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ll,1
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',t
| r lsl() JtClleHo ppa.
tltlrti opaoaH'| pKoo a, IIpH-
21lll.t..tHoT l.tlyapHHa Tpa oyrTBT B a.]rI
(. '| llPclpaT MorTa
| oyapto pTpttti ilrIMllllTpaTBHI opaax; }lBal r{pMaT
l(l)cTFJKoo (ppoo) xoa. o, a r pIp_ |)(.I lll.l)pyloT lo Ty oToI{oo xTTa (po),
IIT' oyrTBT r'lTlJoT HA o p. ,r.
HoT HapaBHa Ha l'MaTo IoyllH pt o
l()|)ll/lt4ttKe a
- o T o) opaa. oa
|()(.V/(pTBro pTpa' a Ta yKJroHHr o ao p_
ooBaH ivIyU]TBoM' Ipo)K ToBapoB, BtoHH pao l II)ilIl oyT t ooBaHI B y..
oKaH vv. al rrTpH|\4a.ekl IlpTaBT pr-
peut1L'ti
- pllo o' KoTopo T o- (.Il)ilLl aB o yTaoBo op oKyFIT o ya.
HoT, oIIo,\4 B |4 opaTBo ylpBH l(. l)cTpaoI}roo opa. Ppa oytTBeT'| B H
oooo yrTBo oB(tT o Bo}I]\,t oiai.ll,a ||l)/tB,IlJ oKyHToB 3-l po5 MoH o-
T MyTBoM, Mo)(T oT Boro l,llvlIl popa o],- rlV'|I]]{ oKrFloB o o.
TBT yTBtIHIr IlI l{ryrTBle atsa, lopor o .ll pTpa ooBT y .oy-
T oao, I l,l'oJ\4 oBTtlKoM B y. l\|(lI l.I:
opaa' BITy'I B KaTB lopl(Kx ' ']a'lBr ypT'l.;
*ya tpa/]IIKoo I-IpaBa. Tp <<pIllp'l,> K
'IB)T- ya (po xooo oapa);
P oxpaH I ll'I oyapTBHHl I{aJlHl y- yprT'l ooop ( pIer o oaFI ptl-
TapI]I pp'IT . oopMI-l FIo IppLrT paaT.pI,IBarT_ I\()I.o a p oHoM y.tp);
c 14 KaK ot, pa)aHKoo paa (cl,. 12 K P); B TO oKyrHT' oTBpa oae oyapoo Ko-
y ol{ pp.r ottMa}oT Myl.BHl o. |(l'l] o aToooo oT Poo pa (
o y l oytTBH tlp aTo _ (.JIyLla' pyMoTpHHI aHToofloHlM aKoF{oaTT-
oT. lt()):
opzla opaTc Ha KoM]\{pK' I] KoToI o- lol(yrT, rToTBpa oaTy H rr 50 % yaoo
oo }o rTI{oT BeT Btltt pur, 14 liitIlTaa ( orHI-{Ix oax);
I{I(oMpK' r pr/yjo B arITB oool)i la BT o yaTr oolllHl;
oy pl pap.r pt r)y yzlT- /toKMrHT o oaoBaH c OOTBTTBIOII{ KoM]4TTo flo
ltt opeTKx oopa). Y|IpaBIo yTBo|\L HIM ooorHIM opaoM
-(po
dueu (accoa oIoI) lu l]T- llLlttI ooa oaTl BJl'a Tapoo pIIpT'
a BTopoo op.a. o \,IoT t o_ ,I|}Jt'lIoro ypT.ll (po B}I,l I.rla.oB >o
pK KoMrpK. HopvK o r|lop a T p.).
ol]o KoopHa|4L| ppHa o 'lTI{oT, a A'paTl{BHI opal H BpaBr. poa proTaBr_
TaK)K pl(TaBH|4 |4 3aTI or TpoB. to pr[i- IIl,l llpy oKyMToB prcTpa (a r oT-
H yaTKoB I]a aoaI (oro) BoaaIoT Br Ko. IlI' )^IaB p pTpa px HOTpHF{I
Mpr1g.*.i;l TeHoT, TaKa accoa oayT B o- VlI:lcTt{KoM, ao oT.lx aKoptx o p.).
lto ToBapc.Bo oo' To T B KoMMrD- ApaTBI opaHI, ol.Io pTpaIo,
Ky opaa. B TaKoM ya yltopohI,t tlrtat B TLI 3 taptx MoTa oa oK-
orl KaK ya paBa .i tl oTarT oT _ N,lllToB lt 0 r 'aTI I1oToBoo oTpaBH pt{'IT p-
opoBa yTa paBa pBoo opKa' TO T opaa- lIIHr o pTpa Iop\{Koo a' BI.aT ypllTM
14|4. l}l)Mt.lo BTrTo o }ITpa oo ooTBTT_
K P op.rT ao 1' ot{oBIr IDaBoI ||ylor aF{tI .paT pTpa pKx . oa
opI ppHao THo. Cal Hop{l |)Tpa BoMo)H Too p HooTBrTB ypTHI
yTaHaBBIT aoaM p|\| HopaTBIlvI aKa, /I.oKyMToB I,t oTaBa opa,I B poat
P-
pyloMl.{ eT oT oTFl I op H a L{o Ho _
I pzl BoBl tilKoHoaTTBa.
22 2
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rl||lll) (.IlllIOI]T Ha yT B LlJlooBoM opaH' B opaPl oTaT]-]- rll,/|(..]|IlIIIlI .OBapoB; ',lTrI]oT B acTB HBTo}IHo
ll||(ll, lI0IIo{I{oM |1 p .tx ox' oTpIBaT B Il{)|!| I lll I , H]]ToHIIoo oa p.). epyI Bl4,I
|

l);llIl( T .II/'I oaTI yTatsIloo KaTaa. /l'(.'l'l'ojll,IIoT opo BI.I{a I1|4i7 opIoTC c-Ie-
().Kp]B T' p'tlKo t{o oaBaT aT yTaBIoo ;l llItI l l)I HoDMaTBlN4 aKTa.
|(iIllTaa (oa), yKaHylo B plIlH o o'aI,I lopJltlrI(oo ( !lll oTT' To pIIn <<flool-{o Br' To I{ ap-
J||. 11.OoBop tlprlTr. a ol-IJIaTl lloTrpxarT a. l l l(. l ()') ol]prT aBoBor rypoBaH prl{pt{MaT,,
| o
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|

yTBrIoo KTa BHOT B TtIHr pBoo oa TrHoT ||l,t ll OpaoB Ba yaBH KoHol,to. p ToM .,-{T-
opIll4ztI{. Ko oyTB e. c'I a o oBl opao' B, ll.o Hr papUlrIo)>. AKT, plll
IlLl'I' lI)aI]JIo <<apHo
oe p''IBr ,pa.K aa o ya aTl4 yTaBHoo ()l)l'tlllo BaT 14 ypaBe\I c apyI]\4 oMeTH
KilIl :UIl B alI H 'tpaIlBH | oH' oyIB'I pTpll_ trt,ir.ytoro aI(oHoaT'TBa' Mo;lrrT l pa I{oM H.
' a Ta)K BprrH]Jolo I-{TrBa oT]vrTKa o IoTaHoBK ]l l .Bl{TrI]I ooTIo \4 aCTI4Ho o aBrHIo pll-
I

yT B HaooBoM OpaF{' opI oTaTT . (o o- lIl,ltlTr. oa BITaT Ba)(FII"tll] paBo rTppHaTe-

t t pTaBHl r o 0 Co H oyg,' ,l'I
l.I oo B..TBa' poTBI{oM yar Tpa cT aeT ''.-c - Ha yyIo aTy B ya HpaBoMrI o-
yllapTBFII opao' oBrIx l oIIa' a
t1tto) p T e 'I BIaT oTotIHo BTT- l.ill() pyIl ppIl]\IaTii.
o. vpT oTaBBaIT aT' rrlTa, pt^- 6,a, ootrt oaHoT p.'lIp}lMaT .'yU{ :

oTKpIBaIoT B K pavt, aror pe Ta. paT]BaT paoTHKa]\4 I7caBvIco oT Boo a-

pvo Jlo I,IT HaMoBa' op)Karr yaa. oBoo OToIl'j a poBF{ H tI) MF1M2uII{IX paMpoB
Hr Ia o oHol{o-paoBylo py, a Ta)Kr B pry- O llaI Tpya' yTa oB I.IH lx aKooJ-(aTr TBo ;
MoTpI{]-i]x aKoo ytl o)/TBT oaJlI{l' M'I{I,IFIK Ll|e .t oa-
K P - B
oI,I o{ lJ'I
xapaTp rTrFIoT.
ppa oo)I(e_ .JlI{Oo Tp;lxoBaH pa)(aH, paa o ay, o.t-
H o paBa, oaox oTtsTTBF{oT. otloo |laT oB ill p/toBo 'Il.tloT B ooTBrTTB aKoHo-
aBO p.p}{MaT oyTB toyto I] aprylo /iaTBo, KOKTBFII HBLIZuII .ooBopaM'
aoo 'IT;Io (.- 49). peleTe ao <<!oo paBHo aTT pryopHHIr aKooaTTBo FIao
Bce' ttTo I{r aplo>>. B prpHaT apaF{Tpylo oyrcTBT oT(I e'l. Bo Bt{io.l)(Tl-l I oI.
paBIJo aBo oylra Ha ploK, aTpaI{IM' paor, ppl,MaT" HrT oTBrBHFloT o}{tt
TpyOBI' l,IoMaoH}lIM pyl,IM pypaN.{' paBI yoB t{rFIar)KaI otIHII oa.tB o ooBopaM; ]{apyI-
.eTrJ]FIoT. I{ paB OTBOTI,I .pyx 'o [lp'pF{I\,IaTo
p o MeTo pBoBoo pyOl]a' HitIBaI\,{oM - /.l'lTJlOc, apHr}i OKpy)IIrIli pt; eo}I
TooM otx oo. aoToTF{oT prpHa-l o yJroB Tpa; po(a)ry opoavrTBHl{o po-
- oTM
oarIBaeTC .l'IIlI B MoMrHTa pllj]ll4 /ly; I{pyIUH HTo[Ioo]{oo a I(oI{ OaTTBa I,{ JIp.
Tr FI] BopooB K OTII oaoB BaT paB. paa pl{eoo a oyITBe Ilo pl]JI}IIo
'r
el^ aM B aKoHoaTTB aeToB. pv pa)I(al{- plII,ITJIr 6o opaH IpKoI'o JIa. ylroHooI]I]oo
K paBa p.pHTJ'UI oyT t opat{tl}{I To-[o B }la To ytIpTeJIHIM lI'oyHTa' Pop aLI'I pol,lBo'T-
ot,i p, o o oolo B a14Tl o'HoB TI,I- TrM cH, poI,IIlll41 l]Il(JleH'I , pai\reIll4 -
TyoHoo Tpo' HpaBTBrHoTI'{, opoB' paB aKol]F{lX opaoalr.
Itpol] ]1pyx , olre}.I oopot TpaII o- B yua :LIH1 poerl \I tpopaoarl oTaB-
HoTI,I oy(aTa (. l I( P). t{ap, aKol{o/aTTBoh4 rTc p.aottl K IIpaBopil,{TRo i]xoI,IT o BI{OB
pryopI-{I Bl,IjII rToT' papl]II{F{Ir I}oTro BO}{I4KIIIM.V pKoy r (pI,t popaoald.l,I\I uI-
o)IapTB}{lM ppJIT}t (polrRo.Bo opy]l,l, opla- l,r), o K Ipo'IIy y (plr plrot,r).
liloB, apKoTtlrcK' HoTts},.IokIX ,olTI r{eTB, I1p te Il oTaBa lopll-]<oo a o.OO |4 l^_
l.a.lrtx e; rppa y .ofIx' pI(o KTB}{Ix oK],I p.KLIx ' a TaK parI loplJI}{KOO
l,l plt'Kor]\,ItlI ToB .). I4 oTaBT pal.t-t K I()oMy Btots
Hoopr BI e'IT e'HoTl,I ppla oyT opztoaI p.I].KI,{x I,I rxoJlT paBa ir oao
-oy-
TBT Too o IILIFII]\,I JII,I ()axoBa'I' bD- oaHOBaHF{oo lplIIIKoo a.
). 25
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1||| ll t lll| |lI t ll(.l(.'l('IlIlM poa' Ha i(oTopI lopKor o l\l()l.O lopl,IKoo rIa;
l | | |]|'llIl | ]llIl)(' (, ]l.()'l.ll)l(Il ,
a KoTopo oo yo- I]t tlTRTy}o ollp oaIaT'T aoxI{oT o oa-
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|vl il l]paBa I{a To MyTBo Ll oaTTBHl paBa
|} OTHolH Ktsl1pyoo p(roo I4a.
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p yprT (yua-
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H o Ba |opLleKoo a, op -
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o.cr r.t{poKor o ojlp)I(al,IIo NrylTBHor pao .ltl,la. Co_
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o oKo oa Kp- 11 opal{le aKoHo ],tHTprI p],I (. 209 K P).
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l(Baot aH, oopt op)KT BH o oTaB paop'l)I(tl Bo yrTBo.
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[r 'I oaaT Boo)t{oT HIop.'BItHoo BoTI]l,l
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t ToKo oK, IIo lll)tllllil.op. oop)KaTe,
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(. I.I)oTlla> (l992). B o.tt{ paBoBoo xaMa

l)Jla yKaaHHoo paBa oTaHoB prTeJrTBa P

.2| K P opFlo, To oTBo ToMoT -
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()patItlH yTaoBHI aoo.
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l.lltIil 20_x oo.
O.l.atot {TBo' BJI]a Hl,t
28
rl't' 30 ,ra l993 . yTrp)Kr op']o y-po. paxaHaI,I
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JIaT B ooTBrTTB\L c aKo}IOM (. 2l3 K P).
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HIr paBa; ( |..()ii (I)cl(rpaI4 J Ka}Iy ya Poo pa.
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yTpaBaT paBo Ha yTBo' rpraHo oFIoT rr(l1llt'ttitl:'llt|\7' BeT |{I1I4,ro oo. pao-
ooTBrTTByr opaI{a: oI-Il ol op- lrllii l))I(M yao oBFtoT aaotl pr)Ky
ata (o), aoBopTI l oir, l ('t.v]t.it1lg13go oBHHo.
o Iop\lLIe (ao oI); o a- l}tlle IIpaBa ' e B oKa. y_
HoBT ol,IKa popaoo M MTBa, oHaKo tl(.lIlll,l paBa e Ha BHI oaTBrHHI. p1o o-
oyloT o l1I oT)( ' pyoTpHl (.||}lIIIoT B. BHI flpaBo' To T l-Ipatso' ooKoM
.IpTHl oyHTa; B yar J7KBa|4 ao opa- |.'(}|.()l)oo BeTc (y). o ao oo_
Ha yTBo' oTaBrtI o yoBTBop,t po- 'lBe
Il()lloJta}o pr Ix BHlx paB' pof,otx oT paBa
a KpTopoB' oT B ' yKaaHl B yp- r'rl.BHo- Coao T. 216 K P H oTHoT paBo
.Ix
oKyrHTa. ||())|(HHoo Haryoo BaeH HI yLIaTKo'
B aoT oT oIIoBtlI TtIo. IopI4eK lIl)itI]o oTot{Hoo (pooo) ooa eMrHl yaT-
zl o.parT |((), pBT},,TI (paBo opaF{oo ooBa}{ ) y-
Ha. pl llltl.o), paBo xoHoo BHI,I paBo opaTBIoo
pl. K oo Vl l)ilF{ yTBo.
I

