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 Contents
4
PMCTICE :
1 Forms of the Simple Present Tense
6
PRACTICE 2: Negative Statements with the Simple Present Tense
8
PMCTICE 3: Q.uestions with the Simple Present Tense
PRACTICE rt:
10
Uses of the Simple Present Tense
PMCTICE 5: Frequency Words and Position of Frequenry Words t2
pRACTICE : Contrasting the Simple Present and the Present Continuous Tenses l4
76
PMCTICE 7: Nonaction Verbs
pRACTICE g: Q.uestions with the Simple Present and the Present Continuous Tenses
18

The Future Tense withWll 20

PRACTICE 9:
22
PRACTICE lO: The Future Tense withBe GoingTb
24
PRACTICE I l: Willversvs Be GoingTo
26
PRACTICE 12: Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
28
PRACTICE 13: Simple PastTense of IrregularVerbs
Negatives and Questions with the Simple Past Tense 30
PRACTIE 14:
32
PRACTICE l5: Subiect and Object Pronouns
34
PMCTICE l: Possessive Forms of Nouns
36
PRACTICE l7: Q.uestions wit'.ll/hose
38
PMCTICE | 8: Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
40
PRACTICE 19: Q.uestions about the Subject
42
PRACTICE 2O: Forms and Uses of Reflexive Pronouns
44
PMCTICE 21: Noun Plurals
46
PRACTICE 22: Using the Singular and Plural for Generalizations
48
PRACTICE 23: Noncount Nouns
50
PRACTICE 21: Quantities with Noncount Nouns
52
PRACTTCE 25: Thete + aForm of Be
54
PRATICE 2: Sonre, Any, A, No, A Little, A Few, and Set'eral
56
PRACTICE 27: A Lot of, Much, and ManY
58
PRACTICE2S: Adiectives
60
PRACTICE 29: Noun Modifiers
62
PRACTICE 30: Adverbs of Manner
64
PRACTICE 3l : Adiectives versus Adverbs
66
PMCTICE 32: Too andEnougJr
68
PRACTICE 33: Too andVerY
70
PRACTICE 34: For,In, During BY, and Ago
72
PRACTICE 35: The Past Continuous Tense

2
 PRACTICE 3: Uses of the Past Continuous Tense 74
PRACTICE 37: Was / Were GoingTo 76
PRACTICE 38: Overview of Modals and Related Expressions 78
PRACTICE 39: Statements and Questions with Modals 80
PRACTICE 40: Must, Hate To, Have Got To, and Be Suryosed To 82
PRACTICE 4I: Can, Could, May, Be Able To, Be Permitted Tb, and Be Allowed To 84
PRACTICE 42: Should and Had Better 86
PRACTICE 43: Negatives of Modals and Related Expressions 88
PRACTICE 44: Will, May, and Mght 90
PRACTICE 45: Using Modals for Politeness 92
PRACTICE 4: Overview of the Present Perfect Tense 94
PRACTICE 47: Statements and Questions with the Present Perfect Tense 96
PRACTICE 48: Continuation from Past to Present Tense 98
PRACTICE 49: The Simple Present versus the Present Perfect Tenses 100
PRACTICE 50: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 102
PRACTICE 5I: The Present Perfect Tense with Indefinite Time in the Past lo4
PRACTICE 52: Overview of Gerunds 106
PRACTICE 53: Overview of Infinitives 108
PRACTICE 54: Infinitives as Subjects 110
PRACTICE 55: Infinitives after Adiectives tt2
PRACTICE 5: Infinitives after Verbs tt4
PRACTICE 57: Gerunds or Infinitives after Verbs 176
PRACTICE 58: Infinitives to Show Purpose lt8
PRACTICE 59: Overview of Adjective Clauses r20
PRACTICE O: Relative Pronouns as Subiects 122
PRACTICE I : Relative Pronouns as Objects 124
PRACTICE 2: Comparative and Superlative Forms 126
PRACTICE 3: Superlatives 128
PRACTICE 4: Equality and Difference with Nouns and Adjectives 130
PRACTICE 5: Overview of the Passive Voice r32
PRACTICE : Forms and Tenses of the Passive Voice 134
PRACTICE 7: Classiffing or ldentifying the Subject with the Indefinite Article r36
PRACTICE 8: Introducing a Noun with the Indefinite Article 138
PRCTICE 9: The Definite Article 140
PRACTICE 70: Indefinite Pronouns 142

,m.
 Forms of the Simple Present Tense
q)
Q

t\)
t-.
+J BASE FORM -S FORM
E
q)
o
q) I love animals. My mother loves children.
k
F{ We love animals. My father loves children.
a
s \ou\ove arirma\s. )y t aniy\ove s c\i,hren.
My children love animals. My dog loves children.
(h
o They love animals. Everyone loves children.
+
l+{ LANGUAGE NOTES:
o 1. Use the -s form after
(,) he, she, it, singular nouns, eue?Uone, euerybod,E, euet'ythittg, sorneolte,
F somebodg, someth'ittg, no one, nobodg, nothing, orfami,lg.
S{ 2. Add --es to verbs that end in s, s/a, tch, ch, fi, or z: wash ---> washes, touch ----> touches.
o
t{ 3. Drop the -y and add,-i,es to most verbs that end in g.' try -----> tri.es, cantry ---> cerries.
4. Use the base form after d ?Jo'u., ?De, they, and plural nouns.
5. Three verbs have an irregular -s form: hq,ue ------> has, eo ------> qoes, d,o ------> does. The verb be
has three forms in the simple present tense: (I) am; (you, u,te, t,heg) ctre; and (he, she, i,t) i,s.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the underlined word.

Example: I work in an office. My wife worke in a hospital.

1. We write the answers in the workbook. The teacher the

questions.
2. I wash the vegetables. My cousin the dishes.
3. My husband speaks Spanish. I Spanish too.
4. I study the newspaper. My sister her schoolbooks.
5. You eat a lot of meat. I a lot of meat too.
6. She cleans the kitchen. He the garage.
7. I enjoy my job. My friend his job too.
8. He lives alone. I with my family.
9. I gq to the bank every morning. My husband to the restaurant.
10. My teacher likes the city. I the city too.
11. The bus driver has a nice smile. You a nice smile too.

12. We gq to the superrnarket on Saturday. He on Thursday night.

13. You walk 2 miles to school. They I mile to school.
\4. Eggs break easily. A glass easily too.

4 Practice 1
 Fill in the blanks in each paragraph with the words in the box. Each word
should be used only one time.
a)
o
draw(s)
-eynr(S[- speak(s) 6)
make(s) write(s) do(es) ask(s)
F
+
sl
t{
a
My family works for my uncle. He (example) owns a newspaper. My
o
brother and I q)
l.{
are reporters. Every daywe (l) questions and (2) news A
q
stories' My mother is the cartoonist. She (3) funny pictures of people who are g
in the news. My father is in charge of advertising. He (4) x
with companies that
want to advertise in our paper'. My aunt is the editor-in-chief. she (b) (A
the final o
decisions about the news stories. My uncle is the managing editor. Everyone ?l
+
(l
(6) ----------.- what lie says. - o
o

a-'r
.{
work(s) close(s) come(s) go(es)
buy(s) cook(s) become(s) open(s)
fro

My husband and I (1) together in a small seafood restaurant. He is the cook. In

the morning lie (2) to the market and (3) the best fish and
vegetables for that cla"s urenu. Then he () back to the restaurant and
(5) _ all the foods for the day. We (6) the restaurant at 11:00
a.m., and it quickl- (7) very busy. We (8) the restaurant at
10:00 p.m.

tt-olk(s) enjoy(s) come(s)

teit(s) bring(s) examine(s)

My wife is a doctor' ^\ll her patients are children. Their parents (1)
_.-----..- them to her
when they are ill. She (2) them and sometimes gives them medicine. My wife
(3) _-----_- long hours, but she (4) her job. When she
(5) honre at night, we (6) each other about our dav.

Practice 1 5
 Negative Statements with
o
o the Simple Present Tense
A
F{

T-
+ EXAMPLE EXPLANATION

0)
th My neighbors have two dogs. Use do not + the base form with
()
l{ They don't have a cat.
I, you, we, they, or a plural noun.
Fr
o
g My daughter wants a puppy. Use does not * the base form with he, she, i,t,
E or a singular noun.
She doesn't want a kitten.
(tt
q) TANGUAGE NOTES:
;1
+ 1. Don't is the contraction for do not. Doesn't is the contraction for does not.
a4 2. Always use the base form after don't andd,oesn't.
+
.
B
f,)
+

o @F Write the negative form of the underlined verb.

E
q)
+
. Example: He talks loudly. We Con L talk Ioudly.
+
V' 1. I swim very well. You
a)
very well.

+
2. He listens to the radio. She to the radio.
.
b0 3. We grow tomatoes and peppers. They vegetables.
a)
z 4. You know my brother. She my brother.
5. She reads many magazines. We magazines.
6. I watch old TV shows. You old TV shows.
7. They do their laundry. She her laundry.
8. W" gq shopping at the mall. He shopping.
9. The children stay home. The adults home.
10. He has four brothers. I four brothers.

il,@@$ Rearrange the following words to make correct sentences.

Example: in the west / rise / the sun / doesn't

The eun oeon'L riee in Lhe w,eeL.

1. a lot of money /have / she / doesn't

2. like / he I to get up early / does / not

3. don't/they /wantlalot of money /topay

6 Practice 2
 4. she / does /walk to work / not
q)
(n
5. not / put sugar / in her / does / my mother / tea EI

+
sl
6. rains / every weekend / doesn't / it t{
0)
rt
()
*{
F{
o
r-{
Use a negative verb t0 complete the answer to each of the following questions. g
.g
Example: Why does he walk to lvork every day?
ra
{
r-l
Because he (not / har-e) doeen't have {-
A
{r
1. Join me for a cup of coffeel) .F
No thanks, I (not / drink) coffee. rh
+
2. Why don't they laugh ar nn' jokes? sl
0)
They (not / like) your sense of humor.
q)
You look tired. Are yor.r oka't) +
r
'1.
I (not / feel) very well. I think I'll go lie down. U)
0)
4. Who is that guy driring tire lecl car? .!l
+
Sorry,I (not/knou') who he is. (
00
5. Why doesn't M iguel conre to the restaurant with us? o
He (not / feel) well.
z
Can I borrow her pen.)
Sorry, she (not / have) a pen.

Practice 2 7
 Questions with the Simple
o
ch Present Tense -
?1
H
6)
H
+ DO / DOES
x?a DON'T /
q)
SHORT
U)
o TTIH- WORD DOESN'T SUBIECT VERB COMPTEMENT ANSWER
ti
F.{
My friend has a dog.
a)
g She doesn't have a cat.

H
.F{ Does she have a Labrador? No, she
V,
0) doesn't.
tl
+a What kind of dog does she have?
?1
+ whv doesn't she have a cat?

cA

o ilRearrange-thefollowingw0rdStomakequeSti0nS.Putaquestionmarkatthe
+
o
()
end ofeach question,

l. you / your lunch / buy lwhere / do

o
2. ask / do / so many questions / chiidren / whv

3. do / this word / you / how / pronounce

4. money /we /where / change / do

5. how often / her e-mail / check / does / she

6. the children /what flavor /want / do

7 . does / how much / cost / this computer

8. need/who/to speak to /youl do

9. he /languages / does / how many/ speak

10. open/ do /the banks /when

I Practice 3
Gt(.'irclethecorrecttl-ordtocompleteeachsentence.
o
Example: Does,/ Do he like pizzafor lunch? v,
FI
ts{
,q)
. \!'here / What do you keep the milk?
I F
+
2. When does / do he eat his dinner?
q)
3. Why don't / doesn't you like your food? o
rh

4. Does / Do the baby use a spoon or a fork? k

F{
q)
5. Where /What do they want to go? g.
6. Where do they goes / go for vacation? E
7. Do the children wants /want to play now? v)
q)
8. Where do / doqs they take vacation? FI
ts{
+
?1
+
wrsF@lwlftWffi Write ayes /no question for each sentence, Give a short affirmative 0r
negative
answer. (f)
'
E
Example: She goes to the bank ol.r Monday. o
.Fa
*
(a
Doee Ehe 0o Lo Lhe bank on Monday? doesn't. o
No, she 5
1. They pay the rent every month.
o
No,
2. People shake hands to say hello.

Yes,
3. She adds salt to all her food.

No,
4. The car costs a lot of money.

No,
5. He talks to his friencl on the phone every night.

Yes,
6. Children like the flavor of spinach.

No,

Practice 3 I
 LIses of the Simple Present Tense
a
U)
g
H
I
+ EXAMPLE USES OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
EI
c)
o
q)
The sun rises in the east. To state afact
k
F{ Marianne comes from the United States. To show one's country, city, or place of origin
q)
g We get up around 6:00 a.m. and go to bed To show a regular activifi a habit, or a custom

.Fl
around midnight.
(t)
q)
?l
l
+
q underline the simple present tense verb in each sentence. Then witefact,
o ftffirffi
rh ori'gi,n, or custom beside each sentence, depending on the use of the verb.
o
tt
tJ
Example: Anna comes from Canacla. oflqtn
1. The earth circles the sun.
2. I send e-rnail every day.
3. Fish come from lakes and oceans.
A
+. Fruit grows on trees.
She gets up at 6:00.
o. Sl-re drinks water every day.
7. Elena comes from Russia.
B. The magazine comes once a month.
9. Paper comes from tr.ees.
10. You exercise daily.
11. I go out to eat every Saturday.
72. I speak to my mother every day.
I .t. Eggs are from chickens.
The moon is easy to see at night.
15. The students are from Morocco.
16. He cleans his apartment on Friday.
17. Pollution is from cars.
18. My mother comes from Spain.

|0 Practice 4
.sReadMarta'sscheduleandanswereachquestionbelow.
o
Name: MartaVasquez
o
c
tY
Ci,ty, Proui,nce, and Countty oJori,gi,n: r+
Toronto. Ontario. Canada cq)
Actiuities: Facts ctbout Mcn'ta: fn
q)
. Jogs-Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays . Tall l'{
tr{
. Plays basketball-Tesdays and Thursdays . Athletic o
. Goes shopping-Saturdays . Loves her family s
. Readsmagazines-Sundays . Tlvo brothers
E
.Fl
v,
.
Example: Where does Marta go on Saturdays?
One cat
s+)o
(|
MarLa qoee ehoppt r. 1 on )aLurda.ye. o
rh
0)
1. What days does Marta jog? 6
tJ

2. What does Marta do on Tesdavs?

3. What country does Marta come from?

4. How many pets does Marta have?

5. Is Marta short?

6. What does Marta read on Sundays?

7. Does Marta have two sisters?

8. Where in Canada is Marta from?

ffi Write simple present tense sentences about your daily activities and habits.

Example: (in the morning) I drink oranqe.jt,tice inLhe morning,

1. (in the morning)

2. (at lunchtime)

Practice 4 ll
 Freguency Words and Position
(,)
\,
of Fiequncy Words
l.'l
o
B FREQUENCY WORD EXAMPLE
(J
always 1000/o The sun always rises in the east.
a)
5 usually / generally Children usually (generally) like to watch
tr
0) cartoons.
t{
f{ often / frequently Parents often (frequently) readto their
(+l
o children.
sometimes /occasionally Rivers sometimes (occasionally) flood after
o
+) rain.
Ch
o rarely / seldom / hardly ever It rarely (seldom) (hardly ever) rains in the
F{ desert.
!o
tr never / not ever 0o/o The sun never rises in the west.
f
v,
'ok LANGUAGE NOTES:
o 1. Frequency words usually corne after the verb be but before other verbs.
z 2. The following frequency words can also come at the beginning of a sentence: usuallg, generally, oJten,
x
(J
freqt.ently, sornetintes, occasionctLly. Often, frequentl,y, and occasi,onally can also come at the end of
a sentence.
H
q) 3. In questions or negative sentences, frequencywords usually come before the base verb.
5 4. Use h,ow oJten in a ol- question if the answer is a frequency word or phrase:
\J
q) Ho'to often do you wash the floor?
tr
fr I rarely wash the floor.

,M@.{H Place the frequencywords in the sentences.

1. My sister calls me. (hardly ever)

Mv sieLer harClv ever calle me.
2. My best friend and I eat lunch together. (frequently)

3. The banks are open on weekends. (never)

4. The post office is closed on holidays. (always)

5. We like to go to the park and feed the pigeons. (occasionally)

6. I cook dinner, and my roommate washes the dishes. (often)

l2 Practice 5
 7. He stays up very late the night before an exam. (generally)
o
ro
8. The mail comes in the afternoon. (usually) k
o
F
t\

()
Unscramble the words to write correct statements and questions. If a question p
mark is provided, make the sentence a question.
t'
q)
lr
1. usually I la big breakfast / I
eat f{
t+{
I usuallv eaL a bia breakfaet o
tr
2. check I you I how often/yourvoicemail/ do o
+
'6
o
3. in the evenings / hardly ever /my roommates / at home / are n{
16

r!
4. he / out of town on weekends / goes / usually o
'ol.{
o
5. the population of the world / how often / double / in size / does B
'
6. late / sometimes / is / this bus
o
5
CT
q)
lr
f{
Use a frequencyword in your answer to each of these questions.
ffi,.fi,ilffi't
Example: How often do you drink soda?

leeldom drink soda,

1. Do you ever go to the beach in December?

2. How often do your friends call you?

3. Is the weather here ever cloudv?

Practice 5 l3
 Contrasting the Simple Present
t,t
q) and the Pre-sent Conlinuous Tenses
U)
?1

F SIMPLE PRESENT FORM

(a PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM
5
o
H
She sometimes wears a dress. She's wearing sunglasses now.
J
g She doesn't wear shorts.
.F{
+
She isn't wearing shorts.
tr Does she ever wear a bathing suit?
Is she wearing a Ashirt?
o
U No, she doesn't.
No, she isn't.
+
si How often does she wear a dress?
q) What is she wearing?
(,l
q) Why doesn't she ever wear a bathing suit?
.{ Why isn't she wearing shoes?
p{
o SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE EXPTANATION
?1
Fl
+ Plants need water in order to ve.
'o Use the simple present tense to talk about a
c
.
We do our homework in the evening. general truth, a habitual activity, or
+ a custom.
People cook rice in a variety of ways.

q)
(n
o PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE EXPLANATION
ti
F{
q) They are studying.
Use the present continuous tense for an action
s I'm using a grammar workbook in my English that is in progress at this moment or for a
E
.Fl class this term. longer action that is in progress at this general
(t) time.
q)
{
?1
+
u0

.Fl MF+61ffiWffi Circle all of the simple present verbs. Underline all of the present continuous
+ verbs.
o
f
H
+ Example: My sister6siDme on Monday. Today she is visiting
friends.

o A' (1) Mv older brother works as a reporter for the largest

U newspaper in my country. (2) He
writes about international news. (3) It is a good job. (a)
He and his family move to a new
country every year. (5) Right now they're living in Jerusalem.
(6) His wife and children are
learning Arabic and Hebrew, (7) but my brother knows
these languages already. (g) He speaks
four languages' (9) He is learning to speak spanish (10)
because he wants to travel in south
America.
B' (1) Mv younger brother is a student. (2) He's studying
business at our national university.
(3) He works at a couple of part-time jobs during
the school year. (4) He likes to try different
jobs' (5) Right now he's waiting tables at a restaurant
in the evenings. (6) Also, he is managing
a car wash on the weekends.

l4 Practice 6
 EEMU \\ritethe thepresent
co*ect form the verb in
or
continuous
of each sentence. choose the simple present
verb tense.
Examples: She (Iike) likee to watch TV at night.
He (talk) ietalkina on the phone right now.
]. He (sleep)
right now. Please call back later.
2. She (type)
all of her letters.
3. We (sit)
in the best seats for this concert.
4. You (tatk)
all the time.
5. Please be quiet! I (watch)
a good moe.
6. Mymother and I (shop)
at the mall each month.
7. They (sing)
at the concert today.
8. It (rain) right now.
9. Brian (play)
soccer with Joe on Ttresdav.
10. Susan (wash)
her hair every morning.

Fill in the correct missing w'rd f'r each sratement 0r questi'n in the
cOnversation.

1. A: Elaine
working on the English homework.
2. B: she need help with grammar?
3. A: Yes,
does.
4. B: she having problems with the simple
present tense?
5. A: No, isn't.
6. A: wants to work on reading.
7. B:
the reading difficult?
8. A: Yes,
9. A: She
using the dictionary right now.
10. B:
you uant me to help her?
11. A: Yes,I . Thank you.
12. B: No problem. I
happy to help Elaine any time.
13. A: Do
want me to tutor her every Thursday?
74. B: No,
don't. She usually swims on Thursdays.

Practice 6
 Nonaction Verbs
(,)

L.

?1
H ACTION VERBS NONACTION VERBS
o
+
(J Carmen is living in Osaka, Japan, this year. She likes her new life.
r
.l She is studying Japanese. She doesn't understand much yet.
o
z She hears some of the words clearlv.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We do not usually use the present continuous tense with certain verbs called nonqction uezs. These
verbs describe a state or a condition, not an action. We use the simple present tense, even when we talk
about now.
2. Some nonaction verbs are the following:
be hear mean see
believe know seem
care like owrr think
cost love prefer understand
have matter rernember want
3. Tfuink, ha'ue, and the sense perception verbs (look, taste,Jeel,, smell) can be both action and nonaction
verbs, but the meaning is different.

Underline 20 nonaction verbs in the following diary entry. Some of the verbs
will be used more than one time.
Example: I have many letters to write.

Dear Diary,

I think I really like my life in Japan! I like my host parents, Mr. and Mrs. Yamada. They are

very kind to me, and they care for me like a claughter. I like my room, and I love the house. I'm

practicing the Japanese language, but I don't yet understand what people are saying in

conversations, and I often need my dictionary. i look for many words every day. Sometimes I

understand the words, but I don't know what they mean. When Mrs. Yamada suggests that we

do something together, I wonder, "Does she want me to do it?" Everything seems so confusing.

I need help! Sometimes I prefer to stay in my room because that seems easy. But I believe hard

work rnatters most.

Carmen

l6 Practice 7
 Choose the correct tense from each set ofunderlined verbs.

(n
Example: He is wanting/t6anDto meet famous movie stars. rO
k
.q)

Dear Diary,

o
.Ff
Life (1) is getting / gets better here in Osaka. My Japanese (2) is improving improves +
/ u
(
every day. I (3) have / am liar-iug two new friends, Erika and Satoko, ancl they
o
(4) are helping / heb ure xith my language and culture questions. I (5) am wanting
/ want to
z
invite them to visit rtte rvhen I get home to Texas. They (6) are seeming / seem easy to
talk
with, and they both (7) are hang / have a great sense of humor.

I (8) anl liking / like to go shopping. Every'thing (9) is costing / costs more here, so I

usually just (10) am looking / look at the shop windows. I (1 l) am hearing / hear a lot of
Japauese conversations when I am in the shops, and I (12) am understanding understand
/
about 40 percent of them. I'm a little shy, and I (13) am preferring / prefer just to listen and

not to speak right now. Erika and Satoko sometimes (14) are going / go with me and

(15) are translating / translate fbr me. I (16) am having / have a good time here.

Carmen

Write a diary entry of your own. Write about your own life and the things that
are happening to you now. Use nonaction verbs.

