Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1977
Recommended Citation
Khu, Kim Touy, "Subsynchronous resonance in power systems: damping of torsional oscillations " (1977). Retrospective Theses and
Dissertations. Paper 5831.
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please
contact digirep@iastate.edu.
INFORMATION TO USERS
This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While
the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document
have been us&l, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original
submitted.
1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document
photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing
page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages.
This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent
pages to insure you complete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it
is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have
moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a
good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite method in
"sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper
left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to
right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is
continued again beginning below the first row and continuing on until
complete.
4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value,
however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from
"photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertetion. Silver
prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing
the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and
specific pages you wish reproduced.
77-16,962
KHU, Kim Touy, 1941-
SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS:
DAMPING OF TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS.
Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1977
Engineering, electronics and electrical
by
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
D. Methods of Analysis 28
1. Small perturbations 28
2. Major disturbances 28
C. Discussions of Results 58
1. Protective schemes 71
2. Suggested SSR control schemes 71
C. Discussions of Results 88
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I Of,
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. 13
system.
logic patching. 44
(a) No damping. 59
Figure 14. Generator subjected to SSR with signal voltage fed back
Stabilizer (PSS). 76
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. 47
Table 6. Effect of reducing r^, using the full model for the
mechanical system. 56
Table 7. Effect of reducing r^, using the reduced model for the
mechanical system. 57
reference frame.
circuit.
damper circuit i.
damper circuit.
Wg Synchronous speed (377 rad/sec)
PF Power factor.
r Armature resistance.
R Line resistance.
e
r^ D-damper winding resistance,
S = G ^ 60 giip
e
Xp Fault reactance.
Transformer reactance.
Z Impedance.
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand for electric energy has continued to Increase In the last
Increased size of generating plants. The location of hydro sites and the
distances from the load centers. This Is particularly true In the Western
There are simple means to reduce the series reactance of a given trans
right-of-way problems and the Increased costs of tower structures and con
ductors.
In the 1920's and 1930's, it was discovered that the use of series
capacitor. While the phenomenon of hunting may occur without the pres
itors in transmission lines, was not detected until the 1970's when two
Surveying the papers dealing with the use of series capacitors and
published before 1971 (1-6), we find that none had mentioned the effect of
torsional interaction.
capacitances used and the line resistance. No mention of the field circuit
al. (5). They showed that it is caused by excessive negative rotor resis
In all these studies, the mechanical system was not Included in the
system model. This may have been due to the relatively large size of the
severe case of short-circuit at the collector rings (7). It was only after
occurred on October 26, 1971, that it was hypothesized that the damage of
5
both (7,8).
presented at various technical meetings in the last five years. Two par
Effects (SSR). Bowler used the Root Locus method to analyze the phenomenon
induction generator effect and torsional oscillations. Their work set the
effects.
neering Society (IEEE), to study the SSR phenomenon. Among the Task
SSR (11), which includes a paper on proposed terms and definitions (12),
and the development of a bench-mark power system model for studying the
6
phenomenon (13). The model will offer a common basis for comparison of
the southwestern part of the United States, are being operated at a far-
coupling between these two systems takes place at the synchronous generator.
tandem or in cross compound (15). The generator rotor is on the main tur
bine shaft, while the exciter may either be driven by the same shaft or
independently driven.
and stator windings and the external network including transformers and
transmission lines.
These two systems are mutually coupled such that mechanical energy
frequency equal to the system's natural frequency. When two such dynamical
systems are bilaterally coupled, energy transfer of one system affects that
of the other. Thus, two basically stable systems, when coupled, may result
rotor is to give rise to two voltages: one of frequency (oJQ + p), and the
other of frequency (oJQ - y). The two voltages are of opposite sign.
(Wq + y), the generator appears to be an induction motor, since the slip is
positive (o)^ < Wg). On the other hand, to the subsynchronous frequency
since an induction motor effect absorbs energy from the disturbance. Thus,
because a disturbance seems to inject more energy into the system by its
the mechanical and electrical systems normally lie below operating fre
cal network, the same analysis would give the similar results. A distur
The generator rotor will be forced to oscillate with these same frequencies.
A g + D 0g + K Sg = FsiniOjt (1)
shows that ifand are near or equal to each other, the resulting
resonance, however, was the torsional stress Impressed upon the shaft.
During the incident, an abnormal vibration of the control room floor was
noticed.
Interaction Increases the stress cycles, and thus reduces the life of the
intermediate pressure turbine (IP), and two low pressure turbines, A and B
(LPA and UB). Attached to the common shaft are the generator and exciter
rotors.
masses, is neglected;
considered.
(a)
a) " (b)
it) (d)
(e)
(f)(2)
(3)
where
that, for a system of N masses, there are (N-1) natural frequencies. These
frequencies are caused by the oscillation of the masses with respect to one
mode (N-1).
13
ml m2 m3 m4
w. wu 1 6, (0, l',
to -5 _ "6 ^6
^23 K34 ^45 56
fip IP LPA LPA Gen Exc
1*1
D, D,
"1 "2 "3 "4 "5 6
Mode 0
(1.6 l l z )
Mode 1
(15.7 Pz)
Mode 2
(20.2 Hz)
Mode 3
(25.6 Hz)
Mode 4
(32.3 llz)
Mode 5
(47.5 F.z)
chronous reference frame. In other words, for mode 0, all masses are
45 Hz, while the inertial oscillation has a very low range, about 0.50 Hz
to 2.5 Hz.
(4)
A g E (5)
or
(6)
where
15
cients D's, but the damping coefficients of the individual modes can be
measured by tests (19). For this reason, many investigators (12,13,20) use
0% t + E + 2% E = I, "W
has yet been established (21). Values of H^'s and K^'s for each mode and
suggested by Reference 13 and used in SSR studies by the IEEE SSR Task
the d- and q-axes circuits of the generator model, and Fig. 3c shows the
reference frame.
