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N.TAMILSELVAM,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Adhiyamaan college of Engineering (Autonomous),
Hosur,tamilnadu-635109.
INTRODUCTION
Rocket, self-propelled device that
carries its own fuel.
Rocket engine is the most powerful
engine for its weight.
Rockets can operate in space,
because they carry their own oxygen.
Rockets are presently the only
vehicles that can launch into and move
around in space.
How Rocket works.?
Staging
Action and Reaction
Rockets produces the force that
moves them forward by burning
their fuel inside a chamber.
Chemical
Thermal
Nuclear
Ion
Electrostatic
Hall Thruster
MPD ( Magneto-plasma
Electromagnetic Dynamics)
PPT (Pulsed-plasma thrusters)
Chemical Propellants
Solid Propellants Liquid Propellants Hybrid
They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes
only.
Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first
practical use for serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the
Chinese against the Mongols.
There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south
India) perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively
using it in war against British colonial armies.
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Portrait of Tipu Sultan
Sultan of Mysore, present day
Karnataka,
India
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MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA
After regaining independence in
1947, India focused all its energy in
nation building, primarily on
economic and industrial
development fully understanding
the key role of science and
technology.
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Hon. President of India Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in
realizing both the Indian SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni
missiles.
Initial missile programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project
Valiant (an intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many
issues. But the success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes
up for the shelved old projects.
Agni missile.
WARHEAD
FUSING
GUIDANCE SYSTEM
PROPULSION SYSTEM
FINS
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WARHEAD
A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy
enemy vehicles or buildings.
Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile or rocket . It consists of the
explosive material, and a detonator.
Types of warhead :-
Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and
damage surrounding areas with a shockwave.
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Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause
damage or injury.
Fig.- A NUCLEAR
WARHEAD
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FUSING
It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload
to function in proper relation to the target.
There are two general types of fuzes used
in guided missiles
proximity fuzes and contact fuzes.
modern air-to-air missiles use lasers. They project narrow beams of laser
light perpendicular to the flight of the missile.
28
Acoustic sensing
used a microphone in a missile.
Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able
to be programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.
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GUIDANCE SYSTEM
i. fire-and-forget
ii. Another method is to use a TV camerausing
either visible light or infra-redin order to see the
target.
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Some methods of target detection are:-
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Terrain contour matching
(TERCOM)- This method uses a
ground scanning radar to "match"
topography against digital map data to
fix current position. Used by cruise
missiles such as the BGM-109
Tomahawk.
34
PROPULSION SYSTEM
Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion.
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ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSION SYSTEM.There
are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systemsthe turbojet, pulsejet,
and ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is
currently being used in Navy air-launched missiles.
TURBOJET
The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine.
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Fig.-TURBOJET
Fig.-RAMJET 37
RAMJET
Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move
an aircraft from a standstill .
They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip
jets on the end of helicopter rotors.
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PULSEJET - A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a type of jet engine in which
combustion occurs in pulses. Pulsejet engines can be made with few or
no moving parts , and are capable of running statically. Pulse jet engines are
a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor compression
ratio , and hence give a low specific impulse. One notable line of research of
pulsejet engines includes the pulse detonation engine which involves
repeated detonations in the engine, and which can potentially give high
compression and good efficiency.
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ROCKET Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined
propellant systems.
Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and
that this fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before
launching. A missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense
or offense-it must be ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants
have replaced liquid propellants in most of our missiles.
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Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant
rocket contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are
of two basic types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.
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HYBRID PROPULSION
A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants.
The liquid is the oxidizer and the solid is the propellant.
Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is, spontaneous ignition takes place
upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant.
The combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel
rocket; the liquid portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a
liquid-fuel rocket.
Combustion takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the
liquid fuel is injected, and the combustion products are exhausted
through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in other rockets
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PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
TRACKING :-
To target the missile by knowing the location of
the target, and using a guidance system such
as inertial navigation
system (INS), TERCOM or GPS.
This job can also be performed somewhat
crudely by a human operator who can see the
target and the missile, and guides it using either
cable or radio based remote-control, or by
an automatic system that can simultaneously
track the target and the missile.
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MISSILE CLASSIFICATION
Guided missiles are classified according to their range, speed, and launch
environment, mission, and vehicle type.
Range:-
Long-range guided missiles are usually capable of traveling a distance of at
least 100 miles. Short-range guided missiles often do not exceed the range
capabilities of long-range guns.