ToBaplTa Ha B .r. 265 K P opro' To paBo oI1I{oo ary_

HOTI' ooTo OTBTTBHIOT, aol{pI, o- (.()o BaI\e IM aTKo' ao B oyapT-
tlrpl{ aBCNLre ttt:tttto yao oro, poTaIoT p<a-
)' pooTB FtFIl Koo paTBI' oyaT-
yI yHTap}{tr pep.'I.
BII-I I|0 Io oHoBaHlI B op.Kr' KoTopI poTI M.
HopvI(M opHal1|{ B'II. prK lII)l aooaTrTBo. pa>Ia, oaaro paBo
a' TaB ooo B pt lI())I(lI}loo F{ar.roo Ba.H'I (Ba oo
V.|TKa)' MT paBa Bae: ooBaH'I' p.aBaMI o
IlltTBy. o aaT paa paopHl4, To Bar orT
||praaT t yTo py a ToKo B ap.y
(loIo poFlo ooBa. po)Ka' o Ioo
tlaTKa oBplIII Ix c.oK, KoTopI BKyT MoyT
l|()I] oTy)H MIoo yLIaTKtt, H .oyKa. Ba.-
,| rHoo yaTKa BpaB TaK)(' oe I{ BITKaT
TrKo .TF{OT' o oy pl y)KT .oT)I(- ll|Koa' BoBoT a a}l, oopy)K oaBaT ,pyo
IlB)(Mo M}'IrTBo' popTa Ha Ho paBo oo-
'14 .

pao oToHHoo (povoo) ooBa rHI

(laTKoM ITproTaBT KaK a.aa' TaK IopKM
-|l Ha oHoBa peevI yooolltlFtoo Ha To oap-
.IlHoo .LII}Ioo opaa. B ng ropal{a
IOptIKoo a pHaxa y paBo oToF{oo o-
'}OBa rIM yaToM pxoT B opK paBoprMT-
|].
o, KoTooy r yaToK proTaBH B oTotl.
aKpeT a oyapTBl p.pT|i |4 yprr- lIo ooBaHr' B[paB aMoToTo oyeTBT Ba'
30 JI
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lI l|||l.|^||| |||l;lll(tIt|,| lvl14 al(Tzt, a TK) aKo o poTaBI,I ||l)Il'l''I.
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I il Il|,Il||l)| l| ,/|'I)l()c IIBI,I)KO yTBo, oTopI proT Vlll)tlI}JlII't' opa B yax' pyMoTpIHI aoa o
B
||l||| lIll.lll|()('|'l, Ipaa 'I |opKoo a. o,o
|() yI{TapI eIrpTx' Io
l|llllIl|\ {.]lllil'j r]\4I]oo yaTKa o)I{o OoT- |)(. pa rIa 1z-
'{oJIoI]aI{r
lll.l( lll()lJil,|' l-l' KoTopt otl proTaBI{. ('I' oro. pI]pl,{-
l'ltt tl1-ll>r rHI yao, axo c': B oo_
'|
|. I KaI{HIM pp\IT-
||() |l()JloBaH, B aTI]oT raa o B aprll o- M'
l\4lj,lllIor poor ooBaHLI, oyarT Too oa Klto ppT B oToIUr aKpJIoo a M
tlKa yaTa. po paBa ooT I-I rr- lll\4lIlTBa oyTBT B ooTBrTcTB\4 M oe rTr-
tti yua.K Hr BT oHoBaH |tprKpa{ 14 N\eHe- l|().t'l4, aH oKa aarl{ yTBa paBa
Hl,I Ipa)l(ato o l,Ky HB)K]VIOT pltBa oo - ||.]ljl}Il,{, ooa'I paop>Ke'L . Coa}Io T. 297 K
BaI{ T aTol\4. l)(l) oo BIIpaB oTXaT 14 I17 oo paopaT'I
Coe }tB".N{oo N,lylTBa (o yrTKa, '|l|I(pLII{IM a yTBo l coac oa
po HBxolI). l.{lKx o. Koopo Ill y.1g- '),l'Oo lBa. oao rlpoBe.eylo poylilo oHo pzUI-
ToK poTaBJr}I B o)]{rHo ayrl\{or Ba 11 Io- lyT aMoTorF{o, I{o e yTaHoBo aKo}lo|\4 I4HI
ToHlIoe ooBaH'' BpaBr poa o otJKa o- IIl);l.BolM aTa. oo pap oxooB KarIloo
Hro roo aTKa plloTaBFI paB opilIll,ILlr}too ||peI\Ip\1TkI opT ToK p'I poTaBr o-
ooBa,I ){ao (pya). poBal] yTaHoB- .r|ill.laTIo Boo paa paBoMoLI o opaI4Ho' l
' BTyTa BlIBa oxooTI .ttt lloxoa llpBo xoIrHoo B..
pora pr olll{I,f rr y.tg.t.' ITpoKa,I K- Kpy. I i]aB opalttl aoo. o r BpaBr o
aa I4 IiTorpra, Bl' or.IFI ool;a- (-.I}or4y yoTpHIo oaaT a-o I paoB.oT
). a Ta)( pyl\,1 tly)/laM. ItHIx paB oI4Mo prHIx. oaae BeHOo paBa
LpBl4Ty. TaaBBaT o oaIHI M)Ig'y o. OpaT a B K HoBoy oy
KoM oHo ytJaT (ltapp, ooBaT paBolvl lTpoea
TOo' a aHo .tp yxo
ecao o I{ToM Jl' rl,l,l'pi|'\4 HcoTp Ha To o ot
I]pa a ets;<oe IIpoaI{ ooy Bay).
1o N,{oT opt;t
.aK) .a,
oop),xt{'t l,I po l-1B)l(l,1o yTI]o. oa oo BoHKa p oTyllFI o-
rraBo oI,ITBoo ts paBo opal.Bl{oo yaBr- lloT .By rKoKx yTBa' KoTopo Hr NIo)KrT
}I,I MyTBo ploTaBJl Tc oKo l,lyTBil o- t paeo ]\,trFI o a (rt lt)
yapTBrH}I] MyIra}tlN,{ yHTapI]VI prT. o oT pa/ly B c aKoa (app' TBo
apo ppllT' OHoBao a pa xoioo ](pTKoo oa).
Bl-I' . 244 K P aKpT .B paHotsHOT o o-
oyap- BHl{oT: orBylo oBTyIo' To poal.aT OOTBTTBFI_
TBoo vr-
Bo TaKo I1o opllH o aoo ooB B pa o-
yapT- I]rHoT n oTC\cTB Ta o.
BHo ]4 e Bar-
T, ollyT aop)(a, l'M MyTBo B pa' o <roT Ha YrTBo B oHoBt{o ec do-
oi,t. flolr y.raTIIKOB aaaIoT'l lta oHoa aKoa
op.rel{lx K P. B t]aToT' OHo r BaB poaBaT
oa[IIt Y HM.
pI{axare y FIa paBr xott}too Br'I HBI,(. ooy )ro paga p oro oI]ocTI. B-
T o.o' a tsa I{KoKo I,t' ao'I)KFIr MycT-
BoM olTBT o oailIr Bx yaToB. H o
yaTKoB F{ o)KrT paoaT BIo B Co' r
oTTO ooTBTTByIrr oarrlH o o y
yaTHKaM oo oo. Oo aNiI \7 |f
BI{ MT rpaBo a oyH aT pl oT fIOoB. BpaBe o Bory yoTp}IIo t[poaT' oapT' aBaT' oT-
JJ