3) The generator has; one field winding and one damper winding on the
6) No local load.
tial equations as follows (see References 17, 22, and 23), where all
Generator:
(a)
(b)
(c)
17
Infinite
R
e
I^
nrer
Bus
(a)
d-axis -axis
Synchronously
Rotating Frame
Direction of
Rotation
L/
/ A Fixed Reference
Frame on the Stator
'qi^Ql *Q1
where
h ' h h * "^^d + % (M
^D = + gid +% (":)
\ = \\ + ""QI^QI + ="02V
^Q1 ^Ql'qi * qi\ " "QV
Line:
V , = R i , + L i , + v , + v ^
abc eabc eabc cabc coabc
V-, A P V ,
Odq abc
0 A wt = Wgt + 6 + n/2
(14)
-Odq'-e-Odq -e^- -abc^ -tOdq %Odq
17) to give:
-wi (15)
-^bc^ -Odq
Wi.
-wi + V + V (16)
Odq eOdq eOdq e c cOdq ooOdq
wi,
(17)
-cabc (t)iabc
(I cabc' = I iabc
+ - wv (18)
-cOdq cjiodq cq
OJV
cd
0
V , = X !.. + - WV (19)
-cOdq -c-Odq cq
OJV
cd
Let
COs(Wgt)
cos(Wgt + 2II/3)
where is the magnitude of the rms phase voltage of the infinite bus, and
5 is defined in Eq. 12b and shown in Fig. 3c. Assuming balanced three-
phase operation, we can neglect the zero-sequence component. From Eqs. 14,
V , = X iJ - (Jv (c)
cd c d cq
reactance, i.e..
21
(rad/sec) (23)
(24)
The optimum value of used in a given system (2) usually gives a natural
Note that there are as many natural frequencies as there are number
mechanical system, the system of equations (2) must be in the form of a set
0) = (0 + 6
D
vb; ) = U) 1 (25a)
and
/ 1 \ " .
= 0) (25b)
Using Eqs. 25a and 25b, and letting d = DWg, the system of equations (2)
becomes:
22
+ 2^2 + ^2^2 - 1> + ^23^2 " S'> ' ^.2 + ''2 ("
= <"1 - 1. 1 = 1, 2 6 (27)
There are 21 unknowns, namely: i^, 1^, i^, i^, Igg: O)^,
'*^2' ^3' ^*^4* ^2* ^2' ^3* ^4' *^5* *^6* ^g*
And there are 20 equations (from Eqs. 8, 22, 26, and 27). However,
- Vi (:*)
Equation 28, if carried out numerically, will give a full load torque equal
=i - \'d)
'I {(Iqiq)id +
Note that O) In Eqs. 8a, 8d, and 22 is the generator rotor angular velocity,
i.e., Wg in Eq. 26. Note also that in the equations developed for the
the same time base for the overall system. The time base chosen is one
A X = f (X) + T (32a)
where
f(X): a 20 X 20 matrix,
- " ^^d' S* \V ^Q2' ^cd' ^cq' "l' ^^2' ^3' ^4' ^5' ^6' ^1'
2, 5^, 6^, g, 6g}, a column matrix of size 20.
-2H,
-2H,
-2H,
-2H,
-2H,
-2H,
1/w.
B
1/uL
1/w.
B
1/w,
1/w
B
1/w
B
(32b)
-(Rg + r) -OJ^xCL^+L^)
-rp
-'D
"^01
"^Q2
X w_
c 5
X W
c 5
"i
^2
'=3
i\ -i'S'd' -T<'^Q2^d)
1
27
"V3Vsin^
4" 'F
0
-^V00cos
5
0
^Qi
0
^02
0
^cd
0
^cq
^12 "^12
+
-K^2 ^12'^^23 "*23 ^^2 -u2^2>
\w/
x-\
1
W
*23 *23'^*34 ~*34
<^6 -"6
^5
(32b)
28
D. Methods of Analysis
disturbances.
1. Small perturbations
^= A ^ ^ (33)
where A is a square matrix, the elements of which depend upon the system
2. Major disturbances
c
y.
5
yyyinrvv^
abet
if ooabc
A B
Fault
abc
Xp
><
In Eq. 32, there are five non-linear terms, namely (wi), (wv^), sin 6,
X A Xq + AX (33)
where
Similarly, we obtain
(35b)
(35c)
Therefore,
Similarly, we obtain:
values as obtained in relations 35a, b, and c, and 36a and b, the linearized
form of Eq. 32b is obtained. It is shown in Eq. 38, with A-prefix omitted
for convenience.
Defining (17,25)
And using time in seconds, we obtain the following analog computer's equa
B V^B h\
(VS)/"B "QI'^B Q2%
q'%
1/WL
l/w.
33
-2H,
-2H,
-2H,
-2H.
-2H,
-2H,
1/WL
1/UL
1/UL
1/UL
1/w
6
1/w
B
(38)
'(\+r) -a)5oX(YLe)
-'^F
-^D
w50X(L^+Le) WggXkMp w^^xkM^ -(R^+r)
""qi
"^02
X
c
X
c
X 0
qo cos6
50
^d
'F
0
D
/3V 0
1
dO sin
50
q
0
^Q1
0
\2
-V 0
cqO ^cd
0
cdO \q
12 "^2 -^ml
-K^2 -^m2
"^23 +
-K
23 *23^*34 -^34 -\3
-K
-^34 ^4*^^45 45 "^1114
-K K45+K56 -K56 0
'45
-K K 0
56 56 "6
1 0
0
^2
3 0
0
^4
0
^5 1
^6
A
(38)
'"il
Ad = Wg/ 1^ (A.n - Xjl dt (c) (39)
\ = r" (\Q - \) + Vd -
An, =
'qi "
3 (A.^ - A^,)
^''AQ ~ ''QI
dt (b)
\ =f - \q) (W
Note that Eqs. 39 and 40 contain the voltages v and v . These are given
d q
in Eqs. 22a and 22b. which contain derivatives of i, and i . To avoid
d q
nal. Thus,
V = (i - i )R (b) (42)
q q qt
"4
'257 ^ ''m4 - '=4^4 - - S> " '=45'^ - W)
4
% ": ^ (()
6
where
^i = "i - 1 (g)
except for the value of the generator rotor impedances which must be
Eq. 7b as follows:
g - - 1] it (b) (46)
(%;)
and
G ASyWg
Hg, and the modal equivalent spring constant, K^, to the generator rotor
establish the system's initial conditions which are usually computed before
The analog computer patching diagrams for the electrical and for the
two models of the mechanical system are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 respectively.
