods specific to the systems with a finite metodele specifice sistemelor cu un numr finit de grade
number of degrees of freedom [6, 7, 8, 9]. One of these is de libertate [6, 7, 8, 9]. Una dintre acestea este metoda
the influence coefficients method [6, 9]. coeficienilor de influen [6, 9].
As known from the literature, the influence coefficient Aa cum se cunoate din literatur, coeficientul de
ij is defined as the transverse displacement influen ij este definit ca deplasarea transversal
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
wi w xi (14)
undergone by section i , when the bar is submitted to a suferit de seciunea i , atunci cnd bare este acionat
force equal to unity, applied perpendicularly in the de o for egal cu unitatea, aplicat perpendicular n
section j . seciunea j .
In the case of a homogeneous bar fixed at one n cazul unei bare omogene ncastrate la un capt
end and free at the other [6, 9], i liber la cellalt [6, 9],
xi2 x
ij ji x j i if xi x j , (15)
2 EI y 3
where E is the Youngs modulus of the bar material and unde E este modulul lui Young al materialului barei, iar
I y is the moment of inertia of the cross-section. I y este momentul de inerie al seciunii transversale.
In the general case of a bar with variable section, in n cazul general, al unei bare de seciune
which the moment of inertia varies with the x abscissa, variabil, n care momentul de inerie variaz cu abscisa
the deformation in section i produced by a force applied x , deformaia din seciunea i produs de o for
in section j takes the form [10] aplicat n seciunea j ia forma [10]
F x j x
xi x
wxi d x d x if xi x j . (16)
EI x
00 y
The influence coefficients result from this relation: Rezult de aici coeficienii de influen:
x xj x
xi
ij d x d x if xi x j . (17)
00
EI y x
It is shown that the differential equations of the free Se arat c ecuaiile difereniale ale vibraiilor
vibrations take the form [6, 9] libere iau forma [6, 9]
Dw w 0 (18)
11 12 1n m1 0 0
22 2 n 0 m2 0
D 21 (19)
n1 n2 nn 0 0 mn
w w1 w2 wn
T
, (20)
0 0 0 0 .
T
(21)
Under these conditions, denoting by i i 1,2,...,n n aceste condiii, notnd cu i i 1,2,...,n valorile
the eigenvalues of the matrix (19) and ai the proprii ale matricei (19) i ai vectorii proprii
corresponding eigenvectors, the circular eigenfrequencies corespunztori, rezult pulsaiile proprii ale sistemului,
of the system result,
i i
1
, (22)
wi ai cos i t i . (23)
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The case of weak tightening first mehod Cazul strngerii slabe prima metod
In the case of weak tightening, the influence n cazul strngerii slabe, coeficienii de influen ai
coefficients of the bar package can be determined with pachetului de bare se pot determina cu formula (17), n
formula (17), in which care
I 1 2 I 0 if / dac 0 x l1
I x I 2 2 I 0 if / dac l1 x l 2 (24)
I 3I l 2 x l3
3 0 if / dac
where the moment of inertia of a bar in the package was unde s-a introdus momentul de inerie al unei bare din
introduced, pachet,
b h03
I0 . (25)
12
The case of weak tightening second method Cazul strngerii slabe a doua metod
A more general method for the study of the bar O metod mai general de studiu al pachetului de
package is based on the observation that the elasticity bare, se bazeaz pe observaia c matricea de
matrix K of a system of elastic bodies mounted in elasticitate K a unui sistem de copuri elastice montate
parallel can be obtained by adding the elastic matrices n paralel se obine adunnd matricele elastice
corresponding to each body. corespunztoare fiecrui corp component.
The elasticity matrix of the bar k k 1,2,3 is linked to Matricea de elasticitate a barei k k 1,2,3 este
the influence coefficients matrix of the same bar by the legat de matricea coeficienilor de influen a aceleiai
relation bare prin relaia
K k k 1 (26)
It should be noted that, since the lengths of the bars Este de remarcat c, deoarece lungimile barelor sunt
are not equal, the number of sections of discretization diferite, numrul de seciuni de discretizare difer de la o
differs from one bar to another and, therefore, the bar la alta i, n consecin, dimensiunile matricelor
dimensions of matrices K k k 1,2,3 are also not K k k 1,2,3 sunt, la rndul lor, diferite. Ca urmare, n
equal. Consequently, in the assemblage of matrix K of compunerea matricei K a sistemului se vor utiliza
the system, modified matrices K k will be used, matricele modificate K k prin completarea matricelor
obtained by completing the matrices K k with null lines K kcu linii i coloane nule, corespunztoare seciunilor
and columns, corresponding to the sections that are not neacoperite de barele respective.
covered by the concerned bars. n final, se determin matricea coeficienilor de
Finally, the matrix of the influence coefficients of the influen a sistemului,
system is determined.
K 1
. (27)
b h 3 x
I x , (28)
12
where unde
hx is given by formulas (12). hx este dat de formulele (12).
RESULTS REZULTATE
The numerical and experimental study of the Studiul numeric i experimental al vibraiilor
vibrations of the system was performed based on a sistemului s-a efectuat cu ajutorul unui model definit de
model defined by the following values: urmtoarele valori:
The first 10 circular eigenfrequencies and the Primele 10 pulsaii proprii obinute i frecvenele
corresponding eigenfrequencies in the three analysis proprii corespunztoare in cele trei cazuri de calcul sunt
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The experimental study of the system was Studiul experimental al sistemului s-a efectuat cu
performed on the measuring stand shown in Figures 4-13. ajutorul bancului de prob prezentat n figurile 4-13.
A measuring chain with four Bruel&Kjr S-a utilizat un lan de msur cu patru
accelerometers, type 4508 B004, was used, numbered accelerometre, Bruel&Kjr, tip 4508 B004, numerotate de
from 0 to 3, an acquisition board NI9233 and a laptop. la 0 la 3, o plac de achiziie NI9233 i un laptop.
Accelerometer 3 was placed at the free end of the Accelerometrul 3 a fost amplasat n capul liber al
bar 3, while accelerometer 0 was placed on bar 1, near barei 3, iar accelerometrul 0 pe bara 1, lng ncastrare.
the fixing system. Accelerometers 1 and 2 were placed on Accelerometrele 1 i 2 au fost plasate pe barele 2,
bars 2 and 3, respectively. respectiv 3.
Free vibrations produced by applying percussions S-au studiat vibraiile libere, produse prin aplicare
on the bar were studied. unor percuii pe bar.
1
The obtained data were processed with LabVIEW Datele au fost prelucrate cu ajutorul programului
1
program, resulting in the spectra of Figures 7 -7. LabVIEW , obinndu-se spectrele din figura 7 -7.
The vibrations produced in a free elastic system Vibraiile produse ntr-un sistem elastic liber scot n
reveal the eigenfrequencies of the system, that can be eviden frecvenele proprii ale sistemului, care pot fi
1
Product of National Instruments Corporation, 11500 Mopac Expwy, Austin, TX 78759-3504, USA, (512) 683-0100.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
identified by the analysis in the frequency domain of the identificate prin analiza n frecven a semnalelor de
acceleration signals measured in time and recorded. acceleraie msurate n timp i nregistrate.