Practice 7 17
I

Questions with the SimPle Present

(n
q)
and the Present Continuous Tenses
U)
sl
rY
r DO or DOES
rh
WH- WORD (+N'r) SUBIECT MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT
Io
5 She watches TV

+ When does she watch TV?
E
o My parents speak English.
U
+ What language do your parents speak?

a)
rh Your sister lives with someone.
q)
l.{ With whom does she live?
n{
q)
Who does she live with?
sl
+J
You don't like her.
'o
E whv don't you like her?
(!
+

a) QUESTIONS WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
o
q)
li Vrf- WORD BE (+N't) SUBIECT BE MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT
Fr
o She is sitting.
FI
g sitting?
Where is she

oFl
v) You aren't listening to the music.
g+0) whv aren't you listening to the music?

*{
A
{.
F
(,) Match each question to the correct answer in the Secgnd cglumn.
ffi+.t-rr+il.Ftffi

o
+
o 1. Are you speaking to me? a. Yumiko Toshimo.
q)
5 2. Do you want to eat now? b. At about 11:00 P.m.
o 3. What is your name? c. Yes, I am.
4. How long is the movie? d. Fine, thanks.
5. When do you go to sleep? e. No, he isn't.
6.. How old is she? f. Yes, I do.
7. Is he a doctor? g. He is tired.
8. Why is he sleePing? h. Almost 19.

9. How are you feeling? i. No, you're not.

10. Am I bothering you? j. About two hours.

l8 Practice 8
lIIItll Find the mistakes in the underlined ponions of rhe following questions,
Rewrite the questions correctly. If there are n0 mistakes, vvrite Correct.
q
q)
Examples: Is he speak to his parents? rh
E
F
(a
Do you want to come to my house? 5
o
Correct tJ
E
+)
1. Do she visiting her friends in Japan this week?
o
U
+J
2. Are they live in Mexico?
s1
H
q)
o
kC)
3. Is she teaching the class today? F{
q)
?1
-+
4. Are you wear glasses every day? 'o
E
G
+,
5. Do your mother play the piano? g
q)
f,)
a)
k
p{
q)
ffi Use the words in parentheses to write a question. g
E
(t)
Example: I'm not watching TV tonight. (why)
0)
?1
f-l
Wh.y aren'T you wa1;chinq TVtoniaht? +
s4
+
1. Amy is babysitting her little cousin. (why) .F{

B
(,)

2. I am traveling soon. (where) o
+
o
o
3. homework. (when) 5
Steve does his
o
4. We ran 5 miles today. (with who[m])

5. They need to go to the dentist. (why)

Practice 8 l9
 i'rrr'r i' '$''"-'''
th" Future Tense with witt
s
lH
f
?1
+
EXAMPTE EXPLANATION
B
C)
o
Peoplewill live longer in the future. We use ui,ll + the base form of the verb to
They will need help from their children. make the future tense.

q)
l{
I'll be 75 years old in 20b0. We can contract witLvnththe subject
R
+ You'll take care ofyour parents. pronouns: I'IL, you'll, he,ll, she,LL, ,it,II, zae,L,
FI
they'LL.
I{
q)
F4
The population will not go down. To form the negative, put not after ui..
F I won't live with my children. The contraction for uti,Il not is tuon,t.
QUESTION FORM SHORT ANSWER
Will she live with her son? Yes, she will. or No, she won't.
Where will she live?
Whywon't she live alone?

@e@tr Use the contraction of wi,tl ('It) wrththe subject pronouns or u)ilt not (won t)
to complete each statement.

Example: (I / not / get on; I won't qer c.tj the bus at 7:30 a.m.
l. (I / call) you when I arrive in the city.
2. (He/not/be) at the bus station.
J. (You/not/need) any money for the taxi.
4. (You / buy) a house one day.
5. (She / meet) you on the street corner.
t). (They/not/like) the menu in the cafeteria.
7. (We/not/go) if it rains tomorrow.
8. (It / be) cloudy in the morning.
o (Itlnot/rain) I'm sure.
10. (I / walk) Tomorrow
5 miles.
11. (she / not / play) Tonight
basketball.
1.2. (I/not/look) at my birthday present yet.
13. (He / be) ready for the game.
14. flMe / listen) to the music at the concert.

20 Practice 9
 Write questions using will andthe words in parentheses.
S
Example: (Why/you I not lbe) Whv won't vou be there tomorrow? E
1. (Where /you I go) to college?
s.F+
2. (How long / they / study) English? q)
3. (Whv / she /not / finish) that book? o

4. (Whom /he /go) to the concert with?
5. (When /we /see) you and your family? a)
L{
6. (What/you/do) this weekend?
5
+
5
7. (WhV/not/you/eat) the fish? ft
a)
8. (How long / he / try) to get thatjob? H
?1

L @here / she lkeep) her new dog?

t-
10. (Where /it lbe) nice to visit?

Finish the sentences 0r questions in this conversation using will or won't plus
the verb in parentheses. Use contractions when possible.

Example: Jane: (seet l'lleee you when I return to school.

Jane: Hi, John!When [(1 t I nteet] your family?

John: Sorry, Jane. II' faurilr' [(2) not / be] here this week. We
[(3) not / sta-1 in the city during our school break. We
[(4) rent] a small cabin on a lake for one week. What
[(5) you do] during the school break?
Jne: I think [(6) tlavel] little. [(7) I not / Sol
a
home. My friends and I [(8) try]
to rent a car.
John: t(9) bel the car rental
expensive?
Jane: I don't think so. \\:e [[ 1 0) share ] the cost.
John: It sounds like [(11) -ou have] a great time.
Jane: I hope so. I know [(12) I nriss] my family.
John: Have a safe trip, Janel

Practice 9 2l
- ,o
T\
o0
.sil
o EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
()
\) People are going to live longer.
a We use be goirtg o * the base form to form thr
F1
They are going to need help from future tense.
+
their children.
B
o I'm not going to live with my children. To form the negative, put
(n
?1
not after o,m, i,s, are.
H
,q) QUESTION FORM SHORT ANSWER
F
q)
l.{ Is she going to live with her son? Yes, she is. or No, she isn't.
5
* Where is she going to live?
F{
q) Why isn't she going to live with her son?
?1

F
mffifrfi,t+ffi Complete the sentence with the correct form of be (not) goi,ng to * verb base.

Example: He (go) is qoinq t'o qo to school in the fall.

l.Marrystltdents(go)tothelectureaboutpolitics.
2. Paul (not / study) tonight.
3. Evelyn (not / stay) at home all evening.
4. The phone (be) busy all day tomorrow.
5. The children (play) games at the party.
6. Many men (play) football for the school's team.
7. I (walk) into town.
8. Everybody (sleep) well tonight.
9. She (not / travel) during her vacation.
10. We (not/worry) about our test grades.

Unscramble the following words and phrases. Some sentences are statements.
Some are questions.

Example: going to / into a larger apartment / she /is / move

to move into a L

1. finish I yort /soon / college / going to / are

2. wake up / for class on time /we /going to / are

22 Practice 10
 3. I'm / any more money / spend / going to / not

'ro t\
4. why / eat / Iunch with us / going to / you f aren't
r.S
b0
'o
5. this way forever / not / we're / live / going to ()
s)
.Q
6. going to / in December / the"re / to Colornbia / move t.F+
q)
7. for a new job / wl.ren / going to / you I are /Look (n
Ei
?

8. he / take / isn't / the exam with us / going to q)
f{

t,
+
F'

Fr{
q)
It*f Answer the following questions using complete sentences wrthbe going to. al
-l*
Example: Are you going to meet your friends tonight?

1. Where are you going to go after class?

2. When is this tel'nl goiltg to be over?

o
J. What time are you going ro go to bed tonight?

4. What are you going to clo this weekend?

5. How are you going to use English in your future?

Practice 10 23
 Vlill versus Be Going To
,o
t\
.s$
o USE WILL
() BE GOING TO
a) Prediction
Fa My father always exercises and
I think my father is going to
6
E
eats well. I think he will Iive a live a long time.
ut long time.
f{
o Fbct The sun will set at 6:48 The sun is going
tonight. to set at
6:43 tonight.
B The population will increase. The population of older
people is going to increase.
Scheduled Event The movie will begin at
The moe is going to begin
eight o'clock.
at eight o'clock.
Plan My grandfather is going to
I am going to return to mv
move to Florida next year.
native country in three yaur*.
Promise I will always take care of you.
Offer to Help A: This box is heavy.
B: I'll carry it for you

FffiR+TTI,F,'!*M complete the sentences with either wi,il

or be goi,ngfo along with the verbs in
parentheses. In some cases, both
possible. '
are
Example: (go) Tonightl am qoinq Lo qo to a concert.
1. (smoke)
that cigar in here?
2. (happen) I have a feeling that something
good
fo me today.
3. (see) The doctor
you as soon as possible.
4. (meet) We
in the library to study for the exam together.
5. (be) you
there when I get off the
plane?
6. (continue) The stock market
probably
to be unpredictable for the next few years.
7. (buy) What
him for his
birthday?
8. (eat)
n't you any of this delicious
cake?
o (love) I
you forever.
r0. (need) You
an umbrella today.
11. (give) i you a ride as far as the shopping
mall.
24 Practice 11
72. (be) You sorry if 'ou miss tl-re bus.

13. (graduate) My younger sister fron-r high school. fo

t\
I4. (open) Wait! I the door for -or-r b0
!a
15. (go) I to Brazil this surnrler.
.s
o
16. (be) I promise I home by n-ridnight
(J
q)
17. (speak) you n-ith your teacher Fe
rn
after class? H
fh
18. (meet) "'Where are you going?" "I my friencl." I'r
a)
19. (send) I you a postcard when I get therel
20. (start) The movie at 8:30.
N
21. (call) 'Antonia called while you were out." "OK, I her brck."
22. (cut) "I have decided to cut my hair." "How short it?"

Complete the sentences using wi,llfor promises 0r offers to help. Usebe gli,ng
to for plans.

Examples: I never be impolite.

I am aJotnq T,o study with Tom tonight.

1. I meet my boss at the train station tomorrow.

2. I mail that letter for you.
3. We move into a larger apartment soon.
4. you marry me?

iJ, call you first thing tomorrow.
o. Don't bother shopping. I buy milk on myway home.
7. Dinner be ready in a half hour.
8. We take good care ofyour children.
q I liked the moe so much that now I read the book.
10. Next term I work instead of taking classes.

Practice 11 25
 Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
(a
rO
t{
-H EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
.!
5 Marbin Luther King, Jr', lived in the south' To make the simple past tense with regular
b0 verbs, just add -ed or -d:
o He organized Peaceful Protests'

(*{ Base Forms Past Forms

o live Li,ued
q) organize organized
o can"v'i,ed
carry
T- Use the past form in affirmative statements'
+ Dr. King lived in the south.
ta Use didn't * the base form in negative
r didn't live in the north.
He statements.
Fr
q)
s He wanted to change certain laws' The verb after to does not use the past form'
E
. He eneouraged people to protest bad laws'
ch
LANGUAGE NOTE:
We often se ago with the simple past:
I lived there lO Years ago.

ilUnderlinetheverbandrewitetheverbinthesimplepaSttenSe.

Example: I will cancel my piane reservatlon'

lcanceled mY Plane reoe!!at19!t

1. I travel to Peru with my best friends'

2. The workers are painting the walls of the house'

3. The secretary cancels all the doctor's appointments'

4. It rains everY daY'

5. We live in a crowded cttY.

6. You will ask for more money at your job'

7. My uncle is going to move on Thursday'

26 Practice 12
 8. The car crashes into the tree.
(t,
rO
9. I will wash the dishes in a couple of hours. l.{
q)

k
10. They hope to be the best students in the class. r
5
b0
q)
1 1. She carries the baby in her arms. ,
(+{
o
0)
12. You kick the chair over bv mistake. (')
E
6)

13. I drop by to say hello. +

t,)
r
A
F.l
q)
14. The salesperson is calling to tell us about a new credit card.
$
F
15. They are wondering about the price of gasoline. V)

Each simple past tense sentence has two underlined words but only one
mistake. Circle the one mistake and write the correct word 0n the line.

Example: She needed toFinEnome after the party. Ao

1. Yesterday, we needing to gq to the store for milk and eggs.

2. You wanted to buys some candy.
3. She tried to helped the woman with her groceries.
4. Alberto asked how to finding the vegetables.
5. He walked over to seeing the tomatoes and corn.
6. I cleans and washed the vegetables from the store.
7. They likes to cook vegetables and rice for dinner.
8. We stopping to look at the cakes and donuts.
9. Ten minutes ago, we waited to finding a parking space.
10. You help me to discover a space close to the store.

Practice 12 27
 Simple Past Tense of ktegular Verbs
o
'0L{
t\
-H VERBS WITH NO CHANGE IN PAST FINAL D CHANGES TO T
(
put sPit bend-bent send-sent
beat fit spend-sPent
b0
o bet hit quit sPlit build-built
u
k cost hurt set sPread lend-Ient
(+{ cut let shut
o
q)
(,) VERBS WITH VOWET CHANGES
dig-dug sting-stung
rY feel-felt mean-meant-
r+ keep-kePt sleep-slePt hang-hung strike-struck
spin-spun swing-swung
(,)
Ieave-left sweeP-swePt
r stick-stuck win-won
Fr lose-lost weep-wePt
o sing-sang
g awake-awoke speak-sPoke begin-began
drink-drank sink-sank
E break-broke steal-stole
forbid-forbade spring-sprang
IA choose-chose wake-woke
ring-rang swim-swam
freeze-roze
shrink-shrank

blow-blew grow-grew
bring-brought fight-fought
draw-drew know-knew
buy-bought teach-taught
fly-flew throw-threw

bleed-bled meet-met
arise-arose rise-rose
feed-fed read-read**
drive-drove shine-shone
write-wrote flee-fled
ride-rode
lead-led

find-found wind-wound
sell-sold tell-told
Iay-laid say-saidn**
mistake-mistook shake-shook
pay-paid
take-took
bite-bit hide-hid
swear-swore wear-.lMore
light-lit slide-slid
tea-tore
fall-fell hold-held
become-became
come-came
run-ran
eat-ate
give-gave
sit-sat
see-saw
forgive-forgave
lie-Iay
shoot-shot stand-stood
forget-forgot
understand-understood
get-got

MISCELLANEOUS CHANGES
have-had hear-heard make-madr
be-was / were do-did go-went

28 Practice 13
 *There
is a change in the vowel sound. Mea,nt rhymes vmthsent.
(n
**The past L{
form of read is pronounced like the color red.
l
** *
S aid rhymes with be d.
k(
TANGUAGE NOTE: FI
H
Use the past form in affirmative statements. Use didn't * the base form in negative sentences:
bo
Idn'tforge to bring money. a)
*{
H
t-'|
t+{
o
q)
w;-:r r
change the irregularverb to the simple past tense. some of the statements are
ffilttt = negative. Rewrite the complete sentence with a past tense expression, c
fn

Examples: The house (shake) in the wind. The house ehook in the wind. +
rh
.E
The building (not / shake). Tlte buldin7 didn't ahake. Pr
q)

1. I (not / leave) the house at 7:45 a.m. g

E
.
v)
2. She (speak) to the class for two hours.

3. He (teach) us how to speak with an excellent accent.

4. We (not/rwite) in our journals last night.

5. The boys (win) the prize for best spellers.

6. The girls (swim) in the ocean all day.

7. The teachers (not / meet) on Wednesday afternoon.

8. I (not / do) any of my homework because I was sick.

9. The tourists (not / go) on the bus tour yesterday.

10. The policeman (come) to the scene of the accident.

11. Sorry! We (eat) all of the pizza.

12. She (have) a lot of patience to finish the math problems.

Practice 13 29
 Negatives and Questions with
C)
o
?1
the Simple Past Tense
H
,o
F
+ DID /
v)
( rl- woRD DIDN'T SUBIECT VERB COMPTEMENT
SHORT
F{ ANSWEI
o My friend
s had good grades.

o
She didn't have bad grades.
ra Did
q)
she have good grades last year? No, she
+ didn't.
sl Where did she go
{
+ to school?
whv didn't she have good grades last year?
(a
(1
{
EXAMPTE EXPTANATION
o
+
rh
didn't succeed.
The student
Use didn't * the base form in negative
0)
E Theyweren't able to sleep well. statements. Use u;ctsn and u)eren't for be
a negative statements.
'o?1 Why did the students succeed?
H Questions use d,id, (or sometimes d,id,n'il and
G Did they take the same test? the base form of the verb. Be question, r"
t^
q) was andwere.
Were any students unhappy?
+
.g
b0
q)
z ,W.rqT,ffitM Ask a question in response to each sentence.
Use the time words in
parentheses.
Examples: He passes the test every week. (last week)
Did he ?ass the teet last week?

happy. (not /yesterday)

He wasn't

Wasnthe happvvee1erL

1. The child feels sick today. (yesterday)

2. She is dizzy and tired. (yesterday afternoon)

3. She sleeps 10 hours every night. (last night)

4' The doctors are worried about the child. (not / this past week)

5. They find hospital rooms for their patients. (not /this morning)

30 Practice 14
 6. The child is in bed now. (not / a few minutes ago)
q)
(a
7. Her father makes her eat some soup. (a few hours ago) sl

+
8. She drinks some herbal tea. (not / a little while ago)
(
F{
.E
s
Answer each question about yourself.
E
.
u,
g+0)
Example: Did you go to Paris last year?

+
No,ldidn't aoto Faria, Yea, I went laat.vear, .F
(,
1. Where did you go yesterday? c
o
.H
+
fn
2. How did you get there? q)
5
o
!o
3. Did you ever fly annvhere?

r
(,)
4. Whom did you ride with on your trip? 0)
.E
(
bo
5. Were you a student three years ago? o
z
6. When did you buy this book?

7. Did yorr catch a cold this year'?

8. How long did you watch TV last night?

Write four questions in the simple past tense for your teacher 0r your boss.

Example: Did vou drive to work todav? Weren'tvou buav laat niaht?

1.

2.
3.
4.

Practice 14 3r
 Subject and Object Pronouns
(,)


o
('a
o EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
tr
F{
+) Greta loves music.
_=_____|- We use subject pronouns to take the place of
O subject nouns.
() Yesterday, she bought five new CDs.
s
o She also bought a CD player. We use object pronouns to take the place of
' She bought it for a good price. object nouns.

r
+) She got some CDs for her boriend. An object pronoun can follow a preposition.
I
o
She bought tt toffi]-
"O "*
()
LANCUAGE NOTES:
1. We use pronouns to take the place of nouns.
2. The object pronouns are me, !Jo'u' lzim, h,er, it, n"s, andth.em. Compare subject and object pronouns.

Examples:
Subject Pronouns Obiect Pronouns SV o
I me You see me.
you you I see you.
he him She sees him.
she her He sees her.
it it I see it.
we US They see us.
they them We see them.

.Fillineachblankwithasubject0ran0bjectpronoun.
Example: What are flea markets?

They are markets where you can buy almost anything second-hanr

Peopler who go to flea markets are looking for bargains. They often find
(1) . My aunt met her husband at a flea market.
He sold (2) some second-hand jewelry.
(3) wasn't very expensive. Then he asked
(4) lo have a cup of tea with (5) . Now he
teases (6) by saying that she was the best bargain
(7) ever found. She tells (8) that he
should have looked for a better deal.

32 Practice 15
 unscramble the following words to make correct sentences.

tt
Example: French /I / youl helped /learn EI
s
I helped you learn French. o

o
l'
1. to me / she /on the phone / talked F{
+
('}
{)
2. we / ice cream / them / bought rO
o
"o
3. Ioves / she / him /very much (!
+
u
q)
4. want/him/to /I/totalk tO
5
ca
5. he / a stereo / wants / for us / to buv

6. them / I / don't / know / r'elv rvell

7. to listen /he /her / u-arrts

8. I / like / tennis / plar- ,/ to / her / wfth

o yesterday / the presenr / gave /him / she

10. asked /we labolrt it ,her

Write a sentence using each pair of pronouns given.

Example: (them / you) You Oave thenl a beauxiful

1. (she / me)
2. (him / I)
3. (us/they)
4. (we /you)

Practice 15 33
 Possessive Forms of Nouns
tn
H
5
o
z
l+{
We use possessive pronouns to show ownership or relationship,

o
(,) NOUN ENDING EXAMPTES
s4
FT
t{
o
Singular noun: Addapostrophe * s. I put food in the cat's dish.
fr cat
o
Plural noun ending in -s; Add apostrophe only. Open the windows in the boy
(n
(,) boys room.
q)
(a
o lrregular plural noun: Add apostrophe * s. Open the windows in the
o chi.Ldren children's room.
F{
Names that end in -s.' Add apostrophe only This is Charles' cousin.
Charl,es
or This is Charles's cousin.
Add apostrophe * s.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We use the possessive forms for people and other living things:
I borrowed my s'ister's car. Ju.Lia's friend is from Colombia.
2. For inanimate objects, we usually use "the
We usually use the door af tlrc back of the h.ouse.
3. We can use a possessive adjective and a possessive noun together:
Could you give me yout'boss's phone number?
4. We can use possessive adjectives to show possession. Possessive acljectives are 1nA, you.ti hi,s, heri i,ts,
our, and the'i:r:
I'm wearing nty coat. That's'your bag.

ffi5R++ Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive form.

Example: My wife 5 cooking is even better than my mother a cooking.

1. Stop! That's James toothbrush.

2. Can you get me Ms. Reese e-mail address?
3. Football players uniforms are very hard to get clean.
4. Your company _ new Web site is really well designed.
5. Other cornpanies Web sites aren't nearly so attractive.
6. You'll fincl the dresses you want in the girls _ departrnent.
7. You should go to the children shoe department.
8. Wornen clothing is on the fourtll floor.
9. Go to the third floor for men clothing.

34 Practice 16
10. Childrenl Don't pull the cat _ taill
11. She's wearing her grandmother _ diamoncl bracelet. (n

12. Everyone wants to go to John _ party Saturclal,night. p
o
13. Quick, hide the cake! I hear Daddy footstepsl z
(+{
14. Let me take a look at my boss schedule. o
15. Wait a minute. This isn't Dr. Williams _ signature.
(,)
hi
L{
16. Our book club is reading my favorite author latest book.
o
17. Show us that picture of your family new house. f{
o
18. The hurricane washed away many families houses. .F{
(,)
19. I can't read my teacher handwriting. rh
q)
20. What are the political parties the United States?
u,
o
o
F{
Use the words to write a sentence that contains a possessive form.
(The words are not always in the correct order)

Example: the table / the leg / is broken

of the table is broken,

1. where is / wallet I Papa

2. he is wearing / shirt lDan

3. someone tore lcover/the book

4. the chair / the arm / is broken

5. what is / this car / the price

6. cap /the pen / missing

Practice 16 35
 Questions with Whose
a)
(r)
a
FS

AUXILIARY
F1
VERB SUBIECT VERB ANSWER
+ WHOSE + NOUN
F did she borrow? She borrowed her si'stet'
( Whose dress
r.l dress.
o You can use ?rLY Pen.
+ Whose pen can I use?
f,)
q)
is that? That is his sister.
Whose sister
o LANGUAGE NOTE:
Whose + a noun asks a question about possessiott'

given'
Write a follow-up question vnthwhose for each statement
ffi
Example: A: I found someone's books in the library'

g,2 Whoee booke dd you ftnd in Lhe ltbrary?

