See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245563657

Degree of Influence of Active Fillers on

Properties of Recycled Mixes with Foamed
Asphalt

Article in Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board December 2009
DOI: 10.3141/2095-13

CITATIONS READS

18 85

2 authors, including:

Felipe Halles
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
9 PUBLICATIONS 71 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Felipe Halles on 31 July 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document
and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
TITLE: DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE FILLERS ON THE PROPERTIES
OF RECYCLED MIXES WITH FOAMED ASPHALT

Authors:

Felipe Halles A., (* corresponding author)

Centro de Ingeniera e Investigacin Vial (CIIV)
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Departamento de Ingeniera y Gestin de la Construccin. Escuela de Ingeniera.
Vicua Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustn 3 piso, Santiago - Chile
E.mail: fhalles@ing.puc.cl
Phone: 56-2-3544245; Fax: 56-2-3544806

Guillermo Thenoux Z.
Escuela de Ingeniera
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Departamento de Ingeniera y Gestin de la Construccin. Escuela de Ingeniera.
Vicua Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustn 3 piso, Santiago - Chile
E.mail: gthenoux@ing.puc.cl
Phone: 56-2-3544245; Fax: 56-2-3544806

Transportation Research Board,

88th Annual Meeting
January 11 - 15, 2009
Washington D.C.

Submission date (Final Paper): March 15th, 2009

Length of text: 3896 words
Number of figures and tables: 10 (2500 word equivalents)
TOTAL 6396 words/word equivalents
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 1

DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE FILLERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF

RECYCLED MIXES WITH FOAMED ASPHALT

Authors: Felipe Halles and Guillermo Thenoux

Abstract: Active fillers in foamed asphalt mixes are added either to modify the fine fraction of
aggregate gradation and/or to reduce moisture sensitivity of the mix. While some countries use
cement as active filler, others use Lime or Fly-Ash among others. However, limited information
is available regarding the influence of different types of active fillers on mechanical properties of
foamed asphalt mixes. This paper presents the results of the project carried out to study the
relative influence of active fillers on mechanical properties of recycled mixes with foamed
asphalt. Four active fillers Portland Cement, Cement Kiln Dust, Hydrated Lime and Fly-Ash
Class C, were studied. Indirect Tensile Strength, Triaxial Resilient Modulus and Triaxial
Permanent Deformation Tests were carried out in order to quantify the influence of these active
fillers on the properties of one particular full depth recycled material. Different curing methods
and moisture conditioning were used in order to evaluate the role of active fillers after the mix
production process. As a result of this study it was concluded that, for the full depth recycled
material tested, while some active fillers have an important influence on mechanical properties
and long term performance of foamed asphalt mixes, others act only as mineral fillers of the
aggregate gradation. Also, since foamed asphalt takes a long time to cure, some active fillers
play an important role in contributing to early strength of foam recycled mixes.

Keywords: Active Fillers, Resilient Modulus, Permanent Deformation, Fresh Conditions

Halles F. and Thenoux G. 2

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature Review

Foamed asphalt mixes have been used widely for Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) of deteriorated
asphalt pavements. In most cases different types of active fillers have been added to the mix as
well as foamed asphalt in order to: a) modify the fine fraction of the aggregate gradation (1), b)
reduce moisture sensitivity of the mix (2), and/or c) improve early strength of the mix (3). Some
researchers have reported the study of foamed asphalt mixes without any active filler (4-5), while
others have reported the use of cement (6-10), lime (11-13), fly-ash (6,14) and other active fillers
(15-16). The benefits of using foamed asphalt on mixes with cement have been studied using the
concept of strain-at-break on beams which represents the ability of asphalt to improve the
flexibility of the mix (10). However, limited information is available regarding the influence of
different types of active fillers on mechanical properties of foamed asphalt mixes.
At the laboratory level, Hodgkinson and Visser (16) reported the effect of different
cementitious active fillers on Indirect Tensile Strength of the mixes and Khweir (3) reported the
effect of various levels of cement on the stiffness of the mix. Twagira et al (8) reported fatigue
performance of selected cold bituminous mixes with 1% cement and, Long and Theyse (10),
presented permanent deformation transfer function for foamed asphalt mixes including the ratio
of cement to bitumen, but they did not include in the analysis the influence of other active fillers.
This paper studies the effect of four types of active fillers on the properties of foamed
asphalt mixes. Only one type recycled material was used; 75% of recycled asphalt material
(RAP) and 25% of granular materials. Multiple curing conditions and different laboratory test
methods were used to evaluate the effect of active fillers at different stages after the mix process:
a) early stage, representing the first weeks after construction using Indirect Tensile Strength
test; b) mid-term, representing the first years after construction using Indirect Tensile Strength
and Triaxial Resilient Modulus tests and c) long-term, representing the final years before
rehabilitation or reconstruction using Triaxial Permanent Deformation test.
This paper is partially based on testing data shared in a research project on FDR of
deteriorated asphalt pavements with foamed asphalt carried out by the University of California
Pavement Research Center (17) for the California Department of Transportation. Also, this paper
is part of an ongoing long-term research project being undertaken by Centro de Ingeniera e
Investigacin Vial of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 3

2. LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Recycled Asphalt Pavement - RAP - Properties

The RAP used in this study was collected from the California Highway State Route 88 in
Amador County. This material was pulverized by recyclers commonly used for FDR projects - to
a depth of 20 cm - but with no addition of foamed asphalt or active fillers. This material contains
approximately 75% of deteriorated asphalt concrete and 25% of reclaimed granular base
material. Table 1 shows the main properties of the granular mix.

TABLE 1 RAP Material Properties

Maximum Size 19 mm
Material Passing 0.075 mm1 10%
Material Passing #4 46.6%
Crushed/Fractured Particles 100%
Plasticity Index Non Plastic
Optimum Moisture Content by Modified AASHTO T180 6.0%
Maximum Density as determined by AASHTO T180 2190 kg/m3
Note: 3.5% of fines passing 0.075 mm were added to the original RAP using inert bag-house
dust collected in a local asphalt concrete plant.

2.1.2 Binder, Foam Asphalt Properties and Mixing Conditions

One grade binder, PG 64-16, was used from a local California refinery. The binder was foamed
using Wirtgen WLB-10 laboratory equipment, at 150 C with 3% of foaming water by mass (the
expansion rate was controlled at 17 - 20 points and the half-life was 23 - 26 seconds). The
recycled materials were preconditioned for moisture and temperature in a controlled room at 30
C. Mixing temperature was controlled at 25 28 C during the mixing process.

2.1.3 Active Fillers

Four active fillers were used in this project. Each one of these active fillers was stored in sealed
conditions.

Portland Cement Type II.

Cement Kiln Dust.
Lime Type S (hydrated)
Fly-Ash Class C.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 4

2.2 Experimental Design

The work presented in this paper is part of a larger research project undergoing at the University
of California Pavement Research Center (17). The main objectives of the mother project was
to develop improved mix and structural design as well as construction guidelines for full depth
recycling (FDR) using foamed asphalt. One of the specific objectives within this project was to
study the effect of different active fillers in the properties of foamed asphalt mixes, which is
discussed in the present document. The experimental design for the active filler study is shown in
Table 2.

TABLE 2 Summary of the Experimental Design

No of
Variable Values
levels
- ITS: Indirect Tensile Strength Test. 100 mm diameter,
Marshall compaction 75 blows each face, loading rate of
50 mm/minute.
Test methods 3
- Tx RM: Triaxial Resilient Modulus Test (*)
- Tx PD: Triaxial Permanent Deformation Test (*)
(*) Triaxial specimens: 152 mm diameter and 305 mm height
- Fresh: Sealed, ambient temperature during 24 hours.
Test conditions - Cured + Unsoak: Drying in oven at 40C during 72 hrs
(curing and water 3 open to air, 24 hrs open room.
conditioning) - Cured + Soak: Drying in oven at 40C during 72 hrs open
to air, 24 hours soaking in water.
Asphalt content 2 - 0% and 3%
- 0, 1, 2 and 3% for ITS Test
Active filler content 3 - 0 and 2% for Triaxial Resilient Modulus Test
- 0 and 2% for Triaxial Permanent Deformation Test