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Fig. 14 - Free vibrations spectra weak tightening tightening (Frequency - in Hz; Amplitude in m/s2)
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Fig. 15 - Free vibrations spectra strong tightening (Frequency - in Hz; Amplitude in m/s2)
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUZII
The paper analyzed the vibrations of a system of Articolul a analizat vibraiile unui sistem de bare
superposed bars, used as a model for a leaf spring. suprapuse, utilizat ca model pentru un arc lamelar.
The eigenfrequencies of the bar system were Au fost calculate numeric frecvenele proprii ale
computed numerically for two cases: the case in which the sistemului de bare n dou cazuri: cel n care barele pot
bars can slide on one another and the case in which the aluneca ntre ele, respectiv cel n care sistemul este rigid.
system is rigid. In the first case two modalities were n primul caz au fost propuse dou modaliti de
proposed for the computation of the influence coefficients, determinare a coeficienilor de influen, modalitile
the modalities providing very close results. furniznd rezultate foarte apropiate.
The eigenfrequencies of the bar system were identified Frecvenele proprii ale sistemului de bare au fost
also by spectral analysis of the signal measured on an determinate i prin analiza spectral a semnalului msurat
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experimental model, for the two above mentioned cases: pe un model experimental, n cele dou cazuri
weak and strong tightening, respectively. menionate: strngere slab i puternic.
The peaks detected by accelerometers 1-3, in the case Vrfurile detectate de accelerometrele 1-3 n cazul
of the weak tightening, close to the 14 Hz frequency (Fig. strngerii slabe, n apropierea frecvenei de 14 Hz (fig. 7),
7), correspond to the fundamental eigenfrequency corespund frecvenei proprii fundamentale calculate prin
calculated by the two methods (13.05 Hz and 13.08 Hz, cele dou metode (13,05 Hz, respectiv 13,08 Hz tabelul
respectively Table 1). Accelerometer 0 did not detect 1). Accelerometrul 0 nu a detectat un vrf n apropierea
any peak close to this frequency, since it was placed near acestei frecvene, fiind amplasat n imediata apropiere a
the fixing system, where the motion takes place with a sistemului de prindere, unde micarea are loc cu
reduced amplitude. In the case of the weak tightening a amplitudine redus. n cazul strngerii slabe rezult o
good agreement was obtained between the numerical and bun concordan ntre rezultatele numerice i cele
the experimental results. experimentale.
In the case the strong tightening, all four n cazul strngerii puternice, toate cele patru
accelerometers detected a peak close to the 20 Hz accelerometre au detectat un vrf n apropierea frecvenei
frequency. This value is higher than the one in the de 20 Hz. Aceast valoare este mai ridicat dect cea din
previous case, which was expected, the system being cazul anterior, ceea ce este de ateptat, sistemul fiind mai
more rigid, but it is far from the calculated one, of rigid, dar ea se afl la mare distan de frecvena
30.37Hz. This discrepancy is due to the imperfections of fundamental calculat, de 30,37Hz. Aceast discrepan
the tightening system, which allowed a certain relative se explic prin imperfeciunile sistemului de strngere, ce
sliding of the three bars. au permis anumite alunecri relative ale celor trei bare.
The measurements validate the proposed model, for Msurtorile valideaz modelul propus pentru
the fundamental eigenfrequency, and show that this frecvena fundamental i arat c aceast frecven este
frequency is situated in the neighborhood of the situat n vecintatea valorii determinate numeric,
numerically determined value, translated with a larger deplasat cu att mai mult cu ct rigiditatea arcului
amount as the rigidity of the leaf spring is greater. The lamelar este mai mare. Frecvena proprie fundamental
fundamental eigenfrequency is of a particular interest, as it prezint un interes deosebit, deoarece poate conduce la
can lead to the resonance phenomenon, undesirable for fenomenul de rezonan, nedorit pentru mijloace de
transportation means. transport.
It can be concluded that the eigenfrequencies of a leaf Se poate concluziona c frecvenele proprii ale unui
spring depend essentially on the way in which the strips arc lamelar depind n mod esenial de felul n care pot
can slide on one another, thus on their state of wear, as aluneca relativ ntre ele foile arcului, deci de starea lor de
well as on their tightening system. uzur, precum i de sistemul de strngere.
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., (2011) Theoretical and [1]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., (2011) Analiz teoretic
experimental analysis of the vibrations of an elastic beam i experimental a vibraiilor unei bare elastice cu patru
with four concentrated masses, Proceedings of the Annual mase concentrate, Proceedings of the Annual Symposium
Symposium of the Institute of Solid Mechanics, SISOM of the Institute of Solid Mechanics, SISOM 2011,
2011, Bucharest, May 2526, 2011, pp.471-480; Bucharest, May 2526, 2011, pag.471-480;
[2]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., (2012) Experimental [2]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., (2012) Studiu
study of the forced vibrations of a system with distributed experimental al vibraiilor forate ale unui sistem cu mas
mass and four concentrated masses, Proceedings of the distribuit i patru mase concentrate, Proceedings of the
Annual Symposium of the Institute of Solid Mechanics, Annual Symposium of the Institute of Solid Mechanics,
SISOM 2012, Bucharest, May 3031, 2012, pp.200-205; SISOM 2012, Bucharest, May 3031, 2012, pp.200-205;
[3]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., Dragomirescu C., (2013) [3]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., Dragomirescu C., (2013)
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Magnetic Studii teoretice i experimentale asupra amortizorilor
Dampers, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 430, pp magnetici, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 430,
351-355, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland; pag. 351-355, Trans Tec Publications, Switzerland;
[4]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., Dragomirescu C., (2015) [4]. Craifaleanu A., Oranu N., Dragomirescu C., (2015)
Bending vibrations of a viscoelastic Euler-Bernoulli beam Vibraii de ncovoiere ale unei bare Euler-Bernoulli
two methods and comparison, Applied Mechanics and viscoelastice dou metode i comparaie, Applied
Materials, Vol. 762, pp 47-54, Trans Tech Publications, Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 762, pag. 47-54, Trans
Switzerland; Tech Publications, Switzerland;
[5]. Trailer Parts Superstore, (2015), http://www. [5]. Trailer Parts Superstore, (2015), http://www.
easternmarine.com/Double-Eye-Trailer-Leaf-Springs; easternmarine.com/Double-Eye-Trailer-Leaf-Springs;
[6]. Meirovitch, L., (2001) Fundamentals of Vibrations, [6]. Meirovitch, L. (2001) Bazele vibraiilor, Editura
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; McGraw-Hill, New York;
[7]. Rao S. (2011) Mechanical Vibrations, Prentice Hall [7]. Rao S. (2011) Vibraii mecanice, Editura Prentice
Publishing House, University of Miami; Hall, Universitatea din Miami;
[8]. Rdoi M., Deciu E., Voiculescu D., (1973) Elements [8]. Rdoi M., Deciu E.,Voiculescu D., (1973) Elemente
of mechanical vibrations (in Romanian), Tehnical de vibraii mecanice, Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti.
Publishing House, Bucharest; [9]. Sila Gh., (1968) Mecanic. Vibraii mecanice, Ed.
[9]. Sila Gh., (1968) Mechanics. Mechanical Bucharest; Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
[10]. Timoshenko S., (1948) Strength of Materials. Part [10]. Timoshenko S., (1948) Rezistena materialelor.