aT B ao BoIo oIo o paopT I opao
o'ItM p BoroM oTyxe paB, oxl-
I c.. 250 K P. paa aKaT B ylol.
p po(e o B paB o ooT oTopo-
oTHl yTHK oo ooT MeT p-
MTBr[Io pao IToKyK poaBaMo olzl' o ' a
KoTopy oa po.arT1 FIa po paBI yoBx' Kpo
ya po.a yI TopoB.
poa o oaH BTT B o op oT.Ul-
I yLIaTHo o ooT o ap po.aT BoIo
ol oTopoHry y yKaa rI p}.x yoB, Ha
oTopIx o poarT . oTaI yaTK.oo o-
TBoT oTKa;yT oT oKK Jl'I4 He popy po.aBar-
MyIo o B pa ooT l B)Mo yrTBo B
T a' a B pB ooT a B)Ko M}qrT.
Bo B Tr l0 o Ber, poaB BpaB po.aT
cBoIo oI oy y.
p poax o apyrrllM pyTBFIoo paBa
oKyK o pyo yaTK oo ooT rT
paBo B Tr 3 poBaT B yo op. pBoa a
Ho paB oao oya.e. ya pyTBH-
oo paBa oKyK.o H oyKarT.
Ba. ooa yTBo' axo oo
oeoT, oTBIoT IIo oa[Irlo B e yaT-
KoB' a p
y.o.
FI.OT)..K9}{ coILa
a ..oo ooT T paBo Ha pr.oTaBr-
H B o Ba.}I ooBa aT oo MyTBa'
opaepo o o, a p rooHoT Too BpaB po-
BaT oT px aTHKoB' BIo IIoyIox MT-
BoM' pxo a oIo' ooTBTTBro KoHa.
poy oxoI oT ooBa yTa' ao.-
o B oo ooT' oTyaloT B oTaB oo y-
rTBa pap.'loT M>l<y yaTKa .oo o-
HoT opaptlo o,II\/l' ec IIoe r p.yMoTpo oa-
lHr Mr)Ky H I,
ooy ooT
- H Too ao, o p, Kax-
t yvaK .oro oFIoT oa opaMpo o
o o yaTBoaT B yaT aooB' opo Ix [aT-
x o o yTBy' a TaKe B .ep)KKa o o orp)Ka-
tIIo oxpaHIo.
TBo' aor .oo ooc.' B-
rT l, tlaTHK Moy pa. o o oaIFIIo
M).y .'I.. p oe oattl o oo oB-
x paa oo yrTBa o l..a o o.oo yaT-
tIKo axt yaTKoB BpaB o op.K po-
BaT BI.a B FIaTypr o o oo yrTa.
4 35
( )/|'|lilI(() /(ilJlKO It Ba o)(o I.T B l{aTyp
oI'
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tt,l;t ltlli ()().l.l}ol.Tyl xo o Kora' o
,l l }| | v(. |iil l''I,o Ko c .oae BIIolo oKa.
('t lt i't t' l |l l t 0 I.t com om' ooa BaIT oyloT B
\'|.l('l||lll(14' oaIr )K FIM Ft pyoTprHo
ltIl(l(. ( J(.lt r|o pop)KH yTBo' aoc B
I llIll\|(.(.t'tltlii oBI{oT' Mo>l<rT oBrpltI a;<t yaT
l llI jIil(.l|,l llc oTJrItx oI{KoB. oao B ooTBTT
l'||''ll||()|\,t Pq) <o KTHKo (ppo) oB'> orp-
| | |. ll |. ('/|.Jl I( o paopxIo yTBo KpTKoo xo-
l ||l.| Nl())l('l' oKo ro aBa pyo H xoTBa o .oBr-
I 'r'l | | l()('l I'1.
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l |rYlllo t{oB KprTHKoo (ppoo) xoa
ll||l||l;|'/(Jlo)(T o tla Ha paB oo oo.
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lI llt)\{)/(lll' lloyllttHI B pyaT TFIoT xoa.
- B ITopK, yTaoBF{F{oM
l,lt'(.lt MyTBa prToo (ppoo) xoa o.
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oIlocT1 a l yaToK
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.ltFtI]vl aKoHo.aTrTBo.
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l l)(./l('lltil lpoBo.TBa' pF{aa oTBy, pay r
||{l/l]l(.)l(ll.l.. Btr.r xoBa T paBo a oyI{e
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l|||(.I|(}lt KpTI{oo xoTBa B paB oo o-
l|(ll Il|, llc KJ{IOB To' To oaIr yaTHKoB Mo)KrT
l'|.I | |. lIl)yMoTpro Ho.
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lr'tltii,l |}it p o pTpa o)rT r xoTIor
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( ||l(.Illl().l. Ha yTBo po14T xooy ToBa-
Illll||',l I} KoorpaTBy KaK IopKoMy I4' a tII
l ll(.(.l l,'I||Koo oa popTalT oaB}IIe paa
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BItooB ToBapT* KooIpaTBy. Pap BKaoB yaT-
t'iKots ToBapTBa tIHoB KoorpaTBa' o.aoo a
yTBa ]<pTF{Koo (poo) oT.Ba' yTa-
tlaBBaT c'o IlX o R aBe o olloT
I la yIlIBo oTB.
s " PAoo yPoAHE
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l{oOBopoj\I ( p TpoBIx' )yao'I HI oTHol]I-
H p||vIeHIoT ooBop]' pypyrlr opa OOTBTTB_
IoLx opa paa). flooopo llpaT oau{I{r y
KoK o yaoHI4\1. Nl Jl pKpa-
H pa)qlax paB oao (. 420 K P).
fiooop BeTc paoBI{oTIo K' c J{ oBlII-
H olltloTopo ceK14 oxolto ]IoTaToo BIpa)r
o oo TopoI]I B ooTBrTTB aoo' I{I]\{ paBoBI-
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oo BIpDH oaoBao o Byx Topo (yopot-
H /{rKa) o Tprx I,{ o Topo (oopol{H
Kzr).
p paBo tpaoaa TMa ooBopoB' yTIBa-
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Ilpil]]OIM aKTa, a TaK)r lr .ooBop' B KoTopo o-
,lpa.'I JITI paI ooBopoB. o ooBop OI-
pel(cjl'lIOl.'l o yl\,IoTprHIo TOpoH' Kpo lIaB' Kolla o,{p.
)l(ilt] l,lO ()o.BTRIoro yoB prco aoo.TTtsoM.
lt,tLlt,tlt.Bo (ooBopoB, IiMrIx B ppHaTr-
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oo|]o}]a Kil)I(a'I },I Topol{ BITyaT B KatlTB l(prTop
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l|lIl| (.()| Topotl ob yTaHoBH OoaTTBHHI oT_
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lITT oTyTIM, a 'ooBop - o(lop-llHI.IIM.
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l lll| ||l)()lJlo)<) po opoo.
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N|tllr.litttt4 l] BjI'IT KToM' ec FIo H BITztT 14
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l|'ll ('N|ilI,l)t]AT Ka HoBa opa.
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l I t )|)( )l lt,l , o.oii apalIella orpTa, aIo ooBopa R-
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t]l.t'KaT
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ttl o TeI DoKa aKTa. Ooo BIT B aKooaTTB Bopo o opotto
B laIx, oa aKIoH .l1ooBopa oao Topo- llll()JlH oa (. 315 K P). flox BfIpaB -
Ill, rtapa opy, e Tr 30 r,j }IIpzlB Il().]IlIT oaBo opo}Io' To .yMoTpo aKo-
poToo paHoa poey ooBopa' Ta opoll?l orraa lt(Ulal.TBo 'ooBoo o raT rTBa o.
.tlr 30 o II oyr poToKoa paHoa ec_ ICJlI,CTBZI o)KBlIIx ota. p oyTTB rpH-
TT /-(pyyto TopoHy o p:T ooBopa B paKrr o o Ill,l yoB o>lK BpaB IIo oaa
oTKJloH}l poToKoa paHoa. p oToe poToKoa ()l.a KprTopa. Haprp, oTaB tl BaBr .oBp-
paHoat1 ;to HrotIFtI,tI{ }lB o peTaT o pa_ MIIHo oTpyT oKyaTlo ooBylo apT ToBapa' oTatsKa
MoTpH B yKaaHHI poK TopoHa, HarTpaBBlIla poToKoJI l(()Topoo pyoTpa B ,ooBop paBoN4pHo. B Ttir o.
paoa, pa opa B y. l(pop B ToM yar oT oTKaaT o p o.
oo paHoBrIoTIo /looopoB BT ooBopI' a- Il'l 'o aTytl TaoBoo ooBopo poKa.
LIarIr a Topa. flooo aKaT o. BIpaB- Mo oIIe oa. oaTo o;o r
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o oHFI Hr oprI{o aoo' ll'14 paBoBI-
o BIoKyIo y' p oKpo
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poToKo o pJITaTa Topots' oopt M y otoBopa. oopoa Ta oaTa' To oao . 316 K P
o, BIpaB Top' p yKoLI\l oT ozi IpoTO- oo olt<o I poBo:
I(oa yTpaBaT BIl aaTo. opaop opoB' vK_ o oaTBy rpra H.Bxor Mo (l
.ltol-tr oT oca po.ol(oa, oa BoBpaTT ira_ aToK' aH . ,.) - B T ro Iaxo)rH;
ToK B ,olt papr' a Ta) RoTT y' BlaBMy o oaTB aT ^oap I4 or yTBo p
l.op' yt, pHrItIr ytlaTr B Toilx, B aT, t)Bl_ oo.oT o rpBoK
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poK B ooTBrTTB C C,oB .ooBopa TpOoBa'lM aKo- lTBa, 'Jl To rTo to TFlo p/{Topy B MorF{T Bo-
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lll)/(.|,'ll]'iIM po (. 309 K P). (voo a) B MorT Bo}IKHoBe oaJITBa, a
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I)y tl OllHoTopo}{F{r MrH eo voB yKa,. o)q,H B MoMrT BoHKHoBrH ooaTTBa;
KJIl()tIllM yttarB' proTptlHI aKoHoivt' a TaK)l(r oTa_ o BeM pyM oaa
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poit pMtI' B TtlrH KoTopoo oHo oo lt, lo}{- FIor H pyMoTpo aKooaTTBo. CopoI oT
llo, oaTI]o o)T oHFt] B 1.OT rll I,l ooT- llI()Ke oT oaIIIH o opooM paT.op)KH ooBopzl.
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TrH'I Too poKit, a 'IitK)( o olIztTBaM' poK oI{- l)('ltlll)Ix ooBopo aKoo (. 450 K P).
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'I r l lI ul( l Kzl Bo tlol1 HIX llooMl
I paol(oB py.
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.o MMl,I :]J(il].l(il, ll()]l||('lll,lLl JI tll{ltar tlojl oaTBa poo-
JI l] /IooBope I]e pI{yMoTprFIo Ilor.
44
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|(itttlt IlopoK popaa LIKB'Ia p.rKoo a?
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li lJ:rii.l. xapaKpTy ottoBIx yo paa o}IoT. K o-
lll o HH oaTt}.
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ra M popoKa, To T poyK yTaI{oBF{oo Jloo- / |lllI l(. lt ilpaKTpi.
Bopo poKa oBIxr orHt . |() 'I'o oHMa o o oeoIo? B a opa Ilprpa-
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46
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py]\4oTprFIo HopaTBl oTa oToBT,I o
a HapTa |,I ooopol\4.
pmtt|itti po nodto \4.CJ| o .l Btso.it B
KJIaTaI4lo] ToapI Hapooo op o H poDI(
p pot| Hlo TopoByI rT' Tpoe'Hl -ol
oJlaLI aKTa o pKr x oo oypo - o tI'I
cce. apat po KyaTa poBarT'I a
l]l]eN,t' B TtlFI KoTopoo B e )/Tpa]4 opyxll
IrloTTK.
o odo|nu cTaaB\1Baec poyKTI .aH, app_
pTBa' rKaHTl /pr oBpI,
oa KoToplx o Bp,MrM oyT l yxy_
, To oH TaoBT OHIN||4 ,
ooBaHI/I \4 MoyT p.TaBT oaoT .'I )<I1
opoB. B o ya yT}{oB poKa oHo B-
T o'IaTlI\4 TpoBaH oCTo. Bo oTaHlx y-
'I poK oHoT opeT'l oToBT o oatrl]-
rN,{ TopoH B ooBop.
Cpo c:ltl, K apal, yaaBBArT'I a TH_
rK oxt{Ir e, prHaaHl II Teoo o- I]t , aTI x oTpHKoB oT poTBopaI{l o-
oBa',o oprT rpo Bptl' o T oTopoo
ToBpl (pyar pao) KoHorK Hroopao -
ooBaT o ooa o)t(T l].TaBT oaoT Ha.
B oe .la po o y-
l1 ]opoB |4 >KH|4.
HoBH poKa yxI
- oao poBae oCTo. Bo
B oTIx ya poK xI yTaHaBBaTc oToBe-
M o oaI TopoH B ooBop.
s 6. HAooo PEyPoBAHE
* ool oyeTo' xpaKTpy}o yruyto B
o TM HiLTooB, BeTc aorr PCP <.06 ooa
lraooo TI Po pav7l4>> (1991 .. I]
p. l993 .), oopt oIprT pr HaooB ol1l]],
aTl(oB HaooB' x paBa oaoT' paBa oa.
HoT aooBI opao. opo yaTI Haoo' opo,
orUH p aT)K, oTI aTrKa. a TaK)K
BtIHa TaBoK TaHaBBaT aKooaTHI]\4 opao PD
p1,1|vII4 opHaM oyapTBo a B ooTBTcTBI
62
').l.1\4 KoHoM. a aoB Ha oTHo'. pyl
,|,()ItapoB
TBpaIo paTBo ""io.Tao)I(Hl
P, a TaBK
ll()IllJlH
- B opK' TaHoBHI{o aoo P <o Taol{-
lto ape,> (|993 .' B p. l995 .).
B ooyl Ty Po BxoT JIaTr)( ot
tllo , o oaoo TpaoBztr P' oapt
rl;o a,lToT Har'l P, ot oerHoo I\,Il4lJH-
I(oo Tpaoa. opo aTI pypyT -
I I I aKoHoa TBo.
l(opo a o.r HooBoo aooaTTBa' pa-
IlIoT cL|ce.' ooo BoBpMHHoT BH'I
I] ooTBTT tox HzUIooB pyx oatllx a_
o-
'll< oTBIoT opat po aotoo yxt,
ylo oo.B aoo PCP <.o oyapTBrH-
rto traoo yx PCP> (1991 .' B p...1993 .). B.ta-
IIoTt4, .t a, B ToM r ldHt ripp_
IIaT' oaI B yTaHoBrI oK IIpecaB'lT B opa-
tlt ppao ooo y>t Kapzl o oxoax il
tp,Iy o, Ha oHoBaH oopo poBrp,lT pa-
llo. aLII4rI4 BHH B ooTBTTBy lo'x<r oo-
o.Hoo 'LIToa.
Kpo Too' B ooTBTTB aoo P <.o pat
opaltx ooo o>> (l995) B Tpa oaa Haooa'l
o7L4, aa oopo y: BIBLI' pryp>l(-
tl H HaooBI pTyr paoapy:
o oaoT TtoT toyapTBFIIx Haoo-
aTTB p oe xtx oao; pr-
p)qrFl' BIBH ptlr Koppy B HooBl opa-
ay Tao)(eHHl ol1l KoHTpopyT To)(HIllr opa_
HI, a Brrr a or o poI oa-
THoo .l-Ioo TpaxoBaH
ooo oa paoo oa - ooTBrTTBrl{FIo opal
oa.l-too ]vI'-
Ll HKoo TDaoaH.
paa oaoT oyttpBHHIx aooBIx , a
TaK)K y oallo oyapTo a;loo yxI pa-
Hl ypoBH opel .Io ttl(oa PP <o
ooBax rtaooo TI Po pa>' <(o oy-
apTBrHHo aooo > PCCP>, a TaKxr ooxl,r o
oyapTBol7t aooo y> oo pa.
) 'oKyrHTa opHl aBa otaocT aoo-
aTlIIKoB.
B oocB14|4 c aKoHoaTTBoM P, pyp}oM HzUIo-
oBl oTotIlH' o op't'Ka aTI l]aooB p|4X
otaIx aT)l( oBaT pI\4rFIrI-{r Ko]{o]vr-
.lKo' aMI{Tpao yooBoit oo.
6
 s 7. PyPoAH lllEoHoMo (.l'l]eltIlI oaoB I| IIoiftIoMOHI
p"Ha oyrcT-
It]Ill op.FIIx BlIoB BHrttIF{Koon,{Kol:i tl..
EirO I ltuloa paKTKa' TaB Flao}{ro.o poBollT,]
B IIp-
( )yII(OB'IJI BHlIJI-trKoIlo]\4I,ItlKlo |l,lJI I.,loBaHi{o ooX, oarT My op I{toTzllJI-
TrlloT' ]ll]/xp-
|

llI,I]\'1ll.I.Jt Iloy prI\,Iy(Ba MxllyHapo/tloo ])zll-I'i M KoI(ypTaI\{.

|,|)y/la. Haplp' ott o)KT 1-ll,top a py>o,' 1]oB- Kot opaFILIHJ,t BHIHOO,IKo e-
'I..]l|,o [erlpltFla opllTBrFlo .r
t{I ].x}too|' oBpMtlFt] xH(lI( pTI]a' I rl BaI a_
a'pI4I, oToI B rO Tpa H lol4Bo. oBr I|l)ToM Ha oyTB yrtlrr ora, Ho aa-
,|.},.l()
lot4BoT'I I] Flol.ill'otlIx Ko.ITB. a llTI1oT oKaIaT I]r I]\{' ao o-
ooy o oo,!y IJaII{I{I ToBpHoo plKa' o_ I .]|o)Kr. Ba>tro ]\{To B Tr TaKx op|] aro
BIl]lel-ll{Io ol,rooii 1loyL1t,t. I
l litl.loFla aooBa T]\,ta aol Tapt.
Ha-
Bl. oyl.l.I-'t pyt,lpol.lz1l{I4 -]I()oa Tra orBa paH To1. TaI( opa,
.I.I oa prylr(rTB:r
I]rlItII.iK llpllttpll}{^4a, tl- oya ooa-
tli4BitT IlITMy poTKOHTK ]\,{p' I.tlpaBAlHI lia Oa- l lto}'Io' poyl I (:lta
I
l)r,pat[CrHl po' -
aoajlFtI rlpol4BoTt l ao aottp'lI;l y-
I{I,I I!t,Iots . .). I-Io.lH TI{apoB T.pa},I aK;<r o)(rT
o Ha BIIyprI] }.l BI{tlIHI\{ plHKa. !' o1ltro Po- ||oy)KT oBoo K apy BBoa ]\,topo po/lyK r
L4 oaJ1rHoi,r oIot,tt<o Ti-l}l paa Ha ByTprH pl}I. a }taI'lot HI TpaF{-
/lI1oT I

OpTB I,IMT l.lollTrHo Ba)KHO I:IarI}l. lIOpTt{I apo l]rpr/o oT pTB l] OT oTaB-
K I,ty }.l]4or paO.l.ptl!{Hlx ll paK.t.l4K ]\4rp l<l,{
-pyoB
copTrpaM o paBIIIt] MiIopTpN4.
o lT ao}iI]I ToBapIoBo.Tri'i o,l]oT - Korrl Ivt opa HL||vI\I oy y>. ll plitsTJlrF{-
]olI4. l|l l.lpIl[Ia o ooBa]{ pI,I poBol]T.B po(yKl
1. ao;<r{Ho Oo)K (r.apIrl appt), paalo_ O]'o o ao}IUIoo lp'I' alpeT lzl itpl,tp-
L t]ooBztIJr oKoBTrTB]{}.tI I{e oyapTBltI opaIa'INI j,IopTIlI .oBapoB I]I4
tIaJItr[ aoHlx aHaoo !I p.
B cpay (p>
- BIt]oil lt)
III{,I BIJo:a B
po]].yl(' { orlt'l HzlollaI)l . a oypTBHHoo TMyJloBaH I(opTa: I]p-
yptt FIoTpaHI]\,t pIrplall ot,Io ),l-aHaBI,litIoT I]l- MI /]o'ra KIIopTpaM B ts KopIll lt1l, BII]aTa
oKl4 TMorl-IIe otl1 ttp Ilo1l oor IIpol(t4 l',I PaI]I TooT yy o TpaHopTpotsKr p:]ol] Hitllol-
o,ltyapKztTots 14 o lt II I,IMopT Ip Jt aTp_ IIl HoTpaFtI ]TpBoKoB T. ., BI/.lil(lil }lzi J]I.oT}lI
itoB. - yjl oB'I opIx KlI oB. oyl]pTj]}{Ho l.pztoBal{
2 " Pal,tt.tt ,p(ltt pl, aor pztpopaHe_ OyTBJIFti4 Bt{ll]HrI(oox opzt o cTpaa]vl
t{'1r i]'}l Ko.oplx IIoy KOHTI4FIHTOBaH l,I t{po- .aI oTrK po. aool]l JloTI ' ,.
Bi1H BlIt0Ko}to]Vll''ltIrj(l,l opa' Kll,ll-rrpoBaI{ yap p Ha ce a]4TH},) oIo l]a]o,tlo llo JIr-
Bo ' yTaoBr}{M Ktso. Ha Klop. (o1l') OTI ll0Bl'IIo Ko}IItKTypl poBoo plKa, altll,I].c HTeprots a-
ToBtlpoB' B pra KoTopI BI]riHKoHol\414tIKr opai4 ol{FIIx KopToB' I4flopTol] p.
Oy oo,tIo. FI all KoT}{- B o.t:BI4 pi aio P oo oy{apTBFl-
Hi o 5r opl,t III(oB ToBapoB' Bo- Ho4 peypoBal{ ar-p0tlorIrFJ[{oo tlpoBoBa) KopT
ol1l l paljrt polto o o,ta l,t N'ftlop Kooo poKll' Ip'I tlpooBo-
l'o]\4o.L4 |D{ pol{Bo.l-' p l4cpllltl,l]4 TBI,I oyTltIoT yTo IiooMoT l]{I Trp-
ol,ltleTl]a .(yr' Kt]op [t,l,to) oBpa lle- ots OTTBI{HIx ToBaopool,t, (lp apopoIrfl-
.I(pil(c,I. jlHoI-o poI]o.a oIIIlI,t lpoliotsoo -
-II oJiaarT oxo iro-,iy-
Hl']. opiiave' papt[ (lr) l]a ocvU{]B OtaOT TaHI. flj I pa.t:llo P pi{LlT
BIl l-tjl lKoHt ii tuatl. \,{I: aTl{oo' l1pOT.K],lo}{TJ(oo apaKTra' {J l{aIr-
op,lto BoToBaI1 I1 L(HpoBaFI loTBOK ToBaOI] Il pi}{a cKooo poy, Ip tlpooO_
Ha opT OtIprFI oKyI\{}ITo. yTBp)l{'H-
TBII A40)(T l oo a T otloTBrHoo or{oT-
I,l MBC, lVll-roo (a 199-5 .). | \I\1 OpT pBo.T ]( llllFt) oToIt op,
K o:fa pMIx o '1T TzlK CIIooBaHr riLI)eIo .IlootloT Koo'l'iTBHlx ,oBpopoBol(T-
I o} pB ottoO }l KaK I,IKII-] l1To o paa o yap- ; Io Ti{]vI YI4pOBaH l,I K opTa eI(ooti ozlv-
"l
t