Curing conditions of sample specimens where modified for this research work.
According to standard guidelines (2,18) as well as those used by most researchers (19-21), 72 hrs
in an oven at 40 C is a representative period of curing for mid-term of foamed asphalt mix
design. However, according to the authors experience, this curing period does not necessarily
represent field conditions and also does not permit the evaluation of the effect of the active fillers
in the early stage. Based on the above, two curing methods were selected: a) 24 hrs sealed at 20
C. This last curing process was selected to represent the curing conditions of the mix during the
first weeks after construction in order to evaluate the properties of the mix on those highway
projects where is necessary to allow trafficking immediately after construction. b) 72 hrs in the
oven at 40 C was selected in order to evaluate the mix properties during the mean period of life,
matching the general practice of other studies. Triaxial specimens tested for permanent
deformation, on cured conditions, show mix performance for long term, representing the final
years before rehabilitation or reconstruction.
On the other hand, it is well known that foamed asphalt mixes are very sensitive to
moisture conditioning (2,5), which is the reason why these mixes used to be put in a soak
conditioning for 24 hrs before being tested in order to compare moisture sensitivity of the
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 5

mechanical properties. During this study, strict laboratory procedures were followed in order to
guarantee the same water conditioning period for every type of mix tested.

3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

3.1 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Test

Table 3, shows the summary for the ITS, Fracture Energy Index and Ductility Index results for
each mix. Fracture Energy Index and Ductility Index show the benefit of the use of asphalt on
these types of mixes. Fracture energy is defined as the area under the load-displacement curve of
an ITS test. Fracture energy therefore may be considered as an index for quantifying the capacity
to release energy of foamed asphalt treated materials. For example, if two different foamed
asphalt mixes have the same ITS values after testing, the specimen with a higher fracture energy
value can be assumed to be more ductile than the specimen with the lower fracture energy value.
The Ductility Index (mm) is defined as the Fracture Energy Index (Joules) divided by the peak
load (kN) and provides a quantitative indicator of the ductility or tensile deformation resistance
of a material.
Figure 1, shows ITS results for specimens in fresh conditions with and without foamed
asphalt, representing the properties of the mix at early stage. Based on the results shown in Table
3 and Figure 1, which shows ITS results for specimens tested in fresh conditions, the following
observations were made:

The addition of 3.0% of foamed asphalt to the control mix did not show benefits in term
of ITS for specimens tested in fresh conditions. While the untreated mix has 57 kPa of
ITS, the mix with foamed asphalt and without active filler has 63 kPa of ITS. The tensile
strength measured under these conditions was mostly attributed to suction forces in the
mineral filler phase.
The addition of cement to foamed asphalt mix significantly increased the ITS of the fresh
specimens, with strength increasing with higher cement content, as expected.
The other three active fillers tested showed very little ITS increase for fresh specimens
compared to mixes without active fillers.
By comparing ITS of mixes with and without foamed asphalt, it is interesting to note that
mixes with cement and foamed asphalt have smaller ITS than mixes with cement and
without foamed asphalt. The same but smaller effect was noted for lime specimens.
Looking at these specimens that were only cured for 24 hrs in fresh conditions, it is
possible to state that ITS obtained in mixes with foamed asphalt and active fillers is only
due to presence of active fillers. These results support the use of active fillers for good
performance at early stage of foamed asphalt mixes.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 6

TABLE 3 Average ITS, Fracture Energy Index and Ductility Index Values for Every Mix