I. Elementary Theory and Problems, D. van Nostrand Partea I. Teoria elementar i Probleme, D. van Nostrand
Company, Inc. Company, Inc.
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INTRODUCTION
Salinization is a universal soil character in arid and
semi-arid regions in China [8]. Soil salinization and soil
secondary salinization caused by irrigation are main [8]
constraints against local agricultural development and the
main influencing factors of local ecological environmental
stability [2]. The Lubotan at the junction of Pucheng [2]
County and Fuping County lies in the central Shaanxi
Plain where it has the richest agriculture in arid and semi-
arid regions. The local groove terrain of low-in-middle but
high-in-surroundings, diversion irrigation in the Luoxi
irrigation area and common flood irrigation implemented
in Lubotan have caused drainage silting, groundwater
level rise and intensifying salinization of soil, thus
influencing local food production and sustainable [5]
agricultural development significantly[5]. Through a
series of farmland ameliorative measures like perfecting
the irrigation and drainage system, no large-scale
salinization of soil has occurred and crop output has
recovered to the normal level. However, local crop
growth is still influenced by different degrees of salt
stress. Wageningen SWAPSoil-Water-
The SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant) model
Atmosphere-Plant Richards
developed by Wageningen University (Netherlands)
calculates water movement and solute transport in soils -
by using the one-dimensional Richards equation and the
convection-dispersion equation. With consideration to [7]
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20m 20m
Hyetometer Anemometer
105m
Meteorological
Data Recorder Solar Panel
Soil Water and
Mini-type Salinity Data
Vertical Shaft Recorder
5cm
Table 1
Physical and chemical properties in the soil profile of 0100 cm
Soil particle size distribution (%)
Depth
Sand Silt Clay Bulk density (g/cm3) pH (H2O) Organic C (%)
(cm)
(>0.05mm) (0.002-0.05mm) (<0.002mm)
0-20 44.1 52.7 3.2 1.48 8.3 1.15
20-40 43.2 54.0 2.8 1.46 8.4 1.03
40-70 44.1 53.4 2.5 1.45 8.6 0.82
70-100 42.5 53.8 3.7 1.45 8.6 0.76
SWAP model
SWAP model is an open-source simulation model SWAP Wageningen
applicable for field macro quantitative analysis. It is
developed by Wageningen University (Netherlands) on SPACSoil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum
the basis of new research fruits concerning water
dynamics and soil water movement of the current SPAC
(Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum) system. It is mainly
used for simulation analysis on field soil water
movement, solute transport and crop growth under
different irrigation levels, and also could solve research
and practice problems involving agriculture, water
resources management and environmental protection .
The SWAP model could be divided into three main parts:
3
meteorology part, crop part and soil part. Each part
could be further divided into several sub-modules (which
are realized by different functions). It simplifies soil heat
and water movement as well as solute transport into
vertical one-dimensional movement and solves the
partial differential equation by finite different method. Soil
water movement is described by Richards equation and Richards -
soil solute transport is described by traditional
convection-dispersion equation. It reflects effect of water
and salt stress on crop growth through water absorption
rate of crop roots under different water potentials.
Considering practical soil texture in the study area
and active layer depth of summer maize roots, the
0120cm
simulated soil depth in this paper was 0120cm, which
was divided into three layers: 030cm, 3060cm and 030cm3060cm60120cm
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Pi Oi
N
1 2 (1)
RMSE
N i 1
1 N
Pi Oi
MRE
N
Oi
100% (2)
i 1
th
Where N is number of measured data, Oi is the i
N Oi i Pi
measured data and Pi is the corresponding simulated
value.
To simulate soil water content, hydraulic
characteristic parameters of soil layers have to be
determined. Soil samples of different layers were
collected from the test pit profile in the study area, which
were then carried back to the laboratory to get the soil
water characteristic curve through tensiometer weighing
method. Later, related test data were fitted using the USSL RETC
RETC (retention curve program for unsaturated soils) retention curve program for unsaturated soils
software developed by USSL (US Salinity Laboratory)
[4], thus getting the initial values of hydraulic [4]
characteristic parameters of soils. With reference to
measured soil water of summer maize during the 2013
calibration period (2013), meteorological and irrigation
system of the study area as well as initial values of soil
hydraulic characteristic parameters gained from SWAP
laboratory test were input into the SWAP model together
until getting the optimum fitting result between the
simulated results and measured results. In this way, VGVan Genuchten 2
calibration results of VG (Van Genuchten) model
parameters of soil layers in the study area were gained
(Table 2).
Limited by test conditions, this paper has not set
parameters of solute adsorption and decomposition rate
in the soil solute transport module of the model when
simulating soil salinity. Dispersity and molecular diffusion
coefficient are the main calibrating parameters in soil
salinity simulation. The multi-parameter sensor CS655 in
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Table 2
VG model parameters calibrated values of soil moisture characteristic curve
Table 3
Calibrated values of primary crop biological parameters in simple crop growth module
Selected values
Parameters
(summer maize)
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0.5 20 0.5 20
0.4 30-60cm 16 0.4 30-60cm 16
0.3 12 0.3 12
0.2 8 0.2 8
0.1 4 0.1 4
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Day after seeding (d) Day after seeding (d)
Soil salt concentration ( g/L )
Soil water content ( cm3/cm3 )
0.5 20 0.5 20
60-120cm 60-120cm
0.4 16 0.4 16
0.3 12 0.3 12
0.2 8 0.2 8
0.1 4 0.1 4
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Day after seeding (d) Day after seeding (d)
Fig.2- Simulated versus measured water and salt content of the soil solution in different soil layers
during model calibration (left) and verification (right)
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Table 4
Goodness-of-fit test indicators relative to SWAP model calibration and verification
Soil water content Soil salt content
Soil depth cm3/cm3 mg/cm3
Growing season
cm RMSE MRE RMSE MRE
cm3/cm3 % mg/cm3 %
0-30 0.014 4.2 1.392 13.8
Calibration (2013) 30-60 0.008 2.2 0.827 8.2
60-120 0.009 2.0 0.490 4.1
0-30 0.022 5.9 1.268 11.1
Verification (2014) 30-60 0.018 3.8 0.922 9.3
60-120 0.016 3.4 0.424 3.2
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Rain (mm)
40
4
60
2 80
0 100
9
emergence trefoil seven leaves elongation tasseling milk-ripe mature 0
Qbot/DSTOR (cm)
6 -50
GWL (cm)
3 IRR IRR
-100
0
-150
-3
-6 -200
-9 -250
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127
DSTOR Qbot GWL day after seeding (d)
6
Rain (mm)
40
4
60
2014
2 80
0 100
9
emergence trefoil seven leaves elongation tasseling milk-ripe mature 0
Qbot/DSTOR (cm)
6 -50
IRR
GWL (cm)
3 IRR
-100
0
-150
-3
-6 -200
-9 -250
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127
DSTOR Qbot GWL day after seeding (d)
Fig.3- Actual evaporation (Ea), actual transpiration (Ta), vertical bottom flux (Qbot) and change water storage (DSTOR) at 120 cm
soil profile versus rainfall (Rain), irrigation (IRR) and groundwater level (GWL) changes during summer maizes growth
seasons of 2013 (a) and 2014 (b).