Figure 6b shows the reduced model of the mechanical system under the
influence of mode 2.
V , = R i , ^ + L i , . + v , + L i , + v . (47)
-abc -e-abct - -abet -eabe -s-ocabe -ooabc
and
V } (49)
Labc abet -ooabc
V , = R i , ^ + L + i , ^ + V ,
-abc -e-abct i-s + -abet -eabe
(50)
Is + -ooabc
Comparing Eq. 50 with Eq. 10, we draw the following conclusions pertaining
M(HT
A020
MOU
AMI
A2m
+ 100
(a) The full model.
(40)
(40)
(10) E2
A210 A200
A813 (500) (0)
(10)
-T,
A234
032
+T gen
A023
(10) EO
A203 .80 802 10 ABO: (0.50)
(10) (500) (80)
-T.
Patching diagrams for pertinent components and logic control for fault
DCL
FS CI
1 Hz Source
o
h 02
I 1
@0
0
(40)
0-
S 0
(ion)
-Vdr 0
(60) I (T^
-1,dc
-00-
(20)
X)L
j^lsL/Tio)
(8)
The values of the system parameters used are given in Appendix D. The
load (0.01 pu power), with 90% lagging power factor. The generator termi
also simplified by omitting the d-axis damper winding (D-circuit) and one
of the two q-axis damper windings (Q2-circuit), and by assuming that the
deviation (25). In so doing, the matrix Eq. 32b is reduced to 18th order.
initial values for each value of X chosen (see Table 1). Note that the
c
impedances of the generator rotor circuits are maintained constant for
convenience.
X V* /SVwCOS /5v*fln6Q -V
0 'cdO cqO
(pu) (degrees) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu)
PQ=0.01 pu, PF=0.90 lagging. 2^=0.0076 + j0.0408 pu, 2^=0.00998 + jO.04556 (pu). V^=1.00 pu.
Table 2. Eigenvalues obtained with the initial conditions of Table 1.
From the data of Table 2, a plot of the decrement factors versus the
The system is being operated at light load and under the influence of
mode 3, i.e., the capacitive reactance is chosen equal to 0.287 pu. The
other d's equal to zero. Then the location of the mechanical damping is
varied from 0.02 pu to 0.873 pu. Eigenvalues obtained are shown in Table 5.
The system is operated at light load, and under the influence of mode
in node 2, while mode 1 is very well damped. The rotor circuits' impedances
Decrement
Factor Mode 3
Self-Excitation
+1.50-
Mode 4
+1.00-
Mode 2
Mode 1
Mode 5
+0.50
-0.50- (pu)
43 57 86 100
-1.50
-2.00 -
Zone of Torsional
Interaction
Zone of Self-Excitation . Self-Excitation
Mod6_A
160 Mode 3
rt 127
:/
Mode 2
Mo^l
Electrical
Subsynchronous
Frequencies
^PQ=0.01 pu, PF=0.90 Lag. Other d's are zero. X^=.287 pu.
Table 4. Effect of changing *
Mode d^ = 50.
dg = 0 dg = 70. dg = 76.75 dg = 77.15 dg = 80.
Identification
Electrical -4.981593.20 -4.981593.20 -4.98i593.20 -4.98+1593.20 -4.981593.20 -4.981593.20
Network -3.45.il60.48 -4.191160.20 -4.571160.0 -4.701159.90 -4.721159.90 -4.781159.90
-.0011 -.0015 -.0016 -.00165 -.0017
Mode 5 j298.20
1298.20 1293.20 1298.20 1298.20 1298.20
+.005 -3.111 -4.265 -4.635 -4.656 -4.809
Mode 4
1202.81 1202.30 1201.80 1201.60 1201.60 +1201.50
+1.546 +.444 +.103 +.000639 -.005 -.0464
Mode 3
1160.58 1160.67 1160.68 1160.68 1160.68 1160.68
-.000110 -.466 -.636 -.689 -.692 -.714
Mode 2
1127.08 1127.00 1126.90 1126.90 1126.90 1126.90
-.030 -4.773 -6.726 -7.397 -7.437 -7.722
Mode 1
199.49 199.25 199.00 198.90 198.88 198.82
Mode 0
-2.792 -7.564 -9.443 -10.084 -10.122 -10.394
or Inertial
j9.28 jl0.00 j9.90 J9.80 19.78 j9.73
Oscillation
Rotor
-6.437 -6.437 -6.437 -6.437 -6.437 -6.437
Circuits'
Inverse
-2.727 -1.643 -1.398 -1.330 -1.326 -1.300
Time-constants
^PQ=0.01 pu, PF=0.90 Lag. Other d's are zero. X^=.287 pu.
Table 5. Effect of changing
Mode Re = Re = Re = Re - Re = Re
IdentlfIcation 0.02 pu 0.45 pu 0.50 pu 0.62 pu 0.853 pu 0.873 pu
-4.98 -97.81 ' -108.59 -134.41 -184.21 -188.42
Electrical
1293.20 1569.64 1563.73 1545.96 1488.63 1481.16
-3.45 -97.18 -108.26 -134.80 -186.42 -190.91
Network
1160.48 1181.92 1187.77 1205.53 1263.02 1270.51
Mode 5 j298.20 j298.20 j298.20 j298.20 j298.20 j298.20
+.005 +.022 +.017 +.006 -.008 -.009
Mode 4
1202.81 1202.90 1202.90 1202.90 1202.89 1202.89
+1.546 +.033 +.026 +.014 +.0001 -.0006
Mode 3
1160.58 1160.57 1160.57 1160.56 1160.55 1160.55
-.000110 +.011 +.009 +.005 +.001 +.001
Mode 2
1127.08 1127.01 1127.01 1127.01 1127.01 1127.01
-.030 +.114 +.096 +.060 +.015 +.012
Mode 1
199.94 199.05 199.02 198.96 198.90 198.89
Mode 0
-2.792 -1.157 -.952 -.537 -.0003 +.0322
or Inertial
j9.28 j8.21 J7.99 j7.43 j6.43 j6.35
Oscillation
Rotor
-6.437 -5.639 -5.507 -5.204 -4.690 -4.650
Circuits'
Inverse
-2.727 -2.733 -2.734 -2.738 -2.748 -2.749
Time-constants
^P Q=0.01 pu, PF=0.90 Lag., all d's are zero. X^=0.287 pu.