Foamed Asphalt Content

Filler 0% (Control) 3%
Test Condition
Type Active Filler Content
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
Indirect Tensile Strength (kPa)
Fresh 57 279 438 506 62 256 398 433
Cured-Soaked 34 379 594 725 211 418 721 748
Cement
Cured-Unsoaked 319 384 705 853 535 602 838 819
TSR 11% 99% 84% 85% 40% 70% 86% 91%
Fresh 57 76 103 133 62 101 113 111
Cured-Soaked 34 138 400 412 211 286 526 611
CKD
Cured-Unsoaked 319 226 556 860 535 401 766 947
TSR 11% 61% 72% 48% 40% 71% 69% 65%
Fresh 57 71 76 84 62 92 111 128
Cured-Soaked 34 106 186 182 211 272 413 393
Lime
Cured-Unsoaked 319 175 199 301 535 413 519 596
TSR 11% 60% 94% 61% 40% 66% 80% 66%
Fresh 57 90 62 68 62 97 96 112
Cured-Soaked 34 89 94 91 211 190 221 275
Fly Ash
Cured-Unsoaked 319 357 249 226 535 506 480 497
TSR 11% 25% 38% 40% 40% 37% 46% 55%
Fracture Energy Index (J)
Fresh 0.6 3.4 5.1 5.7 1.4 3.7 6.8 7.3
Cement Cured-Soaked 0.3 4.3 5.4 6.0 4.3 6.9 9.4 13.1
Cured-Unsoaked 3.2 5.6 8.6 7.4 12.0 12.0 10.0 11.4
Fresh 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.0
CKD Cured-Soaked 0.3 1.7 4.5 3.5 4.3 5.7 8.4 11.5
Cured-Unsoaked 3.2 2.8 5.6 7.5 12.0 8.3 13.2 14.8
Fresh 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.3
Lime Cured-Soaked 0.3 1.3 2.3 2.1 4.3 5.8 8.7 7.2
Cured-Unsoaked 3.2 2.0 2.6 3.2 12.0 8.1 10.1 9.4
Fresh 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.8
Fly Ash Cured-Soaked 0.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 4.3 3.1 4.8 5.0
Cured-Unsoaked 3.2 3.9 2.5 2.2 12.0 10.7 9.7 10.6
Ductility Index (mm)
Fresh 1.37 1.21 1.15 1.11 2.20 1.44 1.67 1.67
Cement Cured-Soaked 1.21 1.10 0.90 0.82 2.00 1.63 1.29 1.74
Cured-Unsoaked 1.07 1.43 1.23 0.86 2.20 1.97 1.18 1.37
Fresh 1.37 1.44 1.28 1.20 2.20 1.49 1.82 1.75
CKD Cured-Soaked 1.21 1.25 1.11 0.85 2.00 1.95 1.57 1.90
Cured-Unsoaked 1.07 1.23 1.00 0.87 2.20 2.07 1.67 1.53
Fresh 1.37 1.45 1.58 1.59 2.20 1.67 1.70 1.73
Lime Cured-Soaked 1.21 1.16 1.22 1.17 2.00 2.09 2.07 1.81
Cured-Unsoaked 1.07 1.10 1.28 1.06 2.20 1.95 1.91 1.54
Fresh 1.37 1.29 1.39 1.48 2.20 1.68 1.50 1.62
Fly Ash Cured-Soaked 1.21 1.13 1.18 1.20 2.00 1.63 2.16 1.78
Cured-Unsoaked 1.07 1.06 1.00 0.98 2.20 2.10 1.98 2.09
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 7

ITS - Fresh Conditions ITS - Fresh Conditions

Not Foamed Asphalt 3% Foamed Asphalt
800
Cement Cement
700
CKD CKD
600 Lime Lime
Fly-Ash Fly-Ash
500
ITS (kPa)

400

300

200

100

0
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
Active Filler Content (%) Active Filler Content (%)

Note: Control mixes were the same specimen, therefore have same values in the figure

FIGURE 1 ITS values for fresh specimens with and without foamed asphalt

Table 3, also shows Tensile Strength Retained (TSR) for each mix. TSR, is defined as the
ratio between cured ITS values in dry and soak conditions, and represents the moisture
sensitivity of the mechanical strength of the mix. According to international literature, this value
should be higher than 60-70% when mixes are going to be affected by seasonal changes and
moisture conditions (2).
As shown in Table 3, the addition of 3.0% of foamed asphalt to the granular material
reduced the moisture sensitivity of the RAP from 11% to 40%. Based on the low value of this
parameter, it is possible to confirm the importance of the use of active fillers in foamed asphalt
mixes to reduce moisture sensitivity. The addition of cement improves TSR value by 80%. The
addition of CKD and lime improves TSR, on average, by 70% and with Fly-Ash only by 46%.
Reduction of the moisture sensitivity could also be seen across the fracture faces of the
specimens tested for ITS after soaked. Figure 2, shows the specimen fracture faces from three
tests with cement contents of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 percent, respectively and 3 percent of foamed
asphalt. No dry areas were observed on the specimens with one percent of cement however, an
increasing dry "core" may be seen in the middle of the fracture faces of the specimens with 2 and
3 percent cement content. Soaking time and conditions for all specimens were the same.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 8