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100 300
SAMPRO ( mg/cm2 )
60 200
100
20
0
-20
-100
-60 -200
-100 -300
emergence trefoil seven leaves elongation tasseling milk-ripe mature
100 300
SAMPRO ( mg/cm2 )
60 200
100
20
0
-20
-100
-60 -200
-100 -300
emergence trefoil seven leaves elongation tasseling milk-ripe mature
Growth stage (-)
Fig.4- Solute flux at soil surface (SQTOP), solute flux at soil bottom (SQBOT) and solute amount at 120cm soil profile (SAMPRO)
in different summer maizes growth stages during seasons of 2013 (up) and 2014 (down)
CONCLUSIONS
Field applicability of SWAP model is tested by the
observation data during summer maize growth period 20132014
from 2013~2014 in typical farmland in the irrigation area SWAP
of the central Shaanxi Plain. Meanwhile, water-salt
balance results simulated by the verified SWAP model
are analyzed and discussed. It concludes that:
(1) During model calibration and verification, 1
simulated soil water and salt contents reflect the general
variation trend of measured values. During the calibration 3 3
(2013) and verification (2014), RMSE of SWC is smaller RMSE 0.03cm /cm
than 0.03cm3/cm3 and MRE is lower than 10%. RMSE of MRE 10%
SSC is smaller than 1.5mg/cm3 and MRE is lower than 3
RMSE 1.5mg/cm MRE
15%. This means that the calibrated and verified SWAP
model is applicable for simulation study on water-salt 15% SWAP
dynamic changes of the soil profile in the study area. The
simulated water-salt balance components are reliable.
(2) According to SWAP results on field water balance
components during summer maize growth periods in 2 SWAP
2013 and 2014, the accumulative actual transpiration 2013 2014
accounts for 57.6% and 64.9% of potential transpiration,
57.6% 64.9%
indicating that crop transpiration is restricted by surface
soil water content. DSTOR reduced by 5.52cm in 2013 2013
and increased by 1.58cm in 2014. Soil water supply from 2014 0120cm -5.52cm
groundwater mainly is mainly achieved in vigorous
growth of maize. The accumulative soil water supply from 1.58cm
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51509202),
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project 51509202
(Grant No.2014M562438), Open Foundation of State Key 2014M562438
Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic
Engineering (Grant No. 2013490511), the Hydraulic 2013490511
Science and Technology Plan Foundation of Shaanxi
2013slkj-08
Province (Grant No. 2013slkj-08) and Natural Science
Foundation of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2014JQ5188
2014JQ5188).
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[1]. Haverkamp R, Vauclin M. (1977) - Comparison of [1]. Haverkamp R, Vauclin M. (1977)
numerical simulation models for one-dimensional
, , 41, 285-294;
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[2]. Hongyu Zhu, Shaoshao Du. (2013) - Analysis of the [2]. , . (2013) -
Characteristics of Soil Salinization in Eastern Guanzhong
Basin, Water Sciences and Engineering Technology,
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no.9, pg.43-45; [3]. Hu C S, Saseendran S A, Green T R, et al. (2006)
[3]. Hu C S, Saseendran S A, Green T R, et al. (2006) -
Evaluating nitrogen and water management in a double- RZWQM ,
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[4]. J Yang, D J Greenwood, D L Rowell, et al. (2000) - [4]. J Yang, D J Greenwood, D L Rowell, et al. (2000)
Statistical methods for evaluating a crop nitrogen , N_ABLE, , 64, 37-
simulation model, N_ABLE, Agricultural Systems, 64,
pg.37-53; 53;
[5]. Lizhi Wu, Yan Di. (2005) - Demonstrational study on [5]. , . (2005) -
the land consolidation and rehabilitation (LCR) project of
saline-alkali soil in arid areas: a case study of Lubotan - ,
LCR project in Pucheng county, Shaanxi Province, , 21, z1, 179-182;
Transactions of the CSAE, vol.21, no.z1, pg.179-182;
[6]. Peng Wang, Xianfang Song, Ruiqiang Yuan, et al. [6]. , , , . (2011) - Hydrus-1d
(2011) - Water flux estimation in SPAC system of SPAC -
farmland using Hydrus-1d model: A case of Dongcun
Farm in Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, Geographical , , 30 , 4 , 622-634;
Research, vol.30, no.4, pg.622-634; [7]. Quan Quan, Bing Shen, Runxun Jin, et al. (2014) -
[7]. Quan Quan, Bing Shen, Runxun Jin, et al.(2014) -
Simulation of salinity stress on growth of winter wheat by SWAP ,
soil water atmosphere plant model in loess plateau,
INMATEH - , 44 , 3 , 51-58;
INMATEHAgricultural engineering, vol.44, no.3, pg.51-
58; [8]. , , , . (2010) -
[8]. Quan Quan, Jiancang Xie, Bing Shen, et al. (2010) -
, , 26 , 12 ,
Soil sampling method based on field measurements and
remote sensing images, Transactions of the CSAE, 237-241;
vol.26, no.12, pg.237-241;
[9]. R.A. Feddes, P.A.C. Raats. (2004) --
[9]. R.A. Feddes, P.A.C. Raats. (2004) - Parameterizing
the soil water plant root system, Symposium on , , ,
Unsaturated Zone Modeling, NETHERLANDS:
Wageningen, pg.95-141. 95-141.
145
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146
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Fig.1 -Wasteland development operation of the vehicle Fig.2 - Sketch of the vehicle operating range
147
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Table 1
Parameters of the vehicle operating device
zc yc
3
zI yI ya xbl1 oc xc
za yb 2
OI xI 1 l 2
z1 y1 x1 xa
O1
A p A RB A
pBo B p A B p
TB (1)
1 0 1 1 1
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
M3 3
l1
w1 2 l2
M1 1
mf m2
a1
F1By M 2 m1
F1Bx m3
b1
O2 s1
w2
O pm1 O 1 a b pm1
T1 Ta Tb (2)
1 1
O pm 2 O 1 a b c pm 2
T1 Ta Tb Tc (3)
1 1
O pm 3 O 1 a b c pm 3
T1 Ta Tb Tc (4)
1 1
The angle velocity of the boom l1 and the bucket rod
l1 l2
l2 in the inertial coordinate system can be described as
O
m1 O R1 1Ra 1 O R1 1Ra a Rb 2 (5)
O
m 2 O R1 1Ra 1 O R1 1Ra a Rb 2 O R1 1Ra a Rb b Rc 3 (6)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
d / dt is angular acceleration. d / dt
We define 1 , 2 , 3 as generalized coordinates.