55
are adjusted to reflect mode 1 oscillation. The full model for the
0.000005 pu.
Similar analysis is also carried out with the reduced model for the
obtained using the full model for the mechanical system, and Table 7 shows
For this case, the generator is operated at high load (Pg = 0.90 pu),
and under the conditions of mode 2, i.e., is equal to 0.371 pu, and the
simulated with the full model, with the damping coefficients (d's)
neglected.
Mode
rp = 0.00587 pu rp = 0.00100 pu rp = 0.000010 pu tp = 0.000005 pu
Identification
Electrical -4.943604j661.70 -4.731003j661.71 -4.687779j661.71 -4.687561j661.71
Network +4.222482j95.85 +3.547243j96.47 +3.443921j96.60 +3.443424j96.60
Mode 0
or Inertial -3.980215jll.67 -3.961703jll.68 -3.957788jll.68 -3.957769jll.68
Oscillation
Rotor
-6.848212 -1.163511 -0.011652 -0.005829
Circuits'
Inverse
-2.312183 -2.319532 -2.316598 -2.316591
Time-constants
Mode
r^ = 0.00587 pu rp = 0.001000 pu rp = 0.000010 pu Tp = 0.000005 pu
Identification
Electrical -4.9A3489j661.61 -4.730831j661.62 -4.687573j661.62 -4.687354j661.62
Network +4.2A8955.i95.98 +3.580586j96.57 +3.4781951,196.68 +3.477692j96.68
Rotor
-6.846544 -1.166600 -0.011662 -0.005831
Circuits'
Inverse
-10.225280 -10.229620 -10.229830 -10.229830
Time-constants
initiation;
the torsional oscillation is very well damped out as shown in Fig. 10b.
value of damping is not enough to damp out the oscillation due to torsional
interaction.
59.06, and the resulting system behavior is shown in Fig. 12a. Note that
12b shows the torques experienced by various sections of the shaft. Partic
ularly serious stress cycles are observed during the fault and thereafter.
C. Discussions of Results
: iiPill
fp\i)
III
'1 ''
il I'M i
i !! |if{ i|i
-T.
(pu) NUI (pu)
hi nHHBBffingnaHHHi
iiiii I
1.0- liiii n.iiTirs"wwi""'
1.0
inrauiBBai
0.5J
Vcd
(pu)
1.0;
0<
'cq
(pu)
i.o;
0 ' i
'9
(pu)
Mil jil
II
111
i|i!
-U5 .l
1
(pu) 'ir
(pu)
'i
ill
1 (dfRree#)
il".
Iti!!!'l 1
i:;
M#
t
100
50
0 , H
K-
T +
4-
'ii
- l-t-f
atb: km 1 ^ (a)
;i:i
(b)
'
'i
"
'
'I l ;
HlUOi li liit du
.
(pu) i) t
i.: 'jmimmiiiiinwmniiiiiitrrn;nu:'>tu:1111:
111:11 ; i lai
m
n -'i iiii^iiUiHiiii.iunim.iii iii; m . - -n uiwiiM::isn
SIaB.-HH[l*iHHtfPjfflHh,;'H'".MWiUfflO;i|UliliUH.,V.'.'i:i - M:i;Wi ri'IKIIIlIll!l'hi : :, \ ::!; lii^liliiiiifiH
w > n K > ; i i : : i ,.:..iiuiiiinmMiujjiii!u hiiiiiiiiiiixm
ttMgRMBHHamnMHMHn.imn ! iiiiiiiitnin"
mmmmMmmmmmmmmmmmmri luii
l!'!TWIBiBlllI''""WBI!IWW'rFimMj-!illlUllllill|IIH' ' r'ITlTTIII.I,l.lillllllll,11,111'[!" mm
iz:;uMBnHii;;M<iMaiiiiau<jdiMibwumi'ii<niri! . >;..iiii.,Mi;iiiiiiirm'rmriiii:;. . mm
I
iiilillih'lt illiiiUtlt i m m
I i|.|| i miBniffij m
(pu)
0'
-2.1
M :a
usuinti
m 11 n
SSaSS!
'ri^ngimTIImrmTrni111nrrr;= !
/ UYuiriTlYWi'i'lillii '
-6.1
^wkBIHS^S^BWB
2.0. aa:
TrmTrrifiiii
' ' iV 'ri'iH'IVi^ #:=
II
au! li
5 i'ii Iiil III i[il III'
(dcKrcf) m 111 ;!li iHi 11 III, ;t,iiip Ml'
'jil 'iil I'll %
,ll it'i
ill! III! %
!
i'l- :i;!
_ f
ip T'
iili y l!j| ItH iitl -f '' i i' i'l' il l!r ;il!
im|itH|jut{.niy.TfrTr!
,"T?,
,ilit;i!:liil!)!>r iiiiliirtiHll
,0625 pu frd)
1 Fault .075 ec
Imilllitiiiili'iyhiitiiiiliiii
HP-IP
IP-LPA
+0.87
iin. L.lL i iLl ii I HZ iii
IPA-LPB
+1.30
-1.30
! ii
1.80
*0.90
Cen-EXC
AAj V ** M M# A
-0.7ft
,! ,! ! I I#, ik N,WW
mumnffiimimunininiumiPHin
MMimimimiiimimiimiiiimmiiiiimih
T 111! 'I'l
1
rr TT
i"l
w>
fp)
t ii^ j[j'
l.Q '''1
ri'i
( IIH
I'll
0.50 Y ;li' 'i'l ill
,!|i I"; ill
1 V II 'f III
"f!