A: We pickecl up a stray cat ou the way home'

B:
A: Someone's book was left in tlie back seat of the car'
B:
A: I want to try sonteone's dessert recipe'
B:
A: She shoulcl take mY advice'

A: The teacher corrected someone's homeu'ork'

B:
A: They weut to their fiiends' house'
B:
A: Tl-re robbers used someone's key to enter the house'
B:
The police cliscovered someone's jewelry in a
paper bag.
A:
B:
A: Sotneone's composition will win the arn'ard'
B:
A: Someone's clog is wanclering around in the street'
B:

36 Practice 17
11. A: It's chasing someone's cat.
B: q)
u)
12. A: The cat is climbing up someone's tree. a

B:
t{.
.F{
Write questions about the nouns in each sentence. Begin each question with
Wose. o
'

Example: What a beautiful car. l;{
o
+
o
q)
Whoae car ie it? F
1. That's not your umbrella.
o

2. You got an intation to a party?

3. I don't recognize this coat.

4. This isn't my medicine in the medicine cabinet.

5. Look at this mess!

6. I found this camera.

Practice 17 37
 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
v,
sl
H
5
o

o EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
l.{
F{
That is my book. The possessive adjective must come before
'o noun. We can't use it alone or without a nou
tr
(E Our apartment is small.
o
o That book is mine. The possessive pronoun takes place of a nor
+ (mine = my book) It never comes before a noun.
u
q) That apartment is ours.
'o
LANGUAGE NOTES:
q)
1. Be careful wlthhis and.her
f,)
tA /,-----\
q) I have a married brother His vnfe is verv nice.
v)
o -------___-----*
o The bride looks beautiful . Her father looks proud.
F{
2. When we use a possessive pronoun, we omit the noun. Compare:
-Ier ess is white. ------> Your dress is blue. or l/ozr"s is blue.
3. Compare subject pronouns, possessive a$ectives, and possessive pronouns:
Subject Possessive Possessive
Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns
I my mine
you your yours
he his his
she her hers
ir its
we our ours
they their theirs

For each underlined pai4 choose the correct possessive form.

Example: Prt@)tqrllq coat on. It's cold outside!

1. This bag is not mine. I think it's your / yours.

2. She is a doctor. Her / Hers sister is a lawyer.
3. Is this mine or your / yours?

T. That's his office. It's not my / mine.
5. I don't know their / theirs address.
b. I think that house is their / theirs.

38 Practice 18
 7. This table is our / ours.
8. Your / Yours tape recorder is broken. Why don't you borrow my / mine? o
q
Our / Ours car is white. They / Theirs is red. 5
o
;1
10. Her / Hers hair is the same length as my / mine. H
o
fr
11. Do you want me to take yours /your picture? Fi
72. His mother is from my/ mine native country. 'o
c.
13. She took our / ours umbrella and now she thinks it's her / hers. (r)
14. Please don't take my / mine textbook without my / mine permission. 0)

15. Their / Theirs children are coming over with their / theirs friends. +
u
0)
16. This isn't her / hers scarf. Her / Hers is blue.
"6
77. Our / Ours vacation was as good as your / yours.
()
18. They went to the restaurant with their / theirs friends and my / mine.
tn
a
()
(t)
Rewriteeach sentence below, replacing the underlined portion with a correct (,}
ml.ffi
w *"f'
a x erqb'rq"
possessive pronoun 0r possessive a{ective.
o
O{
Example: This is a picture of John andAnne's new baby.

Thie ia a picture of their new bab.v,

1. The boys' clothes are in the washing machine.

2. That suitcase isn't your suitcase.

3. The little girl's kitten ran away.

4. The next day the kitten returned to the little girl's family's house.

5. My pen ran out of ink, so I'm going to use your pen.

6. She announced that Jim's flight would arrive earlr

7. Jeanne's flight arrived earlier than our flight.

Practice 18 39
--'
Questions about the Subject
+
(J
q)

,o
t{
V) DO / DOES
q)
71
wt- woRD / DID SUBIECT VERB COMPLEMENT
trl
+
+ The bride throws something.
5 What does she throw?
o
,o She throws the bouquet.
d Who caught the bouquet?
o

o
.Fl The guests brought something.
+ What did they bring?
o
o
FT Some guests brought gifts.
o How many guests brought gifts?

Some women try to catch the bouqr

whv do they try to catch the bouqr
Whichwomen try to catch the bouqr

Something happened next.

What happened next?

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Questions about the subject are different from other questions. They don't include do, does, or did.
2. We usually answer a subject question with a subject and an auxiliary verb:
Who caught the bouquet? The bride's cousin drid.
3. What happened is a subject question. We usually answer with a different verb:
What happenecL after the wedding? The bride and groom ruent on a honermoon.
4. After u.tho, use the -s form for the simple present tense. After hout many, use the base form. After o
questions, use the -s form or the base form, depending on whether the noun is singular or plural:
Who hcts the prettiest dress? W7ich girlutas the bridesmaid?
How many people warlt todance? Whi,ch gi,rk u,ere thenicest?

?it+-!ft+.+m Write a question about the subject of each sentence.

Example: Who sent.You the information by e-mail?

My brother sent me the information by e-mail.

Ansu,er: Tommy wrote the answers on the palm of his hand.

2.

Ans'u.er: T\no police officers caught the robbers.

3.

Anstter: Jorge usually brings his sister.

40 Practice 19
 4.
Ansuer: The climbers always carry first-aid equipment. +
U
a)
5.
Anstuer: Chang took everyone to dinner.
s5
(n
6. o
Answer: The volcano destroyed several villages.
s+
+
7. E
o
Arsztser: Our ship survived the tsunami. Ir
8. o
sl
Ansuter: My grandparents are coming to see us. o
.Fa
+
9. rrt
q)

Anstoer: Five firefighters fought the fire. 5

o
10.
Anszuer: The mailcarrier brought the mail.
11.
Ansu,er: The Italian woman sang the song.
12.
Ansuer: The ship sank.

Choose the best response for each question.

Example: Who met her at the train station?

a. Her father did. b. Her father did meet.

1. What broke the window?
a. A baseball did. b. A baseball did break.
2. Who ate my strawberries?
a. I do. b. I did.
3. What caused the accident?
a. A speeding driver did. b. A speeding driver did cause the accident.
4. Who told you?
a. She. b. She did.

Practice 19 4l
 Forms and LJses
co of Reflexive Pronouns

o SUBIECT VERB REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

S{
nr
q) I see myself.
You see yourself.
X He SEES himself.
a)
EE She SEES herself.
0) It sees itself.

(| We see ourselves.
o You see yourselves.
o They see themselves.
a)
Ut
,-t EXAMPLE EXPTANATION
\J
A
H
(g
Syla sometimes blames herself. (DO) A reflexive pronoun can be a direct object
(a (DO), an indirect object (IO), or the object of a
I tell myself that he loves me. (IO)
preposition (OP).
tr Be good to yourself. (OP)
o
FI
She hates to eat by herself. We often add aLL bg before the reflexive
pronoun to mean alone.
She has to do everything all by herself.
TANGUAGE NOTES:
1. If the subject and object are the same, we use a reflexive pronoun as the object.
2. After an imperative j vse Aout'sel,f or gourselaes depending on whether you referc to one person or
more:
I/ozr singular: Get'yow'sel-f a lawyer.
You plural: Get yourselues a lawyer.

Write the correct reflexive pronoun in the blank,

Example: She gave hereelf a party.

1 We sang a song.
z. The old man drew a map.
r). The bird saw ln tlle mlrror.
4. He is in love with
It's so loud. I can 't hear think.
o. If you're l-rungry, make a sandwich.

7. We gave a pat on the back.

8. He gave a headache worrying aborrt the siluation
cl Don't drive crazy trying to solve this prouienr
10. Can you teach vocabulary?
11. If the alarm doesn't work. vou'll have to wake up.

42 Practice 2O
12. I go home every night and make some dinner.
13. They can't earn enough money to support o

14. Look, that man over there is talking to 5
o
15. She ate the whole cake, and she made sick. FI
o
tr
16. Babies can't feed
Pr
t7. We saved our money until we had enough to buy a boat. a)

18. Dennis hurt with the electric drill. X

o
TE
q)

t Circle the best reflexive pronoun for each item.

(+{
o
(,
Example: His problem is that he doesn't have any confidence in6rnr"D/ n"rr"r. q)
o
1. You'll have to turn the key in the ignition. The car won't start itself / yourself. D
!o
2- She didn't know anyone in the class, so she introduced tbg4qglvgqlerself to the person next EI
.
to her. (n
A
t!
3. For the next three months the students prepared themself / themselves for the exam. l.{
o
4. The older sister told her sister ghost stories until she even frightened herself / themselves. [{
5. Don't let that little boy play with that knife. He'll cut himself / themselves.
6. No one inted us to the party, so we inted ourself / ourselves.
7. They attacked me, so I had to defend ourselves / myself.
8. People would enjoy talking with you more if you didn't feel so sorry for themselves / yourself.

9. Other people won't believe in you if you don't believe in yourself / themselves.
10. If all of you start sang money now, you'll thank ourselves / yourselves in 20 years.
11. At the end of the dinner we excused ourselves / ourself.
72. He promised themselves / himself that he would never lie to his parents again.
13. If you want to understand another person, try putting yourself / himself in his place.
r4. It's good for people to be able to laugh at theirselves / themselves now and then.

Practice 20 43
 Noun Plurals
o
f
t{
5 REGULAR NOUN PLURALS
F{

FI
SINGUTAR PLURAT PLURAL
o WORD ENDINGS NOUNS ADDITIONS
z FORMS
Vowel bee, banana +s bees, bananas
s, ss, sh, ch, r, z dish, watch +es dishes, watche
Voiceless consonants cat,lip +s cats, lips
Voiced consonants card, pin +s cards, pins
Vowel + gr boy, day +s boys, days
Consonant * y lady, story g+ ies ladies, stories
Vowel * o video. radio +s videos, radios
Consonant*o
.
potato,hero *es* potatoes, heror
E xceptions.' photos, pianos, solos, altos, sopranos, autos, avocados

orfe
f**Encept'ions; leaf, knife /+ ues.. leaves, knives
beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cliffs, chefs, sheriffs

IRREGUTAR NOUN PLURALS

SINGULAR PLURAL EXAMPLE EXPLANATION

woman women Men and women came Vowel change.
foot feet to America from manv
goose geese countries.

sheep sheep He caught six fish for No change.

fish fish dinner.

child children Many people came to Different word form

person people the celebration.

pajamas, pants Those pants are clean. No singular form.

scissors

news The news is not good. Singular form ends i

politics -s. No plural form.

WNTF*WG Circle the correct form of the underlined noun 0r pronoun.

Example: Wl.ren I
$l34 we always had to wash the dlq\L@@after dinner.

1. we took a couple of sandwiches / sandwichs with us for lunch.

2. Dress the baby in his pajama / pajamas and put him to bed.

44 Practice 2l
 3. A few basketball players are 7 feet / foot tall.
4. Ranchers who raise sheeps / sheep have both wool and meat. o
5. Most of the news seems / seem to be bad. (!
tr
0. During the rain all of the seates / seats / seat in the stadium got wet.
)
F.(
I washed my jeans ancl it / they shrank so much that I t'l
7. can't get t lthem on.
;
8. Could you get me two boxes / boxs of animal crackers at the store?
o The chiefs / chieves spoke to their own people about the new laws.
z
10. You should wash your glasses / glasss because they're so dirty you can't see anlthing.
11. The hunters came back with three deer / deers.
12. Let's get a couple of new suitcases / suitcase for our trip.
13. We'll remember that day all our lives / lifes.
r4. This paper is going to take me at least three more hours / houres.
15. In the town square is a monument to the heroes / heros of the revolution.
16. In the spring new leafs / leaves appear on the trees.
17. The man's / men's restroon is on the right, iust beyond the newsstand.
18. You can buy dictionaries / dictionarys ir-r both book form and electronic form.
19. The police came as soon as he / they could.
20. All cultures have their own believes / beliefs.
21. Take this CD player to a store that fixes stereoes / stereos.
22. Your scissors are so sharp that they / it cut me.
23. The roofs / rooves of the buildings were covered with snow.
24. Tfopical fish / fishes are popular fbr saltwater aquariums.
25. Passengers are not allowed to play radios / radioes during the flight.
26. After your classes / class are over, you can go home.

Write the plural form of each regular or irregular noun.

tftffif
Example: pin ntnG

candy 10, hot dog

month 11. mosquito
child 12. potato
fruit 1O
1r). tree
tooth r4. boy
dentist 15. fire
cookie lo. fly
mouse 17. knife
cake 18. piece

Practice 2l 45
 priqg the Singular and plural
-- o tor Generalizations
EI
o
.F{
+
(E
N EXAMPLE
EXPTANATION
(
tr A child needs love.
o Whenwe make a generalization, we say
that
tr chi,td,ren something is true of the noun in g"nurl.
o need love.
U A big city has a lot of traffic. To make a generalization, we use a
k singular
noun after a, or anl, or the plural noun-with
Bi,g ci.ti,es have a lot of traffic. article.
n

s TANGUAGE NOTES:
5
F{ l ' we use the singular form of hundred, mLion,
etc. to tark about an exact number:
'o I inted a hundred, people to my wedding.
tr 2' the plural form of hund,reds, mitti,arus,
W'e use
G etc. to talk about inexact numbers.
}{ Hundreds of people attended the soccer match.
( 3' After euerg andeach,
FI we use a singurar noun. After oJl we
Fi use a plural noun.
b0
oFl
EI
(a
C) wil'rFfr",fr'ilt*M Decide if each expression is specific or general.write your decision on the
?l line.
t-l
+
bo
q Example: Children
.!{
o The child specific
tJ 1. the geese
2. geese
3. ten geese
4. agoose
5. every mother
6. each person
7. one thousand drivers
8. hundreds ofcooks
9. all working people
10. an emotion
11. the emotion
12. emotions
13. two emotions
14. each pilot
15. all students

46 Practice 22
 Decide if the sentence is a generalization or a specific statement. Circle the
best answer, o
/':------------- , -, G
Example: (A Th" r is someone who doesn't eat meat. o
""S"t"riad/ .Fl
+,
(!
t. A vegetarian / The vegetarian refusecl to eat the chicken u,e off'ered her. N
o
-a(
2. The exercise /An exercise helps zou unclelstancl genelalizations. li
o
3. Exercises / The exercises give students a lot of practice!
a)
4. I love children / the children. (J
t{
5. The children / Children in my neighborhood are very well behaved.

c). Every child / chi ldren should learn a second language. r
*{
7. All of the person / people voted for her. 3
Fr
8. She spent about two hundred dollars / hundreds of dollars on that table.
'og
o That city has a problem with crime / the crime. rE

10. Crime / The crime was committed at midnight. k

r

11. Women / The women are more expressive than men / the men.
b0
t2. Life / The life can be difficult.
u)
13. Life / The life of a fruit fly is short. a
A
14. There are exactly four thousand / thousands of seats in the auditorium. +)
b0
15. History / The history is an interesting subject. E
rh
16. I like to study history / the history of my country. ,t
17. Did you ask all of the student / students to come to the play?
18. You should eat vegetables / the vegetables every day.

Write sentences including the following subjects in the specific 0r general form.

Example: teachers(general) Teachere wan the beet for their students.

teachers (specific) The teachere atthe colle4e worked aL niqht.

1. politician (specific)

2. politician (general)

3. hundreds ofpeople (general)

4. one hundred people (specific)

Pnctice 22 47
 Noncount Nouns
t,)

I
o These are some ways that we can distinguish count and noncount nouns:
z
*

FI
Group A. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts. We look at the whole:
o milk wine pouitry meat thunder electrici
I lightnin
E oil yogurt soup butter cholesterol
o water pork bread paper blood air
z
Group B. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count:
rice salt hair grass sand
sugar popcorn snow corn

Group C. Nouns that are classes or categories of things. The members of the category are not
the same:
money or cash (nickels, dimes, dollars) fruit (cherries, apples, grapes)
food (vegetables, meat, spaghetti) makeup (lipstick, rouge, eye shadow)
furniture (chairs, tables, beds) homework (compositions, exercises)
clothing (sweaters, pants, dresses) jewelry (necklaces, bracelets, rings)
mail (letters, packages, postcards, fliers)

Group D. Nouns that are abstractions:

love happiness nutrition music information
life education intelligence art nature
time experience unemplorment work help
truth crime pollution health noise
beauty advice patience trouble energy
Iuck knowledge poverty fun friendship

Group E. Subjects of study:

history grammar biologz
chemistry geometry math (mathematics)
English Spanish political science

TANGUAGE NOTE: Some nouns can be used as count nouns in some cases and as noncount nouns in
other cases.
Examples: I washed my hai;r; I found a ha'i'r in my soup.

These are some things that people can buy at a grocery store. Write count or
ffi*rt$lkrt
noncount next to each word.

1. candy 7. soy sauce

2. onron 8. toothpaste
r). bread 9. toothbrush
4. oil 10. sugar

5. flour it. banana

pickle ro
I L. rice
t).

48 Practice 23
Gt Choose the best form of the underlined word.
(,)

Peolrle who want to stay healthy and slim shodd watcir rvhtt tltev e'rl. 5
o
Example: @gqY Foos with a lot of
(1) butter / butters cau ntakt. t l)elsorl obese and z
+'

xFI
c.an harm the heart. (2) Sugar / Sugars makes a person gain weight too. Ertiug it lot

of (3) rice / rices, (4) noodle / noodles, or (5) bread / breads can make zt ltersotr gziitt o
u
EI
weight as well. As we all know, too much (6) coff'ee / coffees or (7) tea / teas nrakes r person o
nervous, and too much (8) alqqlqjl slgglglq can lead to alcoholisrn. z
People with (9) food / {qlq allergies must also be careful of what they eat. Souie
people can't eat (i0) wheat /lryhe4lq, so they can't eat (11) bread / breads or
(12) noqdlg / nqqqleq that are made from (13) wheat / wheats. Others are allergic to milk
(14) product / products, so they can't drink (15) milk / milks or eat
(16) cheese / cheeses or (17) ice cream / ice creams. If a person is very allergic to a
(18) food / foods, eating it can endanger his or her (19) life / lives.

(20) Knowledges / Knowledge about food can save your life.

ililffi:ilChoosethecorrectformoftheunderlinedwordS.

Example:
_ Hisf6/
\\ hairs is thick and straight.
'-//__
The police found two blond hair / hairs on the victim's coat.
Sorne restaurants use napkins that are made of paper / papers.

We have to write three paper / papers for this class.

My grandparents lived long and happy life / lives.
Sometimes life / Iives can be very hard.
Pour the juice into a glass / glass.
This mirror is made of a glass / glass.
Timel fimgq goes br very quickly.
She called rne five tiure / titnes yesterday.
It was an experience / expet'iences I lvill always retnember.

Practice 23 49
 Quantities with Noncount Nouns
(n

5
o These are some ways that we can measure count and noncount nouns.
z+


t, BY BY BY SHAPE /
o CONTAINER BY PORTION MEASUREMENT WHOLE PIECE OTHER
I
E
o a bottle of a slice or pieceof an ounce of sugar a loaf of bread a piece of mail
zA water bread an ear of corn a piece of
H
{. a carton of milk a piece of meat a quart of oil a piece of fruit furniture
.F{
a jar of pickles a piece of cake a head of a piece of advice
F a can ofsoda a strip of bacon a pound of meat lettuce a piece of
o
.l
0) a cup ofyogurt a bowl of soup a roII of film information
+
. a glass of water a piece or sheet of a gallon of milk a candy bar a work of art
+
a bag offlour paper a tube of a homework
(E
a box of paper a slice of pwza a pint of cream toothpaste assignment
5
clips a scoop of ice a bar of soap

cream

*Tf,ftt?+#t The following quantities are not correct. Change the container 0r portion to the
amount you buy at the supermarket or cook with at home.

Example: a jar of cake a piece of cake

1. abottle ofcereal
2. a jar of soap
3. abagofjam
4. a box of milk
5. a can ofbutter
6. abar ofsugar
7 . a stick of flour

8. a loaf of chocolate
9. a teaspoon of candy
10. a carton ofbeans

50 Practtce 24
 ..tUsethen0unSintheboxtoflllintheblanksintheconversationbetween
Monica and Stephen as they plan their shopping trip.
U)
s4
Example: I neecl to buy two heads of leLLuce for the salad.
{
5
o
z+
cereal beans flour lurargarute toothpaste EI
FI
bread milk rneat gas ntayonnaise o
(J

Monica: Let's go shopping for groceries. If you'll check the pantry, I'll make a list o
Stephen: Okay. Let's see. We need (1) a can of
z
?l
(2) a box of
+)
3) a quart of , and
(4) a pound of
F
u)
C)
Monica: Anything else? +
Stephen: Yes, I need (5) a bag of +J
and (6) a stick of FI
(
for the cake I'm going to make tonight. 5
Monica: Good. I need (7) a tube of . How about you? Do you neecl o
any'thing else?
Stephen: Maybe (8) a loaf of and (9) ajar of
for sandwiches. I think that's all.
Moniea: Great. Let's go to the store.
Stephen: oh, don't let me forget that we also need to put (10) a few gallons of
in the car.

il Think about the items in your kitchen at home. List them with quantity
expressi0ns.

Example: acn -f tomatoee

In my kitchen at home, I have:

1.

2.
3.

Practice 24 51
 There + a Form of Be
q)
Q
(+{
o

t{
k
ARTICTE /
o THERE BE QUANTITY NOUN PLACE OR TIMT
f{
( Count There will be a ball game at 2:00 p.m. tomor
+
There are two sandwiches in the refrigerator.
P
q)
\ Noneount There was some good news on the front page.
f\
There is no water on the moon.

TANGUAGE NOTE:
Observe the word order in questions withthere:
Is there life on Mars? No, there probably isn't.
Are there any messages for me? Yes, there are.
How many messages are th,ere? There are four.

Write There i,s or There a,rebefore each article 0r quantity * noun.

Example: There ie a large school next to my apaftment.

1. a great selection of CDs at the mall.
2. several shoe stores next to the music stor.e.
O
D. delicious popcorn at the moe theater.
4. no homework tonight.
J. a small red car in the parking lot.
6. some vegetables and noodles in my soup.
7. two computers for sale.
8. no fish in this soup.
9. some lemonade on the table.
10. many happy students in this class.

writels there lAre there lwus there lwere therebefore each question.

Example: Wae t;here a party last night?

l. other students in the library yesterday?

2. any good moes out right now?
3. a medical emergency last week?
4. any children in the park an hour ago?
5. someone in the hallwav?

52 Practice 25
 6. anybhing to eat?
q)
7. time at the end of YesterdaY's test? a
qH
8. any phone messages? o
9. any e-mails yesterdaY afternoon?
H
10. a teacher in that classroom? o
{
rg

Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box. Use each noun only once.
+
P
q)
r
election children pictttre t\
furniture information
credit cards onions schedule

Example: Is there any meat on my sandwich?

1. Are there any on my sandwich?

2. How many homeless are there in this citY?

3. There's some good on the bulletin board.

4. There's an for the presidency every four years.

5. There are two in mywallet.

6. There's a of my family in mywallet.

7. There's a of today's movies in the newspaper.

8. Is there any in the apartment?

Unscramble the words to make sentences viththere.

