03b-GSM Traffic Managementnew

Traffic management
Objectives
At the end of the module the student is able to:
Explain the mobility concept (handover, location update,
paging)
Describe a simplified call setup case
List the three numbers in the authentication triplet and explain
the use for each of them
List at least four teleservices
List and explain the operation of at least four supplementary
services offered by GSM networks
without using any references.
1 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Registration of a subscriber

Updating subscriber data
Embassy

Provision of services

Turning on a mobile phone
BTS

GSM databases (1)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Information in a SIM card:
Security handling
information
Subscriber identity
Temporary network
information
Access rights (nat, intl)
Preferred networks
Prohibited networks

GSM databases (2)
Home Location register (HLR)
Permanent data HLR
Regular update of
subscribers current VLR
Visitor Location register (VLR)

Temporary data
VLR
Kept as long as subscriber is
within its coverage area
Updated from the HLR
MSC
Always associated with a
Mobile Services Switching
Centre (MSC)

Databases in a GSM network
GSM network
HLR
VLR
MSC
SIM

Location update
The Mobile Station monitors the information broadcast by
the network.
The Mobile Station stores the current location area identity

in the SIM card.
The Mobile Station continues to monitor the broadcast

information.
If the location area identity being broadcast by the network

is other than the one stored in the SIM, the Mobile Station
starts the location update procedure.

Elements involved in a location update
HLR
VLR VLR
MSC
MSC (new)
(old)
Location
Update
Mobile moves SIM

Location update procedure - first time
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID
SEND SUBSCRIBER ID
REQUEST AUTHENTICATION INFO
SEND AUTHENTICATION INFO

AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
LOCATION UPDATE MESSAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION

LOCATION UPDATE OK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Call set-up in a GSM network
PSTN originated call (1)
MSISDN PSTN
The dialled number is Mobile Subscriber International ISDN Number

(MSISDN)
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
CC: Country Code
NDC: National Destination Code
SN: Subscriber Number
358505527268
358 = Country Code (Finland)
50 = National Destination code (Radiolinja)
12 NOKIA
5527268 = Subscriber Number
CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
Call set-up in a GSM network (2)
The PSTN routes the call to a
GSM network
HLR
The MSC connected to the PSTN
is known as the Gateway MSC
GMSC (GMSC)
The GMSC analyses the received
PSTN MSISDN VLR
MSISDN
The only database that knows
where a GSM subscriber is at any
given moment is the HLR
GSM
Network The GMSC requests the HLR for
some routing information to
know where to route the call
This procedure is known as HLR
Enquiry
The HLR looks up its IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN

database. IMSI: International Mobile
HLR database contents: Subscriber Identity
MCC: Mobile Country Code (3 digits)
MSISDN: 358505527268 MNC: Mobile Network Code (2
digits)
IMSI: 244052200002345
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identity
VLR address: xyz
Number (max 10 digits)
Subscriber data: Services....
244052200002345
244: MCC of Finland
05: MNC of Radiolinja
2200002345: MSIN

HLR
Gateway
MSC Target
MSC
PSTN VLR
VLR
GSM
Network
Elements involved in a call set-up inside the GSM network

The HLR takes the VLR address
of the subscriber from its
database.
HLR
The HLR sends a routing
information request message to
Routing
information the target MSC/VLR.
request
message The target MSC/VLR allocates a
Gateway MSC
Mobile Subscriber Roaming
Number (MSRN) for this call.
VLR MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
The format of the MSRN is the
VLR same as the MSISDN. The term
SN in the MSISDN points to a
database location in the HLR; in
case of MSRN it points a
Target MSC database location in the VLR.
The MSRN also has sufficient
information to enable the GMSC
to route the call to the target MSC.
The target MSC forwards the

HLR MSRN to the HLR.
The HLR forwards this to the
originating MSC.
358 50 456456 MSRN No.
to HLR The originating MSC analyses the
Gateway MSC
MSRN.
The telephone number type of
format enables the call to be
VLR
routed to the destination MSC,
wherever in the world it may be.
VLR
Target MSC