(a) Mix with 3% foamed asphalt and 1% cement

(b) Mix with 3% foamed asphalt and 2% cement

(c) Mix with 3% foamed asphalt and 3% cement

FIGURE 2 Picture of the ITS fracture face of mixes with foamed asphalt and cement

In order to analyze the interaction between foamed asphalt and each type of active filler
for medium-term performance of the mix, cured-soaked ITS values for mixes with and without
foamed asphalt where plotted in Figure 3. Based on Figure 3, the following observations were
made:

For the RAP used, cement had the most significant effect on the soaked ITS of the four
active fillers tested, followed by cement kiln dust, lime and fly-ash. Strengths increased
with higher cement content, but were not influenced by the presence of foamed asphalt,
i.e. ITS of mix with foamed asphalt and cement is due mostly to cement.
The addition of CKD increased the soaked strengths of the specimens considerably, with
strengths increasing with higher application rate, specifically above two percent.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 9

Specimens treated with both CKD and foamed asphalt had higher strengths than
specimens treated with CKD alone.
The addition of Lime provided only a marginal increase in strength on the specimens
without foamed asphalt, with strengths increasing slightly with higher application rate.
When combined with foamed asphalt, higher strengths were recorded.
Fly-Ash had little influence on the strength, with only slight increases recorded at an
application rate of three percent. Slightly higher strengths were recorded when the Fly-
Ash (three percent) and foamed asphalt were combined.

ITS Cured - Soak Conditions ITS Cured - Soak Conditions

Not Foamed Asphalt 3% Foamed Asphalt
800 800

Cement Cement
700 700
CKD CKD
600
Lime 600
Lime
Fly-Ash Fly-Ash
500 500
ITS (kPa)

400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
Active Filler Content (%) Active Filler Content (%)
Note: Control mixes were the same specimen, therefore have same values in the figure
FIGURE 3 ITS values for cured and soaked specimens with and without foamed asphalt

Finally, based on results presented in Table 3 and Figure 4, Fracture Energy Index and Ductility
Index results are analyzed:

The addition of cement to the mix increased the Fracture Energy Index. Also, the addition
of cement reduced the Ductility Index of the mix, as was expected.
Fracture Energy Index for each of the active fillers showed similar trends to that observed
from the ITS results. The only significant exception was the mix treated with cement
only, where the addition of foamed asphalt showed no significant benefits in strength
gain, but showed significant improvement in Fracture Energy, indicating that cement and
foamed asphalt in combination will provide a less brittle but equally strong layer than if
cement was used alone.
The Ductility Index of the cement and CKD specimens without foamed asphalt were
lower than the untreated control specimens at application rates of 2% and higher, but
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 10

were not affected by the addition of lime and fly-ash. When combined with foamed
asphalt, the ductility indexes of the specimens with active filler were generally lower than
the control specimens, with cement and CKD.

Fracture Energy Index Fracture Energy Index

Not Foamed Asphalt 3% Foamed Asphalt
14
Cement Cement
12 CKD CKD
Fracture Energy Index (Joules)

Lime Lime
10
Fly-Ash Fly-Ash
8

0
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
Active Filler Content (%) Active Filler Content (%)

Ductility Index Ductility Index

Not Foamed Asphalt 3% Foamed Asphalt
4.0
Cement Cement
3.5 CKD CKD
Lime Lime
3.0
Fly-Ash Fly-Ash
2.5
Ductility (mm)

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
Active Filler Content (%) Active Filler Content (%)
Note: Control mixes were the same specimen, therefore have same values in the figure
FIGURE 4 Fracture Energy Index and Ductility Index values
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 11