M*,,3'!,-"-$ME

Example: the swimming pool I are ltwo girls / in / there

There are two

1. are / on my desk / there / a phone / and a Iamp

2. there / many ducks / were / on the pond

3. was I atthe college I a great professor / there

4. this morning / was / about the weather / there / bad news

Practice 25 53
 ??ryu
Any, No, A Little, A Few,
ano Jeveral 14,
q)
(.r)
is
SINGULAR COUNT PtURAt COUNT
\l?l NONCOUNT
H
G Affirmative There's a clock in the There are ( some) There's (some) rice
kitchen. windows in the the kitchen.
kitchen.
I need (a little) hel
f I have (afew)
s.t questions. I need (a little) mor
time.
I have (several)
{ mistakes on my
f composition.
Negative There isn't a clock in the There's no clock in There isn't (any) rict
kitchen.
f the kitchen. in the kitchen
There aren't (any) There's no rice in the
s windows in the
kitchen.
kitchen.
q)'
There are no windows
o in the kitchen.
ar)
Question Is there a clock in the Are there (any) Is there (any) rice in
kitchen? windows in the the kitchen?
kitchen?

LANGUAGE NOTES:
7. An s used before singular count nouns
that begin with a vowel:
Ihave qn u.ncle, c.rn aunt, and a grandmother.
2. Some and, any can also be used in questions
and alone.
Do you have some change? Do they need
artE?
3' use an affirmative verb before no. Don'tuse
the indefinite article after no:
There is rio time.
There is 7o answer to your question.
There isn,t anA time.
There i,sn't ctn answer to your question.

wrffirM Fill in each blank vnthsome, nA, , n, or

no.

Example: Do you have any money? I forgot my wallet todav.

A. Do you have (1)
milk that we could borrow? We had (2)
yesterday, but we drank it all. Now
we don,t have (B)
, and we need (4) for the baby's
breakfast.

54 Pructice 26
 B. If we're going to the swimming pool, let's take (1) suntan
lotion. I like the kind with (2) high sunscreen level. I won't buy
it if it doesn't have (3) sunscreen.
sq)
>
C. Your problem is that you don't get (1) exercise. You ought to go \)
ar)
on (2) healthy diet and do (3) 'o
c
exercises every day. (

D. I can't go with you to the movies tonight because I have to write $

(1) composition for one of my classes. In fact, I have
()\ homework for every class. I can't believe you don't have
(3) homework. You're really lucky!
.s-
{r
{
Carol is going to make Flabulous Fish Soup. She has crossed out the ingredients
f
that she doesn't need. Make two lists below: the things she doesn't need (use .ot
ana or a I an when listing each of these items) and the things she has to buy at
R
the store (use some or a I an when listing each of these items). {
s*
Fabulous Fish Soup f
7*@il 2 yellow onions 1 can of tomato sauce
s)'
s
++e+a*e 1 largecarrot
o
(r)
sl+{ad+pper
g-baplesves
2 teaspoons parsley @
2 medium turnips 4 cups fish broth 3 pounds fish steaks
g4aspeens+eur

Can'ol doesn't need: Carol needs:

Example: any olive oil Example: oorne parsle.y

l 1.

z. 2.
r)
J. 3.
/l
4.
t:
5.
6.

Practice 26 55
x
F

E
*s PLURAL COUNT NONCOUNT
u
Affirmative He has many friends. He has a lot of time.
E
s.
o
He has a lot of friends.

o Negative He doesn't have many friends. He doesn't have much time.

{ lot of friends.
He doesn't have a He doesn't have a lot of money.
Question Does he have many friends? Does he have much time?
Does he have a lot of friends? Does he have a lot of time?
How many friends does he have? How much time does he have?

A Lot of = Large Quantity. Too Mang / Too Much = Excessive

No Problem Is Presented. Quantity. A Problem Is Presented.
A lot of students study at the library. Too many students study at the library. The
(Many students study at the library. Iibrary is crowded and noisy.
They don't finish much work.)
I don't have time to talk to you. I have too
I have a lot of homework. much homework.
I have a lot of cousins. I have no time to study. I have too many famill
responsibilities.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
7. Much is rarely used in affirmative statements. It is more conunon to use a lot of inaffirmative
statements.
2. A Lot of has a neutral tone. It shows a large quantity but doesn't present a problem. Too mttch or too
manry usually presents a problem or a complaint.
3. Use too much with noncount nouns. Use oo mclnA with count nouns.

W*qF. ffi Circle the correct underlined word 0r words in each sentence.

Example: She can't eat many /6uclsugar.

1. Don',t eat too much/too manrfat.
2. The body needs a lot of / a little fat in the diet.
3. A year ago, he ate too much / too many rice and bread.
4. It is good to eat much / rnany vegetables every day.
5. We don't have much / several soda for everyone.
6. Can you buy several / a little cans of soda for me?
7. Do you eat much / many sugar?
8. Does he eat many / much cookies?

5 Practice 27
 9. I have a little / afew friends with children.
10. If you're taking the kids to the beach, take a little / several towels with you. x
lra
1l
_t_t. The kids always have a little / a lot of fun at the beach. N
12. Children always say "Give us just a few / a little more time." E
.Slt
13. Their grandmother gave therr a few / a little money for a snack. u
t4. They bought several / a little chocolate bars with the money. E
*,
a
!r
Write problenxwhen something excessive or bad is stated. Write zo prlblenx on o
t-l
the line when n0 problem is presented.
f
Example: A few of my friends live near your house. no problem

1
t. I read a lot of books for school.
2. I spend too much time on the computer.
o
r). You have several international friends.
4. You have too many homework assignments.
We work too much.
6. We have many assignments.
7 She has a few beauty secrets for nice skin.
8. She rests a lot.
q She drinks a lot of water.
10. That costs a lot of money.
11. There are too manv clonds todav.
t2. They don't neecl to lose a few pounds.

Write a paragraph about your hometown. Use the quantity phrases a lot of,
nl,uch, nlnA, a little, afew, andseaeral to describe what your hometown has
and doesn't have.

Example: My hometown doesn't have much crime.

Practice 27 57
 Adjectives
f,)
o
+
u
q)
EXAMPTE EXPLANATION
'
We ate abiqmeat. \s.*\q-q\s-:s,s\H=sus..Sa\w\rx
I don't like to eat fatty foods. come before a noun.

Fast food is inexpensive. An adjective can come after the verb be a

Models are thin. sense-perception verbs: look, seem. solt;r
smell, taste, feel.
You look healthy.
Burgers taste delicious.

Are you concerned about your weight? Some -ed, u;ords are adjectives, such as: I

I'm tired after work. otri,ed, croude d, Located, ma,ry,ied,,

The health club is located near my house.
He did exercises and got tired.
I ran for 3 miles and got thirsty.
If you eat too much candy, you're going to get
sick.
u;
diu orced, exci,ted, di,sappointed,, Jini,shr
frightened.
An a$ective can followge in these
expressions: get ti,red, get uLorri,ed, get
hu,rtgru, get sl,eepy, get thirsty, get mctrt
get diuorced, get si,ck, get angru.In thes
expressions, get means becom,e.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We do not make adjectives plural:
ath,inmodel thi,nmodels abi,g glass bi,g glasses
2. Very, qui,te, ertrem,efu can come before adjectives.
and,
You are uery healthy. They are entrem.elg tred.

@.UnderlinetheadjectiveineachSentence0rqueSti0n.

Example: That man seems angry.

1. We like to eat salad from a wooden bowl.

2. I love your dress! Is it expensive?
3. That television is heavy.
4. My married sister lives a few miles from here.
5. After the hike, they got thirsty.
6. The blue glass holds water.
7. We made the cake from sweet butter.
8. I got sick before my assignment ended.
9. Why are you worried about your test?
10. She was frightened by the dark.

58 Practice 28
 Write one or more appropriate adjectives after each sense-perception verb
below. (,)
()
Example: Your hair looks beautiful Did you have it cut?
+
I
1. After running the marathon, I felt 0)
"o
2. The river water felt on his bare feet.
tf. My cooking tastes
4. Ice cream tastes
5. This milk smells Let's throw it out.
6. Your soup smells . What did you put in it?
7. The sky looks I think it's going to rain.
8. Mother looks Let's make dinner for her.
0 Learning a new language seems but it isn't really.
10. He seems Did he have a bad dav?

'ilCircle.thebestadjectivetocompletethesentenceaboutago0dVacati0n
expenence.

1. I had fun! I took a boring / wonderful vacation last summer.

2. I was excited / disappointed to leave on vacation.
t). I felt disappointed / tired that I could take only a week's break.
4. I flew to a tropical / arctic island with my bathing suit packed.
5. I spent most of my time on the sunny / cloudy beaches.
o. I got thirsty / angry on the hot beach.
7 One afternoon I met a clull / pleasant woman.
8. She said that she liked unclercookecl / goum-ret foocl.
q She told me that her uncle owned a famous / an{ul restaurant.
10. She invited me to go there with her for a delicious / disgusting meal.
11. The restaurant was crowded / empty.
t2. A busy / nervous waiter took our order.

Practice 28 59
 Noun Modifiers
(,)
H
q)
|ri
"d EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
o
: Do you have an exercise machine? A noun can modify (describe) another nour

5 The second noun is more general than the 1

o A farm worker gets a lot of exercise. Some

Strawbetry ja.mis a jam. Ashoe store is a
z people eat at a fast-food restaurant.
store.
I joined a health club.

I bought new running shoes. Sometimes a gerund describes a noun. It sl

the purpose ofthe noun.
Do you ever use the swimming pool?
My five-year-old son prefers candy to fruit. The first noun is always singular.

Potato chips have a lot of grease. AJi,ue-year-ol.d, son is a son who is five yet
oId.
My new shoes are inthe shoebox.

Do you have your driver's license? Sometimes a possessive form describes a r

I can't understand the owner's manual for my
newVCR.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Some noun modifiers become attached to the noun: shoe * bon = shoebor, book + sto' e = bookstrvre. Thet
are called compound notuns.

-
ffitAnswereachqueStion,usingOneOfthen0unSinthequeStiOnaSan0un
modifier in your answer. If the word is singular, use an article.

Example: What kind of store can you buy shoes at? a ehoe eltore

1. What kind of government runs a city?

2. In what kind of class do you study biology?

3. What kind of food do you give to cats?

4. At what kind of place do you wash cars?

5. What kind of doctor takes care of your eyes?

6. What kind of camera do you use to take videos?

o Practice 29
 7. What kind of sale do stores have in the summer?
(,)
l.{
8. What kind of a belt keeps you safe in a car? 0)
ri
.Fl
'oo
9. What do we call a person who stars in moes?
:
?1
h{
FI
10. In what kind of garden do people grow vegetables? o
z
11. What kind of salad has fruit in it?

1,2. What do you call a burger with cheese?

13. What do you call a mine where people dig for diamonds?

14. What do you call a store that has different kinds of departments?

15. What do you call a book full of telephone numbers?

16. What do you call a machine that you can use to send faxes?

17 . What do you call a sale that people have in their garage?

18. What do you call a child who is 10 years old?

Match the flrst noun (the noun modifier) with the second (the "main" noun).
*rT,rillffi#

Example: bed room

1. credit table
2. Iiving ball
3. tea boots
4. feather water
5. grammar card
6. book pillow
7. kitchen book
8. base room
9. rubber cup
10. tap bag

Prcctice 29 6l
 Adverbs of Manner
t{
q)
t4
H
a
G
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
l+{
o I choose my food carefully. An adverb of manner tells how or in what w:
(,)
rO Some people eat poorly. person does something. We form most adve
L
q) of manner by putting -W atthe end of an
adjective.
'o
Do you eat well? The adverb for goodisu;eLL.

He worked hard and came home late. Some adverbs of manner do not ,.
end in -Ly.
Don't eat so fast. adjective and the adverb are the same.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Hq,rd' andhard'lg are both adverbs, but they have completely different meanings.
He worked /ard. = He put a lot of effort into his work.
He hard,Lg worked. = He did very little work.
2. An adverb of manner usually follows the verb phrase.
She ate her lunch quickla.
You sp eak English ut e IL.
3. Very, entremelg, ard quite can come before an adverb.
They work uery slowly.
She drives ertrem,ely weIl.
You speak qui,te clearly.

r+fril,*ffi*+M Change the following adjectives to adverbs 0f manner.

Example: quick quickl.y

1. dangerous 5. fast

2. normal 6. constant

3. safe 7. slow

4. rapid 8. good

62 Practice 30
 circle the adjective in each statement. change the adjective
to an adverb and
write it on the line. some adjectives and advJrbs t
aue tt e
same form.
L
Example: I are my food@ici) quickty a)
tr
tr
1. I finished the work easv. .

2. They sold the house cheap. :

q
3. She waited for you patient. o
v,
4. I didn't tie the rope secllre. rO
k
0)
5. I want to prononnce words correct.
6. He held the baby careful. 'o
7. I didn't arrive late.
8. Make sure you eat slow.
9. They studied hard last night.
10. She hard studied and failed the test.
ll. You need to speak soft.
12. They don't celebrate birthdays happy.
13. The teacher speaks well about her students.

lnsert uery, qui,te, or efrtremelybeforeeach adverb.

u"^'yhurd.for
Example: Sl-re stucliecl the test.

1. She spoke Chinese fluently.

2. He pushed his friend roughly.

3. I'm sorry I cor-npletecl my work carelessly.

4. They walked into the classroom quietly.

5. Honestly, I am upset about the clecision.

6. We completed our project thoughtfully.

7. You politely asked me to wait with vou.

8. The cat moves silently in the night.

Practice 30 63
 Adjectives versus Adverbs
(n
tO
Ll
o
\3 ADIECTIVE ADVERB
o Jim looks serious.
5
fn
.]I" ir looking at his mistakes seriously.
lr (Serious describes Jim. )
() (Seri,ouslE tells how he is looking at hi;
mistakes.)
(t
() The music sounds good.
The singer sings well.
(Good describes the music.)
+ (Well describes the singing.)
o
q)
Your composition looks good.
'o You wrote it well.
(Good describes the composition.
(Well describes how you wrote it.)
My father got angry
(Angry Oes"cri e s-my fathe r. )
He spoke angily to his children.
(Angrily tells how he spoke.)
LANGUAGE NOTES:
1' An adjective describes a noun: (happu baby). An adverb describes
averb orverb phrase: (watked
slota\g), an adjectiue: (toell knownJ, or another adverb:
(uery slowly).
2' use an a{ective after the fllowing verbs if you are
describing the subject. use an adverb if you are
telling how the action (the verb) is done:
smell sound seem feel taste look appear
She l,ooks happA. She is Looki,ng at the contra ct carefuLlg.
3. Use an adjective, not an adverb, in expression swith get
or becom.e:
I got cold and wet in the rain.

tffit choose the correct adjective 0r adverb for each sentence,

1. My sister is a wonderful / wonderfully cook.

2. She cooks extrernely good /well.

3. Her Italian dishes taste particularly good / well.

4. she got excitedly / excited when she saw her sister get
off ilre airprane.

5. They talked excitecl / excitedly until late into the night.

6. You seem particularly happy / happily today.

7. He became rich / richly from his Internet company.

64 Practice 31
 B. My teacher is fluent / fluently in
three languages.

L He and his wife dance g{qggfuuigqU[ rogerher. o

tO
lr
c)
10. My husbancl took me to a romantic / romantically 'o
movie.
ul
(t
k
Find the mistake i",t"lg underlined portion o
of each sentence. Rewrite the
sentence correcilv. If there are
n0 rirtur..rin;,i;;"..i*,r.
v)
correct. o
Example: My father clrives very careful. +
(J
father ddves o
'
1. He is a very careful driver.

2. I lost the race because I ran slow.

3. Sorry I'm late! My watch is slow.

4. He visits his parents in Brazil frequent.

5. That perfume smells beautifullv.

6. If you don't dress quick, we will be

late.

7. The customer got angrily when

ilre salesperson ignorecl him.

8. He spoke seriously to l-ris childrer_r.

Practice 31 5
 Too and Enougfu
ts
oo
o
tL
tl TOO + ADIECTIVE /
'o?r ADVERB TOO + MUCH / ADIECTIVE / ADVERB ENOUGH
rg MANY + NOUN + ENOUGH + NOUN
o
rQ I'm too tired to exercise. A diet of colas and burgers is Children don't get enough
Fr
not good enough. exercise.
It's never too late to change
your habits. I walked quickly enough to I don't have enough time to
raise my heart rate. exercise.
Children eat too much food
that is high in calories.
They spend too many hours
in front of the TV

LANGUAGE NOTES:
l. Too indicates a problem. The problem is stated or implied.
2. Put oo before the adjective or the adverb: too old, too ti,r'ed, too slo'tt;Ly.
3. Use too muclt before noncount nouns and t,oo m&nA before plural count nouns:
too muclt ti,tne too rlanl1 calories too much grea,se too many socLcts
4. Ettozr,glt, means as much or as many as needed. Put enough after the adjective or adverb. Puf enottgh
before the noun:
ol.cL enouglt, to,Ll enough, slozaly enou,gh
enouglt'nLone?J1 ertough t'ime, enough books
5. An infinitive phrase (to + a base verb) can follow a phrase with oo and enough:
He's too young to understQntlllfe.
you,re old enough to d:.ite.

Write foo, too much, oy t00 nxanA before each word.

Example: Loo loud

1. boxes 11. tired

2. small t2. thin
)
,). Iong 13. problems

4. informatioti r4. hear,y

K hot 15. difficult
6. expensive 16. simply
7. sugar 17. fisli
8. slowly 18. lnoney
a ice 19. hard
10. carefully 20. people

66 Practice 32
 Write enough before or after each word. If there are two possibilities, write both
of them.
.S
b0
Example: Is the classroom quiet enou1h to study?
o
lra
1. Are there sandwiches 2 f{
2. Are the children !o
big to go to camp?
3. Did I cut the string short
.u
o
4. You gave me adce ,o
F{
5. Is it cold for you?
6. We think that car is cheap
7. The cook put salt in the soup.
8. She ran quickly to win the road race.
9. I think there is hot water for a shower.
10. Theyhad hope to try calling again.
11. Areyou tired to sleep well tonight?
12. They drive carefully at night.
13. Are there books on Brazilian history?
74. We believe there is Iight to see.
15. The exercise is easy to finish.
16. There is meat for the whole family to eat.
17. The hotel manager gave us towels.
18. Are there forks on the table for 6 people?

Read each question. Write an answer using enough, too, too ?nuch, or tol
nxana.

Example: Why are you tired?

I didn'L ele h laeL

1 Why aren't you hungry?

2. Why are you exercising so much?

Practice 32 67
 Too and Very
x
L
s
'o SUBIECT VERB VERY / TOO ADIECTIVE OR ADVERB

(
o That computer IS very expensive, but I've saved enough to buy it.
,o
t\ That computer IS too expensive for me to buy.
very tired, but I went to work.
too tired to exercise after work.
She speaks very quickly.
You speak too quickly. I can't understand you.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Don't confuse aerA andtoo. Ioo always indicates a problem in a specific situation. The problem can be stated or
implied. Verg is a neutral word.

rfr"ttr#il Match the comments of speaker A 0n the left with the responses 0f speaker
B on the right.

Speaker A Speaker B
t. Why can't he vote? a. It smells very sweet.
, How old is her son? b. No, I'm too busy.
c). What's the weather like outside? c. It's very far.
A Why don't you want to plant a garden this weekend? d. He's very young.
Why can't we get this bookcase into the truck? e. It's too tall.
6. What do you like best about this flower? f. It's too wet.
7 Why are you leang so early in the morning? g. It's very hot today.
8. Shall we hike to the top of the mountain? h. No, it's too far.
9. Why are you staying at work so late tonight? ,l He's too young.
10. Are you coming with me to a movie? j. I'mverybusy.

Fill in the blanks with foo or uerA.

Example: I won't let my daughter wear makeup because she's f,oo young.

t. I can't keep up with you. You're walking fast.

2. The dress is beautiful. I think I'll buv it.
rt, That box is heaw for me to lift.
4. The belt is big for me. It's falling off.
5. She speaks slowly so we can understand everything.

8 Practice 33
 c). It's cold out today. Make sure you wear a coat.
7. It's hot to wear a coat today. >.
\
8.
q
It's late to call them. They're probably asleep. s
She's short to be a professional model. '

10. Her hair is long, and she wants to grow it even longer. (6
o
11. I'm full, but I can still eat dessert! ,o
\
12. They are shy to speak in public.

Finish each sentence, using too or aera + an adjective. Choose one adjective
from the box,

sollr sick difficult angry sad

hot old-fashioned tight sunny easy
lumpy dirty boring cloudy valuable 9r<l
Example: I'm going to bed early tonight. I'm ver.y tred
l. Pass me the sugar. please. This lemonade is
2. After the operation the man got better, but he was still
r). When I told my boss about my mistake, she was
4. I didn't finish the homework because it was
5. Let's go cheer Jane up. She looks
o. Let your soup cool off a minute. It's
7. Could you bring me a larger size? These shoes are
8. Your mother woulcL-r't like this stvle. She's
q This weather is perfect for a picnic! It's
10. I finished the exam in.iust 20 minutes. It was
1i. He doesn't sleeo u'ell on that bed. It's
72. Please be careful rvhen vou wash that vase. It is
13. Don't bring that dog into the house! He's
t4. I went to sleep during the movie. It was
15. They didn't go swimming at the beach. It was

Practice 33 69
 For, In, During, By, and Ago
o
o0

'o
tr
(
TIME
WORD EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
a for He spoke on the phone
b for an hour. Fortelfs how long.
B
.Ii rn I finished the job in May, 2000.
R
Use in with a specific year or month.
a I finished the job in five days.
Use i,n to mean after or within a
*\ period of time.
\
L\ during We sited the Eiffel Tower during Use duri,ng with an actity.
f'i our trip to Paris.

by You must renew your passport by July

BE means no later than.
ofnext year.
ago We moved into this house three years ago.
Ago means before now.
LANGUAGE NOTES:
l. Compare before and, ago:
She got married before she graduated.
She got married three years ago.
2. Compare d,u,ring andfor:
She fell asleep cluring the moe.
She slept;for two hours.
3. Compare aJter and,in:
I'll come backi,n an hour.
I'll come back a.fter I go to the post office.
4. Compare before and by:
I have to return my library books bejore Fliday. (Friday
is not included.)
I have to return my library books bg Friday. (Friday
is incruded.)

Fill in each blank vnthduri,ng oror.

Example: I was asleep Curinq the movie.

1 We discussed our plans
our lunch break.
2. Something woke her up
the night.
3. They drove 13 hours before they stopped for the night.
4. Your name came up
our conversation.
5. The astronauts remained in orbit
4l days.
6. It rains a lot here the winter months.
7. If you feel dizzy, sit down a few minutes.
8. the war, he fought in many battles but was never wounded.

70 Practice 34
 9. I think you should stay in bed a few days.
10. The children become restless long car trips. a
o0
f
\J
Fill in each blank vnthago or in.
(
c

Example: I learned to do the job five days. s:\

b
We love to visit the public gardens the spring. .s
The twins were born four years
You'd better hurry. The plane leaves 30 minutes.
a
t\
A few days she got a telephone call that changed her life. \
L\
I always do my best work the morning.
Your plane left five minutes . You're too late. 'e
What did you just say a few ntinutes 2

Why don't we travel somewhere together August?

My brother left home two years , but he often sits us.
I'll get back to you just a minute.

Fill in each blank vnthby orin.

Example: He will Iose five pounds by October.

She has to be at her desk 8:00 each morning.

I will complete my homework three hours.
My brother callgllt the flu, but one week he got better.
If you'll help me, we carl finish noon.
a few hours, they will leave.
Everyone had left tlie birthday party 7:00 p.m.
Fortunately the rain hacl stopped the time I left the building.
Many of the runners ran the race 20 minutes.
You have to be back to scl"rool Monday.
January, I return to China.