Release 4 PSTN originated call-setup
(simplified)
HLR
PAGING IMSI
MSISDN
MSRN MSRN
VLR
MSS B BICC
BSC VMSS target MSISDN MSS A
BNC-ID,
MGW A address
Action: bearer establishment
GSM transport type
Bearer confirmation
codecs
H.248 H.248 MSISDN

sp
MGW selection
ee
BNC-ID MGW selection

ch
Context ID BNC-ID
Codecs Context ID
PSTN/ISDN
pa
Bearer confirmation Bearer confirmation

Etc.
th
RNC th
pa
ech
e
MGW sp
User plane setup signaling
MSISDN
ATM MSISDN
WCDMA speech path
MGW MGW
B A
Fixed slide used in course documentation

Release 4 PSTN originated call-setup
(simplified)
HLR
PAGING IMSI
MSISDN
MSRN Context ID
MSRN
Paging response Codecs
VLR Bearer
etc.confirmation
MSS B BICC
BSC VMSS target MSISDN MSS A
BNC-ID,
MGW A address
Action: bearer establishment
GSM transport type
H.248 H.248 MSISDN

sp
MGW selection
ee
BNC-ID MGW selection

ch
Context ID BNC-ID
Codecs Context ID
Context ID
Bearer confirmation PSTN/ISDN
pa
Etc.
th
RNC th
h pa
MGW eec
User plane setup signaling
sp
MSISDN
ATM MSISDN
WCDMA speech path
MGW MGW
B A
Animated slide
Network Subsystem summary (part
1)
A ir A
M SC VL R
M SC VL R HLR
O & M
Elements:
MSC, VLR, HLR
Functions
Call control
Mobility management
Signalling (towards BSS, other networks, other NSS
elements)
Subscriber data handling
Locating a subscriber for mobile terminated calls
Location areas
The MSC/VLR area is divided
into small areas called Location
Reception Restaurant Bar Pool areas.
A subscriber can move within
this area without having to make
a generic location update
(explained later).
The maximum size of an LA can
be one MSC area and the
minimum size is one cell.
LA 5 Paging is done in all cells of the
LA where the subscriber is
LA 1 currently located.
LA 4
M SC VL R
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
LAI = Location Area Identity
MCC = Mobile Country Code
LA 2 MNC = Mobile Network Code
LA 3
LAC = Location Area Code
Base Station Subsystem
BSC
TC
BTS BSC
TC
BTS
BTS
Elements:
Base Station Controller (BSC), Base Transceiver Station (BTS),
Transcoder (TC)
Functions:
Radio path control, BTS and TC control, synchronisation with MSC
Air and A interface signalling, connection establishment MS-NSS
Mobility management, speech transcoding
Collection of statistical data
Traffic times in different areas
Marketplace Industrial area
Corresponding traffic times

MSC - BSC - BTS connections
BTS
BSC BTS
MSC

Paging process
Location Area
Paging Paging
BTS BTS
Mobile responds
to paging Paging
BTS

Simplified steps of a call set-up
in a GSM network
A- GMSC HLR MSC/VLR
PSTN
Subscriber
CALL SETUP (MSISDN)

ANALYSE NUMBER
CALL SETUP (MSISDN)
MSISDN
IMSI
MSRN
MSRN
CALL SETUP (MSRN)

PAGING

Mobile originated call
The Mobile Station user dials a number.
The serving MSC analyses the calling subscriber
data. Depending on the subscriber data, the MSC
will:
authorise or deny the use of the network
activate the requested service
route the call.
If the dialled number is an MSISDN of another
Mobile Station belonging to the same network, an
HLR enquiry is performed to obtain the MSRN.
The procedure is same as that of a PSTN originating
call.
If the dialled number is any other number, the call
is routed out to the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) via the Gateway MSC.
Simplified steps of a mobile originated
call
EXC GMSC HLR MSC VLR BSS MS
1. channel assignment
2. security procedures
3. call setup
4. check services etc.
5. all ok
6. call is proceeding
7. traffic channel allocated
8. set up the call
9. call set up complete