64 65
lIlIl|. ('|,lI)|,'l ll lloOBo}TBI41 To H HapaT TI-Io-
Il| |tItVII)t:lIIlco pll]Ka. atr pI pMaIoT lop
lrt)JIll'ICO.l]ellHl opHeH BB oBIltII{HIx Tao_
)l(IIlIlx olUH'
pitl,lTBo P yTaHaBBaT opoK yoB BBee
ptIH opooBlx ' a ooBr KoTopI ol]pr.rIT'I
T2lo)I(I olltHt. opooa a' B BoIo orpll' pil-
TlBarT H oHoB I{' oxBI]JXe Ha ByTprHM plHK
TpaI Hl oTeII BI oot-Io poK' prTol\{ a aH
Ip,r pooBOTBJI.
Coao tMy aKooa.rTB Br apTppo.
BzlHIfI Po opaa I |4 o HeaBc\4Mo ol.
opr otoT BpaB orTBT BllilKoHoLIr-
K .'lTHoT ao prTpzt.
po BHrrI{TopoBI ooBopo po ppl,l-
lla }{oTpilIIHI pa paxaa JlBtoT
BI'llHKoHoMtIK orpa, BaI ooM ToBapa
yyzl y oyapTBa (oaBKa oBapoB' BIOHHr
pao. pBo]a pyoB . ..).
Pat o BttJKo}ioMtIK a oyTBIoT
H:l a MpoBIx B BooHo KoHBpTpyro BJ. B pa-
(tl{lx opax, pI{rMI B r)Kyapoo paKTK o-
JIzloBAlHl .topoa B aKHHo M .ooBop: B B
aBaoBIx aTr)K, B ITop,I'K HKao aTa BK,
trKKpTBa T. '. B ooTBeTTB IXpaBTTB}IIN,I
TopoBo_oF{oMrK oaIeHN||4 paTI oTI
TpaIlaM oyTBIoT o JIt,{poBI Ta FIa KorHa.
oI{Ho oHoB oTo ooT (IacT.|4LlHo IoTaBKaMLI
.oBZrpoB '1
". '.
Pypoar BaIoTHlx oTHolI prptlMztTTB
B'IaIlo plxM IIIpoKoo Kpya BopooB: oTKplT BIOT-
I]l ToB a TrppTop P a pyxo' oyrTBeHIl
I]aH] opa, BaooTHotllH pHI MT-
Hl )<a .. ,.
!' opr'I BaITHI ol]pal w yT (pl
I'tprHTl) oplBaT cllTa B HoTpaHo BaIoT B yo-
loMoFII aax. Haxoc Ha Ta LITax pTBa
o)I(i MT aFtol poo). aoHo.aTTBo y_
TaHo BLI pe}I rzLIIIx To tl KoB oTFt }IoTpaI{ -
oii al Ha llTa ppT.
B oo.B|4 c aoo P <o BaIoTF{o pypoBavI
tsTt{o KoHTpo)> (|992) opKo' yTa]JolJ.]tHl IJ_
pzlHl ao Poo pa' '| BaTLIa'l BlpyKa
opazr_poB oT BHII]FIKoHoN{o 'THoTI,I,
oyI]Ha a po' o.)KT pBoy Poyl _
pa}o a ttTa B oHootIHF{I aa B Ttlr 0
aTI aTa. Baa BlpyKa' oTyllia B oo
66
ox # oo-
|lJIl,j paop)I(t{l,1 prHa a pHl{,
ItaIla o rpBoa Poy pIo Too.' oa_
14N,l
.l.l arl l<o
KoiL lt pacooB' opI{TBo BaHlx
t}HltlllKolIoMI(o opa, o oopo oyHa Btpt1-
|(?l. Cpa, Hr IIptItlF{Ir Ha tITa B ot{oottl
lr B yTHoBl poK' oaT 'l Bt
1lrp P.
B op Io BITHII .lT o)I(T t opl
paplll pHoo aa P
yTo KoHKpTl BatoTI pa. Tao
oTI(plBarT'I' HIpllp' B oopy)Krt ooB' por-
rH BITaBoK' opTBI' yTypHIx Ix opt,ti,r
zt pyxo. o aBrprH yKaaHI opa pITI
oarlt pBT BaIoTIe ptsa Poyto palo.
B o floHoo pBoa BJoTI pr.B
po P oTaHoB oo ei Baoo
opTl-loo KoFITpo o paBT BaIoToo plKa> (l993)
I]oo)I(o . l{;lal a P poBp BoBpaTa B:LT-
tlo Ipyu poltM KopTpa Po pa-
rI. poypaTypa P oaa pHaT MpI o BlBHl,Ilo
opaa (a]vlo o op ot.lo), HraKoo
OTaB}o a pa opTy BIpLIK oyTB-
Iox HAKoHI rpBo a pay I{oTpaHHo tot.
oloTl]o P pMaTpBaT Te BaIoTHlx
TB opaal4 ppt rtr >l B B,r
yaTl Haool], lx opoB' a TaK)I( oao pot<
LILl.c.| aIo BIpyLlI4 oT KopTt{lx op, oopa po-
BoT'I B ooTts.ITB t{pyK [-{paoo aa P
o lopl oao poaxll pp T|4 |4, o -
<.
]v{l4' opaHa aT THo BlpyK tlp yoJII{oMoI{_
t a poBH opa Ha B]{yTpH}{M BaTFtoM
pIHKr Poo pa> (l995). tr L4'|1, BztloT]
prTB I{ oyKzltoT'I.
p olo po)K opaHaI4 oy' tlpoaaT o.
TpHIty BaIoT tIp yoJlI]ooLItilIte lt tttt ><ao_
Balx ltp;ta' a .ztK)(l BlollI p1l l_{pao-
o aa P' p Hilpytl]l.I14 OP'l/lll oirr.o poax
lT BaloTIllX r/lTI] op'lllall tloBrpa tpay
pap B oKpto lp.tK l] 14I{O,tpIttloii B:lT p-
,Boo BBzI{Ta l lpaa Ilo .Ky py l-tpa-
t'too aa P(D. ar.a rpapa ooo>aT oT oaroo
prBo BaloTo BIpyK Ha LIT B oJlHoN4otilx aa
oao tpo \IacT opllo BtyK.
r,r
oat,ta aoToTo oyIoT B}oTHyIo pt
I1o yzr,I HooB ppIl"l lrr >I.
oa poa; opzlo Ba}o.l Ha BI{yTprHl{rM
t'HK ooi;i p oT oyrTBT 'p yo-
61
llol\,lottltl aFIK. o opyvHIo opaali J{KI,I Ky- llpatl y o ypaIo oplt,ra-o}Io ap_
lllloa)( FtoTpaHo aI l\,Io},,T oyeTB,I o HfIo- paxl,loy yaB'lloMy. a pa prT B JIya' JI
prlc.BA{o Mx yoFIoMoIIvIl{ aa' o yoo_ NlrT pJia Boo)l(oT BoTaI{oBT aT)oot+
tIrHIM aalt BJly py.
OpaHa-oXtIKa, , poox ee e.eocT oTa-
].o(IHo paoBa aT yTRa o}.{eTBT .py MpI
]oHo4rKoo 14 opaoIloo paj(Trpa. poot<.ll-
s 8. HGoHo (AKPoBo) I IoT Illrlo ypBIr yIr(rTBoM llo)l(K IJ ",toxT
PPHMA lIBIIaT lB l.
Apllpt ypa+o BI]paB opa aplax-
Pypoa Bopoo o }IoToTroT (apo) trt y rr]\4 o aBpI BHlo ypaBest. c
prl]rIrae TBT Ha oOB axiroo o- JI BrIro ypaB'I oTtlya (oarl-{a arr-
rKa P, aoa P <oHoToTHoT (ao) p- IlooolloT oaFII caB ]I rropMHoo oo)KI
p> (|992), aa p.Ta P <o poIIa;Kr oyB- ilTroT loprK]\{ o), appt y B]iIoT
tlI tlp1-ox?Io)) (1994)' p.a oTao a- opFI o rTppaIF{ BI{lUro ypaB OBOT-
a P. t aTa oaa aoa ooa Ba o y o HoToT-tloT (apo)" 9 ;r< JloT).
poBI lrHyTJlo opoo.lto ll.a Ie- H yKaa}{to tI oKa:U]o F{BoMoHI' BIHo'I ope-
oToTUiI{I opal{a. a oyITBeTC B ToM JTII o pKa}I BrI1Io yl]paB eH]/L' pF{aFI .o)l(FI-
ar, rI4 tlpo}.]e ropal{aoHI poyp B oTI{oIr- Ka I{oToTtlI (apoo) o oTKplT oHKyoo
l{ T opaa ootr'I'K rrooopa}lo JI|4 o: tIoBoTBa.
H i1a ollo)'TIoo yJITaTa' fl yKaaHI opa- Cu (opo) oxla ttpoBoli o r Io
TB}{IX aKToB apoTaT Ha B opaa l{eaBo R Trx )t ya' To BIIIIIH ypaBFt. o o
o pt oo. oTxH,l r 'pyo: oa oo .oJ>l(HI'lKy o To_
o oToT'or (apoo) opaaL I|olLl- 1ottt oBIiI{Ka' KpeTopoB ,I i -iI.
\4aIT oooT yoBrTBopI{T pol,t KpTopoB, B pyTBI{o I]aBo I{a yTr B poreLl aa
To r l ortI faT)4 tx Bo Bll- IoT oK ppT-ioxKa' Kpr.T.opI' a Ta)K
;et ot' B B prBIllllt oTB .o;K- liI Tpyooo oeKTBa Too ppI4TIl. F, o]!I7 |l
HKa a o yTBo B BI4 Hy{oBropo r BIp )a}I ){aTBoBaT B aatl, ol
pypo aaa. BrrI-I Hao apoa BII'IT: KoHKyp a rr po.. o, o o paBo { OyrT-
p]4oTaoBI{ K},,l arrx oaa, c o}{a I{ BI{ aHa' pMarT tla ,rr oaBo paTaT'I B
rae L,I.|4 aBoA,Io ooa oT BII]oJIH oo o o Br pTopM B oaoBztlIllte ll[4
poa KpTopoB B TtIr 3 o .H,r aTytle po- pOK.
KoB I4x \IctIHeHsI. pl po aHa|tI,I' aK Brjo vlpaBr{'
opaa tITaT apoO]Vl Too o ]I{aFI 18 M. xoaay , oyBIor aa, ot]
pa HoToToTl4 apl,rpaxI yo JI IIo o- MorT l pot{, o H o (I l! 6 . oao
z]oO rr- e Jlo)Ko p opooo sta- yx loJt 12 yaTHI,l aHaI414 lloJl)I(}.tI oKplT t
. Haa p\Ta oy.apTBrF{Ha TpyKTya I] ]vlorT paT MH 40 % o6l yt poatt KpllopoB, B poTBItoM
BOpo apo. ya caHakI Kpaa.l. attar4'I I]pKI']arT'] Ta)K B
aooaTBo rr,{opo pMrI{r opaa- cy,UIx oKoa'] TulIoB.[rFItloo poK r oB' -
Ll -olD(IK cry llporyp : opaallotx (- o.
He BFILIJFII'O ypaBr yTBoM' arra), JIKB.aoF{- B .la peKpaH caa apputllt? 1 pHaT
HI,I (pI-lyTra opooI{a Ba), arv- plIl o pa Ioa rtoo.]-{I (aoo)
'I poBo oa[I. porypI Kpo]\{ opooo oTKpIT KoKypol.o poBOr.. I,t apparrr y to-
I IKI|4 I\aL4 LI o cyTBIoT pr app ax li c . o oa.
TaT' tITo ll,rI cal/. oTHyTa1 oH Kaa IIpol{Bo-
'1 p lpol,IBo.TBa o JIy o HoToTHoT TBo o JI o cocToTJItIoTI4 (ap).
BeT' B oJD|<HK|a1 o KpeTopoB opaoB' H_ p Ioopo op.'l,I IToBo.TB rro y o apo-
Jle HI oOTBTTB}.IoI"I Ko. TB B THr 3 appt y' H BpaBr BIIITI,{ opre-
Bttt nparu llj,xmo]fl dolu BBoT y,rM rlr o oBrr caRal4I{.
68
9
 /(;lr opa' B I\{yt,Br KoTopIx M Ba. (o;
IOyapTBa' opaHaoHI]tr poypI (r ypaB-
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opaaM' a aoB:t o'.pxKa oKaII}T'I Iloll pa-
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70
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l' p B. I op o o la II7tKBa opa a' - o <r{KoB.
r .eo Koxol opaa?
2. apapcTKa peopaaoFlIx 14 KaoI
Irpoyp' peeIx K opaaI4-o)GKy. oorro
lIpoyp' pt{MIx B ooIll rl]aTxooIx -
AP o ]vtE KoHoM KoE Py POBA ooBI opaa.
PEPAIIo o)
3. ooo apoTBa oparlair c uace oyap-
AH o oo.
VII. floa, cc|4|4 p|I4 apaB'l ooeKoo
I. Aoooor pypoBa pr.ptlaTo .-
pyoBa.
TeI{o.
I. fletlc oTByIo yKToB BaTFII opar{oB,
opaHalo KoKyprIo.
2. Pypoar .TrI{oT opaa-orlooToB.
3 . apap cTa .rTro cT aIITMoooIx opaFIoB.
II. oyapTBrIo prypoae' yTaoBr prr-
e a ToBapI (paoI, yy).
1. paa oaoT pe.pIHNIaTeJ o yTaoBel.4o
pIo . Peypoa eH opaa-ooo-
TOB.
2. PeypoBanvle B oTBIx .ooBopa.
3. oyaprI KoTpo a oIo.rrM .III
. OTBTTBI{OT pe.IIpa a apyre |4c|vI-
I e.
III. oapTro prypoBa KaTBa po.K.
1. MoI oyapTBeoo pypoBa;l KaTBa O.}'K-
: Ta. apTa, pTKa' )oo.
2. Po xoTBI{HIx .ooBopoB B oprFl TproBa K
KaeTBy poyK.
3. oeoT ttprTpMaTr'l a arTBo po.yK;
apal po, poK o.FIoT, po y,KI.
fV. Htooo perypoBar p.ptao T-
oT.
1. Pypoar Hiuloooo>vI p.tlpMaTr P:
aKooaTJIHa aa, opo a oIo.r HJIooBoo aKo-
o.IIaTrTBa.
2. oeeoT p.IIp NIaT e II a apyIIIr uulooBoo
aKoo.traTTBa.
V. Perypoae BeIrKooMrKo .eoT p.-
pa.
1. pooTK MpI oyapTa ep prypoBa.
'I BlIIKooMo Tt{oT.
2. Copae pypoBa BlIIrooKo .-
HoT pr.IIIvIaTr P.
3. PeypoBankle BLIIITI oot.
76