Practice 34 7|
 The Past Continuous Tense
o
o

,q)
F
o EXAMPLE EXPTANATION
FI

o I,ast night at midnight I was watching the Iate

To form the past contutLl{ rri: itlts. \le use ros
show on TV oru)eTe *verb-ing.
+
?1
H My roommates were watching it with me.
o f, he, she, it ---> ,,.15
U
+ Ao1t, ?.0et they ----r- ,,
vt "r.n
G I wasn't sleeping. To form the negative, pllt
F{ rr,r 1r'p1. .s or
q) My roommates weren't paying attention. u)eTe. The contraction for tt ( 1., t()t is rcasn,t.
?1
The contraction for ?t)t.? tirtt i> tt.e).en't.
F
Was he living in the United States?
Question formation:
Yes, he was.
Yes / no question and short lns\\-er
Where was he living?
wh-
Who was living in Germany?
Wh-subject

Fill in the past continuous form of the verb given to tell about
eyers that were
happening around the world yesterday.

Example: (rain) It nas rainin4 in the Nile River vallev.

1 (snow) It in the Himalayan Mountains.
2. (try) People to climb Mount Everest.
t). (care) Nurses for patients.
4. (enter) New babies the world.
(smile) Their parents
o. (take) Students uruversrty entrance exanls.
7. (tell) A camper a story to her friends arourtrl r r.ulltfire.
8. (think) A young man in Thailand
about his su'ecthear-t.
q (wonder) Hissweetheart if he loved her.
10. (break) In the Antarctic an iceberg free.
11. (discover) An astronomer a new star in a clistuit galaxy.
12. (worry) A mother in Nigeria about her son.
1c). (plan) A famous chef a dinner for the King of llorocco.
I4. (win) A baseball team a game for the first tiure iu three years.
15. (enjoy) A Russian journalist
his vacation in Oclessa.
16. (apply) A teacher in Brazil
for graduate schrol.
77. (plow) A farmer in the philippines
his field.

72 Practice 35
 I
unscramble the words and phrases
to make each past continuous question,

Example: speakingto/who / she /on the phone/was

g
a
r9
F
1. were / to my advice / listening you
a
/

2. to the music / they /how long/listening/were

r1
3' playing / was / where /last night/the
guitar/he +J
v)

4. was/who / withhim/singing
^.
Q

F-'l
5. in the afternoon / he / sirg a
/ book / wasn,t

6. watching / the new TV show were

/ / the children / when

7 . rude / being /weren,t / to the customers

/ we

8. was / she / after work / what / yesterday / doing

ffiWritesentenceSab0utwha!4ouandy0urfriendswereor1Deren,t
night. '
-- 4^ ^r.
qwas I n)asn't) doing last
Example: lwasnl- exercisinq laet niqht.
l. (my friends / study English)

2. (I / speak on the phone)

3. (I/writealetter)

4. (my friends/ cook a big dinner)

Practice 35 73
 Uses of the Past Continuous Tense
a
o
?r
x
H
I

o EXAMPLE EXPTANATION
o What were you doing at 10:00 a.m. yesterday?
5
?1
We use the past continuous tense to show what
F{
I was working in the computer lab. was in progress at a specific moment in the
+
?1
x past.
o
U The cashier was counting the money when the
We use the past continuous tense with the
+ robbers entered the store.
o
(!
simple past tense to show the relationship of a
A While the robbers were holding her up, the longer past action to a shorter past action.
o
?1
cashier secretly pushed an alarm button.
{.
(+{
o LANGUAGE NOTES:
fT,
q) l ' You can show the relationship of a longer past
action to a shorter past action in two ways:
Q . Use.ulten + the simple past tense with the shorter action.
l-l The cashier was counting the money uthentherobbers
ente?-eclthe store.
. Use uhi,Ie + the past continuous tense with the longer action.
while the robbers zuere hokli'ng her up, the cashier secreily pushed
an alarm bu*on
2' If the time clause precedes the main clause, separate
the two clauses with a comma.
Maru cr,us Trun cr,eusp
He was living in the city when he died.
Trun cr,eusn MrN cr,ausn
When he died, he was living in the cifi

ws"ffiF.t-sffi use a past continuous 0r simple past verb to complete each sentence when you
rewrite each sentence. check each sentence for cbrrect
comma use,
Example: (while lI /walk) it started to rain

W!._!.AZ*ulHnq, iL etarLed f;o rain

1. I was working on the computer (when the electr

/ icity /go off).

2. Another car hit mine (while / I / stop) at the red light.

3' (while / my sister / have) a party, my cousins came

to visit.

4. (while / he / ski ) on the mountain, he broke his

leg.

5. The telephone rang (while /we /eat) dinner.

74 Practice 36
 6. We found a lot of wildflowers (while /we /hike).
o
o
7. (when /you lcome over), I was watching a video tape.
H

o
8. She was working at the clothing store (when I you lsee) her for the first time. p
o

9. (when /you lcall) me on the phone, the children were talking loudly. +
?1
H
o
10. I read my book (while / the children / sleep). U
+
(,)
(
Fr
11. He fell off the horse (while / he / ride) across the field. a)
F1
+
(*{
12. (when lI I arrive) at the doctor's, many patients were waiting. o
(/)
q)
U)
D
fi,@l!! Answer the question about wht Ayu d,id, or what you were d,ning.
Use the simple past 0r the past continuous.

Example: While I was preparing my dinner, m.Y hueban helped me chop veqeLablee.

1. When it started to rain, I

2. While I was eating dinner, I
3. When my friend came to visit, I
4. While my friends were studying,
5. When I went to the bank, I
6. While I was cleaning my kitchen,
7. When I wrote you a letter,
8. While I was doing the laundry,

Practice 36 75
I
Was / Were Going Tb
rQ
t-{
.s$
o
U BUT. . . (wHY THE PIAN DIDN'T
\)
ruAS / WERE GOrNG ro GHE PIAN) HAPPEN)
L
We were going to come to see you,
s He was going to give her the good news,
but our car broke down.
(r) but somebody else told her first.
h
N\ LANGUAGE NOTES:
we use was / were goi'ng to + the base form of the verb to
describe a plan that we didn,t carry out. It
same thing as,u)ea means the
/ uere planning to * the verb.

@ffi Complete each sentence with the missing

word 0r verb.

Example: We were qoinq to to meet you yesterday, but our car

broke down.

1. He going to call 'ou, but he had a lot of homework.

2. You were going to
your homework, but you forgot.
rvr uL.
3. They going to study for the exam, but they lost
their notebooks.
4. It was to be sunny today, but it is terrible out.
5. We were going pay that bill, but we lost it in all our papers.
b. She was going to go to the clentist, but
didn't have enough
money.
7. going to write that letter, but I continued
to forget.
8. We were going to tell you about that,
we were a little nervous.
o They were going
save dessert foryou, but they ate the last
piece.
10. was going to bring lunch for both of us, but
he left it on the bus.
11. She going to clean my room, but she ran out
of time.
t2. You were going
water the plants, but you fed the cat first.

76 Practice 37
 complete each of the following sentences with a plan expressed with was I
were going to.
,Q
t\
Example: I wae aoina to bu.v.vou a preeent , but I didn't have enough money. b0
.s!
1. , but you interrupted me. o
2. it started to rain.
I
o
J.
, but

, but I wasn't strong enough.

t
'+.
^ , but my parents wouldn't let me.

5. , but I had too much to do. U)
H

f,\
6. but I changed my mind.
7. but the dog ate it.
8. but my boss asked me to do something else instead.
9. but I just wasn't hungry enough.
10. butjust then the phone rang.
1i. but it was too hot.
12. but my friends wanted to go home instead.
13. but it was easier to do it bv e-mail.
74. but I fbrgot.

ffiffi{ Write a complete sentence respondingto each of the items belowwith uas
were going to but . . . .
I

Example: You dicln't rnail these bills.

I wae aoina Lo mailLhem, butthe posL offce wae cloeed.

1. You didn't meet rre at the train station.

2. You never told nle you had an accident with the car.

3. Why didn't you buy a gift for the bride and groom?

4. You didn't pay your creclit card bill.

5. You didn't make a doctor's appointment.

Practice 37 77
 ch
Overview of Modals and Related
?a
ti Expressions
o
6
v)
q) LIST OF MODALS FACTS ABOUT MODATS
g
S{

x can
1'
f
'o could fr"ol*"
rormfollows amodar. *"ffi
o+ Youmust payyour rent. (l/o.. you
.u should must to pay your rent.)
q) 2. Modals never

will lT g _ed,, or _ingending.
_s,
He can go. (i/o; Hu
I'?1 would
3' "*. j
To form the negative putnotafter
.
F{ , the modal.
may You should not leave now.
rt
(c might 4. You can make a-negative
contraction with some modals:
'o
o can,t couldn't should:r,t won,t zoould.n,t
d
must m:ustn,t
5. Some verbs arelike modals in meaning :
q haue to, had,
o abte to, be supposeiio, an p"rmi,ued, better,
"##:3,r:": to, be
F
q) He must sign the lease.
.Fl = He has to sign the lease.
S,t
a)

o Read the following statements

modals. (See irem b in rhe
and underline the modals
and verbs that act as
br;;;;;uv,,,,,
Example: In some countries, people are
supposed to keep dogs on
leashes.
1. Humans can train dogs to clo
tricks.
2' The successful dog trainer has to keep
severar things in mind.
3. A proverb says *you can,t teach an old
dog new tricks.,,
4' this proverb may not always
be true, it is certainly easier
to train a puppy than an adurt
ffi]"
5. First, you must develop a good relationship
with the puppy.
6' Next you have to make sure that the puppy
understands what you want
7. Of course, the puppy should not be permitted it to do.
to run wild.
8. Dogs can,t concentrate on one task for a
long time.
9 ' A young dog ought
to be able to learn to sit up, rou
l0' A trainer should praise the dog when it performs over, shake hands, and f.etch a stick.
a trick correc'y.
l1' soon it ought to understand the trick when ,,sit
you say up,, or,,Fetch.,,
72. Some dogs will learn faster than
others, of course.
13. You shouldn't punish your dog if it
can,t learn quickly.
74. You must try to figure out what the problem
is.
15' You might come to the conclusion that your
dog just isn,t a performer.
16' Both you and your pet will be happier
if the dog is permitted to be itself.

78 practice 3g
17. Children rnight like the responsibility of a pet.
18. Older children are able to train dogs to do simple tricks. (t
g
19. Tliey may be allowed to feed, groom, and walk the dog. o
(n
20. A dog might be the right choice for a family pet. o
q)
lr
sx
Circle the correctlv formed modal in each sentence, r
'oo
+
Example: He willn't /(von't)help train the dog. .
q)

1. Humans can training / train dogs to do tricks.

\J
?1
2. The snccessful dog trainer must / has keep several things in mincl.
r!
,) (a
D. You can't I can't to teach an old dog new tricks.
r
4. This proverb mays / may not always be true. 'o
o
- You ought to / ought develop a good relationship with the pupt)y.
d,
:
(+{
tl. You are supposed to make / making sure that the puppy understauds your signals. o
7. The puppy also must does / do what you want, too. F
q)
.t{
8. Dogs aren't able / aren't able to concentrate for as long as you.
kq)
c) A young dog may to learn / learn a few simple tricks within a week.
10. The dog have to / has to enjoy the lessons. o
11. Soon the dog will know / knowing your commands.
12. Some dogs be able to / are able to learn faster than others. of ct-'ltlse.
13. Don't punish your dog if it can't / can to learn quickly.
14. You maybe / might come to the conclusion that your dog just isu't a performer.
I !r. Both you and your pet will to / will be happier if the dog receives a lot of praise.
16. The dog is allorved to do / is allowed to did tricks for fuu.

Practice 38 79
 Statements and Questions
rA
G
with Modals
'o
o
: VERB

+
WH- MODAL MODAL (BASE SHORT
.F WORD (+ N'T) SUBIECT (+ N,T) FORM) COMPTEMENT ANSWER
rrl He
F1
f{
c&n have a cat in his apartment.
o He c&n't have a dog.
+
) Can he have a bird?
q) No, he can't.
5 What can
o whv
he have in his apartment?
\J can't he have a dog?
c
G Who can own animals in an apartment?
(,)
+)

q)
?l
.1
ts{
q)
+
il!kMakeaqueSti0nwiththem0dalorexpressionandsubjectinparentheses.
(
+
u)
Example: Q: (can /who) Who can show us the way to the theater?

A: Harry can.

I
(we /should) leave the baby here when we shop?
No, we mustn't do that.
2. (why / we / not / coLrld ) fix this broken nrinter?
lt is too complicated. We need an expert.
o
r). (they / be permitted to / where)
sunbathe?
Only at the pool or the beach.
(rnust/I/wliere) pay this overdue book fine?
At the library.
5. (people / how many / may) be in this car at one time?
No more than five.
r). (will/not/it) rain tonight?
I don't think so. The clouds are clearing.
7 (has to / who) clean the house today?
We do, unfortunately.
8. (be able to / you) swim the length of the pool five times?
Not me. Ask someone else.
q (might/when/you) conte over?
Just as soon as I finish what I'm cloing.
10. (be supposecl to / who) give him the bad news?
i think you ought to.

80 Practice 39
 unscramble the words to make a question with a modal erpression.

Example: the homework / hand in / tomorr ow / | / may

I hand in the homeworktomorrow

1. the hospital/permitted/when / you / toleave / are

2. I/this purchase / a credit card /pay for / vmth / can

3. ought to /for /who /pay /ttte restaurant dirurer

4. without / to travel / people /why /allowed / a passport / aren,t

5. should / to / gve / we / our papers / who

6. able / graduate / when / she / to / will / be

7. a cat / must / in your country/ drive / how old/you / to / be

8. we / arelthe deo / allowed /howlong / keep / to

Practice 39
 MugtrHave Tb, Have Got To,
,o
FI and Be SuVpoed io-
a)
t)
R FORMAT OR OFFICIAT INFORMAT
R\ EXPTANATION
F'
(/) Everyone must obeythe law.
Everyone has to obey the law.
Legal obligation
a)
Fa Everyone has got to obey the
\J law
71
x
G Everyone is supposed to obey
,Q' the law.
f\
rha V/e must operate on this 'W'e
a have to operate on this
patient immediately. Urgency
() patient immediately.
P 'W'e've
got to operate on this
N
\-
patient immediately.
I have to wash my car.
,Qt I've got to wash my
t\ car. Personal necessity
I LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. W'e don't usually use haue gofio
for questions and negatives.
\ 2' Must has no past form' The past
or uo*r nu,st and ha,ue to is
*\
(r)
hacr to.
.H
H

ffikt Fill in the blank vnthmustfor rules

and raws. Fil in the blank vnth
haue r has
to ot lt'aue I ttas got to forpersonal
necessities and urgent situations,
Example: Taxpayers
\- -- --^- _ muet ma' their tax forrns before niicl'ight
on April 15.
.l

plcl{ up ruilk on my way home.

2. Taxi drivers
o
display tlieir ID carcls.
e). Nonmembers
pay at the reception desk.
4. I'm so tired. I
start going to bed earlier.
You kids
waslr up before dinner.
Ct' Students
pay tl-reir fees by the last
clay of January.
7. We
get to tlie bank before it closes.
8. Swimmers
not bring glass bottles into the pool
q area.
Employees
wash their hancls before returning
10. I to work.
find a part-time job to cover
my expenses.
11. Pedestrians
cross the street at the crosswalk.
12. I
give you back your book.
i3. Students
not eat in the library.
14. We
buy a new car. This one breaks
down.
15. We
pay her back.

82 Practice 40
 Must, Have To, Have Got To,
,o
t\ and Be Suryosed To
\q)
v)
R FORMAL OR OFFICIAL INFORMAL EXPLANATION
R!
S
(a
Everyone must obey the law Everyone has to obey the law. Legal obligation
a) Everyone has got to obey the
s law.
'o
Everyone is supposed to obey
(E
the law.
,Q'
t\ must operate on this
Wb We have to operate on this Urgency
E patient immediately. patient immediately.
()
q) We've got to operate on this
.s patient immediately.
E
I have to wash my car. I've got to wash my car. Personal necessity
,Q'
F
q) LANGUAGE NOTES:
.s 1. We don't usually use haue got to for questions and negatives.
E 2. Must has no past form. The past of both must andhclue to is ho,cL to.
*\
U)

E
ffifi+tt.tt?*ffi Fill in the blank vnthmust for rules and laws. Fill in the blank vnthhate I ltas
to or haue I ltas got to for personal necessities and urgent situations.

Example: Taxpayers mueL mail their tax forms before urictnight

on April 15.

l. pick up rnilk on my way home.

()
-, Taxi drivers display their ID cards.
3. Nonmembers pay at the reception desk.
4. I'm so tired. I start going to bed earlier.
5. You kids wash up before dinner.
6. Students pay tl'reir fees by the last day of Janualy.
7. We get to the bank before it closes.
8. Swimmers not bring glass bottles into the pool rirea.
q Employees wash their hands before returning to work.
10. I find a part-time job to cover my expenses.
11. Pedestrians cross the street at the crosswalk.
12. I give you back your book.
13. Students not eat in the library.
74. We buy a new car. This one breaks down.
15. We pay her back.

82 Practice 40
16. You show your passport before boarding the plane.
17. I buy my mother a birthday present.
18. get my wife to the hospital before this baby is born.

v)
R
w.Mffiffi, Fill in each blank with an appropriate verb. R\
ar)
q)
Example: Parents have to protect their children. Fe
!o
1. The president must 71
ts{
f!
2. In the summer students don't have to
,o'
O
(), Every car owrrer has to l\
rh
4. Professional drivers must o
()
5. A good teacher is supposed to q)

r). Every landlord has got to .s

7. People who live in a dormitory must not
E
,Qt
8. People who live in a dormitory don't have to F{
a)
o Police officers mustn't
.s
i0. Retired people don't have to E
11. Athletes in training are supposed to *-
(lD
B
12. Thainers of athletes have got to
\

these sentences telling what you and other people nu,,u,st, haue to, haue
got to, andre supposed o do in life.

Example: I have to eLudy every ni4ht.

l. People have to
2. I have got to
3. I must
4. Children must
They are supposed to
6. I am supposed to

Practice 40 83
 Can, Could, May, Be Able To,
,o
F
Be Permitted To, and Be Allowed To
\\)
P
MODAL
s ALTERNATE EXPRESSION EXPLANATION
fs) She can pay up to $300 for her It is possible for her to pay Possibility
s plane ticket. up to $300 for her plane ticket.

,Q' I can't get the door to open. We are not able to get the Ability
t\
H door to open.
I can speak three languages.
sir
B We can't take more than two We are not allowed to / are Permission
\ bags onto the plane. not permitted to take more
than hvo bags onto the plane.
\)
Fa You may leave whenever you Youare allowed to / are Permission
"
71
want to. permitted to leave whenever
t{
(! you want to.
,o' I couldn't operate a computer I wasn't able to operate a Past ability
F
e three years ago, but I cn now. computer three years ago, but
I am able to now.
"S
q) I couldn't drive until I got a wasn't permitted to drive Past permission
s license, but now I can.
I
until I got a license, but now I
s, am permitted to / am
allowed to.
E
ft \

o
U FUnderlineeachm0dalexpressionandchangeittothenegativepaSttenSe.
*\
s Example: He can pay the credit card bill today.
U
(last week) He coulCn'L pav Lhe creciiL car d bill lael: week

1. Amy can play the flute very well this year.

(last year)
2. Janet is allowed to take out books from the library this week.
(last week)
3. We are able to play soccer as a team this month.
(two months ago)
4. It is possible for Eric to earn a lot of money in this job.
(in his preous job)
5. Lily can pronoun ce English very well this semester.
(last semester)
6. They may live in the dormitories this terrn.
(last term)

84 Practice 47
 @".Wr.Urrderlinethemodalormodalexpressionandwriteanalternativeexpressionin
its place.
Example: I q4! .o
t\
pay $1,200 ayear for car insurance.

lL isn', poesibte for nte f;o pay 61,2OO a p

ar for car insurance. a

1. My sister can babysit on Saturday nights. sf

a)
Fe
2. Don can play the guitar and the piano.
,ot
F{
\q)
3. Nancy can use Ed's van this weekend.
.E
L

4. The children may watch TV until 9:00 p.m.

\

q)
Fa
5. I could sing very well when I was young, but now I can,t. 'o;1
{
(

6. we could drive without seatbelts two years ago, but now we

can,t.
.Q-
t\
e
.S
7. It isn't possible for me to take a vacation soon.
f q)
Fa
8. The little boy wasn't allowecr to stay up late, but now
he is.
s
:
9' The runner wasn't abre to cut time off his speed this year. rf..\

o
10. She isn't able to pay her rent on time every month. U
t\
a

I1. He isn't permitted to plan the parade. v

12. The students are allowed to take the test home.

Practice 4l 85
 Should and Had Better
L
$)
\)
&
\ EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
.s
l'1.{
\ You should talk to a counselor about the For advice, use should:
'o problem with your math class.

(g Should, = It's a good idea (thing).
You shouldn't get so upset.
s Should,n't = It's a bad idea (thing).
o You had better renew your visa before you For awarning, use had, better (not):
.S
v) leave the country. Something bad can happen if you don't follow
You had better not forget to do it, or you this adce.
won't be able to get back in.

TANGUAGE NOTES:
The contractionfor had, (in had, better) s 'd,:
I'd you'd he'd she'd we'd they'd

wffirilfiffit Label the following sentences: Thi,s i,s good, ad,ui,ce or Ihis i,s a warning.

Examples: We should ask the doctor about vitamins. Thie ie qood advce,

You'd better not be impolite to your boss. Thie ia a warninq.

1. You should see the der-rtist about your bad tooth.

2. We had better not eat any more French fries or potato chips.

3. He should pick up some milk and bread on the way home tonight.

4. Tliey'd better keep their passports in a safe place.

5. We should wash the dishes before we watch TV tonight.

6. Parents should teach their children to be honest.

7. Slie'd better study harder or she will fail the test.

8. We'd better not forget our keys in the car again.

86 Practice 42
 @,['T Rewrite each affirmative sentence as a negative sentence. Rewrite each
negative sentence as an affirmative sentence.
L
$)
Example: You had better not drive slowly. You'd beLter drive elowly. lr
th
q)
Fa
l. You'd better stay up all night before the test.
\
.s
E
2. She should arrive late to work every day. 'o
ci
.

3. We'd better not do our laundry this week. sB

o
-S
tJ
4. I had better gain more weight.

5. They shouldn't be kind to their students.

6. You had better forget to pack your bags for tomorrow.

'r@H-@ Yourfriend is going to a different country. Choose eight expressigns from the
box. Then use shluld (for good or bad ideas) or had,bettti qtorlegal
necessities
0r warnings) to give advice. You can make some of the sentces egative.

Example: You haC beLher make a docLor's appoinLmenL.

apply for a passport take an umbrella

obtain a visa study the language lose your airplane tickets
pack your swimsuit take a bilingual dlcdonary change some money
take some medicine for an upset stomach take some gifts for people there
give your family an emergency telephone number

Where is your friend going to go?

I

o
L.

)
r).

4.
R

b.
7

8.