10. alert
11. B answers

Simplified Steps of a MO-MT Call
BSS NSS
channel assignement
MSC
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS
authentication
MSC
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS
call set-up
MSC/VLR
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS
call proceeding
MSC/VLR
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS
traffic channel MSC/VLR
allocation
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS
MSC/VLR call set-up (IAM)
MOC
MTC

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR call set-up (IAM) exchange
MOC
MTC
GMSC
exchange
NSS in HPLMN
BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
MOC
HLR
MSRN?
MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
exchange
NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
MOC
HLR
MSRN
MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
exchange

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
MOC
HLR
MSRN
MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
exchange
call
set-up

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
MOC
HLR
BSS
MSRN
Paging, MTC
service request, MSC/VLR
GMSC
authentication, exchange
call confirmation
channel allocation

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
ACM MOC
HLR
BSS
ring
MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
Alerting exchange
ACM
ACM ACM

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
ANM MOC
HLR
BSS
Hoo
k off MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
Connect exchange
ANM
ANM ANM

BSS NSS PLMN
MSC/VLR exchange
MOC
HLR
BSS
MTC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
exchange

Types of location updates
Power On
Also known as IMSI Attach
and
Location Registration.
M SC
Done every time a Mobile VL R
Station LA 2
is switched on. LA 1
Generic
Done every time a Mobile
Station
changes a location area.
Periodic
Performed after a preset timer
expires, since the last
transaction
with the network.
Timer value is dependent on the
43 NOKIA network operator.
CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
Generic location update procedure
MS BSS MSC VLRnew VLRold HLR
1. channel assignment
2. location update request
3. request subscriber identity
4. send subscriber identity and security information

5. security procedures
6. update HLR
7. acknowledgement, subscriber information
8. cancel old location
9. location cancelling accepted
10. location update acknowledgement, new TMSI
11. TMSI acknowledgement

Handovers
Handover due to traffic reasons
When the capacity of a cell nears its maximum, mobile
stations in the periphery of the cell may be handed over to
neighbouring cell with lower traffic load.
The MSC starts the procedure.
Handover due to signal quality and strength

When a mobile subscriber is moving during a call, he may
travel from one cell to another.
Frequency resources of previous cells can not be used any
more.
The mobile station is handed over to the new cell.
The BSC controlling the current cell makes the decision to
perform a handover.
There are four types of these handovers.
Intra cell - Intra BSC handover
Air A
BSC TC
BTS
l
hanne
O ld C
n el
Chan
N ew

Inter cell - Intra BSC handover
Air A
BTS BSC TC
BTS
Old Cell / BTS New Cell / BTS

Inter cell - Inter BSC handover
New Cell / BTS
Air A
BSC TC
BTS
MSC VLR
BSC TC
BTS
Old Cell / BTS

Inter MSC handover (1)
New Cell / BTS
Air A
BSC TC
BTS
MSC VLR
BSC TC
BTS MSC VLR
Old Cell / BTS

The source MSC is known as the Anchor MSC.
The call is routed from the source MSC to the target MSC.
A routing number is needed to route a call from one MSC
to another MSC.
The source MSC requests the target MSC for a Handover
Number (HON). The target MSC allocates one and gives it
to the source MSC.
The format is the same as the MSRN.
HON = CC + NDC + SN

MS BSSold MSCold MSCnew BSSnew MS (after HO)
1. measurement reports
2. handover required
3. request HON
4. request for radio resources
5. radio resources reserved
6. provide HON and target cell info
7. set up speech connection (HON)
8. handover command
9. handover complete
10. handover complete

11. connect
12. release old connections

Intersystem handover
BSC
GSM900/1800
Inter-System Handover
MSC
RNC
WCDMA
WCDMAFDD
FDD

Charging
Installation fee
Renting of the service
Use of the network
What to charge? Different charging packages.