3.2 Triaxial Resilient Modulus (Tx RM) Test

Triaxial Resilient Modulus (TxRM) tests were performed on cured specimens to check medium-
term performance of foamed asphalt mixes with active fillers. Figure 5, shows TxRM results for
specimens cured during 72 hrs at 40 C and soaked during 24 hrs. Each mix was designed using
3% of foamed asphalt and 2% of active filler. Resilient modulus values are shown for 0.1 second
of loading pulse duration and with four deviator stresses for each confining pressure. Table 4,
shows TxRM values in dry and soak conditions, at three reference stress states defined by Mri =
Mr (0 , d , T) with 0 as confining stress, d as deviator stress and T as duration of the
haversine load pulse. Also, TxRM results were used to check the effect of the moisture
sensitivity on the mechanical properties of foamed asphalt mixes using Resilient Modulus
Retained (RMR) in order to compare these values with Tensile Strength Retained (TSR) results
presented in Table 3. For this specific study, RMR was defined as the ratio of resilient modulus
values for soak and dry specimens. Final value was obtained as the average of the RMR for each
of the three reference stress state used.

RM Triaxial Test
Mixes with Foamed Asphalt and Active Fillers
2000
Mix with Cement
1800
Mix with CKD

1600 Mix with Lime

Mix with Fly-Ash

1400
Mix Only Asphalt
1200
RM (MPa)

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Confining Pressure (kPa)

FIGURE 5 Triaxial resilient modulus test results for cured and soak specimens.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 12

TABLE 4 Triaxial Resilient Modulus Retained Values for Foamed Asphalt Mixes and
Different Active Fillers
Active Water Mri = Mr (s0, sd,T) = (kPa, kPa, sec) Tx RMR
Filler Conditioning (20.7, 41.4, 0.1) (68.9, 137.9, 0.1) (103.4, 206.8, 0.1) (%)
dry 1185 1503 1684
Cement 83%
soak 894 1293 1488
dry 1169 1512 1698
CKD 79%
soak 832 1216 1429
dry 1083 1359 1531
Lime 70%
soak 679 988 1160
dry 985 1205 1328
Fly-Ash 61%
soak 527 746 879

Based on results presented in Figure 5 and Table 4, the following conclusions were made:

Active fillers play a fundamental role in the final Stiffness of foamed asphalt mixes. For
example, Resilient Modulus values for 67 kPa of confining pressure vary from 700 MPa
for mixes with foamed asphalt and Fly-Ash to 1300 MPa for mixes with foamed asphalt
and cement. Comparing mixes prepared with foamed asphalt and active fillers with mix
with foamed asphalt and without active filler, mix with Fly-Ash has 1.15 times larger
Resilient Modulus, while mixes with lime, CKD and cement have 1.6, 1.9 and 2.0 times
larger Resilient Modulus.
Similar moisture sensitivity trends to those observed during ITS tests were recorded for
the TxRM test. By comparing RMR results from Table 4 with TSR results from Table 3,
mixes with cement, CKD and Lime showed approximately the same moisture sensitivity,
while mixes with foamed asphalt and fly-ash showed a higher value. This could be
explained by the influence of the mineral skeleton of RAP used, which plays an
important role in the TxRM test in comparison with the ITS test.

3.3 Triaxial Permanent Deformation (Tx PD) Test

Figure 6, shows the results for the Permanent Deformation (TxPD) test. Selected specimens were
soaked for 7 days before being tested. TxPD test was carried out using 68.9 kPa as confining
stress and with three different test pattern: a) one cycle of 20,000 repetitions at 300 kPa deviator
stress; b) one cycle of 20,000 repetitions at 500 kPa and c) five cycles of 30,000 repetitions at
700 kPa, for a total of 190,000 repetitions. The loading pulse (haversine) duration was 0.1 sec
with a relaxation period of 0.2 sec. Each test was carried out over 22 hrs.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 13

Based on the results from permanent deformation tests, the following observations were
made:

Similar trends to those observed during ITS and TxRM tests were recorded for the TxPD
tests.
Active fillers play a fundamental role in terms of permanent deformation for foamed
asphalt mixes. According to the results, for the RAP tested, foamed asphalt mixes with
fly-ash had the poorest permanent deformation resistance. Mixes with foamed asphalt and
CKD and mixes with foamed asphalt and cement had the best performance. Mixes with
foamed asphalt and lime perform better than the mix with fly-ash but were poorer in
comparison to mix with foamed asphalt and cement.