0 :- ' - :!l II" Vi 111 11,1 !!!
i!''
'''1 i|" t'i t!!] lltl I'll ''
11;
III jlp
1 s1 g Jjki1 lili
Uli Ki
oi S
H iili ]Z 12 Ej iS Hi 2 k: liii w jj U
LPB-Cn
(pu)
+1. M
+0.9( IM A hm A# U
0
i!i:iiii,-iii'!iiJiiiii;'iir!.i{itiiUi'tiin
Ccn-EXC
*0.7C
L Li
Ml Ijl! Si! ii}ilit mil iiri III! ilii
:j' ii'i ii} li Hi i'l liii
(pul i'i' II1 i 'li! 1i 1 II}'
ni 'i T [il f iii'
I'l: iJ ill
Iii i''i
-:.c
Ll:
tt \\ II ^,1
il'
lf r+f te # ViU
1g
F
ill ii'i III [li ill 1 lit'itl ilii
P !!! f|H iii! ; ni 1 iiii :ii
1 m . .
' ' ' '"""" """."'1
m Ml I!!
s - 138.96 pu
t EE!lj
r \ \ \ \ r H Ml
Fault .75 c.
Fault .25 c. m
shi^iMAet*
s::s;
::ga
iiiilMlti
HP-IP
-0.48 U iinnmimiwnMWiiisiMuuin ]ir!iwp"rni'?'W"ni''"^'fTl"irr^Tw
KI.46
kliuil iiii i!i lu W' ilUli ; A
(pu)
LPA-IPB 1s IB E IPA-LP8
3
-110
-
(pu) -11 1 1
1.30- 5 Bd 3 dr zi- : M=_zs: ai nmwBnnmmRanuai'i uwmwTnrnrrmmMa^M.'mmifm
0 . IB j'UiA,ujnaiii!MiwiiwiiiWiUi*iUi HbkaHamBunmmniHi
sffimsi
-1.30 aw
ifwia t';l:i-ilii<H!'^{iinitli>
pn- y
ril' ri-'mr aii 1 111 'Itliii jlp iiLj rjr-
IPB-Cen i|}? :tr Yi ji;; 'H! Iri i'f' lii'i |Hji itvh' illil'll\'\f
ill' 1)1 lii ! li i"i ;'
tv ri' 'iH rWi'li ill' -f-i
;r 4: '11 ullL iW j Mi f liiia
*0.90 mrrt
ne'i' *n.9
1;|!j W], 1 tl''
!i;! I I'M
1# 1 'if illt T
"'11,1
til! Hi!
MI 'III ill! ill' I't 1 il III II lili '1 -
il! HI :: 1
(pu) Pi' ilii 1 II ill il li
|!ll ii'! II;! iiii
'li'
'Il lit! k T'
litl if
liil il
'ill
fjl
iifi 'lii
!!1|
ill'iji' 11! III ri! iii^ I'ji
Ml Nil
I'll! !li 'f
1' II
li!l
i
ill
-2.0 V"
fill iiii 1 J, I'l. Il' 'II' liii 'h! 'li' ill llil jt 'ill
l' Tj T 'h '"i
111!
I|(! \\'\ ill; III liil ,K iii
'h 'in 11. 1 f,'
(b) Fault for 0.25 sec. (c) Fault for 0.75 sec.
(inertial oscillation).
following:
Table 4). From the many computations performed, some of which are
thus.
viously.
3) Reducing the field circuit resistance will help damp out self-
can be made:
may result in more severe shaft stresses. This type of faults was
Concerning the choice of models (full and reduced models) for the
that both models give essentially the same results. Except for
1%.
2) The two resulting Inverse time-constants have the following
characteristics:
system models;
bation applied at the generator rotor mass. This fact has been
inputs.
not damped out, the stress on the shaft section between the
generator rotor and the exciter rotor keeps increasing even after
station (7,8).
69
and the actual experiments performed on the real system has been demon
strated.
70
In the previous chapter, it was shown that for a given power system,
For the power system proposed by the IEEE SSR Task Force, this can
happen with line compensation higher than 10%. While the actual system at
Mohave has 35% series compensation. It has been successfully operated since
(8). This does not necessarily contradict the findings of this disserta
tion, since the studies conducted here are carried out for the worse
damping.
Generating Station, the line compensation was set at 70%. At that level of
were then requested to add amortisseur windings at the pole face to reduce
the field resistance. This has been successful In eliminating the self-
Modern power systems, with low armature and line resistances, are not
1. Protective schemes
installed across the series capacitors to shunt them out in the event of
transient stability limit (3), this scheme thus appears to act against the
would neither cause a decrease in the system transient stability limit, nor
to de-tuning.
sinusoidal signal into the voltage regulator. This signal is derived from
the rotor motion by sensors. Though logical, this technique has not been
phase in series with that produced by any oscillating motion of the rotor
This principle has In fact been advanced by Ref. 31, and it can be justi
fied by the fact that any disturbed motion of the generator rotor produces
chapter).
model was used by deMello and Concordia (33) in their study of the effect
of excitation system upon the stability of a power system (see also Chapter
6 of Ref. 17). It is valid for small signal analysis. For this model, the
where - Kg are constants that depend on the machine and network param
that corresponds to a given value of field voltage v^, and t^q is the field
Gen
FD
<
Mode under
Study
(a) (b)
Figure 14. Generator subjected to SSR with signal voltage fed back in series
but in ooposing phase with voltage produced by subsynchronous
motion of the generator rotor:
(a) Circuit diagram.
(b) Block diagram.
See Appendix A.
75
of s by ju) is made. The resulting expression for AT^ includes real and
torque, while the latter gives the component of the damping torque.
system damping. This signal is derived from the speed deviation of the
synchronous machine and is fed back to the input of the excitation system
via a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) circuit (see Chapter 8 of Ref. 17).