Factors affecting the price of a call
Type of basic service

Duration of the call
Time of the call
Destination of the call
Origin of the call
Use of networks
Type of supplementary service
Use of radio resources
Roaming leg

Whom to charge?
Where is the
called party?
Bill to subscriber
Billing
BSC
BC
Transfer of
Charging data PSTN
MSC HLR
MSC BC
PLMN 2 Path of
Charging the call
PLMN 1
Calling Party

Collection of charging data
Charging depends on many factors.
The MSC that handles the call collects all information which could be
the basis for charging.
This collected information call is stored in Charging Data Records
(Toll Tickets).
BSC
GMSC
PSTN
BTS
HLR
Charging Data Record

Elements involved in call handling
HLR
GMSC
BSC
BTS
PSTN
BSC
MSC

Transfer of charging data
Charging records are stored in the MSC where they are
collected.
When sufficient charging records have been collected they
are transferred in one bulk to the Billing Centre.
The Billing Centre is responsible for producing the bills for
the subscribers based on the information contained in the
Charging Record. HLR
GMSC
MSC
BTS
PSTN BSC
X.25 or
Ethernet
Billing Centre (BC)

Prepaid concept
Check account to determine if money left
Decrease the account with the reserved amount
Update reserved money threshold
VMSC SSP SCP
VLR External prepaid

ApplyChargingReport voucher database
Charging center
ApplyCharging

GSM network architecture
Base Station Subsystem Network Management Subsystem
Mobile Stations
Base Station
Controller Database Server Network
Planning
Data System
Communication Workstations
Network
Network
Measurement
Base System
Transceiver Communications
Stations Server
Network Switching Subsystem

Home Location Register/
Authentication Centre/
Equipment Identity
Register TCP/IP
Data Communications
Digital Cross Server
Connect
PSTN/ISDN
Transcoder Mobile Switching Centre/
Submultiplexer Visitor Location Register
Voice
mail
Short Message IN Service Control Point

Service Centre
A-Interface Air Interface X.25 Interface Abis Interface

New elements in the NSS and the BSS
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Authentication Centre (AC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Both are used in security issues.
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Transcoder (TC)
Responsible for transcoding user speech
Conversion of speech bit rate from 13kbits/s to
64 kbits/s and vice versa.
(Enhanced Full Rate and Full Rate)

Position of the transcoder
Transcoder and
Submultiplexer (TCSM)
BSC
MSC
TC
TC
SM2M
TC
TC
A ter Interface
A ter Interface
A Interface

Network Management Subsystem
(NMS/2000)
Unix
Workstations
HLR/AC/EIR
MSC/VLR Database and
Communications
Servers Router
NMS/2000
TCSM
BSC
GSM Network
Data
Communications
Network (DCN)

Functions of NMS (1)
Fault management
Collection of alarm reports from network
elements.
One point for managing all fault situations.

Configuration management
Management of radio network configuration.
Maintain up to date information on the network
element status.

Performance management
Collection of measurement data from network
elements.
Produce performance result from raw data.

Security issues
Authentication
Verification of the subscriber.
Ciphering
Encryption of user speech in the Air Interface.
IMEI checking
Verification of the Mobile Equipment by
checking the validity of the International
Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
User confidentiality
Avoidance of the broadcast of users IMSI in
the Air Interface.

Authentication
Each subscriber has an identity key, Ki, stored in
the Authentication Centre (AC) and the SIM card.
Comparison of Ki without broadcasting it in the Air
Interface.
Authentication always performed by the VLR
before call establishment and location update.
Air A
SIM
card AC
MSC
* I M SI VLR * I M SI
* Ki * Ki

Security algorithms
Need to check Ki without transmitting it in the air
Use of one-way algorithm, A3, to produce a Signed Response
(SRES), by using a Random Number (RAND) and Ki as inputs.
SRES is calculated in the AC and SIM, and compared in the VLR for
authentication.
Need a cipherkey, Kc to encrypt user speech.
Kc is generated using the algorithm A8.
Actual encryption of user speech is done using Kc and
digitised speech as inputs to the encryption algorithm A5.
Performed between the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the
Mobile Equipment (ME).