Practice 42 87
 Negatives of Modals
)
?a
ts{
and Related Expressions
o
t,l
UI
q) EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
sX
L{

Passengers must not remove their seatbelts at Usemust not for prohibition. These things are
f this time. against the law or rules.
'oC)
+ You cannot have a dog in my apartment. Use can;not ot nxaA not to show no permission.
(
q) Youmay not use a calculator on the The meaning is about the same asrl?r^st not,.
, mathematics exam.
'o
You're not supposed to park here longer than
.g Use be not swposed,tofor prohibition. These
(,) 15 minutes. things are against the law or mles.
r!
'oo You are not supposed to drive quickly near When reporting a rule, people use be not
schools or in the city. suTtposed o more thanmustno. Remember,
(+l mtust not has an official tone.
o
o
q)
She doesn't have to take the entrance A person can perform a particular action if he
examination because she doesn't want to go to or she wants to, but he or she has no obligation
+ a university. to do this thing.
(
b0
() You shouldn't watch so much TV Shouldn't is for adce, not rules.
z
You'd better not miss the final exam, or you'll Had, better not isfor a warning.
fail the course.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Ought lo is used in affirmative statements. Avoid the use of this expression in negative statements or questions.

ffiqr-Tffi+trM Circle the better negative modal to complete the sentence.

Example: They are not supposed to /tnust no!)break the law.

1. On Sundays I don't have to / must not get up early.

2. He doesn't have to / cannot be late to work again, or else he'll lose his job.
3. Everyone enjoys the wildflowers, but people shouldn't / don't have to pick them.
4. we had better not / cannot make too much noise or we'll wake the baby.
5. You may not / shouldn't lose control of your credit card spending.
6. At a birthday party, you must not / shouldn't refuse birthday cake.
7. In most cultures, children cannot / are not supposed to correct their parents.
8. No, you may not / shouldn't stay up all night long because you're seven years old and you have
school tomorrow
9. She is not supposed to / must not ignore her parking ticket.
10. In some cultures, people don't have to / cannot visit other people without a gift.

88 Practice 43
 tDecideifthestatementmeansaprohibition,nopermissi,on,noobIigati,on,
aduice, ot a warning. Write the correct explanation next
to each sentence.
rh
Example: a warninq g
You had better not eat that fruit. you are allergic to it. o
.F{
6
1. You are not supposed to drive when you are very tired. tt
o
2. People cannot take books from the library without a s
l.l
X
library card. r
o
J. He must not tell lies about other people. E()
+
4. You had better not call in sick to work. (
q)
5. We must not forget our father's birthday this year.
,
o. They are not supposed to make noise in the dormitorv. 'o

7. You may not gossip about my friends. r!
(,
8. I don't have to return the money you gave me. you said it t
was a gift.
'o
o
9. We shouldn't take off our coats in this cold weather.
(+{
10. You are not supposed to enter the office cluring a meeting. o
v,
q)

. il Finish each sentence \4/ith your own ideas. +

(
bo
q)

Example: Children aren't supposed to watch violenL moviee.

z
1. Children should not
2. Babies can't
. Parents don't have to
4. Teachers must not
5. Secondary school students aren't allowed to
6. Tourists should not
7. Teenagers had better not
8. If you have a computer, you don't have to
q
Employees must not
10. Dogs are not supposed to

Practice 43 89
 Will, Moy, and Might
s
'$
E
'6 EXAMPTE EXPTANATION
?1
H
r
My lease will expire on April 80.
s
s My landlord
Certainty about the future
might raise my rent at that Possibility or uncertainty about the future
E time. I may move.

s The teacher isn't here today. She may be sick.

or She might be sick.
Possibility or uncertainty about the present

{sMqrqwilffi@@Fw Circle the better modal to show that this sentence is about
certainty (wi,ll) or
uncertainty / possibility (may I mi,ght),
Example: My friends mi*ht /@come to dinner Friday at 6:30 p.m.
1. You might / will get a wonderfur job when you graduate from coilege.
2. The world will / may become peaceful for the next one hundred years.
3. All the students may / will get excellent grades on the final exam.
4. She may / will have a hair salon appointment at 5:00 p.m.
5' we may / will have a little rain tonight. Trre forecast wasn,t clear.
6. I don't really know They might / rnove to Venezuela next year.
7 . I will / may come to see you tomorrow
morning at 9:80 a.m.
8. Your car sounrls a little strange. you might / will have to go to the mechanic.
9. My first paycheck might / will arrive tomorrow.
10. George and Debbie will / may marry on June 21 .

@!DoestheSentenceexplainap0SSibilityaboutthepresenforapossibilityabout
thefuture?
Example: My cat isn't in the house. He may be hiding. preanT
1 Their telesion isn't on. Her husband may be reading.
, The newspaper said we may have warm weather tomorrow.
.)
J. You may have a fever. your foreheacl feels hot.
A
+. You may get a cold. Many people were sick at school.
r). I may pay someone to tutor me in college math.
o. She may go on a world tour someday.

90 Practice 44
 ---I

Make five sentences about what you uti,tt definitely do in the coming yea4 and
then make five more about what you maA I mi,ght do.
Iwilllearn Lo paint
s
Example: m.y houee. Lmay learn to qrow veqetablee ,$
will
E
'o
l. H
.B

2. \
s
t).
E
4. xa\

5. N
mau or might
1.

2.

c).

4.

5.

ffiffi,n Make five sentences about things that you definitelya; on't d,o in the future,
Then make five more about things that you nxaa nlt I mi,ght not do,

Example: lwon'L buy a parrol, lmay notfind a nice, cheap apartment.

wontt
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

may not or mght not

1.

2.
c).

4.
5.

Practice 44 91
 !., :)+!:.r.+::F' .,
j
F
4IJ \ Using Modals for Politeness
o
o
a
x
o
+
TO ASK PERMISSION EXPLANATION
o
F{ May
k May and could are considered more polite than
Can I write you a check? can by some speakers of English.
(,)
(! Could
'o
o TO REQUEST THAT ANOTHER
-a EXPLANATION
PERSON DO SOMETHING
b0
.l
Can For a request, could, andtaould, are softer than
o
,J Could can andusi,Il.
you plug it in?
wiu
Would

TO EXPRESS A WANT OR DESIRE EXPTANATION

Would you like to try out the computer? Would Li,kehas the same meaning aszuant.
Yes, I would like to see if it works. Would li,ke s softer thanzactnt. The
I'd like a glass of water. contraction for uould after a pronoun is 'd.

TO EXPRESS A PREFERENCE EXPTANATION

Would you rather pay with cash or by credit We use or in questions with zaould, rctther We
card? I'd rather pay by credit card lthan with use than in statements.
cash).

ffi.3Choosethemorepolitemodalandaddittothestatement0rqueStion.

Example: (may / can) May I leave now?

1. (want / would like) I a cup ofhot chocolate, please.
2. (can / could) Professor, I visit you during office hours today?
3. (will / would) you kids clean the kitchen after dinner?
4. (will / could) you hand me that dictionary, please?
5. (can / may) Chi.Ict: we read some of your comics?
6. (would like /want) F,end: I to play ball first.
7. (want / would like) I to see a menu, please.
8. (could / will) you get me a drink of water while you're up?
9. (canlmay) you look for a larger size shirt, please?
10. (may / can) Grandfather, I borrow your car tonight?

92 Practice 45
 Il. (would / could) I borrow your pen?
72. (would lmay) you help me carry the desk? (n
(a
a)
cc)
+
ffi#ReadthedescriptionoftheSpeakerSandthesituation.Thenwritean o
appropriate polite request (question) 0r sentence. o
F{
Example: A professor asks a student to stop by her office today. t{

v,
r
1. A sister asks a brother to take any telephone messages for her. 'o
o
-{
-l

2. A policewoman asks a clriver to show her his driver's license. b0

.Fl
(,)
D
3. one student offers to show another student around the college campus.

4. A student asks a monitor in the computer lab for help,

5' A supervisor offers the employee the choice of more money or more vacation
time.

6. A waitperson offers to show a customer the dessert menu.

$+?+ilfn#Mft change each of the following sentences to make it more polite.

Example: Open the door.

Could you please open the doorfor me?

i. I want to borrowyour skates.

2. Give me the rice.

3. I want change for a dollar.

Practice 45 93
 Overview of the present
a)
(,)
?1
Perfect Tense
t{

+
(J
SUBIECT HAVE / PAST COMPTEMENT
ak HAS PARTICIPLE
q)
The world map has
F{ changed a great deal in the past 40 years.
+, Some countries have chosen new names for themselves.
F{ Others have beeome
C)
o independent.
She has
o been happy to study geography.
k
F{ REGULAR VERBS
0)
F4
+ Base Form Past Form
(+{ Past Participle
study studied
o studied
look looked
F looked
a)
IRREGUTAR VERBS
k
C)
leave left left
o understand understood understood
come came come
run ran run
draw drew drawn
fly flew
know flown
knew known
wear wore worn
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
speak spoke spoken
steal stole stolen
begin began begun
drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
swim swam swum
rise rose risen
bite bir bitten
drive drove driven
ride rode ridden
write wrote written
be waslwere
ea\
\qe-\-
ate eaten
fail fell
give
fallen
gave given
see saw seen
make made made
take took taken
do did done
forget forgot forgotten
have / has had had
lie lay lain

94 Practice 46
.WW.SYiqF...ffi Complete each sentence with haue or has.
q)
Example: I
o
chosen to tell you about rny father. ?1
H

My f'ather's lif'e been very different from his father's life.

+
U
He worked as a veterinarian for 20 years. ,8
He and my mother k
made a good home for me. 0)
He
F{
cured hundreds of sick dogs, cats, and farm animals. +

leamecl quite a bit about animals from him. 0)
o
My sister and I helped him during school vacations. a)
l{
We goue rvith him to animal emergencies. F{
q)
?1
He taken me to watch hirn work many times. t
(+,1
Farmers conte to him for help with their cows and horses. o
Norv you heard a little about my father's life. I am very proud of him. F
't
q)

Complete each sentence with haue or has plus the correct past participle of ()
the
verb in parentheses,
o
Example: I (travel/not) have noL traveled to many cities in my life.
She (eat) hae eaten in expensive restaurants a few times.

I (know / not) many interesting people.

My friends and I (enjoy) other cities.
You (begin) to travel a lot in the past year.
You ancl I (write) many postcards to our friends.
My professor (take) time to do more research.
He (speak) to us about his interest in languages.
My doctor (give) me a prescription for my cold.
It (be) very difficult to get a doctor's appointment.
They (start / not) to jog for their health.
Thejoggers (run) 10 miles so far this week.
Tliat clog (bite) two people up until now
She (wear) that blue dress only once.
They (not / see ) that movie yet.
The movers (drive) to the wrong address.

Practice 46 95
a
Stat!:ments euestions with
C)
o

the Pres ent lnd
perfeii f";;;
H
,q)
F
+)
(J HAVE / HAVE /
.E HAS HAS
k
q)
WH- HAVEN,T / HAVEN'T / PAST
A WORD HASN'T SUBIECT HASN'T SHORT
PARTICIPTE COMPTEMENT
+
a4 ANSWER
F{
0) I have been
Th busy.
o I haven't been
k Have you available
F{ whv have
been tired? Yes, I have.
q) you
whv been busy?
?1 haven't you
+J been available?
a{ Who has been
+ busy?
'Fl
B
ch

o
FT
tiGtil Answer each of the following questions
using the present perfect tense
complete each sentence. to
+
th
a) Example: e: How long have you lived in this
citv?
g2 I've lived here for only a few months
\1

t{
( i. Q: Have you ever been to Moscow?
o
+ A:
?1
ti
oF1
2. Q: How much money have you spent on books
xt{ this month?
q) A:
+J
G
+)
(A
r). Q: Have you ever been on TV?
A:
4. Q: How many movies have you seen this month?
A:
Q: Has it rained here recentlv?
A:
b. Q: How long have you studied English grammar?
A:
7. Q: Have you decidecl what to do after you finish
studying English?
A:
8. Q: What is something that you,ve always dreamed
of doing?
A:
L Q: Have you ever gone to a moe by yourself?
A:
10. Q: How many times have you moved from
one home to another?
A:

96 Practice 47
@,fiCreatepresentperfectquestionsbasedonthewordsinparentheses.Answer
each question about yourself.
q)
Example: o
c
rY
Q: (how many times lhave / bad dreamsl How many timee have you had bad dreame? I-
+
(J
2 lve had bad dreame manv l:lmes
ak
1. (have I ever / speak / in front of one hundred people) q)
F{
Q: +
E
q)
(a
q)
2. (how long /have / lived in this city) k
F{
Q: a)
;1
A: +
?1
3. (how many times I havel a good job) +)
Q: B
(')

4. (why / have lnot /jump / out of a plane)
o
+
(,)
Q: 6)
5
A: o
5. (where lhave llive lin your life) 'oq
G
Q: o
+
A: q)
6. (when /have / study / recently)
E
0)
Q: +)
G
+
V)
7. (what /have / done / for fun / this week)
Q:

8. (have / ever / make / a difficult decision)

Q:

Practice 47 97
 !. },t I ,rir,,!,i ,::iitj,:iilillftttrjl i-

a
(,)

48 Continuation from Past

to Present Tense
.9
t< EXPTANATION
+ EXAMPTE
0)
o We have lived in this house for 10 years. + an amount of time:/or tzuo Aearsl
lJse.fot"
a)
li for ten months, for a Long ti,me, etc.
F.{
o She has been out of town since Monday. IJse si,nce * date, month, year, etc. to show
+ when the action began: si'nce April, si'nce
+
o 1998, si,nce May 2, si,nce Tuesdcty, etc.
r
Fr
She has treen worried about him since she got lJse si,nce * to show the start of a
a clause
E continuous action. The verb in the si'nce clause
o his message.
is in the simple past tense: si,nce she got hi's
tr messaqe.
o
+
G How long has your brother lived with you? l|se h,ottt Long to ask about the amount of time
5
7..
from the past to the Present'
+ with ahoays to
tl I have always loved to cook' Use tlre present perfect tense
o show that an action began in the past and
U continues to the Present.

I have never gone to SPain. Use the present perfect tense with neuer to
show that something has not occurred from the
past to the Present.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
to the present'
we use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues
April Now

I have had my compllter

since April.

perfect verbs.
@w Read the following two paragraphs. underline all of the present
There are 15 present perfect verbs to find'
What r fl3ocl! (Example) tt lggqureq for fivc' clays uow Tlte water has risel't
gr:rclually until it has coverecl the streets ancl the siclewalks. The lower parts of the towrr
ha'e sunk beloq, the water. Most people who live near the river have left the town. It has
raiuc.cl here befOre, but I have nerer seen rain like tliis.
The floocl has been a disaster for the tonrr. Everyone who has purchased a boat
has bec askeclt9 bring t|e boats to rescue people and atliurals. We have always
suttm in

the water belbre, but ow it's clirty ancl pollutecl. My f'amily has left the towrr. We have
livecl ir-r a shelter since April 14. Some families have been here for three weeks. I have
hea|cl of flOOds like this, but I have nevel' kttrlwn otte'.

98 Practice 48
 Add a time expression to each sentence.

q)
Example: (never) I have met her. o
E
,q)
I have never meL her. F
+
?l
H
1. (for five days) She has studied for the test. q)
(n
q)
k
2. (always) He has lived here.
A
o
+
+J
r,)
. (since you got a job) I haven't seen you.
(
F(

l{
4. (never) We have visited the art museum. o

?1
H
o
5. (since Tesday) They have waited for the letter. +
(!

b. (since December) You have had that cot. +
?a
H
o
U
7. (for a long time) The clock hasn't rung.

8. (since he ate some fish) He has felt sick.

o (since I borrowed the money) I have avoided you.

10. (for one month) We haven't received a call from her.

@ffiICompleteeachofthefollowingSentenceSaboutyOurSelf'y0urfamily,0ry0ur
friends with the present perfect verb tense and the time expression in
parentheses.

Example: (for six montl-rs) M.Y esf;er haen't eeen my parenLs for eix monthe.
l. (since I began school)
2. (for one week )
3. (always)
4. (since 1999)
5. (for a long time)

Practice 48 99
I
The Simple Present versus
o tlre l'resent Perfect Tenses
a)
rn

F{
t
t SIMPTE PRESENT TENSE
+ PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I
..E I am in the United Srares now.
*{ I have been in the United States for 2 years.
q)
She has a car.
F{ She has had her car since March.
+
I love myjob.
I have always loved my job.
c)
o
q)
She doesn't have ajob.
She has never had a full-time
l{ job.
F{ LANGUAGE NOTE:
6)
The simple present tense refers only
{
a4
+
to the present time. The present perfect tense
with/o
neer connects the past to the present time. ?:, snce, alwags, or
o
5
o
k
()
+ @FReadeachpreSenttenseSentence.Thenuse/o?iSince,always,0rneUerwith
c the information in the parentheses t0 write present
o a perfect sentence that
o
q)
connects the past to the present time.
l"{
p{ Example: I know Maria. lfive
(five years)
vears)
q)
g I have known her for fit e
E
.Fl
ct) l. She owns a house. (last summer)
o
?l
H
F 2. Eduardo lives in this citv. (a year and a half)

3. The twins are in the hospital. (They were born two days ago.)

4. My aunt is an excellent cook. (always)

5. Sarah doesn't have a car. (never)

6. Gina and Tom are married. (five years)

7. Marco belongs to the volleyball club. (April)

8. He doesn't belong to the soccer club. (never)

9. Allison doesn't live with her family now. (the beginning of the year)

l0O Prcctice 49
i0. she eats all her meals in the university cafeteria. (last spring)

rh
q)
I i. Andy and his roommate live in an apanment near campus. (six months) o

,q)
F
12. I am a sales clerk in this department store. (three years) +
I
k
"9
13. Fran is a student at the English Language Institute. (January) 0)
F{
+

14. Gina is absent from class again today. (Monday) o
o
a
f.{
F{
15. He is on a diet. (a few months) o
?1
+
(,)
16. She wears the ring he gave her. (they got married in 1gT2) 5
o
t{
o
17. My father speaks Spanish. (always) +
g
q)
o
()
l{
Fr
'.W'@@|'W,@F Read each present perfect answer provided. Then write an appropriate simple o
present tense question. $

:l
.Fl
Example: Q: Do \o,., , .'. '' llttc !.ouee? u)
q)
(4
A: Yes, I've owned it since 1998. -F
1.

Yes, he has belonged to that health club for about a year now.
2.

No, I've never enjoyed exercise.

3.

['ve tried to, but I've never been successful.

4.

No. Actually, she's never come to see us.

5.

Yes. W'e've gone to see her several times.

Practice 49 101
 The Present Perfect
o
fn
Continuous Tense
tr
tv

(,) HAVE / HAVE /

HAS HAS VERB
o WH- HAVEN'T / HAVEN'T / + SHORT
5
WORD HASN'T SUBIECT HASN'T BEEN -INC COMPLEMENT ANSWER
+
Carol has been living in the United States
o
U She hasn't been living in Italy.
+
(J
dt{ Has she been living in New York? No, she hasn't.
q) How long has she been living in the United States?
F{
+
?1 whv hasn't she been living in Italy?
H
q)
o Who been living in ltaly?
o
l.{
F{ LANGUAGE NOTES:
c)
A 1 . With some verbs (such as li,ae, uork, stucly, teach, wear), we can use either the present perfect or the
present perfect continuous tense with actions that began in the past and continue to the present. There
F is very little difference in meaning.
2. If the action is still happening right now, at this minute, it is better to use the present perfect continuous
tense.
S. Remember that we do not use the continuous form with nonaction verbs. Some nonaction verbs are:
I;ike, LO'Ue, hAUe, IoAnt, neeil, k;nOUt, rem,embe'r, heUr, OWn, See, Seen'\, underStArUJ.

Choose the better verb tense for each set ofunderlined verbs.

Example: Mother has been seemi upset since the accident on Monday.

l. How long have you watchecl / have you been watching this moe?
2. I have livecl / have been living in this city for five years'
3. I have liked / been liking this city since I moved here.
4. My daughter has always loved / has always been long to eat vegetables.
5. \|/|ry has she studied / has been studying English since September?
6. How long have you owned / have you been owning this car?
7. He has worked / has been working as an engineer for many years'
8. How much of what she's saying have you understood / have you been understanding?
g. We have eaten / have been eating dinner since the roast came out of the oven.

10. What have you been doing / have you done these days?

lO2 Practice 50
 Fill in each blank with the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs in
the
box. Choose an appropriate verb from the box.
6)
)
wait watch live practice look d"6 tell write x
,()
save cook exercise expect stay play read F
fr)

o
Examples: Now that we have been datin7 for a year, I think we should get married. 5
?1
H
.F{
+
or How long have you been dat'in4 Joe?
o
1. The soup for two hours. I think it's readv. U
+J
2. I for so long that my hand hurts. I
3. How long she
at{
? If he doesn't a)
arrive soon, she'll give up. P{
+
4. He everyrvhere for his keys, and he can't find them.
o
5. The band
o
for such a long time that I think the concert must be o
k
almost over. F{
q)
o. whv for two hours? My
F1

muscles are going to be really sore tomorrow.

t-
7. You TV all evening. You have to stop now and do your
homework.
8. Rene in Montreal, but she's mong to Toronto next month.
o Come in. We you.
10. I this book for hours. My eyes are starting to get tirecl.
11. Who me about your train trip across northern Mexico recently?
12. The children up late every night this summer, but next week
when school starts, they have to go to bed early again.
13. you the piano lately?
14. She her money, and now she's ready to buy a new computer.

Practice 50 I 03
 The Present Perfect Tense with
+J
tt, Indefinite Time in the Past
d
F{
0)
EXAMPTE EXPTANATION
I
tr Have you ever used the Internet? A question vmth euer asks about any time
q)
Yes, I have. behveen the past and the present. Put euer
E betrveen the subject and the main verb.
iI
qJ
Have you ever gone to a family reunion?
I've gone to many family reunions.
Yes, We can answer an eue, question with a
+J frequency response: aJezu t'imes, rnarlA t'im,es,
tr Has Carol ever gone to ltaly?
oJten, neaer
tr No, she never has.
q)
'o Has Carol met her cousin yet? Yet and already refer to an indefinite time in

Yes, she has already met her cousin. the near past.
t+
Have you eleaned your room yet? Useyet in questions and negatives.
F No, I haven't cleaned it yet. or No, not yet.
a) Use alrectdy in affirmative statements.
o
Have you washed the dishes yet? Jrsf shows that something happened very
rY
Yes. I have just washed them. recently.
+
U
,g LANGUAGE NOTE:
H
0) We use the present perfect tense to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past and still has
Fr importance to the present situation:
+
Now

q)
(,)
q)
l{
F{
q)

F,t

@Fillineachblankvntheuer,aIready,aet,otjuSt.InsomecaSeSmorethan0ne
ofthe words can be used.

Example: Haven't you finished .yeL?

1. You're too late; the doctor has Ieft for the day.
2. Have you ridden a horse? It's fun!
3. I've inted him to the par[y.
4. I'm so tired of that book! I've read it three times.
5. Why haven't you written him
o. Haven't you been lonely?
7. Don't sit in that chair! I've painted it.
8. I've seen Hernando, and he looks upset.
o She hasn't contacted us but I'm sure she will soon.
10. We've saved all of the monev that our children will need for
their university education.

lO4 Practice 51
 ",rl,i i,r\r iii:iiriri$r;,irii' |rir,rr

overwiew of Gerunds
vt
'o

5r2

t{
o EXAMPTES USE OF GERUND
U
q
o Camping is a popular outdoor activity. As a subject
B A gerund takes a singular verb.
a)

to Many people e4ioy swimming.

I miss seeing you in my class.
As an object
Some verbs are followed by a gerund: enjoy,
o They avoid studying on Saturday nights. mi,ss, ctuo,id, qui,t, su,ggest.

