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TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

Hypotheses are regarded as tentative


answers to research problems. It is a
procedure which enables us to decide on the
basis of information obtained from the sample
data whether to accept or reject a statement
or an assumption about the value of a
population parameter. Such a statement or
assumption is called hypothesis.
Hypotheses are of two types: (a) Null
hypothesis and (b) Alternative hypothesis. A
simple rule may be followed to develop a
hypothesis:
What we hope or expect to be able to
conclude as a result of the test usually
should be placed in alternative hypothesis.
The null hypothesis should contain a
statement of equality (=) and an
alternative hypothesis contains a > or <
than sign.
Procedure for testing hypothesis:

1. State your problem and formulate an


appropriate null hypothesis with an
alternative hypothesis, which is to be
accepted when null hypothesis is
rejected.
2. Decide upon a significance level of the
test.
3. Chose an appropriate test-statistic.
4. Determine the rejection or critical
region.
5. Compute the value of test statistic
from the sample data in order to decide
whether accept or reject the null
hypothesis.
6. Formulate the decision rule.
Procedure:

Step 1
Null hypothesis: Alternative
hypothesis:
=a
a a
a >a
<a
where a is any
number.
Step 2
Level of significance: = .01, .05, 0.10
Step 3
Test statistic
For large sample when population mean ,
x

known: Z = n

For large sample when population mean ,


x
S
unknown: Z = n

For small sample when population mean


x

, known: Z = n

For small sample when population mean


x
S
, unknown: t = n

Step 4
Critical region:
if alternative hypothesis 0 then |Z|

Ztab
if alternative hypothesis > 0 then
Z>Ztab
if alternative hypothesis <0 then Z<-
Ztab
Conclusion: if calculated value falls in critical
region then reject null hypothesis. If
calculated value does not fall in critical region
then accept null hypothesis.
Z
2
Common Values of :
Confiden Z
Z 2

ce Level
90% 0.10 1.282 1.645
95% 0.05 1.645 1.96
99% 0.01 2.326 2.575

Questions related to testing of


hypothesis
Q.1: Past record show that the average
scores of the students n botany is 57 with SD
10. A new method of teaching is employed
and a random sample of 70 students is
selected. The sample average is 60. Can we
conclude on the basis of these records, at 5%
level of significance, that the average scored
has increased?
Solution:
Null hypothesis: H0 : = 57
Alternative hypothesis: H1 : >57
Level of significance: = 0.05

X
Test statistic: Z = S
n

Critical region: Zcal>Ztab = Zcal> 1.645


X
Compotation: Here = 60, n= 70, SD = 10
6057
10
Z= 70
= 2.51

Conclusion: Our calculated value falls in


critical region. So we reject our null
hypothesis. It means average score is
increased.
Q.2: A sample of 42 measurements was taken
in order to test the null hypothesis that the
population mean is equal to 8.5 against the
alternative that it is different from 8.5. The
sample mean and SD were found to be 8.79
and 1.27, respectively. Perform the hypothesis
test using 0.01 as level of significance.

Solution:
Null hypothesis: H0: = 8.5
Alternative hypothesis: H1 : 8.5
Level of significance: = 0.01

X
Test statistic: Z = S
n
|Z| |Z|
Critical region: Ztab = > 2.575
X
Computation: Here = 8.79, = 8.5, n= 42,
SD = 1.27
8.798.5
1.27
Z= 42
= 1.48

Conclusion: Our calculated value falls in


acceptance region. So, we accept our null
hypothesis.
Q.3: A manufacturing company making
automobile tires claims that the average life
of its product is 35000 miles. A random
sample of 16 tires was selected and it was
found that the mean life was 34000 miles with
a SD 2000 miles. Test hypothesis H 0 =
35000 against the alternative <35000 at =
0.05.
Solution:
Null hypothesis: H0: = 35000
Alternative hypothesis: H1 : <35000
Level of significance: = 0.01

X
Test statistic: t = S
n
t t
Critical region: <-ttab = <-1.753
X
Computation: Here = 34000, = 35000,
n= 16, SD = 2000
34003500
2000
t= 16
= -2
Conclusion: Our calculated value falls in
critical region. So, we reject our null
hypothesis.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

Q.1: An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 812 hours and a SD of 40 hours.
Test the hypothesis that = 812 hours against the alternative 812 hours if a
random sample of 36 has an average life of 800 hours. Use a 5% level of
significance.

Q.2: A sample of 900 plants is found to have a mean of 34 cm. Can it be reasonably
regarded as random sample from a large population with mean 32 cm and SD 23
cm? Use 5 % level of significance?

Q.3: Suppose that the variance of the IQS of the high school students in a certain
city is 225. A random sample of 36 students has a mean IQ of 106. If the level of
significance is chosen at 0.05, should we conclude that the IQS of the high school
students in this city are higher than 100.

Q.4: A random sample of 64 drinks from a soft drink machine has an average
content of 21.9 dl, with = 1.42 dl. Test the hypothesis that = 22.2 dl against the
alternative hypothesis <22.2at 5% level og significance.

Q.5: Given the following information. What is your conclusion in testing of each of
the indicated null and alternative hypothesis?

N X S2 H0 H1 t-table

25 8 64 0.05 10 <10 1.895


9 12 36 0.01 =10 >10 2.718
16 13 64 0.05 =10 10 1.753

STAT-421 BIO-STATISTICS 3(3-0)

Estimation: Estimation is a procedure from which we obtain (or Estimate) the


value of unknown population parameter using sample observation. It has following
two types:
Point Estimation: The process of finding a single value of the sample, which
will represent the value of unknown population parameters, e.g population
mean population variance, population proportion are estimated from
corresponding sample statistic e,g (sample mean sample variance, sample
peroration etc.

Interval Estimation: It is a procedure (or process) in which we estimate (or


deterring) a range (or interval) of value within which the unknown population
parameter is believed to lie (or expected to lie, or likely to fall). In statistics, interval
estimation is the use of sample data to

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