aa 4 ,|.itKol.o prrxl,'UI
oPAHAoH Ho. PABol oPMl
PP HMA Ko EHo
a l('l\I]ll|, l.itK
s 1. HByAHl PEP}|MA
o ooI p)I(ziI{H MT pttBo z].HaT'I
[]jlI{aco 'lT.IloTlo, He ]op],Il,tKI.ljvl
I,loN,l . llo o\a[)TI]}llIoll pa '|JI'|'|
t] l(cTB ll'l,lBi'I]l.
a]{oo ppIaT'
!';toT ],lll/ll,{BllyHoo pclIptIMitTJIJl pLrycT'l
Hopa K P'
oTo'lU('I K Koptl ol]H,,ta'INt.
otr o>tt popir Kao_o y1eTBo 14i'I l,tN'!trTBI,t-
Ho paBo; l,{ool]tlT MyTBo /pyl,{ lIo OOI]TTBy_
]\4 oalx[l, LtaJI14MaT BoJlIlT poI{t4I(oB; oTKpl_
Btl. tIrT a IloyaT I(pr/lTI, aoTo'lHo pap]]r-
J|'ll. tIoyrlHFl lIpl . ,'.
p poo l llpplIIIM
/o)(Il ilKtIT Kzl)gllM
l4 lI KoHTpaT 14 ooTB..BI{
yol]'IM KoH].paTa oylTBT oaTy TpJia.
at pFlMTe tsIaLIBa. olloot ( ]l()t] [lp To BJ|e.c'l aH Koxo'lTBoo tlpo-
oo oH IlpTaBrT B HaOI.OB lJrK /]a-
}tAo. /1't
palo a oyIIlI ool. B, pap ,' aooB
peoTaBl tlo t{ oTI pry}oTrt yl ir_
ooI] lM aKo}{oTTBo.
vlal pl]pHN,lT oTrtlaT o BoI,l]\4 ozl-
BM pHaXal My N'{C.I.BO, a KlItIH_
ejt CTB1M
cM Toor Ha KOTopo B ooBTTB aKoo]ll tt o> l
olp1rro BlKzlI. Hztpp, |4' oHoBHl Hl.rlN,t
Kol.opI'|R'|e KooTBo poI]o/TTBo' prl4 Ta.
KOI.O I'lMylrTBa HaBaH, B aTHo. xo o (vtr ol)
o:,rtTBtllJI opoa. oao To opa I p-
IlpOI'l]aII'le]' Ha J[ya, Koa BIKBOT'I ya' BIaH}11l
ttttl<tlt lI TpoTl.Bo ol. o ]\4TBo, l,lHL)I(a-
lt\l,l l.Pll)l(/lal]14[ly] llol]MaIoT KaK ttHo TBo, TaK ro
OJlIO l] tltl1 .lloo oBMo oBHHoT. aotto
l] p'U{ Jly'Iat} yT;lHoBJIrHl aI paa opaAr14'I
BlKatI,l lIa MLl(TBo paaH. Happ' BlKaH tTo llo_
a Kp'lIIK()I.O ((lppoo) oBa ll l\,lo)t( t opa_
I]o Fla N4JI| lI]II,l (llll.OK l,l prTBa po}4BoTBa.
c ll-lt t,t t l lI ptpHI lttTJt H l] oToIt yloB_
JITBopl. pco:rlll l(p1.OoI], B'ltllll o')-loij
18
lll\| lll)t)l|lPl4tiMaTKo ''lTJlHo.lo, oH Mo)(rT olT pHaH
||() l)(.||lLllllO y HoTo'lTct (apoo). C o l_
II('( ('lIl,l'| l]atsar y o prTPa B KaLI_
( | |t(' l] I l/(I}/ytlJIHoo pr.pHNlaT'l.
|l|t|\vtaJlI.Ia prpHaTrKzl .loT B _
( l'()M ()'IB Mo)l(T oy(TB'IT,l I(l( pe'oTaBtI
IIp'oTaBrH. Bo l]Topo Jl(l:l ppt{_
||lINIil|.Jl l\,Io)(T aHaT' Hap' BIKo t1]KpoK ryl-
rtl'l ,tltp olllBo tltzloK' poTo]\,{ ar.o,to, p_
Il.Il)lII,Il\4 oyxat{r BoTHl aJLeI4, oKalBilT p
\( rlVl'I,l. B yva,o'a ' Br roooo Ilpo_
ll tIl()/(1.Ba BI4aoy ppMaTIo llpo.aI]Jt'lT'l
t(.Nl.]l'I , l\1o)(T t o'ao KpT'It{Kor (ppo) orto
( ('()()BTTByIMI4 paBa oaoc| oaIlo aorry
|'('(l)CP <.o pHKo (pepo) xo> (I990 ..
1'..lr.. l99 .)
I(po (ppo) oo (a
- KpTKor
rr' rlr iio) H BT aoTo'ITI yo rTB-
l |,| ()Tol1lr. oo pTI]'l oo oBoKyHo .t_
|
l'll Jl I{Ll (pa>a), y H a oo yTl]zr.
I''1l,t.ttlo xo'rTo H .aHoBT topK o, TaK
l ;l|( llr ooo Bo ycTo oT yrTBa yaTFtKoB.
(Jozt Kp'TFtKo oTBo oyr rMHoo
Ylli|l.Ktt l{rT paBo axl oot paxaH Po-
r r<rll,i pa' or 1B-o BopTa. oal
||tIl('lBa' oToMy pTBHHo paBo Ha oar Kp-
II,,lIlI(oo xoa T p)(a olTo paoTI B -
14
l t.'()lvl o'lT ooTBTTBto aa. p |1aI4|L
||(.(.l(OJl pTHToB I{a flottlll o.II'Hoo Too MJ]-
ll()t,() tIKa ' o pTHKoo oTBa poBoT
|'()||l(yp. pao topa orT'l paT opaa]\4 I\4rT-
rtll ji 1114' B B'H oopo Haxo. MHl
\1.lil'I.oK.
tl.lIa KpTHKoo xoTB BloT oKo Tyoo.
t ll(ll||,Il a. HyoooIr Hl M ( o 16 '
I|(.IIoItpI' HBiuII) ooaT BT oo' Fto H BII-
l( l,'l I.o tla.
)
l)ttt pKoo xoTBa opHoT o.
lINl(.II14 oTBa' pr.TaBT o HTpl B oToI.lJHX C
lII)()(llp'IT' opaaI4) pa)lat{a oyaTBt{l{I_
l\|ll ()l)IaIta.
I lo rtotloaTTy Poo pa t,t .tit-
|(||\ '/UI.I Bel1H'1KpHKoo oTBa o)K t poa.
|(.lI tl ooT' ol{HHHo HayI\,{o BarHC J||4
)(.I l, y.
;l l
l(1l't.lto otBo N,lrr paBo ao lo;lytIT
|]
19
ooTtsltIocT \4JI[l li,i ;1916 K p cp'ilI.l ]vtr r{I,i l r I;llr)llIIl tll l Il] Il ocl.aBll Il o]r|llll. I(1Itl olt.
lJo.1 aoBrlo TlIo l{]\,ll,1rl1.aLlIlI.1' .] .T - Ii'l ll()]liIl()l' a'IBe}t}t IJ paBJIH 1|4 It4pKl,l. tlt <l;tri_
Bepx THOI]JIoi4 B paoF{r rJIHoii l'lo' A{o He i]llj r l lIr'Ill||,l or. ol(al. aB.].lI B oBT prKTopo l,I
Irp/-irJIHo oplv1i /I KTFIoo xoI,l,rBa, OtpijlllHo t] |||):IIt]It.Irr,l. Opt.t1'|4'I otl pl.TppoBT a'l B
oacT' pa' pIyJrr. p FIopa ;larO O- Al( ( illllll'rli 1l O pa]vtop].' Pai,t paMoTprIltt oop-
caBrI|kI r\4.rI yT:ulI]JIi]l1T'I t.l a)O a\.111Hl{'T'aTBtIo .
l |'Il( ) l |} l OvapT.BLlllol\4 prl{Ilp'lTl,l pl,lI(oN4 i,{pKToa' IJ
i]aoH yTM JlLl'l or oalI l(o01"ITBI{Hl I l )il\() | tpOToIioJloM zlcll.t14 paB'l, B o'II-{l]i{Ito]Vl
yo paoa a LIo poa B Ko ttllIlIt'( ||l lo.oKOJIOIu :]ra].l oB"a prK'ooB l,,1 pB-
(va Hl{opo l,l paor.KoB oI4.llo pI r). l, llrl| |
-
Palp eMJtIioo yaTKa, IIprlloTaBrl'llvtOo a IITy, R alKo I l1lrt I|oaI,{ oalt3a IlpJloTBT t,tprrriLtii
OI{KpFION,I yAr ollpl1rjl,I]'*l lr+ a'Ilpill1ll xl_ rrl1t11111..1.1151trli lttii
ToK yaIBaIoT l\{o.l''IRl,lpoBa}lL|]o pi,l_
'I I,a }{oB K.IrKoo O]ll.B' IlllltaJ|L4a|\l4I4 L4 'll||l\/ ()l.I(all (rM ltl,r )t]o].tloBoiI{l,{X p't, oIfll
HaJii4 O. B o}{ prpaI]lrJlrI.I. \'|.ll lI\ll' l\4 lt.o[() ooBat{'t i]I,lIll, ol(ocl
pil oaBe N,l}lol.o acTKa aBT T o, r r ll1l. ). [] :,oll a op.t].Iz1t(l,t ,t.rit -pllo'aiI,I paBHl_
KTo Iio"a ,Be" lt pa;alIt4tl, lt.;,lBBt,tiltri.t Ilt |||lI,Ii'i ylTltl.oK ( -oal{ llol1opoto) t] lByO MT.
B l(p Iil<o o',Bo' H B'I uiiolttt Il.lIl JI_ lltltltlt pFtKoo oiir.lt tIoz1T :t'tJItl11 I] l\1cHvlo
o (al'roFl0, Ial4o) Koot.t.o tlp(p- ,l l\llIltI,lTpa}lIo o pTpl{l,t tiia. K l'IBJ]Hlo p-|]aa.
tll-loo poH' oH o]tT 'J'IBlI (. Ho\oJl|I\{ oo- . It ll ltllll1!lCltzi 3 llpl4Kila ],tpKopa oil.apTB]lriol.o llpllp],l_
oBat{t4r,I R arlN{FlcTpiit,tlrl opall Ollzl. AlpaI{ B rrrllt (tr1ltl.t.Ko lxc}t'l Il]:iBlt Kooa) oBlT llpKopo
poK o o/{lioo r\leCL{l IprtivlaT l[]i,l o lxTaBJIr || llIl()IIpIIo oL.rl T" .). l} 'lltl]\r r]poypa rltl_
I!{JIIloIo yLIaTa O .,arT i\,iB1rtilillt-tiii oa. p ll'lIlrill'I N,1Oo ytla1'Ka at{oI,,lLIHa llpIiIJiHHOlt t]llli.
flaprri,{lt pOI(oB Irpl4IT pulr,l oI(pIlittt rtrtr.llrte}t o I||'ttltltt,t tIt.{ilt{oc oL],lttrC oTo,l4T B l.O, rtTo B lIiIFloM ya
H'jltr,ItIt{ ]vlJ{l{oo (poH'zr RtloBHIe [i}r tr'14II14'a.I,IBr{ytO ll( ( lllil'l aMI,{ltl]a'I H(J BIrJl j\.11l yztTOK, a T_
o.BTTBHo]' B raa. lH]4e l.tto ai]},Itll]. I l( /t( i il. rH, lpF{To KoxO l'tsCLl }i I,I I/lp'lt4.
I
t l

J,l o oTar B loTaI]r}{I4 '{lllltlo ill(;t r. r , Nl

>aoatlo B y l] l'lKoBoI\4 Ilo/(Ke.
a oyleTB'IIoTsI IIr.OTB-rler c]\,IHOIO ytt.tTKil 14
a.re}{ N,Iyl.Bon4 I<l]T'IAic xO:]'I.l.B. oaIOUI'1 1.1
a o;rxots, Ot}lo, xo,]TBrI ltl( t.l py 0_
oxoti'BI{}{I opaFlat. I, (]Iti.ittlt orrrrr B]-
paII.IKy rMt{I }/ao l,toll'I O r;rrii
o.iI1 a Klotll{IVt yaB' oI'ol]OplIIt]ll IIoCTtll.i{)tstII,IrA4
iltra.,I.Ba PoCKo 0lil4I,r <(o ll])']/lK I1I,lBaTa
I1 popl3a|||4 Ilppit lt o1lltltttllii ill.p()t]po\lLI-tHHo-
l'o Kolv,l Jl ca,> (1992), LI j\,{},TIlrTrI{Hii i'i l [a.
plt trl{ pa}rKy y(BI{I loo ]lit Ipi,!}tl,{I\4alo
Bo B}'Iae e.UI |4a|4 eKoo:,lt ii r.rto oal,,l
rrxo]\foT opz]}{rI{'{ Llro]'rlt.l,]4 01/-tII 1.ng16oo
Itpol,IBocTBa. B fJ yrli]rR 1414}llltiJ.i]Illltii rt N,I0) l1.
i{OA{oT l'iT4 iIT.l'(F{o BI/];IH fieHI ill4.
p ,at{I,l K}].it{oo o,ITtsa tr TcBapTB
tlr.a ts .x jlv-'' KO rO ,Bl{]ill i]
14 ,}i{)i]iiCt]FIIloO
i'pT oyU{TBc B B.tt 14N,IrllTBIHoo a ( ilBTo,O_
, par"opa .p.), To MlrTtso BoBpaa. (a -
KJTIIiI1 aKopIx o\rTB). B .pylt yx t{N4.y.
IilTBrHl a (alr) BOfipa.T (I]llarr) i1l-ll\41,l.
"Irr Koool], ;1oTl{K oyapTHrrI rpat.
l';ttl..l.tt,t;LM y.IHo-olTLtIx' yrlI{O-poRojll.l]llI{i,
.'rl|,I'l.l l()_llot,IBOlBeIiHtX y lil. Rllllll tjl)l1}I}1
, l l I l l l liUl I] I yg6''',' :att rl, ayl.Io-I4/1oBTK]lX tt}t-
' | || | V l()lt, Col]ooB_t{I,{Kyj\4oB T /]. JtHI y(laT ilji
.
'I]l]lllItljL[I,II4 I(rTr{]lx OlTB Hr BI'lIoT. yutp-
lll IlIlt'| lle}ltII Ko}ll ltBolJt, oBoBoJlt, xotiia
\l( rlll()I)ilTBI{l']\{i,l TMMl,l, poB()tll(' JtoiloBoLl
||' l||'IllcIoT 14 i4N'IytI{TI]o TIlLlHo (To oJto)H _
| |)( ||]!rl.'] B yTaB OpaHI,II{) B a[4pa. }l apIa
t. tztrtllllIli/loC'I rria-I4alII{ IIp'I]pLi'll,I o/] Tcx}{o-rIoI,ltI-
Il||() lII)oa. Bo x ya AiaiT],{ JI pT'tllKolo
(' |i|ll,| l}a orTBT Io a,tBrlo o Bt paoFloo
ill( |II llil lIpppeI7'7'] \,{rjl ( irraa).
ll1lrr'tt;{.l]tliil H,I}.LI-v.tJlFIoO p14l?i]rtTr.il,Ba
l1 l)(.]l ]t.l)l,]I\t BaM 1]ptjlpplHl'1]vlaJll(ol,l lIJlHoTt1 B't_
t.'t. it (it)J|l'lIta'I KoT oI1aTl4BoT l] ilpltH'lT t'
| || liilli II. tIoOI,1]\'toTI4 Tpar14 B]vl'l l la oa0B21lI,[e il
I l 'Il( \/]|l,,|.lll(lll,1 ll.l.HpaI,{. ao I.IIFITI' zll(}a}o{I,l llpo-
|\ l IllIl() 14 lU1Bl4/]yoo pl]I-rl{I,!{aTr,l' ],{tlt{o M t{Rrl.-
l||,l ' lI. t.]lojtOaT.,Tl.to, o jvto) lr.po ZlI.poB2]'T Ita Nlll-
LIl(. lI\ tt<ll'tlIt11 BKylB. lJal OTjllrTT Tai()Kr' 1.o B
||lt(t||('('( 1' r((!{.|.CJItllItl!,l Iit]to t]oa tsoliKzl. o I,1Ha Mo_