Location of security algorithms
A ir A
AC
A3 A8
BSC TC
BTS MSC
VLR
ME + SIM A5
A5 A3 A8

Authentication triplet
Authentication verification is done in the VLR serving the
subscriber.
The VLR can be external to the subscribers home
network (in case of roaming).
Excessive signalling is required to transfer the SRES to
the VLR every time authentication is needed.
The AC generates a number of SRESs, and transfers
them along with the corresponding RAND and cipher key
Kc to the serving VLR.
The VLR uses the triplets to verify the subscriber.
When the number of triplets reaches below a certain
threshold, new triplets are requested from the AC.

Authentication triplet generation
Random number Ki
generator
AC A3 A8
RAND SRES Kc
RAND SRES Kc
VLR

Authentication procedure
Authentication Triplet
SRES
VLR RAND Kc
Comparison
BSC
BTS Kc
MS
RAND
SIM
A3 SRES
Ki A8 Kc

Speech encryption
SPEECH/DATA
BTS A5
Kc
TDMA
A5
ENCRYPTED
SPEECH/DATA
A5
Kc
TDMA
A5
SPEECH/DATA

IMEI checking
The validity of a mobile equipment may be checked to
ensure its proper operation and as prevention against
stolen phones.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR), which is
implemented as part of the HLR, can store black
listed IMEI numbers.
The mobile equipment sends its IMEI before a
transaction with the network
The MSC can request the EIR to see if the received
IMEI is black listed
If it is, the MSC can stop the call set-up
An operator can set the MSC to check the IMEI of a
mobile equipment at times other than during call set-
up as well.
User confidentiality
IMSI is a confidential identity of the subscriber.
After a successful first time location update, a mobile
subscriber is allocated a Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity (TMSI).
The next time a transaction between the GSM network
and the MS is initiated, the subscriber is identified by the
use of TMSI.
TMSI is reallocated after every successful authentication
verification.
The format of TMSI is operator dependent. It is a 32 bit
binary number.
Additionally, there is the provision of a Personal
Identification Number (PIN) code in the SIM card, which,
if enabled, must be entered before an MS can be used.
Services
What are services?
A subscriber action that uses the facilities of the GSM
network.
Classification of services Services
Teleservices
Provide full communication capacity by
means of terminals and network functions.
OSI layers 1 to 7. Basic Supplementary
services services
Bearer services
Provide the capability for transmitting
signals between the GSM network
access point and an appropriate Teleservices Bearer
services
access point in the terminating
network. OSI layers 1 to 3.

Teleservices
Service Description GSM Characteristics
Specification
Code
Speech (Telephony) T11 The most important service for mobile
systems, normal speech service,
including emergency calls.
Speech (Emergency Calls) T12 Emergency calls are possible
automatically.
Short Message Service (Mobile T21 For the reception of Short messages.
terminated)
Short Message Service (Mobile T22 For sending a short message to
originated) another GSM subscriber.
Short Message Service (cell T23 For sending short messages to more
broadcast) than one receiver simultaneously within
a given cell.
Group 3 Facsimile transmission T61 Not supported by NOKIA.
(with alternate speech)
Automatic Group 3 Facsimile T62 For sending and receiving facsimile
transmission messages.

Short Message Service (MO, MT)
A ir A
MSC VLR
Short M essage Service, Short M essage Service,

M obil e Originated M obile Termi nated
SMS
Alfa s kop m3 46 Alfas k op m3 46 Alfa sk op m34 6

Short Message Service (Cell broadcast)
Air A
BTS
BTS
BTS BSC
BTS
Short Message Service,
BTS Cell Broadcast
O&M
Al fas k o pm3 46
Alfa sk o p m3 46
Alfask op m 346

SMS Infrastructure
BSS NSS SMS-

BTS MSC/VLR IWMSC SMSC
BSC TRAU SMS-
GMSC
MS BTS Ext.
EIR HLR AC Appl.
SMS-IWMSCSMS Interworking MSC