Permanent Deformation
Foamed Asphalt with Active Fillers

3.0%
d = 500 kPa

d = 700 kPa
d = 300 kPa

2.5%

2.0%
Axial Strain

FA & Fly-Ash
1.5%

1.0% FA & Lime

0.5% FA & CKD

FA & Cement
0.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Repetitions (x 1000)

FIGURE 6 Triaxial permanent deformation test results.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Indirect Tensile Strength, Triaxial Resilient Modulus and Triaxial Permanent Deformation tests
were carried out in order to identify the role and quantify the degree of influence of active fillers
in recycled mixes with foamed asphalt. Only one type of granular material with inert fine
particles passing the 0.075 mm sieve was used on this research program. Four types of active
fillers were tested: Portland Cement Type II, Cement Kiln Dust, Lime Type S (Hydrated) and
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 14

Fly-Ash Class C. Based on the results using only one type of recycled material the following
main conclusions may be summarized as follow.

While some active fillers have an important influence on the mechanical properties and
long term performance of foamed asphalt mixes, others only act as mineral fillers of the
aggregate gradation.
Cement and CKD improve performance in the following tests: Indirect Tensile Strength,
Resilient Modulus and Permanent Deformation, for cured mixes with foamed asphalt in
comparison to control mix. Fly-ash in all cases works as mineral filler of the aggregate
gradation.
Lime also improves performance for Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus and
Permanent Deformation tests, but in lower degree in compare to cement and CKD and in
higher degree in compare to fly-ash.
Strength of foamed asphalt mixes is very sensitive to moisture conditions. Cement, CKD
and Lime help to reduce moisture sensitivity of these mixes.
Since foamed asphalt mix takes a long time to cure, some active fillers play an important
role in helping to improve early strength of these mixes. Cement is able to achieve this
goal.
Portland cement appears to offer the most advantages compared to the other active fillers
tested, but all these conclusions are valid for the type of material used, particularly the
amount and type of fines particles.

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results, the following recommendations are made:

Active fillers should be considered in all foamed asphalt FDR projects, as they
complement Foamed Asphalt by improving early strengths, medium and long term
mechanical properties and reducing the moisture sensitivity of the mechanical properties.
It is advisable that the curing method of 24 hrs in fresh conditions be included at the
project level mix design, along with the traditional curing process. This may improve the
selection of the most appropriate active filler and determine the optimum filler content
based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the active filler in developing early
strength in the material.
Regarding the quantity of cement, it is recommended to always use the minimum
required. Cement improves strength properties of foamed asphalt mixes but also could
lead to shrinkage cracking. Further research is needed to evaluate this specific issue.

Finally, it is necessary to mention that results here obtained are dependent on RAP used, mainly
due to the type of fines particles passing the 0.075 mm sieve. Further research is recommended
in order to evaluate the interaction between active fillers and other types of fines materials. It is
also recommended to follow a similar research program as the one presented in this paper.
Halles F. and Thenoux G. 15

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The test results shown in this paper were from a laboratory testing study at the University of
California Pavement Research Center sponsored by the California Department of Transportation,
Division of Research and Innovation, for which the authors are grateful. The primary author
participated in this study as a visiting scholar, supervised by Professor John T. Harvey and Dr.
David Jones, and collaborating with Pengcheng Fu. The authors are also grateful for their help.
The conclusions of this paper were on the basis of independent analyses on shared test data. The
results presented here do not represent any standard or protocol of the California Department of
Transportation, or the University of California Pavement Research Center. The opinions
expressed are those of the authors alone.