80 8r
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TBa K Tpyy, ap'IxH pao' Ta Ka aoa | | )llil|)llII(o.Bo oT oToT Too KoMMrptieK opaa-
e.. r t tt ti rl tlo
lrrlt,taJrHl prpati.
Ho .yaoy prpMaTrTBy py - llt<rtlt/(tl l] ]4yTBo ToBapTBa oy l AI, rt-
Hl H.oTaT. px Bo rT aBaT opaLlHtloT rll.lt. [lvltl-, .,py Bl,{ yU{rTBHllI paa o rIt
aI pyoB, a .oBaTo, MatTaoB pH- |||);lIlil, l,ItI(e l])ttylo oH. fl>l-tzt oa BI(aa
aTTBa, oKoy TzuI |{\IT|4poBaH FII prTBa- \ ll;|(. I l l tta otTBItHoo ToBaptTBa poBo|4Tc o oa-

I,{
Boo)l(oTIo oyH KpToB. o,a BITKaT |||(.I ll||() Nlry yllaTI{a ToBapTBa.

pr aT BHI oHTl HB aHoo p p aT- I ltl .r14 ]vlytTl-to oBT'TBHHo.I. xoTBi{I

TB2l: tIBoMo)(HoT orTBt{ KpylI oTaBoK po.K_ |( |lt;l|)I,lJl(c"Ba I.Iopal,IIo H oHI ToI]peTBa Ll ToBap-
I4 Ha pIHo )H )K Ha 'y poyKI{; |||t.( l ltil lllt R (otItt).
H'tK KoHKypHToooo. l} lttlrlo ToBapTB yaTK B ooTBTB ar-
C'oao, HB'yal p,paT o)I(I l||,|Nl M)|( rIM ooBopoM oBMTLlo aHMaIoT pp-
TlaTo BBl.tJBaT Bo Boo)(HoT opT Fll].ly, To l.ttt.lIl,Ko TrHoTIo Hy oTBTTBI{oT o o oa-
||. ll.(.,I l]l\,l M pI,II{aa]vt ]\,tyrToM.
eT HapaBr 'rTHoT Ha pIHK. tt{o ]TaT-
l l r llr l l ToBal4ITBo apaKpyT t]IoKI\I ypo oB-
'| oTaBT KotlKyIl KpyI prpT' poBo._
M a, 'Io TI JlotITK. . o a yy lllI,| ,/|I)yl. I( lpyy, l,,to Il KLlHa Tya' Koa
B opIl.tl -a o BIoK .p)KrK. B o x BpM B l)l IIl\,IIl14 ToBapTBa aKloa oH yaTHK ( y1ll,t-
li.]|l||II,Il\4 /ooBopo H yTaFIoBHo, LiTo Be yt1ng1,.'K Br},,T a
BIpUlBaH paHH oo' H ooTHx TpaB' po-
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JI14LII.{I

OTHT To' tITo BO.TB o)al{Hoo Lla paooTHKoB

BoHKaIoT TpyHoT poozulo plxH oT.l
BopooB. pxo opaa a KoTaNI po}_
oHIM oBrTaM B oo.BTTBto y>t' yy KoTo-
Ix oTaToLlHo .,opo. porl poTaBrr
BIolHI H, oTyo, oIx p.
lr rttl1111111.".'B, KaK paBo, opaHH. oIo ToBapTBa
r rll|;||ll'l'}IoT B o]\{ pHl t+.
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s 2. xoclE oBAPoBA Il,t| |(. lll,IlOT' pztMp oTaB Kaol]oo KaTaa; paMrp
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prrHHI F{a o (a,l) yaTKoB KJ]a.oIM aI4Ta- Illl( ||' \/tlilTHKoB a HapyI orIo o BHIo BKa-
o. ylTBo' oaHor a T BKlIalIoB aTIioB, a Ta)K Il Ill Il()|),t/loK llapeH pt.
poBroe popHo ToBaprTBoM B pore o lI lltlltlrot ToBapTBr B o tlrI oaato paBIM oo-
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K ToBapBa o oTolrrr K yTBy rloT oa- ||\'|' (||l(}Jl,l,1,l.Jl(]M' pTaBT apTrpoB o ToBapITBy;
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.oB. \,ll|.ll. |(.I)llo ll'l torx o oT opaa).
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Bo a o'HH B otl o otx o_ l!^|{.l ||l()(' l]/lrtl J\e |4 oHo opyarT opaH}Ioy Kpyy
TB' poo o'H KaTzulo. o'e ll||| l l1ltt t.llTt{oM BFII4 e ToapTBa oBpIt
oo BHH yTBHHIX BIa'oB pr.oaaT Ho- r tttIrll| (]/lJII( r.py oa Br yaTHo. BH
pTro yaTe B ra ToBapTa' To T B pp- || | ll()|)VlIilLl,l''I oJlHoM HroK aTKaM' oTItI
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|| ('|)()|(||, {j,|ilIIoI]Hl yLIpI ooBooM (a pao, /(,lTrHoT, KaK ppaoa Kooo poylr,
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t't:tIlItl tl:lTl4 B]1a.a BorTT pt]ItttHI yt. IlItl o ot,ttl HKox vK (') +apl'l-
pl t Iooo oapcTa papIT'l 'IKx ' oaFlor ooB .'ooBopa I\4)(y l.'l]4 ll o-
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/llI Ho (ol oap)
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l]pBIT paN{ ra JIao Hoo Kal-ITa. lt (IJII-{I-BKaLIK .- ToJlo B prax BIla.oB B KaT
.a I1OI-Ioo To BapI,{TBa ol,I'apo HyT cap- 'oBapTBa. oTIoa BIKaT I,I oBrplHo pt aT:
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rcTBa. o oa.taT' LlTo yaTl oTBraT Bo tlI{IM l(OBolITr., TaBT py apTpoB' 'IB'I
ytIaTByT B
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TaK oo t,lN,lrBa. ottoT B ToM 'tar I{or,IT a o
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lo;l KaT. B, BIHy)QTI ot{oTIo oB1]T
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ao ottoo), tlTaBts My Boo)KHoT a- -
oapTl]O Ha Bp' KaK oJIFIo Toapl,ll.Bo' oal.
,Ta
Ta oTaII,{ o;<. oBTTBroT l(arT JIIIJ- yopyT a oHoa p.Troo ooBopa. -
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TllItoBT llo oTro apa e pI4Topo ]. pt, aIJa, oarr 14 oTBTTB{}1oT.
a Ilooo ToBaprTzl BpaB l o. B o. opo BH'I I{ parH ToBapTl]o a Ber
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iirto yaa oKa' oa .py yaTHKol} tl Tp_ Rr,HI,I r ToBplrlrTB' oapBT }TB|4'I lloIIIX ToBapl,I-
y, IJo oTKa oT y2.'.,''' llo)(H l aFt j\{Hr M a l. o ]\,toy BICT}IIZIT oT MI{ ToBapr.B ToKo o
tl{. rBo zruol.O BIxo.'a. l.loBpHoT.
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T TooT aT ]\{yITBa ToBprTBa oropLIoHiUIo 'oRapTBo I{:t p \IaTttI] o KoM}t?lpy'I /pyI4Ml4 paBa_
o or B JIoo KaI,IT. o oairlr cTopoH Blaa ,tI,t. B aToT],I, Ba.LiKI,I l'lrloT Ip?lBo o OKotltja ral{-
ToMoT Myl.TBa \4oT l aHa BIatI yra oBoo o,lt ll,l 14 oBaptsa o\,tlT o a] p-
HilT'ypr. aT BoIo oIo B aotlO Kafla re aT pyoMy
pa.la B KaOFIo Kal{Ta p) yaTKa To.
.II'o I]Kay JI TpTM l4; p I{Ba ToBapl{lTBa Ha
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oBl-I?cB oyTBIoT Too oa Br roB To_ tlor flpaBo rp/I ol oBapIa a OyFI BKa/loB
BapTBa. . B ToBapTBr oTaT .tITBt yaT_ yUlTBa ToBTBa' oTaBIro o OBTBoprI-l Tp-
' oO o)o t Bpoao R Te}I lIlT oa prTopoB.
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t ToBaprTBa ]\,I lltpoKor papoTal Po- I]o]]aBIX B Hr BK.IzlKoB. oao oIr ToBapI{tLl BpaB
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84 35
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a Bp oTaT o paH !' o oa opil H o o'"'"'u.,ii*'oTI oy_
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oBxooB Hopoo, opoo, Bopoxcoil .py ytlaTFlo, To yrlrt ooBop papaala). v-
oax P. I)rT1 .,oKyHTr o)KH I o.rpaT o M Mo ox Br -
lt o o B.,l o parp yTaBHoo KaTa, .o
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5 . xol oA |1|4'1 M BJ]aoB' opK ITp.'a .o TpTeMy y' OTBT-
.BroT yLIaTHKoB a HapyUr oaHoTr o BItIo
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a paeHl a .o ylip y'TatsHIM (ao_ opK pT M ptlH.
t) aaoM. ooo ro oT o oTtltoo .oBa- B o opao oTBrHIoTl yal Ka-
pLeTBa oToT B ToM, o oBo Ka or KaTa- . pa Ha
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(uo xaeT pK MyTBHtllx oTp), o-opI, LIaTI,I B paTpBaIoT Boo)HoT BrI] Ba papoo,
o lx JII, a I] ToKo pllIlpHMTlt, B-TpTI,I. MMZUIHI pap BHOA oHT oapBHIo p-
yaTHI4K H oTBLIiltoT o oaM ol, a IIyT ToKo pK .pa ( 50 %) po oo oaTI yTaBHoo a-
yto B paMrp BHHIx BaoB. .aa ( TrI pBoo oa rTHoT ora). B yua,
ot oTB oyT o/BaT opl ora Jl B TrtIH rpBoo o'a .TIoT oo H B oTo-
oparo ooJiHTo oTBI{HoTIo Klto- FI ooT oLaT ol yal KaTa' oo
poo oa. o oT o o MHI.e ( H Ft aKorlo.aT]{o
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opa}{a' yp)(HHa oH JI ttrKoKLIM- KopKa
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TaBHI aT:uI oopo par I{a o orHHIx Ip- [KB\[a.
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p o opFltto oTBeTTBHHTI'{. yMlII aprTppoBaT To B yTaoBroM op.
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rT. JI BpaBr B To yt1ng oTpoo}JaT opoHoo pKpa{-
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TTBoM yTaHaBBaT a LIaTl{oB. ltpooi,:i Bo yIo.
oIT BTTByT o oooT yTaHoBH Too pr- yTaBHoo KaTaa oa oyarT o
ra a ypo 30-50. B T fia B oM BHH BM o yr1ng1.,KzlMl4 BKa.'oB B ooM oo.
xot Har]THoo KoLIea ouTB opa.lo oT- oTBa opaIltlo olHoT, oHoIo
BrTTB}ioTI yTrM pppav4 tyt Too c LI|4c- BHl-t] BoIo lto, oyaT ooTBTTBy B'TTBO,
t{oT}o yaTKoB 600-1000 oBK Iop'K],{ Hpao- KoTopo lopeK KpT a ro BKJIa' FIo BeTc
pfro. } opa I]T'I To, tITo oo opa- o 'tao.
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ooo .t. MI,{o LIHa aMM oolTBoM ( oTLIHr Tp-
86 87
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I Il IlI l |(.I llI'I Box oo.
tItttt KoopaTBa I4MT pao oall KoopaTBa p-
t.tlt' t:tlo a o aT pyoy tII.Iy KoorpaTBa. B yva
l \t(.l)l.l,l lIJlrI{ KoopaTa o aIJliK oyT OlT pTl B
||l|(.Ill,l l(OopaTBa. flao yoB oao oxo t
r.trIllIl<lt,tpoaHo B yTaBe' B oo yar KoorpaTB BIa-
.l l||lil(' l. lII{Ka ToI,{oT a yMpl]]o Ha KoopaTBtl.
ll t'.tly.121g, BJITB pTI4 |4II BIxoa KooTBa
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|||(.( l Il() (<llo).
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ll'llllItt.' ll l] lIpoI4Bo.TBI{ol,I KoopaTB - r l{o o
'I ll.||()|t tl tl 50
Iil,tt.lltlt ()pl.?llto paBJIH B JIKoxooM Kooll-
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il||()l)i)l\'l iIIlL'I() rlOI{oB tlpBII{IaT 300, oe opa B ooTBrT-
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l0l
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pae" o yoHoMoHHt' poK oootll{ yaal
' opo pa.
Cot o o copa (copall, yoHootllx) o T-
BT B opK po' KoTopr pr.yoTprHl TaI}oNl.'
Boupo opa oIBaTc, e oHa rTa HoB
KoopaTBa' Mrlo aBo ooa' B oaHHoM ]\{ ats-
(c yKaaHM L/|I oa) opy o oIBa ' ec|
o H pyMoTpHo yTaBo.
Kl ooo 1 KoopaTBa T a o opa_
H|4 ovl^ oo. AcopoBaHI HI KooI]paTBa' aK pa-
Bo' B oooBa r )jaTByT' yTaB e pMTpBaT
!{o.
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a o opa HoB oopaTBa - 25 % o6ltt'o a
HoB KoopaT[,{a' MIotx paBo ooa, Ho H H T
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20;
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I yoHool. l1o Hr M 50 yooorlItl{Ix.
o oa rFIoB KoopaTBa pHMaT l1lr
otBo ooo, 2t lol{tl Bopoo' oTo'Il
K o TrIlo o, . llJUI pHTI4'I peIJJeH|4
y /IB Tp ooo oT rla pyTTByIox a pa_
LIHOB oollpaTB.
T pyKoBoJ(TBo 'r THOT Koo raTl4Ba O\/l-t-(Tts'l -
pao ott lal4l paBHI4. pal ooT(tT_
o a.aToy oI]Ty o.y pa tUII{oB Koopil_
a. oo paec Ha poK o plt.loBI T
oToT H M LI Tpr oB' t paB'I ozt_
Ttlo o)KHI t KOoIIpaT],rBa. Ko'rrl aB.
e\I oTaBIoT Br BopoI' BOl]I]1Ir B K)tlTJlHyIo
KoTro oo opa HaroaTttoo oBTa.
at BTo pa paBr MoyT r pyoTp-
t pa paT, cTztoBF{lI o o{Ooii o-
ao o a'Hr KoTopl rIoIJ KooaTBa It_
pa}lIM oooM' aIM paBo opHoTI,{ BI-
Ty2rT oT H Koo]]aTBa. J_Iroo tI oTaBa
paBrHl,I JI ooMoI4 o oB .ot{o 0IT BH}lo B
yTaB, yaHI.iI l,IMrH .oHl t apl.ppoB}tI lJ
yTlul ol]JI l l.lo aoHol\,{ op'I..
I IlIl|)I)l.|\ |l()JIl)'JoBil Bc Hl popl.Hyo oxo..
.[I' otlpoJl'l a TrIoT aBHl{, a TaK Or_
pyI4 14KJllO(l.JIHIx oI.Ioo, l+ otrrr B KoMllr-
TrI{Io ot-t.lo o1lat, o,a'l Hlol1Trl.tt o. ;l_
a aIoTrtloo oBrTa oyT l oo l Koorpa_
TBa. otlo llDrtI[|.lo oBMlH rHTBtl
102
I l()J(lt.l.HoM oB B oHTHo o1,I.o"&oorpTBa'
l; It ),l
.
l l,l I(to T Boo)HoT oyoTp ee'i.
t r r( l
j(rllt o KoopaTBoB BpaBr o.aT pBoFIt oto,
l',rrltl1ll,l popaT Tay opKoo KoopaTBa. Ko-
llIl(.l)il'I'I] oaoM opK BoT B oFI prBoI
( ()|()'t()|!' ts llpoTBHo ya o o.)\4 KB\La o prIIJ-
lIl||() t]/-ltt.
|'t'llt,tol.tl olo, IToy oTo B ro lTaTr ay.To_
)( )|l. ()yTBT pBoIH poBrpy,ToT Koopa-
|
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l l. j||,||().l.l,l1 pr,oTBpar BootII pt, Byx l(
\'Il|(.M.,]lI HTpoB LIroB KoopaTBa' }'x.lltHI o ']r,I-
I l.'l |,| I(). Po poBp oytT Kl opo
lIlltIlltItot o; B KoopaTa, aaoBa TooT l_
r t lrit |(().l.o] IIprBIllIa 10 TI. N,lHaIx p.arpots oaTl
ll)V]|;l'
- t(t aot o. yal pBooli po-
Ii(.|)|ill l] .rBAIt po oya Ha oBMTHo a/{a_
||ltll ll[)ABlt| aHoo oBTa, aT oKJIaIBaIoT
l|'l ()tloHo opa ro KoopaTBa. o opa
||||lIlIll.tT Io ToaM pBoo pop purH o Mrpax o
l,l|||Il I' TrproB KooIIpaTBa.
.t'.lll,Koor
( KoorpaTr yy ltlpoKo papo-
r |1r;lIl}l IC B KoM o, Ho oo ooo p_
Il(.i.Ill l} OOTBTTB paIM aoo <.o oxo-
lt..tllttlt,i Koolla> (l995) rprpTpoaT yTaBl or-
l\t(.|| |lI'lx KoooB' oprT ].aTy Ka).oo a Koxoa
( r rl I ltl|tllO aceo|4poat), opo
paB Koopa-
l ltll{ ),l lIpz].Ba' oao oTBrTTBHoT ytlaToB.
'
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l llll'l).IlltIt()t}' Kp'tHKX oTB ..pyx opH .y
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I] l (||]|;l ()l||| M()l., ltr. oHt B ToMoTI{o Blpa)(H\4' ||a-
r03
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B Ya. l,1 ]{r Mr 5l ?6 ce },]\lI MI('TBrIHl
[:teBJ BI{ooB. I]l]xo/ltlx'l zl Hlllll ot't iloj,{B-
tto ltpryTpl. pl]'ilrl. to D, oo
pol4tto..TBlt{IX KooIIpIJo' ao KooL.L)llIlI] 14]\,lL.T IIpaBo
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po:-IBOJITi]trJo KoopaTB I(oMFII,]pyT]'l TooT t,lx
IlitB, Ilpxa\I\t4X'I Il ]lr/{.t oI pIljBoTBrHoI,'
pap1l1,t, ltI ll()pr/1;tT K.taIr I{rfult0 oTl-
T] I]poBo].Bl{H(.)l\{ KoorptrTB B lloBpT-HO yi1B-
Hl,J-
rl ol]'],lj-t KoopzrTl,tB k.'4 ILpo oBylorlr yrKl.
H(l ]\,{T' 5| % ceir ylvfl l,{I]ItBj{HlX aI]I BooI], i-
ol1l ll I|,,I-.lIt1\lI I ll])o jBOItoii tt(l-
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.IJl.
l.I1rg;ou. Il|o lt tpp p1llt<ltt tt t
l-to poyK, a)(Hl,{'I jvlaTe[4ajllll]\,114 pypaM
l<I4BaI4 DO],ItJolIcTI]rIJ ll o o Dor a.
s 5. oGy-AB{ H l Myl.| t,l kl lA}l
yH ktA*{ l 1 P,| }l}l
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l]]{I{t,IKolll IvllTBO" tY{tto yItI,ltill)llOo IlJ-1T
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pirp,T'IeT,I. t] pr-,.plut ylIlI1 i)Hl,l Ilpr.r{tlpl- oi(al
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oltr"1,l{rl{rM l(JI}O(laT'J BoI!4o)l(Ho pay,l[t.tjtl l tili-li.tltl't
I] Tl( p'l]],IT' iJ 'Io]VJ ,l,lcjt ot]o. ]jrliol| (I(JleKTl,lB-
ot]t,> TI]HtIoTI,4 parr.tll'lot' alr.rtlI,I ovj{apBI;}li
104
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l ll,ttttl.tI.tt]vf yp'JIlII]\1 oKMtil.o }{TapoO Ilpll_
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KoKypHToB (a.lo, lai,r T. .);
KKoBl HI a aHaoHIr ToBapI oHKypToB;
KaKoBI al KoKypToB o yB X o\1 Ha ptH_
l(zl, r oM poa) ToBapoB oBllIIH -
.BLtoT poBo.TBa;
B (l l at TopoHl KoFIKpFIToB;
KaKoI]:l ploHa'l TpaT y KoKypHToB oMoIo KaK
p.TB ot otlBaT pa,
KaKx e. Mo>l<Ho o>t<.aT oT KoKpToB B yy.
Pa ey. aKoHT oa pKTB palnpe
HoMaTpt poyK B paBt ooTBTTB-
prKTBa KoIIKypHToB.
IJoopaHo TaK oppoBaT paTKopol o-
I4
l()(.|)()llIll'I pt opaHa o oLlH,p.dy.'o.o *uu"-
l.I llil ||I)(UtyKIll| t]I)IoKo otry1roooHo'
)I(.;lit.I'.llrto o.aBT oK aBI KoKypHToB IIpo-
l|V|(ltllI,| ; llpol]Tj4 oJ{Ky KaLleBa; yKaaT' KaK py-
(.llti| .l.l, y poyK opal{a|4 B ptrBH KoKyppyfo.
|ll(.l,l , 'lolvl o)(Ho HT Ha plKr' r o}la TyaT po_
/lVl(l(l,,ll,l KoI-{KypHTo. Hxo oo orHT' B LI Bo'l
||t)('(I(ll yBMa o paBHHIo poy KoHKypHToB'
lI|)('/U|())KTool, oTopI oxo Ty yBMoT yTpa_
llllllr
l} .l-o p. poBoT aa oro KoypHToB yKaa-
lttttl oa poa>l( x ToBapoB; oaIBaT' Ka oo
/l(.',l() opaH ta prJIaMl; paBBaIT oo)KM
ltr..lt tt or opaa.
Il 1l oII .x4apKemtlZb> oKaIBaIoT oTgtM H_
Il(.(. |()I)M apT}{pa ooI]H] HapaB'I MapToo -
ll l (.]l|lllOT:aH paIxpH aopTMrHTa l,{ papoTpa}ll{Jl
llIltl,1y1111'''. pH IHKoB t. HoBI oot pB-
'|('lIl|'| |1OKyT. ! Ka)(oo Toapa papaala aI{I
l'l l(il poa)K' oKaIBa}o I rToI,t oopzt-
I l | |
t()|tillI14'I' opaa paMI o BIrrIx Too
t I)('/l(]'|.|l1 TMy TypoBa Ia ToBaoB B }taor
Ill)(.N4i| 14 l] eIlKTB' opaaIo opoa)(oo o.
Ili||Ill'I ttlr.p. Ba;<o opT oot oppoa
llt)lll('L]I'I}|.ll{oo N4rIH o yy opaa |4 rr po'yK'
li .llt.l p aaloT pHTy B oal{atl TpaTrl
r|.l| )lrt. | I l . o]Boty 'o ooHHoo poT oo
Il|)()]l.it)|( a rT llIpHJI pIKoB ta oca oBIx
lIlll1llt,t llI)t]LlrH oKaT, opa yrt pBul;
l|||l)(']l.JI'l loT pTBa, KoTopl Too opylo.
l l1lrr 1lltpaoTr Trt oopaoBaH p']1pHaT
tIllll)|r('II /(ll1. OTBI Ha yl Bot|poI:
i l |l t l ii Itoo oopaoB:ll.I it o yT'l opaH awe
|.'
|.'il|ill I(llI TaHoBrHI I]a ToB:lpl 14 y'
Illi,Il()lllIil B eHy a ToBapl o]4ol. orpoa)(I
\( rlvl.
ll Iri||(()l4 TH rHI oTpaaT pK. pO' Ko}rKypIl-
lr ll 1 1111.11(11 lO. .oBapa;
p yTaHOBHI zl Kot{TpopoBl l.]to
ltl()z|(|l() JI11
ll.ll| ('l (l'litC.l..
t )\ /|V |, jl14 ooTBrTcTBoBaT yTaHaBBaI
rI a Toapl
ll|]\t\, lINtIl/()(. KoTolrt p}oBo opaHa .apaT o-
l l,l,.
|',| |.'l)l|( ) () l.l lOl||cIl oKyaTr K yl.HoBHHl opaHa-
lIlIl,l| |l(.lIilM ll,|.OBap];
l 'I|.()ll|'| ,l.l. ;laTtlHoT poa' pa oKyaT Ha
.oBa1 opaHa;
I ll lIll'l |(.I I lI(. l l.]| l,l I I()l|cll H Ha
| |
I l5
 KaKoBo 'rTBe opaHa B yLIa' Ko.a oHKyprHTI H-
)I(a}oT rHI.
p a la ToBaoB pr.r]pHaT o)KrH oTBeTT
a ]'aK BopoI:
KaI(oB yT poBx}I ToBapoB I{a ploK;
Ka B.I TpaopTa oyloTc ' I]pBoK ToBapoB
Ha pII{oK KaK F{ Haoo KooMLIHl;
pa[oaaT opaHa BoM TplOpToNI' JI\,| oT_
yya aHt TpaFIop pr;
, paIloaa}oT'I KlIa.I ToBapoB' KaKoBl o)KI olT aa_
I Ia I{x, KaoBa MKOT l1oB;
aooTra TopoB TopoB
l|(.Il Il()Jlllo1.Io I(oMHpT yBtIr]{r u.pyu*, a (IT
|'tlt'l.il (ll'I,t]i\4a pulir pol]Kt,r. B>lto paBHo op_
'Il|||, .. ll(}I)o- MHMflrto l. po. l<oTopI pFl_
t.t.'l xtl,ltti,iy yI. , app' opMaTBI aTpzrTI a
|||)()ll|tl}(),lTo l ooKa oTB}oT 70 I' p.Y >e o
Il(.lIl1lll]lll ollKaT H' To p po|-IopyMo MN{a-
rrtlii 1ltl.irI-toT Hzl ypoBl]r, Ka)K, 20 % <,opo)) HMa-
rlr'ii i1r'll l ,tt'loa y 84 t. py. (70 l. p..1,20)"
l)tl,y oo po'a>t< ToBaoB ooy top oa_
-
rltlii t|lttoK, Ba MaI oo yIIaKoBK ToBapa' KoTopI
ll t]l It'}}Io.t,C ao-t pooM y I.Iar' H pa'l.
t