Figure 15 Illustrates the scheme for an IEEE Type-1 excitation system (34).
proposed scheme for controlling SSR, we note that the feedback point (Z^)
for Introducing the control signal should be at the input (Z^) of the
excitation system (34). The scheme would then be similar to that given in
Fig. 15, except for the fact that this control circuit is designed to damp
out subsynchronous modes instead of damping out the inertial mode as the
conventional PSS.
76
PSS
R.
FD in
\ " KA
/ 1 +'XAS ' \
V
1 .+ TpS
;
77
thus be similar to that normally used for designing the FSS scheme.
would the PSS provide a positive damping torque for the inertial oscilla
tions, which are actually of mode 0, and not be effective for the subsyn-
chronous oscillations?
of the system shown In Fig.15 induce more phase-lag, even though the nega
procedure to develop a positive damping torque for modes other than mode 0:
(a) The transfer function will have the same form as that developed
cern; and
(c) The pick-up speed deviation will be that produced solely by the
modes in question.
e + ds
Amplifier Exciter
REF
Gen
Field
Saturation Function
Mode
Mode 0
under Study
Voltage Regulator
Figure 16. Generator subjected to SSR with excitation control and Stahilizinf Control Circuit.
79
3. Tests conducted
analog computer. The generator model is that of Fig. 3b. IEEE Type-1
Exciter is used (see Fig. 16). The value of its parameters are listed in
Appendix D.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (52)
80
where
, 1 ^dO .ilao
3 V
to
3S(E^)
EX^O
S 4%^EX'
^0
and
^: . 4:
(53)
OJg ^d 0)^ L._ ^
'B
^ t . 4.
T~ Ij + 7" i-r. ~ -ri + /3 Epp + KAO). (54)
(Ofi d FF E2
AD
The system initial conditions are the same as those of Chapter VI for
90% load and 90% lagging power factor (see Appendix D).
of mode 2.
can be damped out by an opposing voltage applied in series with that pro
The next test is conducted for the system of Fig. 16. In this case,
2T r bs 1 "1 fe
Fe + dsl Ih
fh + gsl
es I
All). |_c + sj L f + sj |_ m + sJ
E2
Control Circuit:
81
Mode
K = 0 K = 5.0 K = 12.5
Identification
and
(57)
essential.
many design and analysis methods are preferably carried out numerically.
To determine the proper values for the constants in Eq. 56, the
eigenvalue method is used to make several trial runs. From these runs, a
set of values for the constants of the Stabilizing Control Circuit to damp
T 52500 + 5650s
(58)
15074 + s 14213 + s
E2
of input gain (n) to the summer L are tabulated in Table 9. Note that
(a)
Table 9. Effect of Stabilizing Control Circuit.
Mode 0
-0.6293jl0.4 -0.6295jl0.4 -0.6295jl0.4 -0.6295jl0.4 -0.6295+jl0.4
(Inertial Oscillation)
Stabilizing -1.42 X 10^ -1.42 X 10^ -1.42 X 10^ -1.42 X 10^ -1.42 X 10^
Control -1.51 X 10^ -1.51 X 10^ -1.51 X 10^ -1.51 X lo"* -1.51 X 10^
Circuit -1.25 X 10^ -1.25 X 10^ -1.25 X 10^ -1.25 X 10^ -1.25 X 10^
where
b = 282.75 c = 125
d = 5650. e = 52500.
f = 15074. g = 5.65
h = 2.115 o = 14213.
Analog patching diagram for Eq. 59 is shown in Fig. 17. The simultan
eous inclusion of mode 2 and mode 0 for the mechanical system is governed
gen = -11 EO
(a)
E2
-gen = w.
EO
OX
E2
(b)
and
T _ = Z T .- T (c)
aO . T mi
1=1
e
(d) (60)
(500) +n,
LIMITER
(0.50)
+n A513
230 -P.
803
(0.10)
A022 +n.
A220
(0.50)
A51A
^231100 703
(300)
'A233 10(
(56.56) (377)
ic le
A033
a A233
-V,
(50)
A020
(1)
A021
(10)
A404
FD
(10)
10 303
-V
(50)
r- A03
(100)
A512
-0-'
(50)
A704
-0
10 800
A60C (40)
'MJ ;NJ
A612
(40)
SJ
A603 Afilff
(40)
A802 (40)
10
M204
+K
-V,
(40)
A613
MJ SJ
10
components 3<j>-fault simulation for this case is not carried out. The
torsional interaction with excitation control only. Note that the system
is closed during the operation and then opened for a short lapse of time,
late.
Figure 22 shows the effect of the gain (n) upon the damping of the
C. Discussions of Results
+6*10"
Rcn
(deKreen)
S
%2
w = 0.34
[ 96.135/90! ["52535/2.1^ [2.66/42.25!
125/.16 J [ 15076/0 J [14213/0 ~J
= 5 X 10"^/134.2
similar to the amount of phase-lag (of 134) between the generator rotor
speed deviation and the electrical developed torque computed by Ref. 35 for
-1 -1
Decrement Factor -0.6293 sec - 0.598 sec
of Inertial Oscillation
When the SCC is included, the analog computer shows that a gain of
-1 -1
from + 0.4385 sec to only - 0.0371 sec , and any higher gain would make
This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that when the SCC is
Inserted during the system operation (this can only be done with analog
those used in the eigenvalue method, and this change may not be considered
the SCC is inserted from the start with no major perturbation. Note that
this same SCC has hardly any damping effect upon the oscillation of mode 2
A special note about the effect of the voltage regulator gain upon
variable relation for the voltage regulator (see Eq. 52a), and including
this equation into Eq. 32a, we note that the line resistance (R^) will be
line resistance. From Chapter 6 (Section C), it is recalled that this has
the effect of pushing the system toward hunting. This instability is con
sistent with the analysis carried out in Ref. 33, in which it is found that
increased voltage regulator gain makes damping torque more negative (for
Mode
K^=10 = 100
Identification
voltage regulator, and the actual increase of is that the latter would
In Fig. 22b, we note that the re-insertion of the SCC makes the field
voltage (Epjj) swing bewteen -3.5 pu and +12.5 pu, and the system will still
changes much slower than the change in field voltage. However, if the
re-insertion of the SCC causes the field voltage to swing beyond a certain
range, as illustrated by Fig. 21 where the SCC is inserted too late, the
curves show that the SCC does not seem to have an appreciable effect on the
tion is concerned.