Some people are in favor of hunting, while As an object of a preposition

others are opposed to it.
Some adjectives are followed by a preposition.
I'm interested in learning more about
computers.

Today you can buy your clothes by shopping In an adverbial phrase

on the Internet. I thought about going to a job
counselor. Some verbs are followed by a preposition.

You should practice by studying interew

questions.

I like to go shopping. In special expressions with go

Go * a gerund is used in many idiomatic
expressions:
go joggi,ng, go do,ncing, go su,im.miytg, go
Jkhi,ng, go shopping.
LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. A gerund phrase is a gerund + a noun: find,i,ng a job, rearning English.
2. We can put not in front of a gerund (phrase) to make it negative:
Not haui,ng a job is frustrating.
3. These verbs can be followed by a gerund:
admit discuss mind put off
appreciate dislike miss quit
avoid enjoy permit recommend
can't help finish postpone risk
consider keep practice suggest

.@,W.FillineachblankwiththegerundformofoneoftheVerbSinthebox.

climb wash fish camp

j*ok practice study do diet
sail think help exercise

106 Practice 52
 Example: ?moHn7 is not allowed on many airplane flights these days.

1. First we dug up some worms, and then we went th

'o
2. basketball is a good way to relax.
.f lt{
D. all night before a test can make you tired and tense. q)

4. I bought a special rope for mountain U

l|
5. There's a good breeze today. Let's go o
6. I am trying to lose weight by F
q)
and
regularly. li
q)
7. I know you want to avoid the dishes.
8. Even during an exam she can't help about her grades.
o
q
my apartment is not my favorite actMty.
10. He improved his performance by over and over.
11. You shouldn't delay the things that need to be done.
12. patients to get well is a nurse's job.

Answer each question with a sentence that contains a gerund.

Example: Q: What's an activity that makes you tired?

A: )Lui.yinq qrammar makes me tired.

I. Q: When do you grocery sliop?

A: Igo
2. Q: What's something that you really enjoy doing?
A: I really enjoy
(). Q: What's something that you need to practice more often?
A: I need to practice
4. Q: What's a suggestion that you made to someone recently?
A: I recommended
5. Q: How do you quit that bad habit?
A: I quit by
o. Q: What's something that you don't like doing?
A: I dislike
7. Q: What actity bores you?
A: I consider
8. Q: What's something you often put off doing?
A: I put off

Prcctice 52 r07
 Overview of Infinitives
o
a) D
+J
a{
ri EXAMPTE
EXPTANATION
-l
cH I want to find a job.
o An infinitive is used after
I want you certain verbs.
to help me.
B An object can be added before
o I'm happy to help you. an infinitive.
An infinitive can follow certain
$r lt's important to write a good adjectives.
C) rsum. An infinitive follows certain
expressions with
o He went to a counselor
to get advice. An infinitive is used to show
purpose.
.

Fill in each brank with the

infinitive form of a verb fr'm
the box.

P6 ur-rd".stond give operate

swim win cail
eat communicate

Example: It's going to take more money

than this
-- I_o nart
Purclrases. for Your
I My parents clidn't want
me
2. to another country alone.
Children, wait a minute. This
soup is too hot
,). In some countries it's illegal
4. a car without insurance.
Many people today use
e_mail
Her parents made her promise
with each other.
not
o. They forgot out late.
us what time they'd be
7. It can be dangerous arring.
in the ocean.
B. His pronunciation is a little
bit hard
O
Many parents tell their children
not
10. Patients can just push this to strangers.
button
11. Cars with big engines are a nurse.
more expensive
12. Some people come from
wealthy families. but most people
have
their own money.
t.)
fat. The robbers forced the
man
14. tnem all his money.
You were really lucky
that contest.

I OB practice 53
 ----..-- I

'W@W@'T Unscramble the words to write correct statements and questions.

(n
Example: my vocabulary words / to write / like lin a notebook / I
a)

+
I like to wril:e m.v vocabular.v worde in a notebook, ts{
tr
1. to write / my compositions / my computer / use / I x
?1

q
o
2. easy lthe application forms / it / to complete / wasn't 3
0)

t{
3. me I a souvenir / my brother / to bring / wants / him o
o
4. is / handwriting / to read / your /hard

b. expect / my money / my parents / carefully / me / to spend

6. is / to make / easy / popcorn / and, lquick

7. to study I it / for Vou / convenient / in the library / is

,il !@@fr Answer each question with a complete sentence that contains an infinitive,

Example: What's something that takes a long time to learn?

11- takee a Lme Lo learn i,o cook well

1. what's something important that a family member has asked you to do?
A:
2. What are three things that people use to write with?
A:
3. What's something that children are too young to do safely?
A:
4. What's something that is important to do every day?
A:
5. What's something that you need to do today?
A:

Practice 53 t09
 Infinitives as Subjects
o
+
u
q)
p
5 EXAMPLE EXPTANATION
V)
f,)
(! It takes a long time to learn a foreign language An infinitive can be used as the subject of a
o really well. sentence. We can begin the sentence with i't and
a) delay the infinitive.
It's fun to practice with my classmates.
+
.t{
It isn't hard for children to learn a foreign Include;for + noun or object pronoun to make
ti
Ianguage. a statement that is true for a specific person or
l-{ group.
It's more difficult for adults to learn one.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. When we use an infinitive after these adjectives, the first word in the sentence is most likely to be ifr
dangerous good necessary
difficult great possible
easy hard sad
expensive important wrong
fur impossible
2. There is no fference in meaning between an infinitive subject and a gerund subject:
It's importantto a,rriue on t'im.e. Azriuirg on time is important.

Complete each sentence with an inflnitive phrase, You can add an object if you
like.

Example: It isn't healthy ( for me) to eaL a lol; of areaev foode

t. It is impossible
2. It's frightening
. It's so much fun
A
+. It's very relaxing
5. It's sad
6. It's wrong
7. It's important
8. It is boring
9. lt's foolish
10. lt's illegal

I l0 Practice 54
 Rewrite each sentence in a way that uses an infinitive. Don't change the
meaning of the original sentence.
U)
+
Example: Rollerskating takes a good sense of balance. ()
o
lLLakee a qood eenoe of balance 1,o rollerekaLe tO
5
ct,
1. Correcting your own bad habits can be very hard. o
r
(n
o
2. Walking with a rock in your shoe is painful. .Fl
+

rE
3. Understanding other cultures is sometimes difficult.

4. Getting to the concert early was smart.

5. Traveling in foreign countries is very exciting.

6. Waking up in a tent in the mountains is a great feeling.

7. Getting a master's degree will take me two years.

8. Watching televisior.r all day is pretty boring.

9. Seeing people go lrungry is very sad.

10. Is copying my roommate's homework wrong?

Change the gerund subject to an infinitir,e subject.

Example: Renting a car is expensive. LEe expensive Lo renL a car

1. DrMng at night is dangerous.

2. Completing school without a computer is difficult.
3. Staying at home Saturday night isn't fun.

Practice 54 lll
 Infinitives after Adjectives
rh
a)

+
()
q)
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
'o
I'm embarrassed to go to the party in this old Some adjectives can be followed by an
l{
q) dress. infinitive.

(+{
G He was surprised to get a call from her.
rh
q)
LANGUAGE NOTE:
+ Some adjectives are often followed by an infinitive:
sl afraid glad relieved
rE ashamed happv sad
c disappointed lucky sorry
embarrassed proud surprised
ready upset

w*ffiM Circle the best verbbe * adjective to complete the sentence.

Example: er" you@/plggq to leave for the airport?

1. u" *u. ror.y/*Jlu to see his low grade on the exam.

2. They were embarrassed / were upset to hear of their friend's accident.
3. Some people is afraid / are afraid to go outside after dark.
4. She was happy / was disappointed to learn that her car wasn't going to cost much.
5. I was so sorry / proud to hear the good news about you.
6. We were upset / lucky to get a taxi in this terrible rainstorm.
7 . Everyone was surprised / ready to hear of the death of their country's beloved leader.

8. It was no trouble at all. We are afraid / are glad to help you.

9. They are ashamed / lucky to be able to afford a nice house and a reliable car.
10. You should be proud / ashamed to waste all that food.
11. They were sorry / proud to watch their daughter receive the first prize.
12. She was upset / relieved to hear that her baby was healthy.
13. I forgot about the exam. I am ready / surprised to take it today.
14. My family was ready / sad to leave on vacation.
15. Our neighbors were proud / ashamed to show us their flower garden.
16. The police were ready / upset to help people in a car accident.
17. The teenagers were disappointed / embarrassed to receive kisses from their mother.
18. His sister was ready / afraid to walk alone at night.

112 Practice 55
 Complete each of the sentences belowwith an infinitive.

Example: Parents are always s6 to eee their children euffen

1. Parents are proud
2. Students are lucky
3. Mice are afraid
4. Ducks are glad
5. Dogs are happy
6. Climbers are relieved
7. Teenagers are embarrassed
8. I am glad
9. Iwill be glad
10. I am disappointed
11. I am embarrassed
t2. I am ready
13. I will be sorry
74. My friend was upset
15. I was prepared

Fill in the blank for each of the following with a subject * an appropriate form
of the verbbe.

Examples: thewae ashamed to receive poor grades.

Iam sorry to hear that you are sick.

l. luclqy to have so many wonderrl friends.

2. afraid to take the entrance exarn for that school.
3. upset to drive her car in a heavy rainstorm last night.
4. afraid to speak on the telephone in English.
5. glad to eat fruit and ice crearn for dessert.
6. surprised to receive my letter yesterday in the mail.
7. glad to meet you at the party tast week.
8. disappointed to lose your wallet and your money.

Practice 55 113
 Infinitives after Verbs
(n
rO
k)

kq) EXAMPLE EXPTANATION

rg Both sides agreed to end the war. Some verbs are commonly followed by an
(,)
q) Some of the soldiers refused to go home. infinitive (phrase).
+ The people began to rebuild their homes.
F4
H
tr Everyone decided to make a new start.

TANGUAGE NOTE:
We can use an irfinitive after the following verbs:
agree forget prefer
ask hope promise
attempt learn refuse
begin like remember
continue love start
decide need try
expect plan want

- t'tt?t Fill in each blank with the infinitive form of a verb from the box,

jnvad- receive wait help be destrov

work send lose resist give

Example: Tlie soldiers tried to invade the city, but they couldn't.
1. No one expected the city able to resist their attack.
2. The government hoped more soldiers to defend the citv.
D. The enemy fbrgot the main bridge across the river.
,1
The government askecl other countries
5. The other countries preferred and see what happened.
t). They promised whatever aid they could.
7. The people didn 't want their homes to the enemy.
8. Tl-rey learned together for the common good.
9. They continued the enemy month after month.
10. They needed fresh supplies of food and arms.

114 Practice 56
 choose an appropriate verb for each blank. The verbs in the box below may be
used more than one time each. Use the correct verb tense.
q
rO
decide
k
hope prefer
continue refuse like
t-
k()
ask promise want
rg
need begin start
o
0)
Example: At a wedding last week, the bride and groom promieed to love each other. +
.Fl

1. After much discussion, we to talk about the pollution problem. E

2. Ir to rain day after day after day. t{c

3. My parents to retire while they are still healthy and active.
4. The policeman to see the woman's driver's license.
5. She to show it to him.
6. You to tell me what kind of flowers you wanted me to buy.
7. You to write it down.
8. They to take their vacation in the winter.
9. Daddy opened the book and to read to us.
10. It's getting dark in here. We to turn on some lights.

w+*+.t?+il write an appropriate answer to each question using an infinitive.

I. What was your plan for your future when you were a child?
I planned l;o be an astronauL when I

2, What's an actity that you love to do?

3. What's something that you need to do this week?

4. What kind of work do you want to do for a job?

5. What's something you've tried unsuccessfully to do?

6. What's something interesting you've begun in the past six months?

Practice 56 115
 Gerunds or Infinitives after Verbs
(a
F:{
q)

kq) EXAMPLE EXPTANATION

+)
(+{
r! Gerund: Some verbs including those listed below can be
o I started looking for a job a month ago. followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:
0)
Infi.nitiue: attempt deserve pret-er
+
I started to look for a job a month ago. begin hate start

rtr Gerund: can't stand like try
.'l
He continued working until he was 65.
continue love
lr
o InJiniti,ue:
(a
He continued to work until he was 65.
'o

E
J
I{ LANGUAGE NOTE:
q)
Tzy followed by a gerund is a little different from trg followed by an infinitive:
(J
Infinitive: I'll try to i.mproue
rny rsum. Itry = an effort.l
Gernnd: If you can't find a job by looking at the^uy"want ads, you should try netzuorki,ng. ltTU = use a different
techniquel

w*rfrFft$t?F,ffi Change the infinitive to a gerund 0r the gerund to an infinitive in each of the
following statements. Pay attention to verb tenses.
Example: I started working at the fast-food restaurant Iast week.

I EtarLed to work aLt he faet -food reeLaurant last week.

1. He attempted to find a new job in the newspaper.

2. All children deserve someone looking after them.

3. I prefer swimming in lakes to the ocean.

4. She began to work at a store when she was 16 years old.

5. We hate worrying about our children's safety.

6. The parents started to form a group to talk to the teachers.

7. You can't stand eating red meat.

8. I liked talking to my friends after liigh school every day.

116 Practice 57
9. The man tried to help the people who were lost.

10. The women continue to volunteer for the library.

11. Most cats can't stand to bathe in water.

12. We love visiting our aunt and uncle.

13. They deservedwinning the writing prize.

74. It begins getting colder this time of year.

Fill in each blankwith either the infinitive 0r gerund form of the verbs in
parentheses.

Example: I wish you would remember (infinitive-take) totake offyour

shoes before you come into the house.

1. Try (gerund-Iearn) at least 10 new vocabulary words

every day.
2. People who have trouble getting to sleep should try (gemnd-read)
in bed.
3. We tried (infinitive-push) the car out of the road, but it was
just too heavy.
4. The plants will die if you don't start (infinitive-water) them.
5. Did you attempt (gerund-close) the windows before vou left
the house?
6. I love (infinitive-walk) in the woods in fall.

Pnctice 57 117
 ,.,,,ffi*,*Tg
Infinitives to Show purpose
q)
6
o
q
li
EXAMPTE EXPLANATION
F{
t<
You can use the Internet to get job
o We use the infinitive to show the purpose of an
?4 information. action. We can also say i,n ord,er to:
tt)
He's working hard and saving his money to
o
+
I am saving my money in order to buy a
buy a house. house.
o
o
+,
.rl
:
?1
@"ffiUnscramblethewordstowritec0rrectstatementsandquestions'
ti
s4
H

Example: paylto
to pay / to sell /I /my
/r / mv plane / h:,i / fr /my
nlane ticket /had/for / ^,,ravrln^r-^/:'^
textbooks/in order
^-^r,.-..

I haC to eell nty Lextbqoke in orCer Lo pa.' for nty t:,1.2n,: .t, ic:k.:.t
1. my pronunciation / the best way I what is / to improve

2. in the paper I she /a new roommate I an ad/ to find / put

3. had / here / to take /we /three buses / to get / in order

4. weight I in order/should /what / do / to lose / I

5. these / your arms / to strengthen / you / should do

/ / exercises

6' with your teacher / an appointment / to review / make your

/ examination

7. 10 words/to build / everydaylyou / can lyourvocabulary /in order / learn

@-@@[FF Complete each sentence with an infinitive to showpurpose.

Choose infinitives
from the box to help with the answer.

to dispose of to keep to cut

to clean to buy to call
fo-Oet-uti to cool off to show

Example: People use a dictionary

Feople L,tae a cicLic.nar"J, Lo roctk up'r.r-ie n-re:,tninq:,, ctf t,t,r_,,-,ri,,

1 18 Practice 58
 1. People use a refrigerator
()
rh
2. People use money o
g
k
5
3. Tfavelers use passports n{

o
HA
'
4. People who are eating use knives v)
o
+
(a
5. People use telephones o
rF{
+
.
6. People use toothbrushes

rtr
EI
l-(

7. Students use computers

8. Tlavelers use maps

9. Shoppers use credit cards

10. People use libraries

I 1. People use trash cans

12. People use air conditioners

Answer each question about yourself 0n the lines below.

Example: What do you listen to music for?

llieten to music n orderto relax.

1. What do you do in order to relax?

2. What wiII you use your education for?

Practice 58 lt9
 Overview of Adjective Clauses
n
q)
6
F'
r!
U EXAMPTE
EXPTANATION
o
She'd like to marry a man who knows how to
+ An adjective clause is a group of words that
u cook.
q) describes a noun. It follows the noun. Relative
job that uses her talents.
She'd like to have pronouns introduce an adjective clause:
'o a
u;ho(m) for people, whi,ch for things, that for
(+{ The man whom you married is verv
people and things.
o responsible.
B The job that I have gives me a lot of
o
.E satisfaction.
()

o
q++rt Match each of the foilowing parts t0 make 10
logical definitions.

Bre**fasfff asituation that fall from the sky.

Ink is people who has to work for no pay.
A rug is a dessert
Firefighters are ice crystals that protects the floor.
A war is he-meal- that goes in our pens.
Tfash is a piece of equipment in which two sides are in conflict.
A slave is a liquid that children love.
Ice cream is a piece of cloth or skin that takes pictures.
A camera is anything that people throw awav.
Snow is a person who put out fires.

Example: Dreakfast s the *"ulxbqlp_gpp

2.

r).

4.

6.
7.

8.

9.
10.

l20 Practice 59
 Fill in each blank vnthwho, that, or uthi,ch.
(,t
q)
Example: This is the story of a man who lost a key. th
FI

The rnaid G
found the key was cleaning the room.
The key
U
she found had some words on it. q)
The maid threw the kev she found into the garbage can. +
u
The trash collector found the key
tlie maid threw away. o
The trash collector worked at the hotel reacl the words on the
'o
key. t{r{
o
The trash collector cleaned the key
he found. F
q)
The trash collector was curious put the key in a bag. .E
The trash collector took the key to a shopkeeper q)
worked next
door.
o
9. The shopkeeper thanked the man iclentified the k ey.
10. The shopkeeper paid $100 to the trash collector
found the key
in the garbage can.
11. The shopkeeper usecl the key opened a safe.
12. The key openecl the safe contained many diamond rings.

Circle the noun that the adjective clause describes. Underline the adj
ective
clause.

Example: I e4joyo'i.lthat haue happy ending..

l. I like people who have nice smiles.

2. He enjoys music that helps him relax.
3. We like to relax in places that are near the ocean.
4. They want to know college students who like to travel.
5. I chose the black skirt that makes me look thin.
6. You look at magazines that are about the world news.
7. I want to own a car that looks adventurous.
8. she wants to marry a mar who will always be kind and good.
L We need to take courses that will improve our job skills.
10. I'd like to live in a house that has three bedrooms.

Practice 59 l2l
 Relative Pronouns as Subjects
('t
+
o
q)
rg A relative pronoun can be the subject ofthe adjective clause.
P
(n
o
(
He wants to meet a woman. Awoman likes sports.
o /a'
cFI He wants to meet a woman@olkes sports.
o Ithatl

o
l'{ An advertisement is expensive to create.
F{
q)

+
G An advertisement
r An advertisement has a lot of words.

has a lot of words is expensive to create.

c)

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. In the present tense, the verb of the adjective clause must agree with the preceding noun:
An advertisement that has alot of words can be expensive.
Advertisements that huue a lot of words can be expensive.
2. l\1o and that of an adjective clause can contract with zs.
He's looking for a woman uho's smarter than he is.

MfiCirclethecorrectformoftheVerbfr0mtheunderlinedverbsinthe
adjective clause.
Example: I know a girl who 6*"]/ "o-u from Somalia.
I What's the name of the person who is / are singing that song?
He wants to marry someone who understand lunderstands him well.
)
r). We welcome everyone who come / comes here.

+. She'll have to borrow the money that is / are needed.
K
Will the person who has / have my notebook please return it?
r). She ate the rest of the cookies that was / were in the box.
7 The lady who work / works in the book department will give you a receipt.
B. Could you bring us some of the fruit that grow / grows on your apple tree?
o I bought pens that don't / doesn't write well.
10. I really don't like sports that is / are violent.

122 Practice 60
ffi'nUnscramblethewordsineachsentencetomakeacorrectstatementwithan
adjective clause. (t,
+
(J
Example: Iove/I/kind to me /the aunt/was/who o
I love the aunt who wae kind to me. ,o
s
ra
1. the man / to play / taught / that's / the flute / who / me t,)
G
IA

2. which / the car I was /bought / old and ugly / we 5
o
sl
o
t{
3. painted / who / who / that famous picture / the artist / was n{
a)

+
4. get / arel people / upset I very sensitive / easily/who /there tlt
FI
q
,
5. today /this / came / s I the mail / that

6. which /we /onthe first/must/paylof the month/are due/the bills

7, a friend /have /yott /can help / do /who / me

8. that / the most options / the computer / prefer lhas / I

9. dropped / where / who / is / this wallet / the person

10. buy / works / let's / better I than this one / an umbrella / that

Practice 60 123
 Relative Pronouns as Objects
(')
*
u
q)
tO Arelative pronoun can be the object of the adjective clause.
o(,)
G He discussed the hobbies. He has hobbies.
u,
*--'
FI He discussed the hobbiesltat
o I he has.
lwfricfrl
o l
${
^.
Fl
lal
()
+ The woman likes sports.
(g
q) He met her.
4-"'-'--
@('")1
ffre womanftnat fre met likes sports.

lol i

TANGUAGE NOTE:
The correct relative pronoun for people is wLom. However, in conversati
on, u.tho is often heard. Or the relative
pronoun is omitted completely:
Foy-mal: The woman u;hom he met likes sports.
Infot"mul: The woman u,ho he met likes spor.ts.
Informal: The woman he met likes sports.

w4FffiT?rMffi.$ Fill in each blank vnthwho(m), orwh,ich. Do not usetht in this exercise.

Example: Thepolitician who met was very friendly.

I got tickets to the conceft you told me about.

The rnovie we saw yesterday was excellent.
There goes the person I'm going to marry.
The envelope you sent me had nothing in it.
The woman you spoke to was my mother.
I liked the book you gave me.
I have friends like to get together whenever possible.
The doctor said to avoid foods have a high sugar content.
9. Ilikeaman knows what he wants.
10. The food we ate was very spicy.

124 Practice 61
 Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. Then cross out the relative
pronoun to make each sentence or question informal. Rewrite each sentence
r,)
with no relative pronoun. {-
(J
q)

Example: Did you read every book-tldthe teacher assigned? o
rA
r
Informal: Did you read every book the teacher assigned? o
cl
1. I like the people that I met yesterday. 5
o
Informal:
o
ti
2. 'fhe pizzathat I ate didn't agree with me. Fr
q)
Informal:
3. This is the man whom I spoke of last week. +
IE
FI
Informal: {)

4. The reason that you gave was not a good enough one.
Informal:
5. Spring is the season that I like best.
Informal:
6. The teacher that I wanted to speak to was on vacation.
Informal:
7. What did you say to the girl whom I met yesterday?
Informal:
8. The music that he played was too loud.
Informal:
9. I waited all day for the repairman that you recommended.
Informal:
10. The soccer games that we played in high school were always exciting.
Informal:
11. I enjoyed reading the book that you recommended.
Informal:
12. He got that camera from the man whom I told you about.
Informal:

Practice 61 r25
 Comparative and Superlative Forms
U)
d
>a
lrl
L{
o
r{
q SIMPLE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
+) One-syllable adjectives and adverbs tall taller the tallest
f
tr Tko-syllable adjectives that end in -y easy easier easiest
o
g
5 Other two-syllable adjectives frequent more frequent the most frequent
(t,
Some two-syllable adjectives have
' two forms.
simple
simpler the simplest
.g
more simple the most simple
0)
Note: These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: corwnoTl, handsom,e, qu,iet, gentl,e, yLcLWo?n,
.F{
+ cleu eti JriendLu, angrV.
rE
t{
.
s A$ectives with three or more syllables important more important the most important
f{
o -lgr adverbs quickly more quickly the most quickly
U Irregular adjectives and adverbs good / well better the best
bad / badly worse the worst
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
little less the least
a lot more the most
"Note: Farther is used for distances. Further is used for ideas.
LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Most adjectives that end in --ed and -i,rry use more and the most, not 4r or -est:
more tired most disturbing
2' The comparative form compares two similar things, usingthan. The superlative form compares one
thing to two or more other similar things:
Comparati,ae.' The blue car is faster thanthe red car.
Superlati,ue; That ring is the most beautiful of those five rings.