uo BH - Itil'l'I' .t.paTl p patIlI BapaHTax Ha oy ToBapHIo e14-

LIpr op'HoB; || .')' pzlI ooTaBIoT poHorMIM Brtl
KoKo }{y)Ko orpaT paoTKoB rl yx, ()()I,MOB o/)(' BIpyK oT paJIatI, To oBo'IrT oIlpJI-
yI]rrHo . aoar paol.t tot o paa- lll|'I.l, /looJlFrTl-{y ay p tlo payHIN,I aal{Ta
14 ToBapoB opa}lal{. r|lltt:lltttt yaKoBK. r a a JI_
p oooBal{ p O yB o peaaL7 ]|()|}il.|'Jt I{o, Beell.rr aTpaT a o o Tr
po'yK, oBIIIlI{1o KliTBa' opaHIo oTp Hy)tHo ||()l), IlOKtl T aTaTI KoIpyIOT a po-
yl{T' To TBro yBeH plt,t B r'pHa- /li|)|( l,| ]\,II pt. p o yTIBaT T yI]aKoBK' l
o r].Ho oto .oTarT H ToKo a 'T (. )l l M()T. TooT I] aKoBK .oo KoHpo-
| (

H)(H .rp)KrK poBo'TBzl' KoKo a rT yBrtlrH't Iiit||l()}l 0rH oa po.D( pO.'yK' B pryTaTr o
oo po.a poyK. ]I( )l| )(IIil BOpaTaT poI.
o aopo oBIlIl BHoT pao- lJlt>r<tIo N4.o B praaorro TI{oT aHaT
o .LIoT ppllTKx opoaH\4ii BTc II)illII|OpTpoBKa ToBapa' oTOMy ooo BHMaH ox< l
o'D(a oyK o aTop'IM KarTB V/|(.,]|llo topy tIoo TaFIopToo pTBa tooa
Ml r opTllpoBa (o opa, aop) ||(.|)(]l!o ( opa, U{I4KaX T. ). B paTa oy-
Bvrro Kot{rcTa apI. B o |()| I|()Ka:]aT ToMoT l porpBooK o pat{Il\{
T poIax poK o KaTopN{ LtTBa, B Ko- tll|/lilM .pltlopTa, .'p)K a Tapy' a Ta)I( opMI T,BH-
Topo]Vl ooTaBT'I aTpaTI BIpyKa a pral{oBaFIylo rrrlii t-t Toapa p pBo poJ]y aIM BaI4
po.yKI,t ppoK op.1oo. lIlillI(]llt.lp.a. MHll] y l. pl, M l]Io".He ao
Coppoa py oloFITHIx itTpT Tpya' 'oiloIl14- I l);lIl(.llOlIo pBo ;lt oo pBoKII.