SMS-GMSC SMS Gateway MSC
SMSC SMS Center

Mobile Originated Short Message,
GSM
(Successful Case)
1 5 6
3 SMS-
MS MSC SMSC
9 8 IWMSC 7
2 4
VLR HLR
1: Access Request 4: SendInfoFor-MO-SMS 7: Submit Report

2: Access Request 5: ForwardShortMessage 8: Submit Report
3: Message Transfer 6: Message Transfer 9: Submit Report

Mobile Terminated Short Message,
GSM
(Failure Due to Absent Subscriber)
3 1
MSC/ SMS-
MS 6 8 SMSC
SGSN GMSC
5 4 7 2
VLR HLR
1: Message Transfer 4: SendInfoForMT-SMS 7: SM-Delivery

2: SendRoutingInfo 5: Failure Report ReportStatus
ForShortMsg 6: Failure Report 8: Failure Report
3: ForwardShortMessage
Nokia SMS Center
The Short Message Service

Center (SMS Center) acts as a
store and forward center for
short messages.
There are several SMS
features only available with the
Nokia SMS Center.

Facsimile transmission
Air A
HLR AC EIR
Transparent /
Non Transparent
BSC TC
BTS MSC VLR
IWF
Modems /
Rate Adaptation

Bearer services
Circuit Mode unstructured with
Unrestricted Digital Capability Transparent
Circuit Mode unstructured with
Unrestricted Digital Capability Non
Transparent
PAD service
Packet service

Data services
Air A
HLR AC EIR
Transparent /
Non Transparent
BSC TC
BTS MSC VLR
IWF
Synchronous / Modems /
Asynchronous Rate Adaptation

Packet Data Network Access methods
from GSM
GSM PSTN/ISDN
1 PAD
PAD
2 GSM PSPDN
PAD
PAD
PAD
PAD 3
GSM
PAD
PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler 1 Normal data communication access. PAD at PSPDN.
Packet Interfaces 2 PAD service from GSM. PAD at GSM.
3 Packet Service from GSM. PAD at user terminal.
Non Packet Interfaces

Supplementary services (1)
Call Forwarding Unconditional
Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Busy
Call Forwarding on No Reply
Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not reachable
Barring Of Outgoing Calls
Barring Of Outgoing International Calls
Barring Of all Incoming Calls
Barring Of Outgoing International Calls Excluding Those
Directed to the Home PLMN Country
Barring Of all Incoming Calls when roaming outside the Home
PLMN

Supplementary services (2)
Call Waiting
Call Hold
Multiparty Service
Explicit Call Transfer
Calling Number Identification Presentation
Calling Number Identification Restriction
Advice of Charge
Centrex Service
Operator Determined Barring
Alternate Line Service (personal or business)

Review Questions to
GSM Traffic Management

Review
1. The location update procedure is initiated by the:
a) Mobile Station (MS)
b) Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)
c) Base Station Controller (BSC)
d) Home Location Register (HLR)
2. The format of the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI) is:
a) CC + NDC + SN
b) MCC + MNC + MSIN
c) MCC + MNC + LAC
d) Operator-specific 32-bit binary number

Review
3. Which of the following cases result in an HLR enquiry?
a) PSTN originated PSTN terminated call
b) Mobile originated PSTN terminated call
c) PSTN originated mobile terminated call
d) None of the above
4. A location area:
a) is the geographical area under one Base Station
Controller (BSC).
b) is equal to one MSC area.
c) is equal to one cell.
d) is identified by a unique Location Area Identity.