1 2 3
The driving moment M 1 , M 2 , M 3 is calculated by
solving the Lagrange equation. When the vehicle M 1 M 2 M 3
performs a digging task under the assumption that the
acceleration of the boom and of the bucket rod is 0
represented by 0 , the kinetic energy of the boom and
bucket rod system is written as
1 3 1 2
T
2 i 1
mi O vmiT O vmi Omi
2 i 1
T
J mi Omi (9)
d L L
Mi ( ) (11)
dt i i
where L T V is the Lagrange function. L T V
When DAlemberts principle is applied, the force and
the moment of the front body as induced by the backhoe
device can be computed as
3
F1B 1RO mi O ami (12)
i 1
w1
mf M 1By
w3 mr
a2 F1By M
1Bx
a1 b A1
s2 Q5 s 1
A2 Q4 1 F1Bz
O2
b2 Q3 Q1 M 1Bz B1
B2 P3 O2 Q2
P1
W4 P2
W2
Fig.5 - Schematic of vehicle stability
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s2 d ( s2 b2 ) d 2 s22 s2
arctan(
) (15)
d s2 a2 2d b2 r s r s a s b r 2d d s22
2 2 3
2
3
2 2
22
2 2
X I [X , X ] X R | X X X (17)
X I X C X e (18)
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1 2 e
e
2 6 6
0.39 0.39 e
3
1 e (19)
3
0.055 0.055 e
2
3 0.055 0.055 e
mt 300 300e
0.7555 0.0195e
F ( , , e ) 0 (20)
RESULTS
Influence of Tire Deformation on Rear Body Stability
When the roll angle of the rear body vehicle
increases, tire deformation changes. As a result, the
actual rollover angle shifts as well. The relationship
between the rollover angle of the rear body and tire
deformation is calculated with Eq. (15); the result is
shown in Figure 6. 15
The rollover angle of the rear body decreases when 6
tire deformation increases in Figure 6. Thus, this
deformation should be considered in the analysis of 6
vehicle stability during agricultural construction to
enhance the accuracy of the calculated rollover angle. If
tire deformation is disregarded, then the calculated
rollover angle is large; when this angle is used in the
design of a vehicle rollover warning system, rollover
accidents occur easily.
90
60
30
()
0
-30
-60
-90
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
(m)
Fig.6 - Variation in the rollover angle of the rear body with tire deformation
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0.7
0.5
-0.5
-0.7
No material
300kg material
-1
-1.57 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.57
1 Unit:rad
Fig.7 - Stability region of the front body under different digging material weights
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1
0.7
0.25
line1 line2
0 stability region
-0.25
-0.7
-1
-1.5 -0.73 0 0.73 1.5
Unit: rad
Fig.8 - Stable region of the front body during digging
CONCLUSION
Agricultural articulated vehicles can adapt well to
different terrains; thus, such vehicles can be used on the
rough terrains of upland fields, paddy fields, and
mountainous and hilly areas during agricultural
production. To protect the safety of the operator, the
stability of this vehicle must be determined during
agricultural production. We analyze the stabilities of the
front and rear bodies when the vehicle performs a digging
task. The factors that affect stability during digging
operations are defined as the mathematical interval.
Moreover, we build a stability analysis model in
combination with multi-body dynamics, the interval
method, and the stability criterion to analyze vehicle
stability. The region of the roll and yaw angles is
determined based on the simulation result and the yaw
angle keeps the front body stable. Therefore, the
simulation results can be fed back to a designer to
optimize vehicle design and to provide data for early
rollover warning design in agricultural production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51405187). 51405187
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Comparison between a rollover tractor dynamic model
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154
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[6]. Hesham E.S., Robert P.B., (1993) - Using interval [6]. Hesham E.S., Robert P.B., (1993) -
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Active roll control for rollover prevention of heavy
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pp.853-865.
155
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: ,
Key words: screw working body, screw conveyor, auger,
, , .
bulk material.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays screw conveyors are widely used for
technological transporting and mixing the bulk materials. ,
These conveyors are characterized by simplicity of their ,
design. They are highly reliable, easy to use and easy to , ,
adapt when used in automated systems, and they are
ecologically friendly as well [7,8,9]. To cut down power ,
consumption and to increase the quality of mixing the [7,8,9].
bulk materials, a number of screw mixers original
designs are developed. The use of the working body
depends on the peculiarities of bulk material loading the .
,
auger as well as on the peculiarities of the nature of bulk
material motion, and the practicability of using the auger
,
working body. .
The advantages of using such augers include the
increase of load coefficient in the area of transporting the
bulk material from a tanker into auger that leads to the ,
increase of conveyors productivity. .
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Fig. 1. - Computation scheme of transporting the given bulk material volume in the inclined screw conveyor:
1 - drive shaft; 2 screw working body; 3 given bulk material volume; 4 casing;
5 trajectory of bulk material motion in the medium speed mode (mode of transporting and mixing)
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60
y, mm55
40
1
20
( R) sin ( v t ) 2
0
R sin ( v t )
20
40
55 60
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
, mm
55 2
( R d) cos( v t ) d cos( v t ) R cos( v t ) 55
Fig. 2. - Motion trajectories of the given bulk material volume in cross section of casing
in the fast speed 1 and medium speed 2 modes as compared
x A ( R d ) cos d cos 2 ;
y A R sin ; (1)
T0 ( t )
zA .
2
:
Where: xA, yA, zA,
xA, yA, zA, coordinates of the given bulk material , ; R
volume, m; R radial parameter of the given bulk , ;
material volume, m; angular parameter of the given , ;
bulk material volume, rad; angular speed of working , /; t , ; d
body rotation, rad/s; t time, s; d parameter that ,
determines the displacement of motion trajectory of the
given bulk material volume in medium speed mode as ,
compared with the fast speed mode, T0 - step, mm. ; T0 - , .
Parameter d is the function of angular speed of
d
working body rotation, the inner radius of casing, and the
,
transported material properties. The angular speed of ,
working body rotation increases, the parameter d
decreases. The inner radius of casing increases, the ,
parameter d increases as well. In fast speed mode d=0, .
this parameter can be determined with the use of d=0.
parametrical dependences based on experimental
research. .
Motion speeds of the given bulk material volume
related to the auger along the axes x, y, z: , , z:
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. . .
x
1 x A x1u ;
. . .
1
y y A y 1u ;
(2)
. . .
z1 z A z1u ,
. . . . . .
where
, , z ,
- projections of motion speed of , , z , -
the given bulk material volume on the axes of z, /;
coordinates
. . xyz,
. m/s. . . .
1u , 1u , z1u projections of motion speed of the 1u , 1u , z1u
working body on the axes of coordinates xyz, m/s. z, /.
,
As the casing is motionless, the motion speeds of the
given bulk material volume related to the casing along , , z, :
the axes , , z equal:
. .
x
2 x A;
. .
y2 y A ; . (3)
. .
z2 z A .
The projections of motion speed of the given bulk ,
material volume are defined by differentiating the (1) ,
equation (1) for the general case, when R const :
R const :
. d (R d ) d d ( d ) d
xA cos ( R d ) sin cos 2 2d cos sin ;
dt dt dt dt
. dR d
yA sin R cos ; (4)
dt dt
. T d
zA .
2 dt
x1u R sin ;
y1u R cos ; (5)
z 0.
1u
According to (2) and taking into account the (2), (4) (5),
dependences (4) and (5), we develop the formulas: :
. d (R d ) d d d ( d ) d
x1 cos R sin d sin cos 2 2d cos sin ;
dt dt dt dt dt
. dR d
y1 sin R cos ; (6)
dt dt
. T0 d
z1 .
2 dt
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s2 x A2 y A2 z A2 . (8)
Inserting the equations (4) and (6) into (7) and (8), (4) (6) (7) (8),
and hypothesizing that the casing has a cylindrical ,
shape with R = const, d = const, after the cuts, we get , R=const, d=const,
the formulas: , :
T 2 d d d d
2 2
.
s1 R 2 0 2 2 Rd sin 2 (1 2cos ) d 2 sin 2 (1 2cos ) 2 (9)
4 dt dt dt dt
d d 2 d 2 d
2 2 2 2
.