Speed:-
The speed capability of guided missiles is expressed in Mach numbers. A
Mach number is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in
the medium through which the object is moving. Under standard
atmospheric conditions, sonic speed is about 766 miles per hour (Mach
1.0). Guided missiles are classified according to their speed as shown
below:
SubsonicUp to Mach 0.8
TransonicMach 0.8 to Mach 1.2
SupersonicMach 1.2 to Mach 5.0
HypersonicAbove Mach 5.0 46
MISSILE DESIGNATION
The Department of Defense established a missile and rocket designation
sequence. The basic designation of every guided missile are letters, which
are in sequence. The sequence indicates the following:
1. The environment from which the vehicle is launched
MISSILE IDENTIFICATION
The external surfaces of all Navy guided missiles , except random and
antenna surfaces, are painted white. The color white has no identification
color-coding significance when used on guided missiles. There are three
significant color codes used on guided missiles and their components
yellow, brown, and blue. These color codes indicate the explosive hazard in
the missile component. If components are painted blue on a practice missile
and have a yellow or brown band painted on them, the component has an
explosive component that doesn't have a comparable part in a service
missile.
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TYPES OF MISSILES ON THE BASIS OF MODE OF FIRE
An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose
of destroying another aircraft.
F-22A Raptor ,.
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An air-to-surface missile (ASM) or air-to-ground missile (AGM or ATGM) is
a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft (bombers , attack
aircraft, fighter aircraft or other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at
sea, or both.
Silkworm , US .
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An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile designed to counter ballistic
missiles. Ballistic missiles are used to
deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in
a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" describes any
antimissile system designed to counter ballistic missiles. However, the term
is used more commonly for systems designed to counter intercontinental
ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
A Standard Missile
Three (SM-3)
,U.S. Navy ballistic
missile flight test.
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the Prithvi Air Defence(PAD)
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Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are designed to incapacitate or
destroy satellites for strategic military purposes. Currently, only the United
States, the former Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China are
known to have developed these weapons.
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Anti-ship missiles are guided missiles that are designed for use against
ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea
skimming variety, and many use a combination of inertial
guidance and radar homing.
RGM-84 surface
-to-surface
Harpoon missile.
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An anti-submarine missile is a standoff weapon including
a rocket designed to rapidly deliver an explosive warhead or
homing torpedo from the launch platform to the vicinity of a submarine.
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An anti-tank missile (ATM), anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), anti-tank
guided weapon (ATGW) or anti-armor guided weapon, is
a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-
armored military vehicles.
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A land-attack missile is a naval surface-to-surface missile that is capable
of effectively attacking targets ashore, unlike specialized anti-ship missiles,
which are optimized for striking other ships. Some dual-role missiles are
suitable for both missions.
Cruise missile
BrahMos shown on
IMDS-2007, owned
By India
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A surface-to-air missile (SAM), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM), is
a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other
missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces missiles
have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weaponry, with
the anti-aircraft cannon pushed into niche roles.
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A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM)
is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike
targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle
mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship.
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A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin
wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is
located somewhere near the launch site.
A Stryker vehicle
crew belonging to
the
4th Brigade, 2nd
Infantry Division,
fires a TOW missile
during the brigade's
rotation through
Fort Polk's, Joint
Readiness Training
Center
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A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a ballistic flight path with the
objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target.
Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth's atmosphere, while
longer range ones are designed to spend some of their flight time above the
atmosphere and are thus considered sub-orbital.
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A cruise missile is a guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to
its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted at approximately
constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for lift, and upon
propulsion forces to balance drag.
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ANY QUESTIONS
?
Reference :-
www.google.com
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Solid Rocket
Propulsion
Basics
Solid Rocket Motors
A solid rocket motor is a system that uses solid
propellants to produce thrust
Advantages
High thrust
Simple
Storability
High density
Disadvantages
Low Isp (compared to liquids)
Complex throttling
Difficult to stop and restart
Safety
Solid Rocket Motors
Stony-Iron Classification
(95% of all meteorites)
Ignition System
Large solid motors typically use a three-stage
ignition system
Initiator: Pyrotechnic element that converts electrical
impulse into a chemical reaction (primer)
Booster charge
Main charge: A charge (usually a small solid motor) that
ignites the propellant grain. Burns for tenths of a second
with a mass flow about 1/10 of the initial propellant grain
mass flow.