MFm+_W!il Choose the correct form ofthe adjective.

Example: That is the more ugly /(qgligqDdog that I have ever seen.

1. This has been the wonderfulest / most wonderful evening of my life.

2. I like to buy pants that are a little tighter / more tight than these.
3. I ate two sandwiches, but my little brother was hungrier / more hungry and he ate three.
4. They were the deliciousest / most delicious sandwiches I'd ever eaten.
5. Don't be so rude. T?y to ask politer / more polite questions.
6. She's too nervous for this job. We need someone calmer / more calm.
7. You're the interestingest / most interesting person I've met here.
8. Hawaii is a much wetter / more wet place than Arizona.
9. As she grew older, she became beautifuller / more beautiful.

126 Practice 62
10. You need to get here earlier / more early if you want the best bargains.
I1. No farther / further meetings have been scheduled. th
x
12. I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that slowlier / more slowly? k
o
{
Choose the simple, the comparative, or the superlative form. o
.Fl
+
r!
Example: This test is im f all the tests. L{

1. That was a very rough / rougher / roughest airplane flight.

s5
c)

V,
2. She's good / better / the best than most people at learning languages. E
FI
3. I'm afraid that I did really badly / worse / the worst on that exam. (g
q)
4. Many Americans think that Abraham Lincoln was the great / greater / greatest American
.Fl
+
president of all. (
lr
5. What a waste of money! This new clock radio is absolutely useless / more useless / the most r!
g
useless.
o
6. The hot / hotter / hottest place in the world is in Mauritania. U
7. This trip has been long / longer / the longest than I expected it to be.
8. Every night you come home late / later / the latest than the night before.
9. Is it true that Athens is the noisy /noisier /noisiest city in the world?
10. Some people are friendly / friendlier / the friendliest than others.
I 1. I want to buy a pretty / prettier / the prettiest dress.
12. She lost the lottery last time, but this time she was lucky / luckier / the luckiest.

wtrtrilfrfi{ffis Answer each question using a superlative 0r comparative adjective.

1. Who is the nicest Derson vou know?

2. Is a grammar test or a bad cold worse?

Practice 62 127
 Superlatives
o
q)

+
G
kq) EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
g
!a
Michael Jordan was the most popular We use the superlative form to point out the
v, basketball player of his time. number 1 item of a group of two or more.
He became one of the richest people in the
world.
For many years, he was the most valuable
player.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1 . Use the before a superlative form. Omit the lf there is a possessive form before the superlative form.
Jack is rny tallest friend.
2. We sometimes put a prepositional phrase at the end of a superlative sentence:
i,n the ,wot'Ld in my fanuitA in my class i,n m.E countrg
3. We sometimes say "one of the" before a superlative form. Then we use a plural noun.
He was one of the best athletes in the world.
4. An adjective clause with euer and the present perfect tense often completes a superlative statement:
Jordan is one of the best atNetes tuho has euer l,iued.

wttM?+ complete each statement with a superlative adjective from the box.

easiest wisest rarest largest fastest

worst silliest shortest greatest smallest

Example: The Sears Tower is one of the world's UAIlAS ll buildings.

1. Gandhi was one of the people who ever lived.
2. The tiger is one of the animals in the world.
r). February is the month in the year.
4. Jupiter is the of all the planets.
5. Monaco is one of the countries in the world.
b. Comedies can be the kinds of movies.
7. Picasso was one of the painters of his time.
8. The cheetah is the animal on four legs.
o The mosquito is one of the insects.
10. E-mail is one of the forms of communication.

128 Practice 63
 Answer each of the following questions with a complete sentence.
ft
0)
Example: Q: What is the most beautiful city in your country? a lFl
+
r
2 lthink Madrid ia the most beautful citV n mv countrv. E{)
1. g
Q: Who is the most powerful leader in your country? 5
(A
A:
2. Q: Who is one of the most popular singers in your country?
A:
3. Q: What animal do you think is the most intelligent?
A:
4. Q: Wrat is your hardest subject in school?
A:
5. Q: When did you meet your best friend?
A:
6. Q: Who is one of the happiest people that you know?
A:
7. Q: What was one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century?
A:
8. Q: What time does your earliest class start?
A:
e. Q: Who is one of the most famous people in the world?
A:
10. Q: What is the saddest moe that vou've ever seen?
A:

Practice 63 129
 Equality and Difference with Nouns
U)
q) and Adjectives
+
(J
q)
NOUN ADIECTIVE EXAMPTE

height tall, short He's the same height as his wife.

He's as tall as his wife.
,rl He's not the same (height) as his brother.
v) His brother is shorter.

age old, young He's the same age as his cousin.

z He's as old as his cousin.
He's no the same (age) as his wife.
+)
His wife is older.

0) weight heavy, thin She's the same weight as her sister.

I'
She's as heavy as her sister.
0)
k She's o the same (weight) as her mother.
.9) She is thinner.
A
ti length long, short This shelf is the same lengfh as the couch.
IJ This shelf is as long as the couch.
.'l
This shelf is not the same Qength) as that room.
This shelf is shorter.

F? price expensive, cheap This car is the same price as that car.
iJ This car is as expensive as that car.
\J
rJ This car is not the same (price) as that car.
This car is cheaper.

size big, small These shoes are the same size as those sneakers.
These shoes are as big as those sneakers.
These shoes are not the same (size) as those shoes.
These shoes are smaller.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. For equality with nouns, use tLte surne . . . ea:
She's fhe s&mn ege os her husband.
2. For equality with adjectives and adverbs, use &s . . . s.'
She's os olJ cts her husband.
3. For difference with nouns, usenot the same cx:
She's nof the sa,me ge as her sister. She and her sister are not the sa'm.e age.
4. For difference with adjectives,(dilferent)fi'om:
use
She's tall,er thanher brother. She's dilferentfromher brother.

, t Fill in each blankwith a noun from the box.

height age weight length price size

Example: A meter is about the same Ienqth as a yard.

130 Practice 64
 1. Your new sport utility vehicle is almost the same as your
apartment! fa
()
2. She has a teacher who is the same as her father. .F{
{.
3. Do you have a better computer that's about the same as this
o
()
r
one?
4. Is a liter about the same as a quart?
'ocl
5. You're growing so fast that now you're the same as your older r
g)
sister.
6. I think the used car I bought was the same as the last new one I 5
o
bought. z
..
7. I'm so tired. Is your backpack the same as mine? +
.
8. I need a box that's about the same as this gift so that I can mail B
a)
it. U

E)
l{
rhenwr*e a second sentence thar means the same
tffil.+tt+tpJ L:11,.ffffiff:,.ind .Fl
a
Example: The highway is wider than the road. 'o
$
r
The road ien't aa wide aa the hiahwa.v,
,r
tFl
FI
1. The Netherlands is flatter than Switzerland. fE
5
tr
F
2. Switzerland is more mountainous than the Netherlands.

3. He's friendlier than his roommate.

4. The Himalayas are taller than the Alps.

5. This movie was more interesting than the last one we sa\M.

6. A dog is easier to train than a cat.

7. Your teacher is more helpful than mine.

8. Baseball is slower than soccer.

Practtce 64 l3l
 Oveniew of the Passive Voice
q)
(J

q) EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
o The fire was started by a careless camper. The passive verb uses a form of be *
o the past
A.
'F? participle.
q)
r.!
Many trees were burned down. The passive voice is used when the subject
+
(+{
receives the action of the verb.
The fire will be put out by the Forest Service. Sometimes the performer of the action is
included after a passive verb. Use by * noun or
a)
object pronoun before the performer.
t
q) Some homes were burned. Usually a performer is not included in a passive
sentence
o
LANGUAGE NOTE:
The verb ir passive voice shows that the subject receives the action. The verb in active voice shows that the
subject performs the action of the verb. Compare:
Active: The catatethemouse. -----> Pas5'ys. Themousewas eatenbythe cat.

WffiWTM underline the verb in each sentence. Identify each sentence as passive 0r
active.

Examples: My best friend just sent me some great news by e-mail. active
Our friend Kathy may not be accepted to the university. pa9stve

1. Radium was discovered by Marie Curie.

2. Jesse is finishing up the project right now.
3. His parents have sent him two packages this month.
4. You ought to be examined by a specialist.
5. The stock market has been climbing steadily for the past six weeks.

6. These beautiful carpets are made entirely by hand.

7. The new subway is being constructed by the McArthur Company.

8. The winners of the Nobel Prizes will be announced by the Nobel Committee later this week.

q This birthday cake was baked by my roommate.

10. Why did he give you such an ugly look?
11. This window must have been broken bv a baseball.
72. We'lI have to replace it.

132 Practice 65
13. The children have been told by their parents not to play ball near the house.
q)

74. The window ought to be paid for by them. .9

15. Everyone enjoyed the camping trip. r-
a)
1r). One of the pieces of the pluzzle was lost.
(a
17. I cook breakfast for my family every morning. o
(
18. Corn is grown in Kansas. n{
q)
?1
l
+
(*{
, Choose the correctly formed passive verb to complete each sentence. o
F
q)
Example: Tonight's ne*s sponsers /GJponsoredby the ACME Corporation. .E
q)
I The First National Bank was robbed / robbed today around 5:00 p.m.
2. The robbers has not been caught / have not been caught yet. o
3. Six firefighters were taked /were taken out of a forest fire 50 miles east of here.
4. They -gle brought / were brury to the hospital for second-degree burns.
5. All roads in the area has been closed / have been closed to everyone except the firefighters.
o. A new mayor elected / was elected.
7. Results of the election were announced / was announced just an hour ago.
8. A conference on disease is being hold / is being held this week at the Medical Center.
9. A new drug to fight the disease have been study / has been studied by researchers at our
medical school.
10. The research project was starting / was started by a group of international corporations.

WftIJnderlinethepassiveVerb.Writewhodidtheactionattheendofeach
statement.

Example: The door was opened b.y the win

1. The cat was fed

2. Children are raised
J. The composition was typed

Practice 65 133
 Forms and Tenses of
a)
(J
the Passive Voice
.Fl
o
q) TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE (BE + PAST PARTICIPLE)
o Simple Present They tahe a vote. Avote istaken.
t
(
Fr Simple Past They took avote. Avote was taken.
q
H
?l
{-
Future They will take a vote. Avote will be taken.
t+{
o They are going to take a vote. Avote is going to be taken.
(t!
( Present Perfect Theyhave taken avote. Avote has been taken.
(n
They must take avote. Avote must be taken.
LANGUAGE NOTE:
"
s The passive voice can be used with different tenses and with modals. The past participle remains the same for
(
(^ every tense. Only the form of be changes.

{
t{
o
f{
Change each of the following sentences from actiye to passive. Do not include a
*?*tilT*ffiil performer. (Do not include by + the performer.)

Examples: They could build a new house. A new houee could be built

She drank orangejuice. Oranae iuice was drunk.

1. They planned it carefully.

2. She threw the ball.

3. When will you finish your composition?

4. You should send the letter.

5. I can't change the tire here.

6. They bought the Tshirt at the fair.

7. We are going to paint the house.

8. We didn't eat the pie.

134 Practice 66
 Change each of the following sentences from passive to active.
o
Example: Their old house was built in 1930 by her grandfather. ,g
6

Her grandfather builttheir old houae in 193O. -0)

.
1. The new house is being built by the Johnson Brothers. U)
o
r
The Johnson Brothers P{
()
2. The plans for the new garden haven't been completed yet. H
?l
*
They t+{
o
3. Tfees, flowers, and grass will have to be planted after the house is completed. t,l
()
They l
ri
4. The bank loan must be repaid within 30 years.

They ro

5. The loan for the old house had been paid offjust a few years ago. G
f,)
They
6. The new house was designed by their oldest daughter. o
FI
Their oldest daughter
7. The house will be painted by the family.
The family
8. The students should be shown examples by the teacher.
The teacher

Write a passive sentence for each of the following subjects.

Example: The Eiffel Tower wae built in 7are in the nineteenth century.

1. The cat
2. The grades
3. The food
4. The car
5. The computer
6. The train

Practice 66 r35
 Classifyins or Identifvine the Subiect
o with te Idefinite Aticfe '
u
+
H
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
q)
+)
FI
ts{
A tent is a shelter that is used by campers. We use the indefinite articles a and anto
ri classify or define the subject of a sentence.
q) Electricity was an important invention.
\,
My brother is a forest ranger.
a)
F1 Passports are official documents used by When we classify a plural subject, we don't use
+
f travelers. any article at all.
+
. My parents are bank workers.
F
+ LANGUAGE NOTE:
u
q

sH
at
when we classify or identify the subject, we are telling who or what the subject is:
What is a hammer? A hammer is a tool.
u, Who wasAlbert Einstein? He was a great physicist.
o

+
b0
s4
H
+rr7[r Match each question with its answer.
,b
+
g 1. Dew is
o a. a device that sounds a warning.
'o o
,. A watch is b. a device for measuring things.
t{
o t). A map is c. people who take care of forests.
b0

4. Pineapples are ,{ water on the grass in the morning.
tFr' 5. Farmers are e. a drawing that shows where things are.
(n An alarm is
u)
r). f. vacationers who are sightseeing.
r
7. Tourists are o a person who saves swimmers in danger.
'
U
8. A lifeguard is h. people who grow crops to sell them.
9. Forest rangers are i. a dece that tells time.
10. A ruler is j. tropical fruit.

ffit Correct each of the following sentences by adding or n in the sentence

where they are needed.
Example: Omelet is dish made with eggs.

An omdet ie a dsh made with eaae

1. Bird is animal that flies and lays eggs.

2. Gasoline is fuel that is made from petroleum.

136 Practice 67
 3. Thain is form of public transportation.

4. Trail is small path that is used by hikers.

5. Match is small stick of wood or paper that is used to start fire.

6. Stove is appliance that is used to cook food in kitchen.

7. Kitchen is room where people prepare their food.

8. Ice cream is frozen dessert that is made from cream, sugar, and flavorings.

9. Glue is liquid that is used to stick things together.

10. Ring is round piece of metal that is worn on finger.

11. Wedding ring is ring that is used to show that someone is maried.

12. Workbook is book that is filled with exercises.

13. Scanner is electronic device that can copy pictures and words.

Write a sentence that classifies, identifles, or defines the words below. Use the
proper form of the verbbe.

Example: Atablecloth ie a cloth that ia uaed to cover a table.

1. Adoor
2. Aplanet
3. Volcanoes
4. Pets
5. Atruck

Practice 67 137
 Introducing a Noun with the
a)
(J
Indefinite rticle
+
k
SINGULAR PLURAL
q)
+ COUNT COUNT NONCOUNT
g
rJi Affirmative We need a new tent. We'll need (some) Let's take (some)
()
'o matches. drinking water.
I'm taking an umbrella.
H

q) Negative won't need (any) (any)
?l Don't bring a hair We We don't have
t-{
+ dryer. electric devices. ice.
?a
-+) Question Will there be a picnic Did you pack (any) cups WilI there be (any)
B table? and plates? firewood for sale?

5 LANGUAGE NOTES:
o
z(
1. We use a or an to introduce a singular noun into the conversation. We
noncount noun or a plural noun into the conversation:
use sorne or unA to introduce a

b0 2. Some and anE can be omitted:

I don't have arty time to help you.
I I don't have time to help you.
5
'
o
k
+
H

Complete each sentence with , a,n, nA, or slnxe.

Example: Do you want donut?

t. Do you have sugar I could borrow?

2. He will need new notebook for his new class.
3. She was buying beautiful ceramic vase at the store
+- We don't buy artwork until the bills are paid.
5. people have moved to Costa Rica recently.
6. Your teacher won't teach pronunciation course next semester.
7. The children want lemonade. They are thirsty.
8. My family rode to wonderful restaurant.
9. The car doesn't have gas right now. Sorry.
10. Did he carry toothpaste in his bag?
I]. Did she take pictures at her class reunion?
12. prcnrc rs outdoor meal.
13. bird doesn't have teeth, so it
never needs dentist.
14. I'm making cake and cookies for
my son's party.

138 Practice 68
 Answer each of the questions completely. Use o, an, nA andsome.
()
-.I
Example: {.
t{
Q: What's something that people sometimes ink in the morning to give them tamins? 0)
6. ?eople eometimes drink aome oran7e juice n the morninq to aome vitamina' +J
.
^et EI
ri
1. Q: What is something you can't take on an airplane? ()
rt
A:
l-{
q)
A
{
+
2. Q: What should you not forget to take on a car trip?
&
+
.
A:
B

3. Q: What should you take when you go shopping?
5
o
A: z r
b0
A
4. Q: What do you always keep in your refrigerator? |tH
(J
a

A:
t5o
k
+
5. Q: Wrat do you usually eat for breakfast?
t-{
A:

6. Q: What did you buy the last time you went to a grocery store?
A:

7. Q: What do you need to bring to class?

A:

8. Q: What is needed to make a cake?

A:

Practice 68 139
 The Definite Article
q)
(J
+
t{
EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
q)
*)
The bank gives you a personctl identi,Jication A noun is first introduced as an indefinite noun.
ri ru.tmber You should memorize the number. When referring to it again, the definite article
a)
ha is used.
aq)
t4 Would you please get the milk out of the The speaker is referring to a person or an
F refrigerator? object that is present.

The sun is not very bright in the winter. There is only one in our experience.
There are many problems in the world.

Where's the teacher? I have a question about The speaker and the listener share a common
the homework. experience. Students in the same class talk
about the teacher, the homework, the
chalkboard.

I spent the money you gave me. The speaker defines or specifies exactly which
one.

I went to the store for some groceries. We often u" the with certain familiar places
and people when we refer to the one that we
I stopped by the bank to get some cash.
usually use:
the bank the beach the bus
the zoo the post office the train
the park the doctor the store

LANGUAGE NOTE:
We use the definite article the whenthe speaker and the listener have the same person(s) or objects(s) in mind.
The listener knows exactly what the speaker is referring to as in the examples above.

$Readthefollowingparagraph'Thenfillineachblankwitha,n,orthe,

Yesterday I decided to find (Example) apartment to rent. So I bought (1)

newspaper and found (2) advertisement for (3)

one-bedroom apartment that sounded perfect for me. I called (4)

number printed in the paper. (5) landlord answered, and he

told me about (6) apartment. Today I met (7) Iandlord at

(8) apartment so that I could have a look at it. I liked (9) IMng

room, but (10) bedroom was a little small. I decided to take it anyway'

140 Practice 69
 (11) apartment isn't furnished, so ['ll have to get some furniture. Fortunately,
q)
already have (12) table and (13) armchair. I will have to buv I
.
+
(14) bed. I don't want to sleep on (15) floor! k
a
+
Insert , n, the, some, or nA wherever they are appropriate. tr
tr
0)

Example: My friends and I took a vacation. The vacation was

a
0)
Fl
wonderful.
F
-l

1. It was very quiet place.

2. Every day sun woke us up as it came through eastern window
of little cabin that we rented.
.)
r). We made good breakfast and drank good hot tea with it.
4. There wasn't telephone or television in the cabin.
i_r. For entertainment we took long walks in the countryside.
r). We had good conversations.
7. Every day after luncl'r we wrote postcards.
8. Then we mailed postcards at post office.
q In evening we watched moon rise.
10. We looked for first star.
11. We didn't feel tension for whole time that we were there.
12. We still talk about wonderful time that we had together.

ffi-{IJnscramblethewordstowritec0rrectSentenceS

Example: a I the I tlne I map /city/telephone book I find / of / can I you / in

You can find a map of t he ci'Ey in 1;he Lelephone book

1. today I a I the I the I is hang/ on/ shop / corner/ sale

2. teacher / we will have /substitute / so I a /teacher I the I is sick today

3. go to / at / look I zoo lbears / let's I the lthe / and

4. to listen / llke / rain I roof I on/the I the / I I to

5. dictionary/ I/ need I thatl/to replace /lost/the

Practice 69 l+l
 Indefinite Pronouns
6
F.
H
5
o
?1
H
o DEFINITE PRONOUN
H INDEFINITE PRONOUN
F{
My daughter has a new doll. Do you wanr
0)
+
to see My daughter has a new doll. Her friend has
ir?
A
H
one too.
tJi He got money from his grandparents.
o He wants He got money for his birthday. you got
\lA to spend it. some
too. Did you get any for your graduation?
FI
l-{
I-have a young son. I take him to the park
every I have a son. Do you have one?
day.

My son has some video games. He likes

to play My son has some video games. Does your
with them. son
have any?
LANGUAGE NOTES:
1' we use definite pronouns (hi'm, he4 th.em, it)to refer to definite count nouns.
2. We use ore to refer to an indefinite singular count
noun.
3' we use some (fot statements) and ang (for negatives
and questions) to refer to an indefinire noncount
noun or an indefinite plural count noun.
4. We can use cLrLA and, som,e before more.

wfi|7i?t*l Read each sentence. Then fill in the blanks

with an indefinite pron'un (some,
nA, or Tne) or a definite pronOun: (them
andit).
Example: I had a VCR, but I spillecl the drink I had on it, and now iL
won't work.

l. I need to either get repaired or else buy a new

2. I saw an ad for a used in the campus newspaper.
O
D. I'm going to go and look at tonight.
4. Maybe my parents will give me
.------ for my birthday.
E
J.
- and right now I don,t have
They cost a lot of money,
6. If I got job, I could earn
a part-time
7. My neighbor has two. He uses
to copy videotapes.
8. Maybe he'd lend me -------.---..----------.- until I
can buy
9. I could return to him whenever he needed
10. He had three VCRs, but he gave
-----.----_----- to his daughter last month.

| 42 Practice 7O
ffiAnswereachquestion.Substitutetheunderlinedwordswithanindefinite
pronoun (one, some, nA) or a definite pronoun (it, them).
o
tr
Example: Do you 11Y.s horror moviee?
o
a4
No, I don't like them aL all. H
o
L{
F{
1. Do you have a bus pass?
o
+

2. Where do you do your grocery shopping? ri
q)
'

l-l
3. How often do you write letters to your family?

4. Do you have any gum with you?

5. Does your home have a porch?

6. Do you have a computer?

7. Did you buy any CDs this week?

8. Do you study for exams with your classmates?

ffitWriteareSp0nSeforeachqueSti0nuSingS0me,a,na,0ne,them,ori,t'

Example: Q: Is there a pay phone in this building?

A: Yee. there'a one next to the elevator

1. Q: Have you er.er riclden a bus in this city?

A:
2. Q: Did you have any pets when you were little?
A:
3. Q: Did you finish the homework for today?
A:
4. Q: Where's the nearest bookstore?
A:

Practice 70 143