T2
s2 R 0 2
2
2 Rd sin (1 2 cos ) d sin (1 2 cos )
2 2
(10)
dt 4 dt dt dt
d d d 2 d 2 d 2
x R cos R sin d cos d sin
dt dt dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
d 2 d 2 d 2
2d sin 2 () 2 cos 2 () 2 2cos sin 2 ;
dt dt dt
(11)
d d d
2
y R sin R cos 2 ;
dt dt dt
T0 d 2
z .
2 dt 2
RESULTS
The numerical and experimental research as well as
, ,
the research presented in the work [8] prove that the
[8] ,
stable mode of transportation is set regardless of the
initial conditions of transportation after the passage of
transitional mode zone.
.
The stable mode of transportation in medium speed
mode of conveyor (fig.3) should be considered, In this (. 3),
mode the bulk material is transported along the complex
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Fig. 3. - Motion trajectory of the given bulk material volume in medium speed mode of conveyor R=55 mm, =15 rad/s.
Under the
M acceptable conditions from (6), the (6)
projections of motion speed of the given bulk material
volume related to the auger on the axis of coordinate z
system xyz can be developed
.
x1 R sin t d sin t 2d cos t sin t ;
y1 R cos t ; (12)
. T
z1 0 .
2
x2 ( R d ) sin t 2d cos t sin t ;
y2 R cos t ; (13)
z2 T .
2
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.
T2
s1 R 2 0 2 2 Rd sin 2 ( ) (1 2cos( )) d 2 sin 2 ( ) (1 2cos( )) 2
2 2
(14)
4
.
T02
s2 R 2 2Rd sin 2 (1 2cos ) d 2 sin 2 (1 2cos ) 2
2 2 2 2
(15)
4 2
Based on the formula (15), the graphics of changing (15)
the motion speed of the given bulk material volume in
time related to the casing in medium speed mode of
conveyor (fig. 4) are developed: (. 4)
s2 , / 0.46
0.44
0.42
3
0.4
0.38
0.36
2
0.34
0.32
0.3
0.28
1
0.26
0.24
0.22
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t,
Fig. 4. - Graphics of changing the motion speed of the given bulk material volume in time related to the casing in medium
speed mode of conveyor R=0,055m, 0=0,11m: 1 - n=90rpm; 2 - n=120rpm; 3 - n=150rpm
x R cos t ;
y R sin t ; (16)
z 0.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The engineering technique of determining the nature 1.
of loading on the elements in medium speed mode of
screw conveyor, on the casing and the screw working
body in particular is developed. The speeds of bulk : .
material transportation periodically change when the ,
augers with axis motion are used. This fact improves
,
the process of mixing the bulk materials.
.
2. The analytical dependences to determine the 2.
parameters during transportation of the given bulk
material are developed. These dependences can be ,
widely used in designing the screw transport and -
technological systems. .
REFERENCES
[1]. Aleksandrov M. P., (1974) Lifting and transport [1]. . ., (1974) -
machines/ Mechanical engineering, 503 p., Moscow; . , 503 .,
[2]. Grigoryev A.M., (1972) Screw conveyers. ;
Mechanical engineering p.286, Moscow; [2]. A. M. (1972) .
[3]. Hewko . (2011) Model of loading on the screw , 184 ., ;
working bodies, Bulletin NU. V.16, 1. pp.69- [3]. . (2011)
77., Ternopil; .
[4]. Hewko B. ., (1989) Screw falling mechanisms of . 16, 1. . 69-77., ;
agricultural machinery, Higher school, p.176, Lviv; [4]. .., .. (1989) -
[5]. Rohatynskyi R. ., (1997) Mechanical and
technological backgrounds of interaction of screw . , 175 ., ;
working bodies with agricultural raw materials: the [5]. . . (1997) -
thesis of Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) 05.20.01,
05.05.05 / Rohatynskyi Roman Mykhailovych. p.502,
Kyiv; : . . . : 05.20.01,
[6]. Rohatynskyi .., Hewko .B., Diachun .Y., (2014) 05.05.05 / . 502.,
- Scientific and applied backgrounds of creating the .;
screw transport and technological mechanisms NU [6]. .., .., .. (2014)
p.278, Ternopil; -
[7]. Volkov R .., Gnutov . N., Diachkov V. . et al - -
(1984), Conveyors: Guide under the editionship of , 278 ., ;
Y.. Perten. Mechanical engineering p.367, [7]. .., . ., .. . -
Leningrad; (1984); : . . ..
[8]. *** All Union State Standards, (1980) - Screw . , 367 ., .
conveyors for feedstuff. Main parameters AUSS [8]. , (1980)
23976 80 .: Standards publisher p.19. - (National 23976-80 .: - 19 . -
standards of Ukraine); ( );
[9]. *** All Union State Standards Augers for agricultural [9].
machinery (1973) AUSS 2705 - 73. Standards (1973) 2705 - 73. - 16. -
publisher p.16 - (National standards of Ukraine). ( ).
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INTRODUCTION
Tree trunk injection is a new method of preventing
and controlling fruit tree disease and eliminate pests [1].
It is one of the best ways to control the trees insect. It [1]
plays an active role in reducing pollution of the
environment [3], maintaining ecological balance, and
increasing forest coverage. Now the research of tree [3]
trunk injector is becoming more and more widely.
And needle head is one of the most critical parts of
tree trunk injector, whether the type of manual or
mechanical power tree trunk injector is, the performance
of needle head directly affecting the efficiency of the [4]
injection [4]. So the study of needle head has a vital
significance.
This paper main research content includes: first,
doing mechanical analysis for the needle head; Second,
measuring the resistance of the needle head by the
experiment for determining the range of the size of the
needle head that has a smaller resistance; Third, [2]
optimizing the design of the structure of the needle head
[2]; Fourth, doing experimental verification of the needle
head. The purpose is to select the optimal size and
design the best structure of needle head in order to
improve the efficiency of tree trunk injector [5].
[5]
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Stress Analysis of the New Type of Needle Head
As show in Fig.2, the force of the needle head can
be divided into two parts: the process of the needle
head entering the trunk and the needle head exiting 2
from the trunk.
(a) (b)
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
in the hole and it will be squeezed out by the new wood Fec
fibre next time. At the same time, because the trunk can
produces positive pressure to the needle head's
surface, and with the needle head sliding constantly, it
produces sliding friction force between the needle head
and the trunk. The force is called f. This is the first time f
that the needle head enters the trunk.
The second, third time, the needle head bears the force
except for extrusion and cutting force and sliding friction
force. Because there is no cleaning the wood fibre
remains in the needle head's holereferred to as wood
core, Then it will produce the extrusion with the new
wood core to the old wood core, and it is named
Fe
extrusion force, expressed in Fe.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
a b
Fig. 3- The comparison chart for No.1 and No.2 the needle head of the fourth group of experiments
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
a b
Fig. 4 -The comparison of the same outer diameter
a) b)
Fig. 5 - The comparison of the same thickness of the wall
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
7.8mm 4.5~5.0mm
The outer diameter is 7.8 mm, the aperture is 4.5-5.0 mm.