Propellant Grain
Two main catagories
Double Base: A homogeneous propellant grain,
usually nitrocellulose dissolved in
nitroglycerin. Both ingredients are explosive
and act as a combined fuel, oxidizer and
binder
Composite: A heterogeneous propellant grain
with oxidizer crystals and powdered fuel held
together in a matrix of synthetic rubber binder.
Less hazardous to manufacture and handle
Conventional Composite
Fuel
5-22% Powdered Aluminum
Oxidizer
65-70% Ammonium Perchlorate (NH4ClO4 or
AP)
Binder
8-14% Hydroxyl-
Terminated
Polybutadiene (HTPB)
Fuels
Aluminum (Al)
Molecular Weight: 26.98 kg/kmol
Density: 2700 kg/m3
Most commonly used
Magnesium (Mg)
Molecular Weight: 24.32 kg/kmol
Density: 1750 kg/m3
Clean burning (green)
Beryllium (Be)
Molecular Weight: 9.01 kg/kmol
Density: 2300 kg/m3
Most energetic, but extremely toxic exhaust products
Oxidizers
Ammonium Perchlorate (AP)
Most commonly used
Cl combining with H can form HCl
Toxic
Depletion of ozone
Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
Next most commonly used
Less expensive than AP
Less energetic
No hazardous exhaust products
Binders
Hydroxyl Terminated
Polybutadiene (HTPB)
Most commonly used
Consistency of tire rubber
Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile
(PBAN)
Nitrocellulose (PNC)
Double base agent
Additives
Used to promote
Curing
Enhanced burn rate (HMX)
Bonding
Reduced radiation through
the grain (darkening)
Satisfactory aging
Reduced cracking
Igniters
TYPES OF IGNITER:
The types of igniters which are
commonly used are,
Gaseous Igniter
Liquid igniter
Solid igniter
GASEOUS IGNITER
It is the old and primitive type of igniter
which is not used now. In this type of
igniter the reactive gaseous mixtures
are held in a very thin tube with high
pressure. It is hazardous in nature and
reliable. Directional control can be
done by using burst dampers.
Example for gaseous igniters is shock
tube.
LIQUID IGNITER:
Liquid igniter is of two types.
Theyare,
Liquid- Liquid type , which is known
as hypergolic igniter
Liquid Solid type, which is known as
hybrid igniter
CHARACTERISTICSOF HYPERGOLIC LIQUIDS:
Hypergolic liquids have a very high bulk
density.
Ignition delay for these types of liquids
should be less than 50 milliseconds.
These liquids are chemically instable.
They must be work well together with some
of selected polymers and resins.
Their viscosity should be less than 10
centistokes.
They should have a very low vapour
pressure.
They should have a very good heat transfer
characteristics.
FACTORS AFFECTING IGNITION DELAY:
2. Application or Use:
The valves which are mainly used for propellant
control are Thrust chamber valve (dual or
single),bleed valve, drain valve, filling valves,
by-pass valve, preliminary stage flow valve,
pilot valve, safety valve; overboard dump
valve, regulato valve, gas generator control
valve, sequence control valve.
3. Mode of Actuation:
The valves are operated by different means
of actuation. The different modes are,
Automatically operated (by solenoid, pilot
valve, trip mechanism, pyrotechnic, etc.)
Manually operated
Pressure-operated by air, gas, propellant, or
hydraulic fluid (e.g., check valve, tank
vent valve, pressure regulator, relief valve)
1. Double wedge
2. Modified double wedge and
3. Biconvex
SUPERSONIC WING PLAN
FORMS
(a) CLIPPED TIP DELTA
(b) DELTA (or) TRIANGULAR
(c) RECTANGULAR
(d) RECTAGULAR WITH RAKE
(b) DELTA (or) TRIANGULAR
(a) CLIPPED TIP DELTA
(c) RECTANGULAR
AERODYNAMIC CONTROLS
OF A MISSILE:
Aerodynamic control is the connecting link between
the guidance system and the flight path of the missile.
Effective control of flight path requires smooth and
exact operation of the control surfaces of the missile.
They must have the best possible design configuration
for the intended speed of the missile.
The control surface must move with enough force to
produce the necessary change of direction. The
adjustments they make must maintain the balance and
centre of gravity of the missile.
The control surface must also be positioned to meet
variations in lift and drag at different flight speeds. All
these conditions contribute to the flight stability of the
missile.
The types of aerodynamic
controls of a missile are,
1. Canard control
2. Wing control
3. Tail control
4. Unconventional control