However, more studies about the effect of the SCC upon other modes
justified.
99
upon the shafts of the generating units, is too costly to offset any benefit
reasonable cost.
The whole concept of power system stability and contingency plans have
resonance.
used, etc.
100
2. The effect of the choice of the excitation system upon the perfor
mance of the Stabilizing Control Circuit has not been looked into
But for this particular SCC to have a proper damping effect, the
study how the amplitudes of the various modes depend upon one
(a) Use of the full model for the mechanical system with excita
(d) For a given power system, the number of SCC needed to cover
optimal results.
IX. REFERENCES
12. IEEE SRR Task Force. "Proposed Terms and Definitions for Subsyn
chronous Resonance in Series Compensated Transmission Systems."
Paper presented at IEEE PES, 1976 Winter Meeting and Tesla Sym
posium. Reprinted in "Analysis and Control of Subsynchronous
Resonance," pp. 55-58. Edited by IEEE SSR Task Force under
Special Publication No. 76 CH 1066-0-PWR.
14. Hall, M. C., Daniels, R. L., and Ramey, D. G. "A New Technique for
Subsynchronous Resonance Analysis and an Application to the
Kaiparowits System." Paper presented at IEEE PES, 1976 Winter
Meeting and Tesla Symposium. Reprinted in "Analysis and
Control of Subsynchronous Resonance," pp. 46-50. Edited by
IEEE SSR Task Force under Special Publication No, 76 CH
1066-0-PWR.
15. IEEE Committee Report. "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines
in Power System Studies." IEEE Transactions PAS Nov./Dec. 1973.
Reprinted in "Stability of Large Electric Power Systems,"
pp. 128-36. Edited by Richard T. Byerly and Edward W. Kimbark.
IEEE Press, 1974.
30. Farmer, R. G., Katz, E., and Schwalb, A. L. "Navajo Project Report
on SSR Analysis and Solutions." Paper presented at IEEE PES,
1975 Summer Power Meeting, San Francisco, California, July 20-
25, 1975.
31. Kilgore, L. A., Ramey, D. G., and South, W. H. "Dynamic Filter and
Other Solutions to the SSR Problems." Paper presented at
American Power Conference, Chicago, Illinois, April 21-23, 1975.
32. Suzuki, H., Fujiwara, R., and Vemura, K. "Analysis and Control for
SSR Problem." Paper presented at IEEE PES, 1976 Summer Power
Meeting, Portland, Oregon, July 18-23, 1976.
X. ACKNOlfLEDGMENTS
The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to all the
given to the major advisor. Dr. Fouad, for his great understanding,
sincere concern, and valuable guidance and suggestions, not only in the
academic field, but in the domain of the author's personal problems as well.
Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Robb for making many excellent
documents available to the author, and to Dr. Richard Horton for his
possible.
Last, but not least, thanks are also due to Jo Kline for her patience,
her eagerness, and ability in putting the author's handwriting into type.
short notice.
107
'o -rio - ^0
V, = -ri, - A, - wX (b)
d ad q
abc
Av = AE T + AE _ (A-6)
a al aZ
108
Where
(A-7)
have
'dO = - VqO-
and
> Vdo
then
A6 = Asinyt,
and
Aw = yAcosyt (A-10)
or
(A-11)
tem of axes:
109
+ d-axis
+ imaginary axis
+ q-axis
fixed Reference
frame on the
generator
stator
+ [-Awcose^ + Aew^sineglAq^}
chosen), we obtain:
+ [-AwcosOQ + AeWpSine^lA^Q}
or
- w)cs(Wg - u)t
Defining
A + '^super
then
^a2 = ^
From the theory developed for induction machines^, where the stator
"
' a " 3 + l
sma
'l
q s +i
3
"B Aij_cosSw_t + Ls Ai s + (L + L )Ai, ]sinSa)_t
r d r D o z T a r r m d r B
where
Stator self-inductance
Rotor self-inductance
onmn
as
where
i
^as(p ~ ^as ^ ("g")) magnetizing current.
*3 = Is + h. - I
\ - I "'sr
= L + L | -
r r rm 2 a
coils.
113
nsimp-
2 Rr
AEa <
S 3 4 5 6
=17 =n =/,5 =56
HP IP LPA LPB Gen. EXC
Wl'*l 3-3
(j O W5.6,
4'*4
equations that can be written in matrix form as follows (all quantities are
H6 + K6 = 0 (B-1)
K. -K
12 12
-K, (*2,4*34)
23
K =
-K (K34+K45) -=45
34
-K (=45+=56) -=56
45
-K K
56 56
0)2
H X - K X = 0
ajfi - -
or
2
0)
M X = X = X X (B-3)
m - m-
where
2
M = H"^K, X =
- - m Wg
or
formed as follows:
Values of and the matrix Q are given below for the Navajo Project Test
Case.
Mode "m
m (rad/sec) (Hertz)
1 98.72 15.71
2 127.00 20.21
3 160.52 25.55
4 202.85 32.28
5 298.18 47.46
116
We note that each column of Q corresponds to a mode shape (see Fig. 2).
H and K (18):
E = s'H 2 (a)
>t
%% = 9 5 9 (b) (B-6)
is common practice to refer all the masses to th.t of the generator rotor.
1 -1 1 -1 -1
to Eq. B-6 for all the modes and for any particular chosen mass of
reference.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
damping terms are added to Eq. B-1 and per unit system is used for all
H + D + K = 0 (C-1)
where D = diag [D^, D^, D^, D^, D^, D^], we would get:
where ^ = diag
^55 ^^56
'66
fi - diag Kg2,
g + 2 E g + w q = 0 (C-4)
119
where
E Jii
2
OJj = , 1 = 1, 2,..., 6 j = 1, 2,..., 6
+ ... (c-5)
approximation.