7. REFERENCES

1. Saleh M. New Zealand Experience with Foam Bitumen Stabilization. Transportation

Research Record N 1868, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2004,
pp. 40-49.
2. Asphalt Academy Transportek. South African Interim Technical Guidelines. Design and
Use of Foamed Bitumen Treated Materials - TG2. CSIR Transportek, South Africa, 2002.
3. Khweir K. Performance of Foamed Bitumen-Stabilised Mixtures. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers. Vol 160, issue 2, pp. 67-72, May 2007.
4. Sunarjono Sri. Tensile Strength and Stiffness Modulus of Foamed Asphalt Applied to a
Grading Representative of Indonesian Road Recycled Pavement Materials. Dinamika
Teknik Sipil, Vol.7, pp 1 10, January 2007.
5. Fu P., Jones D., Harvey J.T. and Bukhary S. Dry and Soaked Laboratory Tests for
Foamed Asphalt Mixes. AAPT Association of Asphalt Paving Technologist, 83rd Annual
Meeting CD-ROM, 2008.
6. Thenoux G., Gonzalez A. and Jamet A. Aspectos Constructivos del Primer Proyecto de
Reciclado en Fro In-Situ con Asfalto Espumado en Chile. Revista Ingeniera en
Construccin Vol. 18, 2003, pp. 148-156, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile.
7. Loizos A., Collings D.C. and Jenkins K.J. Rehabilitation of a Major Greek Highway by
Recycling/Stabilizing with Foamed Bitumen. Conference on Asphalt Pavements for
Southern Africa CAPSA. 2004.
8. Twagira M.E., Jenkins K.J. and Ebels L.J. Characterization of Fatigue Performance of
Selected Cold Bituminous Mixes. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Asphalt Pavements, Quebec, Canada, 2006.
9. Jenkins K.J.; Long F.M. and Ebels L.J. Foamed Bitumen Mixes = Shear Performance?.
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2007, pages 85
98.
10. Long F. M. and Theyse H.L. Mechanistic-Empirical Structural Design Models for
Foamed and Emulsified Bitumen Treated Materials. Conference on Asphalt Pavements
for Southern Africa CAPSA, 2004. South Africa.
11. Nataatmadja A. Some Characteristics of Foamed Bitumen Mixes. In Transportation
Research Record. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, N 1767, TRB, National
Research Council, Washington D.C., 2001, pp. 120-125.
 Halles F. and Thenoux G. 16

12. Ramanujam J.M. and Jones J.D. Characterization of Foamed-Bitumen Stabilization.

International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 2, June 2007, pp. 111-122.
13. Leek C. Insitu Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation The City of Canning Experience.
Proceedings from 20th Australian Road Research Board Conference, Melbourne, 2001.
14. Saleh M. Effect of Rheology on the Bitumen Foamability and Mechanical Properties of
Foam Bitumen Stabilised Mixes. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Volume
8, Issue 2, June 2007, pages 99 110.
15. Lancaster J., McArthur L. and Warwick R. Vicroads Experience with Foamed Bitumen
Stabilisation. Proceedings 17th Australian Road Research Board Conference, Volume 16,
Part 3, pp. 193-211, 1994.
16. Hodgkinson A. and Visser, A.T. The role of Fillers and Cementitious Binders when
Recycling with Foamed Bitumen or Bitumen Emulsion. Proceedings of the 8th Conference
on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa. September 2004.
17. Jones, D., P. Fu, J.T. Harvey, and F. Halles. Full-Depth Reclamation with Foamed
Asphalt: Final Report. Davis and Berkeley, CA. University of California Pavement
Research Center. (Research Report UCPRC-RR-2008-07), 2008.
18. Wirtgen GMBH. Cold Recycling Manual. 1998. Windhagen, Germany.
19. Muthen, K.M. Foamed Asphalt Mixes Mix Design Procedure. CR-98/077, CSIR
Transportek, South Africa, 1999.
20. Jenkins K.J. Mix Design Considerations for Cold and Half-Warm Bituminous Mixes with
Emphasis on Foamed Bitumen. PhD Thesis. University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
21. Kekwick, SV. Best practice: bitumen-emulsion and foamed bitumen materials laboratory
processing. SATC 2005: The 24th Annual Southern African Transport Conference and
Exhibition, Pretoria, South Africa, 11-13 July, 2005, pp. 1-18.

View publication stats