The outer diameter is 6.8 mm, the aperture is 4.0-4.5 mm. 6.8mm 4.0~4.5mm
The outer diameter is 5.8 mm, the aperture is 3.0-3.5 mm.
5.8mm 3.0~3.5mm
CThe Optimization Structure of the Needle Head
C
The purpose of the optimization design for the
needle head is to decrease the resistance, guarantee
the strength of the needle and improve the efficiency of
the injection [9]. Because the tests in the above [9]
paragraph have determined the size range of the needle
heads, here the design is mainly to optimize the
structure of the needle head. The design is shown as
figure 6. The new needle head turns the original circular 6
part into the structure that the cross-sectional area of
the structure's middle part is an I-shaped sharp edge
and both sides are grooves. And it leaves a short length
for the structure that is a top and bottom hole, which can
easily make the sharp edge cutting the wood core into
two pieces and the wood core easy falls off from
grooves. This structure can guarantee the strength of
the needle, and can improve the extruding way of the
wood core. It is as much as possible to reduce the
extrusion pressure, improve the effect of sealing and the
pesticide penetration.
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
CONCLUSIONS
The paper optimizes the design for the needle head
by mechanical analysis, experiments of the needle
head, structural improvements. The purpose is to design
the best structure of the needle head. It is obtained the
range of the needle heads best size: the outer diameter
6-8mm, 0.5-
is 6-8 mm, the thickness of the wall is 0.5-1mm.
Comparing the new needle head with the old needle
1mm
head, the resistance of the needle head has been
reduced. But the new structure can enhance strength
and avoid fracture. It makes the wood core exist in the
grooves of both sides without squeezing trunks. It has
good sealing effect and improves the injection efficiency
of the trunk injector.
Acknowledgement
The work has been funded by the Special Fund for
Forest Scientific Research in the Public Welfare by the
state forestry administration (201304102). (201304102)
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[3]. ,,,,. (2011)-
Trend for the Research of Tree Trunk Injection Machine.
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pp.245-248; [4]. ,,,. (2011)-
[4]. Liu Jingyuan, He Jinyi, Qi Fei. (2011)- A [J]., 39(1):12~15;
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Woodworking Equipment, Volume 39, Issue 1, pp.12-15; United States Patent 5,355,619[P]. [20101010].
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[5]. Otho. S, Gary. E., (2010) -Tree Injector System: [6]. ,,.(2009)-
United States Patent 5,355,619 [P] [2010-10-10];
[J].,9(5):101~104.
[6]. Shang Qingqing, Zhao Boguang, Zhang Yiquan,
(2009)-Study on a High Pressure and Large Capacity [7]. Shang Qingqing, Liao Kai, Liu Huan, Zhao
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[7]. Shang Qingqing, Liao Kai, Liu Huan, Zhao Proceedings 2011 International Conference on
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Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering,
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Proceedings 2011 International Conference on TMEE 2011. December 16-18, Changchun, 813-816;
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TMEE 2011. December 16-18, Changchun, pp.813-816; and the time of application affects uptake of tree trunk-
[8]. Zamora M. A. S., Escobar R.F.(2000)-Injector size
injected solutions, Scientia Horticulturae,
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parentheses the first time it is used in the text. Only ar trebui introdus n parantez pentru prima dat cnd
recommended SI units should be used. Authors should use este folosit n text. Doar uniti din SI trebuiesc folosite.
the Solidus presentation (mg/ml). Standard abbreviations Autorii trebuie s foloseasc prezentarea Solidus (mg/ml).
(such as ATP and DNA) need not to be defined. Abrevierile standard (ca ATP sau ADN) nu trebuiesc
definite.
INTRODUCTION should provide a clear statement of the
problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the INTRODUCEREA trebuie s ofere o expunere clar a
proposed approach or solution. It should be understandable problemei, esena relevant a subiectului i abordarea
to colleagues from a broad range of scientific subjects. propus sau soluia. Aceasta trebuie s poat fi neleas
de ctre colegi din diferite domenii tiinifice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS should be complete enough
to allow experiments to be reproduced. However, only truly MATERIALE I METODE: trebuie s fie suficient de
new procedures should be described in detail; previously complete pentru a permite experimentelor s fie reproduse.
published procedures should be cited, and important Totui, numai metodele cu adevrat noi trebuie descrise n
modifications of published procedures should be detaliu; metodele publicate anterior trebuie citate;
mentioned briefly. Capitalize trade names and include the modificrile importante ale metodelor publicate trebuie
manufacturer's name and address. Subheadings should be menionate pe scurt. Scriei cu majuscule denumirile
used. Methods in general use need not be described in comerciale i includei numele i adresa productorilor.
detail. Subcapitolele trebuie utilizate. Metodele utilizate n
general, nu trebuie descrise n detaliu.
RESULTS should be presented with clarity and precision.
The results should be written in the past tense when REZULTATELE trebuie prezentate cu claritate i precizie.
describing findings in the authors' experiments. Results Acestea trebuie scrise la timpul trecut, atunci cnd descriu
should be explained, but largely without referring to the constatrile n experimentele autorilor. Rezultatele trebuie
literature. Discussion, speculation and detailed interpretation of s fie explicite, dar n mare msur, fr a se face referire
data should not be included in the Results but should be la literatura de specialitate. Discuiile, speculaiile i
put into the Conclusions section. Subheadings should be interpretarea detaliat a datelor nu trebuie s fie incluse n
used. rezultate, ci trebuie incluse n capitolul Concluzii. Subcapitolele
trebuie utilizate.
CONCLUSIONS should interpret the findings in terms of
the results obtained in this and in past studies on this topic. CONCLUZIILE trebuie s interpreteze constatrile n ceea
State the conclusions in a few sentences at the end of the ce privete rezultatele obinute n aceast lucrare i n
paper. The Results and Discussion sections can include studiile anterioare pe aceast tem. Concluziile generale
subheadings, and when appropriate, both sections can be vor fi prezentate n cteva fraze la sfritul lucrrii.
combined. Rezultatele i discuiile pot include subpoziii, i atunci
cnd este cazul, ambele seciuni pot fi combinate.
Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc. should
be brief (if necessarily). Mulumirile ctre oameni, cei care au acordat burse,
fonduri, etc., trebuie s fie scurte (dac este necesar).
Tables should be kept to a minimum and be designed to
be as simple as possible. Tables are to be typed single- Tabelele trebuie meninute la un nivel minim i s fie
spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. proiectate pentru a fi ct mai simple posibil. Tabelele vor fi
Each table must be written on the entire width of the page, scrise la un rnd, inclusiv titlurile i notele de subsol.
into the text where reference is made, the columns are Fiecare tabel trebuie scris pe ntreaga lime a paginii,
broken - one column (see attached sample). Tables should ntre textul n care se face trimitere; coloanele sunt
be self-explanatory without reference to the text. The eliminate - o singur coloan (vezi ataat modelul).
details of the methods used in the experiments should Tabelele trebuie s fie auto-explicative, fr referire la text.
preferably be described in the legend instead of in the text. Detaliile cu privire la metodele utilizate n experimente
The same data should not be presented in both table and trebuie s fie, de preferin, descrise n legend i nu n
graph form or repeated in the text. Tables title will be text. Aceleai date nu trebuie prezentate att n tabel ct i
centered bold (in English) and bold italic native language sub form grafic (dect dac este absolut necesar) sau
then separated by a slash. In the table, each row will be repetate n text. Titlul tabelului va fi scris centrat, bold (n
written in English (Arial, regular, size: 9 pt.) / native englez) i bold italic (n limba matern), separate de un
language (Arial, italic, 9 pt.). The table and its number is slash (/). n tabel, fiecare rnd va fi scris n limba englez
written right justified, bold - in English and bold italic - (9 pt., normal) / limba matern (9 pt., italic). Tabelul i
native language, separated by a slash (/). numrul acestuia se scrie aliniat la dreapta, bold - n limba
Figure legends should be typed in numerical order. englez i bold italic n limba matern, desprite de un slash (/).
