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Sensory receptors detect stimulus The brain organizes this input and
energies and convert them into neutral translates it into something
impulse, which are sent to the brain. meaningful
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation is the stimulation of sense organs.
Sensation involves (1) absorption of energy
(e.g., light, sound waves) by sensory receptors
(e.g., eyes, ears) and (2) transmission of
sensory information to the central nervous
system.
Perception is the process of the selection,
organization and interpretation of sensory
input.
Absolute threshold
An absolute threshold
for a specific type of
sensory input is the
minimum stimulus
intensity that an
organism can detect
Absolute threshold is
defined as the intensity
level at which the
probability of detection
is 50%
Examples of absolute thresholds
Difference threshold
Stimulus is Stimulus is
Present Absent
Response: Hit False Alarm
Present
Response: Miss Correct Rejection
Absent
Subliminal perception
Subliminal (i.e., below threshold) perception is the
registration of sensory input without consious
awareness.
Subliminal perception
Are there perceptions below threshold?
E.g., Jame Vicary (1957)s hidden message (eat
popcorn) in a film -> popcorn sales increased by 58%
Sensory Adaptation
A gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged
stimulation
SENSE OF SIGHT: THE VISUAL SYSTEM
The stimulus: Light
Optic Nerve
Axons of ganglion neurons form optic nerve
Conducts sensory input to brain (occipital lobe)
9. Rods and Cones
Cones
Most densely packed in center of retina (fovea)
Provide color vision, fine details
Rods
Provide vision in black and white
More sensitive to dim light than cones
10. Visual Acuity
Afterimage
Persistent sensations of color are followed by
perception of the complementary color when the
first color is removed
12. Theories of Color
Trichromatic Theory
Three types of cones
Sensitive to red,
green, or blue
Opponent-Process Theory
Three types of color
receptors
Red-green, blue-
yellow, and light-
dark
13.Color Blindness
Trichromat
Normal color vision
Monochromat
Totally color blind
Dichromat
Partial color blindness
Discriminate between two colors (red & green, or blue &yellow)
More common in males (sex linked trait)
Plates from a Test for Color Blindness
1. Visual Perception
Texture
gradients:
Details getting
smaller as they
get further
Pictorial cues
Interposition: If an
object comes
between you and
another object, it
must be closer to
you
Pictorial cues
Relative size:
Closer objects
appear larger
Pictorial cues
High in plane:
Distant objects
appear higher
Pictorial cues
Monocular Cues
Perspective
Clearness
Overlapping
Shadows
Texture gradient
Motion parallax
Perception of Motion
(mini class discussion)
PLAY
VIDEO
Visual Illusions
Pitch
Frequency (# of cycles per second)
Expressed in hertz (Hz)
Pitch of womens voice is higher than mens
Loudness
Height (amplitude) of sound waves
Expressed in decibels (dB)
Sound Waves of Various Frequencies and
Amplitudes
Decibel Ratings of Familiar Sounds
10.The Ear
Outer Ear
Funnels sound waves to the eardrum
Middle Ear
Eardrum, hammer, anvil and stirrup
Acts as an amplifier
Oval window Round window-balances the
pressure
12. Parts of the Ear
Inner Ear
Cochlea (3 chambers-two membrane)
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti- commend post- 25,000 hair cells
Auditory nerve- temporal lobes of cerebral cortex
13. Locating Sounds
Place theory
Pitch is sensed according to place that vibrates
Frequency theory
Pitch perceived on stimulation of impulses that
match the frequency of the sound
Both theories work together
16. Deafness
Conductive deafness
Damage to middle ear
Hearing aids can help
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to inner ear or auditory nerve
Cochlear implants may help with damage to inner
ear, but not auditory nerve
The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Smell
Prostaglandins
Facilitate transmission of pain message
Heighten circulation to injured area (inflammation)
Pain-relieving drugs inhibit production of
prostaglandins
Emotional response and response to stress affect
degree of pain
Phantom Limb Pain
PLAY
VIDEO
Video Connections: The Ames Room