Substituting Eq. C-5 into Eq. C-4 and collecting terms with like power
follows:
4/=) + .0 (a)
where
-2 2 2
"i - "i - Eii
= F^(t) (C-8)
where
6 -E,. t _
fi't) = z Vik'
For q^(0) = 0 and q^(0) = 0, the solution of Eq. C-8 has the general form
(convolution theorem):
m V G..T
q, / F (T)e sinw.(t - T)dT
0 ^
or
^ J Vlk'
kfi
where
ik 0), + (jj. w, - w. 2 2
k 1 k 1 0), - 0).
k 1
ik =
or
Equation C-9 shows that, at least in the first approximation, the off-
wise).
122
Transmission Line:
= 0.14 pu
= 0.50 pu
Xg = 0.06 pu
Xp = 0.036 pu
Mechanical System;
HP 0.092897 HP - IP 19.303
EXC 0.0342165
123
Modes 12 3 4
II
M^=1.66pu 0.00485 pu
^AD
0.13 pu
^d
0.014058 pu 0.008223 pu
""QI ^02 "
Mechanical Input-Torques:
T = 30% applied @ HP
nJL
= 0.8865 pu = 1.1458 pu
=<V =
II
40
125
1. Mechanical System
omitted)
ular potentiometer
C: Value of a constant
is on M-sec.
of the units appear more than once on separate tables. In this case, the
reduced model for modal analysis is used, then the excitation system and
(0.90)(0.30)
-0)1 222 020 40 10 4 0.0363 0.1454 1 0.1454
2Hia
*12
- 223 - 40 40 1 2-l 2.5970 2.5970 10 0.2597
2Hia
(0.90)(0.26)
032 021 40 10 4 0.0188 0.0752 1 0.0752
- ^2 fn.2 ZHga
^12
- 233 - 40 40 1 1 - 2 1.5508 1.5508 10 0.1551
*23
- 230 - 40 40 1 3 - 2 2.8062 2.8062 10 0.2806
2H ^ a
(0.90)(0.22)
- (0^ 801 030 40 10 A 0.0029 0.0115 0.0115
2H^a
*23
- 800 - 40 40 1 62 - 63 0.5085 0.5085 1 0.5085
2Hga
*34
- 701 - 40 40 1 4 - 3 0.7575 0.7575 1 0.7575
2H^a
(Mechanical System - Full Model continued)
(0.90)(0.22)
031 031 40 10 4 3.0028 3.0112 1 3.0112
^m4 2H,a
4
^34
- 612 - 40 40 1 3 - 4 3.7357 3.7357 1 3.7357
2H^a
^45
- 613 - 40 40 1 5 - 4 1.0006 1.0006 10 0.1001
2H,a
4
S4
- 810 - 40 40 1 4 - 5 1.0198 1.0198 10 0.1020
2H^a
^56
- 812 - 40 40 1 6 - 5 0.0406 0.0406 1 0.0406
2H^a
!!B
2 213 221 40 40 1 - ("2 9.4250 9.4250 10 0.9425
a
1.1865
212 210 500 10 50 T 0.00018 0.0089 0.0089
m (3)2Hg2a
1
813 500 10 50 +T 0.00015 0.0075 1 0.0075
e (3)2Hg2a
^2
222 500 80 6.25 1.0699 6.6868 10 0.6687
-^E2
!!B 0.1508
210 200 80 500 0.16 9.4250 1.5080 10
^E2 a
1 0.0720
801 800 500 10 50 0.0014 0.0720 1
'^"EO -^aO (3)2E0=
180
6 032 023 0.50 80 0.00625 57.296 0.3581 1 0.3581
gen n
(degrees)
180
810 0.50 80 0.00625 57.296 0.3581 1 0.3581
-*E0 n
(Electrical System)
HID
- 102 - 30 30 1 0.8727 0.8727 1 0.8727
"^D
VF
201 201 10 30 1/3 0.2137 0.0712 1 0.0712
-^F Apa
(Electrical System continued)
/3Wgrp(2.4007)
- 302 - 10 100 0.10 0.0332 0.0033 1 0.0033
FD
30 30 1
HIQ 0.4800 0.4800 1 0.4800
012 012
-\2
^Q2
^B^Ql 0.4064
Oil oil 30 30 1 0.4064 0.4064 1
"^01 V ,Qia
(Electrical System continued)
^B^Ql
- Ill - 30 30 1 0.4064 0.4064 1 0.4064
"^Ql ^01
0.8158
"^02
400 400 30 30 1
% 'Q2
0.8158 0.8158 1
^B^Q2
- 401 - 30 30 1 0.8158 0.8158 1 0.8158
^Q2 ^'Q2
Ve 0.0270
413 401 20 20 1 0.2693 0.2693 10
"St ~\t L a
e
- 503 - 20 40 0.50
% 13.464 6.732 10 0.6732
"^cq
1 10 0.5128
- 103 - 20 30 2/3 7.6923 5.1282
^d
(Electrical System continued)
Vc , X =0.371 pu 10 0.6993
-V 023 211 40 20 3.4967 6.9934
cd dt a c
VC 10 0.6993
-V 033 601 40 20 3.4967 6.9934
cq
w,
_B 9.425 23.56 100 0.2356
600 40 16 2.50 W^cd a
^i 0.0050
112 412 HG 40 20 X , R = 100 pu 0.0050 X X
^dt ~ ^d
^i 0.0050
V 113 413 HG 40 20 X 0.0050 X X
q \t ~ S
(Three-phase Fault^)
^B 100 0.0711
022 411 20 40 0.50 14.2264 7.1132
~^dt "d
V
^These potentiometers are added to Amplifiers 401 and 411. They are switched only when the
3^-phase fault is applied.
(Three-phase Fault continued)
^A 0.40 1 0.4000
223 020 1 50 0.02 -V 20
e
V
1 0.50 0.50 1 0.5000
- 233 1 1 1
1 100 0.1500
-%/s 231 611 300 0.50 600 0.025 15.0
"o a
1^ 100 0.1414
-0/s 703 231 56.56 0.10 565.6 n 0.025 14.14
a