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Vol.47, No.3 / 2015
Graphics should be prepared using applications capable of Figurile trebuie scrise n ordine numeric. Grafica trebuie
generating high resolution JPEG before to introducing in realizat utiliznd aplicaii capabile s genereze JPEG de
the Microsoft Word manuscript file (Insert - From File - nalt rezoluie, nainte de a introduce n dosarul
...jpeg). Use Arabic numerals to designate figures and manuscris Microsoft Word (Insert - From File - ... JPEG).
upper case letters for their parts (Figure 1). Begin each Folosii cifre arabe, pentru a desemna cifre i litere
legend with a title and include sufficient description so that majuscule pentru prile lor (Figura 1). ncepei fiecare
the figure is understandable without reading the text of the legend cu un titlu care s includ o descriere suficient,
manuscript. Information given in legends should not be astfel nct figura s poat fi neleas, fr citirea textului
repeated in the text. Each figure must be inserted on the din manuscris. Informaiile furnizate n legende, nu trebuie
entire width of the page, into the text where reference is repetate n text. Fiecare figur trebuie introdus pe
made, single columns (see attached sample). Leave a ntreaga lime a paginii, n text, acolo unde se face
space between the figure and the text of figure, size: 3 pt., referire, o singur coloan (vezi ataat eantion), centrat.
figure number is written in Arial bold, size: 8 pt., followed Lsai un spaiu ntre figur i textul figurii, mrimea: 3 pt.;
by what represent the figure or graph, written with Arial, numrul figurii va fi scris cu bold, 8 pct., centrat, urmat de
regular, 8 pt. Left to write in English (regular), followed by a ceea ce reprezint figura sau graficul, scris cu 8 pt., normal.
separating slash (/) and text in native language (Arial italic). Prima dat se scrie textul n limba englez (normal), urmat de
Eg: un slash (/) apoi textul n limba matern (italic).
Fig 1 - Test stand / Stand de testare (size: 8 pt.) Exemplu:
The figures should be "In line with text" - Center, not Fig. 1 - Test stand / Stand de testare (mrimea: 8 pt.)
"Square"; "Tight"; "Behind text" or "In front of text" (from Figurile introduse trebuie s fie "In line with text" - Center,
"Format picture" - right mouse button on picture and then nu "Square"; "Tight"; "Behind text" or "In front of text" (din
"Layout". "Format picture" - butonul dreapta mouse pe figur i apoi
"Layout").
REFERENCES: are made in the text; a reference REFERINELE: se fac n text; o referin identificat prin
identified by [1], [2], ... [n] is written in the order that was intermediul [1], [2], ...[n], se scrie n ordinea n care a fost
placed at the end of the work - alphabetically. trecut la sfritul lucrrii - ordine alfabetic.
Example: Exemplu:
[1], [2], [3], ..., [n] [1], [2], [3], ..., [n]
References should be listed at the end of the paper in Referinele trebuie prezentate la sfritul lucrrii n
alphabetical order. Articles in preparation or articles ordine alfabetic. Articole n curs de pregtire sau articole
submitted for publication, unpublished observations, trimise spre publicare, observaiile nepublicate, comunicrile cu
personal communications etc. should not be included in caracter personal, etc, nu trebuie incluse n lista de
the reference list but should only be mentioned in the referin, dar pot fi menionate n textul lucrrii (exemplu,
article text (e.g., A. Danciu, University of Bucharest, A. Danciu, Universitatea din Bucureti, Romnia,
Romania, personal communication). Authors are fully comunicare personal). Autorii sunt pe deplin responsabil
responsible for the accuracy of the references. pentru exactitatea referinelor.
Examples: Exemple:
Journal / Magazine: Jurnal / Revist
[1]. Nicolescu M.A., (2007) - Relevant characteristics of [1]. Nicolescu M.A., (2007) - Proprietile relevante ale
alternative liquid fuels aimed at Diesel engines exploitation combustibililor lichizi alternativi vizai pentru exploatarea
in polycarburation duty. INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering, motoarelor Diesel n regim policarburat, INMATEH -
vol. 27, no. 1/2009, ISSN 1583-1019, pp. 50-55; Inginerie Agricol, vol. 27, nr. 1 / 2009, ISSN 1583-1019,
[2]. Pirna I, Nicolescu M., Marin M., Voicea I., (2009) - pag. 50-55;
Alternative supply of agricultural tractors with raw oils. [2]. Pirna I, Nicolescu M., Marin M., Voicea I., (2009) -
INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering, vol. 29, no. 3/2009, Alimentarea alternativ a tractoarelor agricole cu uleiuri
ISSN 1583-1019, pp.89-92. vegetale crude, INMATEH - Inginerie Agricol, vol. 29, nr.
Conference / Symposium: 3 / 2009, ISSN 1583-1019, pag.89-92.
[1]. Bungescu S, Stahli W, Biri S, Vldu V, Imbrea F, Conferin / Simpozion
Petroman C., (2009) - Cosmos programm used for the [1]. Bungescu S, Stahli W, Biri S, Vldu V, Imbrea F,
strength calculus of the nozzles from the sprayers, Petroman C., (2009) - Cosmos programm used for the
Proceedings of the 35 International Symposium on strength calculus of the nozzles from the sprayers,
Agricultural Engineering "Actual Tasks on Agricultural Proceedings of the 35 International Symposium on Agricultural
Engineering", Opatija - Croaia, ISSN 1333-2651, pg. Engineering "Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering",
177184. Opatija - Croaia, ISSN 1333-2651, pag. 177184.
Book: Carte
[1]. Vldu V., (2009) - Studiul procesului de treier n [1]. Vldu V., (2009) - Studiul procesului de treier n
aparatul cu flux axial, Editura "Terra Nostra", ISBN 973- aparatul cu flux axial, Editura "Terra Nostra", ISBN 973-
1888-26-8, Iasi - Romania. 1888-26-8, Iai - Romnia.
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3. REVIEWS 3. SINTEZELE
Summaries, reviews and perspectives covering topics of Sintezele, comentariile i perspectivele acoperind subiecte
current interest in the field, are encouraged and accepted de interes din domeniu sunt ncurajate i acceptate spre
for publication. Reviews should be concise (max. 8 pages). publicare. Sintezele trebuie s fie concise i nu mai mari 8
All the other conditions are similar with regular articles. pagini. Toate celelalte condiii sunt similare cu cele de la
articolele normale (obinuite), enumerate mai sus.
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