Review
5. Initiation of the paging process for a mobile station is
done by:MSC over a location area.
a) the
b) all Base Transceiver Stations in a location area.
c) a Base Station Controller over one BSC area.
d) a Base Transceiver Station in one cell.
6. In a mobile terminated call a traffic channel from the

NSS in the terminating side to the called mobile station
is a) the MS user
reserved when:answers the ringing of the phone. If GSM Phase 2
b) the B-subscriber accepts the international roaming feature Off Air
Call Set-up
leg charging. Is available
c) the MSRN analysis is done and the location area of

the subscriber is known.
94
d) the mobile station answers the paging signal.
NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
Review
7. Why is it necessary to check the calling subscribers
data before allowing the call to proceed in the
originating
a) To makeNSS
sureside?
that s/he has the correct IMSI.
b) To make sure that s/he is provisioned the requested
service.
c) To make sure that s/he has the correct TMSI number.
d) To make sure that the NSS knows whom to charge for
the call.
8. If in a GSM/DCS network the periodic location update
timer is hours
a) 10 set asafter
10 the
hours, then a location
last periodic periodicupdate.
location update
is b)
done:
10 hours after the last power on location update.
c) 10 hours after the last generic location update.
d) 10 hours after the last transaction of any kind with the
NSS.
Review
9. In an inter-VLR location update, the new VLR asks the
old VLR for some information about the mobile
subscriber. The old VLR responds to this query by
providing which of the following information?
a) IMSI and authentication triplets.
b) IMSI, TMSI and subscribed services.
c) IMSI and last location update time.
d) IMSI and HLR address in case of a roaming subscriber.

Review
10. If a handover occurs during a call:
a) The new frequency resource always belongs to a cell
other than the current one.
b) A handover number is always required.
c) The initial speech path is not disconnected until a
successful message comes from the mobile station
on the new channel.
d) The subscriber always has to pay extra for the
additional network operation required to maintain
his/her call. .

Review
11. Charging records can be generated in:
a) the MSC.
b) the HLR.
c) both in the MSC and the HLR.
d) Charging records are not generated in the GSM network.
12. Which network element creates bills for the
subscriber?
a) The HLR with information from the MSC.
b) The MSC with information from the Billing Centre.
c) The Billing Centre with information from the MSC.
d) The Billing Centre with information from the
Transcoder.

Review
14. The contents of the authentication triplet are:
a) SRES, RAND, A3
b) SRES, RAND, Kc
c) A3, A5, A8
d) RAND, A3, A8
15. What is the result when you use Ki and RAND as
inputs through A8?
a) Encoded speech
b) Signed response
c) Authentication triplet
d) Kc

Review
16. What is SRES and Kc used for, respectively?
a) SRES is used for speech encryption and Kc is used for
authentication.
b) SRES is used for speech encryption and Kc is used for
frame alignment.
c) SRES is used for authentication and Kc is used for speech
encryption.
17. Which ofSRES
d) Both the following isused
and Kc are not aforbasic service?
speech encryption.
a) SMS-MO
b) Speech, emergency
c) CLIP
d) 14.4 Kbits per second synchronous transparent

03b-GSM Traffic Managementnew

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Traffic management

1 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

2 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

3 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

4 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

5 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

6 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Visitor Location register (VLR)

7 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

8 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

The Mobile Station stores the current location area identity

The Mobile Station continues to monitor the broadcast

If the location area identity being broadcast by the network

9 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Mobile moves SIM

10 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

REQUEST AUTHENTICATION INFO

SEND AUTHENTICATION INFO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION

11 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

The dialled number is Mobile Subscriber International ISDN Number

The HLR looks up its IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN

14 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Elements involved in a call set-up inside the GSM network

15 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

The target MSC forwards the

17 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

H.248 H.248 MSISDN

BNC-ID MGW selection

Bearer confirmation Bearer confirmation

18 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Fixed slide used in course documentation

H.248 H.248 MSISDN

BNC-ID MGW selection

19 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

Marketplace Industrial area

Corresponding traffic times

23 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

24 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

25 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

CALL SETUP (MSISDN)

CALL SETUP (MSRN)

26 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

4. check services etc.

7. traffic channel allocated

8. set up the call

9. call set up complete

28 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

29 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

30 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

31 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

32 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

33 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

34 NOKIA CTXX1299en_4.0 / 03.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

NSS in VPLMN NSS in HPLMN

2. location update request

3. request subscriber identity