rto TapI' a B pr yaB l{ ooHTHl TpaH[oTHIx
p'TB. B TM yBBarT BlpLia a pzllloBa}ry
lloyKl{ 3a T yBF{ ItI a po.yK}o o BtoKo-
o KaTBa. cl oa BIIIaT,ooTHIr a]paTl IIo
opTt4poB, To po(Da o opTaM (aTrop) rooopaHa.
Btr>r op'ITI\l IIo Bel ora peu|aLlvl
tpoyK BeT T)/poBaHr oBIlllH KaTBa.
!','l oltpH tlo.T Too popT oxoo
poltol4poBaT yBH ooMa poBo.'Ba ],I po'ax po-
()r,Itl<o oxoo T B By' To ooBa!4r,. lIrI(oTopI-
|\|l| |tll/(tlM TpaopTa, HMrp >l<o.opotI,lh,l, p
\,'Ilt('|.l,I'I l] opa 'py TpaHopTHlx 'TB (aBToMoO-
'tr'il.
't.Ilitl(opo}] .p.), a KaK oT Tatl rtoxoo l]oTa
l()|t;ll) KOItKpTItI op. ooy aTpaTl pa,LITIBa-
|()|(.,l I} yMM o BrM Tpal{opTttI pllTBa' BaI
ll/|l|()ltl)HHo K pBoKa, a TaK)K yttTIBa]T aTpaTI LIa o-
| |( )|| | Ill.I.-]ttll opyy BIpyy.
IltK N,Ip o yy'IrHIo p-rtl{a poK BKlotlae
l(tl't t

lIyK B I]ot{HTax It K)qI p.yBt{'I oaTl Tpya
paoTI(oB a I(arTBo poKl-. c yBtl4r oo
pol,lBo'TB 14 tlpoD oepaT BrH oHa oJIaTI
Tpa, TzlKil,I pa tp.
.ett o.o ra po.yl(I{l.{ MorT olT o-
THyT.o l,I it lleT llKo.opoo HXI{ praaoHl{I H.
ozto To roopao jll]l B ToNt JIya IILI' HeH
lt6
Irt.t(ltl1l'lt|lpoo ooa Topo. polt
||ll|() ()l)l.illlall o)IdT paoRlBa
rr;tllt,tIl,tii rp,l1t' oTiBIM opHKaIlt, (Irp
'lItt.||/|()|}llIlllle Ma2tHl t,l p. plrop
|.l|'()N|V ttooy TopoB, KoTopo p) O paaIl4
l\|lIlIl||\lllJ||lIIl, il tpytl](a
- aKHa. B .lpxx o)(I
' l}l't ||, v'll.CIlI,I BCe TaT a)aT o pa' KoTopI MoyT
lt7
T To p To L,IJ\|4 :o op Topo. Hpp, p
poax poy pal pro}IzUIHI ot a_
TpaTI o TpaopTpoBK Boa]T aooBT. x
pra po'yK OTBT o py aaaM |4 B
apr'yo oMH' To po TpaHopTHIx paxooB TI-
Ba. }.y apaoo aI paoo' aF{TI opo,
apHHyIo aTy a o' aTpaTl }1a ToBo, rKTpoH.
Io p.
Baxo yT o oo'lTTtso, ttTo p poa)K poyK_
Bo ca|\| HxHIr pTBa oTyaT oHoBp[{o
o ToBapa atrl o l|. p poiutt
pat poal or oulT a poyKIo orT
oTyT p FIal Fl.pB BprH BIpyKa opa-
Ha yMrIT Ha Btt .
a, yTlBa Be yKaal aopI, Mo;<Ho oT'
a TBo oa p ta.
Cooa TMpoBa a ToBapoB MoyT t pI.,
KK rp oyK' p' o.I ' pBaTHI lItI(l)Oaoo MaTpa I T. '.
TooBI HaK, TKTK' BlTaBK-poDK 'MoTpaI4
opao ' poa) ToBapoB B papoKy' yBKa apa.
oo aTl paoo too pt pl opH-
o oa po.a)K ToBapoB.
paoTpH BoIIpooB opaa o,poaIoo
oyxa op yxo yTlBaT rH ooTBTT-
B tlopTMTa KaTBa orpoaxI cy apoaM'
l]oo)o yooo paoo)I(r pBI yHToB o
KaaN,I aaI-llx .t; pIl Hzl oTcyTTBI4e II p)l(-
Ky Hy)KIlx aaHlx T, OTIBI o ao Kaoo l,t pB_
HIx KToB' p'R}o}o TooT proTa aH]x a
paBHH H oHKypHToB' a paoHKoB
rpBa BoMooT r oBIl]l{; BoMo)oT praI{oo
yopl]lTBoa TMl oITpo)KHoo oxa
op po KoHKpHToB.
Ba>o HaIIpaBrH apToo ToT
B r-a pyaTpBa}oT praI, prTBa' BI-
I Ha H; op B )(y aKBa pao t)(.V||(o.BT aHpoBar poBoTBa' oTpo KaTBa
paot FIH oa la rlpl.
papBaT TaK TaI papao paot? pa-
Te.'
op.rrH pKJIaMI'
plxH o paHo opa;
aHpoBaH pTB papoTpaHH opa;
papaoa (ope) paoo txea;
oHKa oT pKal.
p apoBa prTB papoTpaFl pao -
opa eyT y B To' To o oTaToH
yIll]IHoo poBH pao Ka21. o.'ao Hiiorr
t 18
ltlt)<tto oTaBIo poa apoa''^,p,TB papo-
(. | )il
|
'l opa BIo"c BIMI tll pT_
Il I I
|lll, lloKoy o x Kor.Ba aBc14 lop pTB papo-
(.,I
I)ilIlH.
apoar pTB papoTpae't pao opa-
tlllll IlpooT B Tp Taa:
()llpr oHoBHIx apaTpoB pKal;
trop ooBHIx pTB papoTpaH'I1II pao top-
|\lillI14 KoI{KprTHI I{oT;
()lIprH po.LIl{oT paI opa.
l]lt>tto IIaBHo opT aor l Bt
l)I(JIaMI Ha oo aa|4a pao .THoT -
IlIlllloT a p.I.y po. p To yTIaT at
tl l,lJlIe Topor oT.rI Bo. Happ, pryT-
l|ll l'aTHo pKaMI
- B rr oTyoT' Ma,oBoT' oTHo-
r.rtt,llo IB{' BoooT aToo ofop; al
t
<<pTBopHHoT,> oto
|()l)oI|l
- aa BlpaTeIoT'
('
l')(loT prKJIaMI op.rroT T ooTaBH a-
Il)ill Ha Hrr poopyrMI Beee oa paaaLI
||l)('tK aI pI. Cya pl o peao
l|(.il.l',lHoT14 cLIcT B B paI r)y.tlooHFlo
lrl,l1ry.IKo oT pa po.yK' oeo a T pKaM-
||()ll /l'tTrHoT' aTpaTa a Ty TtIoT.
l} pa <, npouodcm64)> oKaIBaIT o)KBIIIy'I
| |('I ) l lKTBHyIo TpyKTypy poBoTBa poy (y)' to-
|||ll'I poBo'TBrHI MoHoT apyMo x MHr
||() l(U(il' . a y ayl ooor oopyoa,
(,I,|l)l, MaTpar; y poBo.T'l oopa B KaK
Il(}lIl)(). Ka BoMo)(I aTp p opaa Ilpo-
||()/l.'l.l}tl; t, y oo Ia aK yoBx y yaT Ip
tl |\tll.epJIl; KaKoB )t( oTaBLKoB MT oIT
l)ilt)(I.I,I C
H|vt' y TaKX BIHT, T JI -o
oa poBoTBa oTaBoK prypoB.
(ll |)ilIl14tlIi
- pKa.
ll .l,o pa -aa Hy>l<Ho pyoTp, a yy
lIl)('lyKll' a TaKx oxpaFla oKpy)ae pt T|4a'|
(}I\()](Ol]; x Hy)GIo opT p)KK I]poBo'TBa I,I
rI l| | .
|ill\,|Ky
()oIlotaT oTar o poaaMoo po-
||()/|(',|'|}lt HarI peat o o, or]T, KaK
l\|()/|(|, I otllHa pHTao p yB oo
ll||()ll l|}O]l1.. T p paH K poI]o.TB
(t)||ll'l().t, K I,,lTo(IlIKM tp' oToHr oH' Tpa_
ri,;rlrt,ri,i p)KM, BaIIoT Boxa p.).
l(1lytlttt,t poKl .py oa oo polJO.BrH-
ll{)|| lt tltt,tlt-lll,tlo llpp.pyTypI HaLlTHl p)l(I(.
I l9
 p oooBaH ao el ooo IoJIo. (.|)l|)|,() (ttil.ltpa oo) o ppafiy. apzt't
Ba Koolo p.yKLI Hy)KFto ytlTIBaT' To tt;t lt;lpaoTK paTIBa]oT HopaTBl ooo (o<o
p]pJlT o)KrT r proBtaT B BrxM , ppao- lt(.ll()Jll,1lol]:l op]\4'aBl poIro opaHa) ll a
ao (pla oKa ppaoa), a B yaB ()(.ll()l} lroopaoHl{oo paTa B ooTBrTTB|4 p:lo x-
(p o KaTB) ooBaT a Kop KoTy. Kpp ttllJttrt'Iao.
topa ooa ooBa'Be aula p, /[tltrtl.ltttH pl o ppaoTK poyK or.
oyaMa oT paall 1' poyK. rltll(I|. l(ltK paIly M)y plt 0T pzl,Ta ppaa-
o poy|Ll, pea.rLo ]])Kr , pIJl \4c|I\Ic- rlrlii t,t tlrIppaoao po.yK.
I. KaK pay y tpy eol,loT poBa. Il -lla pryMaTpBa}o pop ooMl
o oyK. flo ppaoao [po]IyK B llp)Kld (.l)()(.l] pOBoTBa BMo' KoTBo' H Ka-
BKloaT 'ooHTHI paxo,I a ppaoy (apaoa rtlii 71Itrl oy y paXol{oB, a Ta)( TOKI,,I o_
aTa, a]\4opTa poHT o oopyoa1 a.pa-
TI a KTpoHrp Too' BoMoaTHo lp MaT-
paI' Tzry, yao p.). p pau 6'ooC eI1I4-
t ppao,ao po.yK yTIBaT BIXo tp,I B
OOTBTTB Txolto \eK, H oDaM'
a poyK pAoa ly)qllIto o_
,]. Ha KOp]\4 KoT' l]QBoT B KopoBI llL Ha ll() lM())I(Ho poBo.TBo po'K c c|looBa}IM Beo p-
oHoB op paoa Kop]vIoB trE poBo.TBo rI BoTlIo- t.Vl)Iloo floT'lzl.la. B aor ya aT oTaa N{oXrT
.o poy opT BIo. apirl a Kopa pa- {)|,| |'I) l]p.aHa B py p1,\ op'a}Ia' o- r]\{-
I,TIBaIOT o oMoil. ttt,t o' oTop}o oo l]aT B ap.y' paTIBaT
opaa, apya paoy Koxo-
o poyK' o)I(a O.oToBT THKo-Kooo
oo xa po a
a)I(
pTar,Ioo oopyoa-
H oprT o aoBy tIpOBo.TeHoT' yoxaloT () .1g1.N{ IoTHoT N{rXaII,{pOBaIx'pao1 ITo oT.IM
I{a apyMo o .lao paoTI B TKI,I oyaloT To- l.'V/|I,'I..pa \| BaI\ )BoTI{\.Ix orIo o at
Hylo poBo,t{To oopyoBaI,I' o yTOK paoI xet rl( lt,e N4 rapotsaHIx paol"' Pa. o I]a [ooBy}o ay-
B oy oprIoT yToM tI{x aaoB lp' zl,pa- |'.V ('llloo zrKTopa, opr..I]. ()ToHoT Tpal(].opa o N{zlp.
o, oMoB .'I.r 1,, i I t\{

o Koort l,ll.IrT oT},I] IH)KHI (B ol. pI(a eNl:ul L4

IIpo3BoBa y(IrTo Il.\lt14I( B apy pOBoT l;a oHoB .ao aptu{Ix aTx'
KoT. Cy yT ()|||)(:.l(tx.ooBopo pHJI. l,l a aBflMIx B apy
poy14 acee l] lpyx Opaal[x, .ITOI t(.N,l ll}| TeK. IIpi O1. l{At{ pTB IIpoBoTBa B

.I MaI\'I.ayIo atyKy a B TF{r oa. .l|)(.Il/ly oppy KaK yjvlil po aTI Kot{o-
alal a poKTpoBa xa BiIoH po?ITHO- I||'l\ '}T[]ztT papT|4'I }{a Orp)KitFtl,{ N{ yTB B
MoI{Ta)KFIIx pao paTlalo Ha oHoB MTI' KoTopy o-
TaBIoT Io aHHI paBoHa <.l cpoTIlI opI
I,I paBa>. Coo oopyoa BKlo paxoI Ha
o popI ocTaBKy. B po KaTF{I aTpaTI
Bxo..T TooT BpMtlHl oopy>. aaI o Haa.I{
oopyoa JJp. KatulIr BoxIl'I BIaT B IIpI,tB- I rl
HI aTpaTI yHo)M x Ha LiopaTBt o{lrHT I l tll l.ll t OKaIBaN{lx vy oIpr.T oI,1BTBI-

to KaToBo> (' -o tporrrr- Nll| |l()'t|\4O)I(l.io'I xorriia. pl,t xoo TpIfJ4T

H'O,TLI--QH patsH 0.l4)' B pB,{r}{HIr aT'ptl'I Kpo KafIaI | (.|() [)ilILlpHI,I' TaK aK To /{arT {oo:"lHTeIr }{)KHI
o>lr BoT TKye OBo/:I'TBHI Till: paTI Ha ||l l(. I VIl]lll. ooyT OIltIIo aTolt paoLIKoB I,I

t20 t21
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yTM oTaBr TI paxo..oB. B a rT lJaMTT l|
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Ii||': ppHIla, II Mo'I aTl oT ti.
popaMy IayLIo.roBaTKIX oITHo-KoHTpyKTop (
KaT Bpo,tTFIoT x t]ot{K}|oBH,I l]oNto)KHI
pao, oxoIo \ o KoKypoooo \,lttt.llt,l, poT tltl ToB pKo, ToKoB |4
poyK. Hy;<o oKaaT' aKylo oK}o opaa'l N|()N,I|I,|.O}] BoHIoB, oKaaT rpI o poaKTK
Mo;eT poBo.II'T p aao TFIoo. l t r lt.ii l I)Jl' HMalt ypzt, oTopI l1oopao

Cy aaT, oT KaK opaHa ooo oyT ]] ya Bot|!1loI]H't o)(lx' KTprNtaI-lt

||IlItl|,|.l.I,
papIr a poBo.TBo ct oel] Koo_ ( )i , oKToB, tttl B t{ijooBoM ppo-
l( l(),l.l.cJl
o ToTI po.yl(; KaK pt poaTK IojDl lliIl||l[|, l<oea Kypa Ba 1...'., }I?tTT pop:tl\4]vly
OIT pHTI' tlToOI oyT To paplIIH oT oyIapTBFI- ( | |)il\()llilli pKoB. 'I oT
Hl opallo (aapHa HrK, aopaTop KoHTpo Ka_ l,it.'lt
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ll copL|KLI, Fl, ToMocT KaKoBI llil|r'l'(.l)Ioa aoBo oTol,1r xo'rTBa: ooI pa_
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oBoT HBTopy oTaBT ooTHo HH o poTr. \l(t y|(aT ol,toT Hl po (o a)

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ll', oo opa oopHpotsa Bao.ec IlIt()]Il<|ll4 T. .
opa yt, apalpy}oT cxMy ypar p.- Il tl,ro opa oopao oKaaT oxo't
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aoHHI poa, opt pBH paoo AIlit.l t|loo o a ol po poBo-
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l( )|
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pHI ol' pM py' Bo opoa ao- lll Il;|(.,l. o. aoopoT' Ip HatlrH oo
KoB, oIT paot. yol oao, paBa' opoK ||ll/|((' l)KoMH.oBaHoo ypoB otl lloJIxHI HaxO..T o
oopa; Ty apoa pooro o.oToBK l ()|||I)()]lCM pyoBoTBa' a pI4 yTI]Ho }H)K;H o-
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B pa,,poo on'ue pom npdnputtamtdo?o tll'|;lIll] ]atl14.

emo,> pBoT op' BaHa oaM l,Vl<troBy oparlzl I]a)KHo tl' KaK}o ot oo-
paBoBt ot.tH THoT opaa: aTa oa- ..It,|\ (:l)/l.B Mo)o l{y)(o oyt|l'{T po Kpr.I4Ta, a Kaylo
IJ'{ rTpa, e rM apTppoBaa' yprTrI .l\,.lIll(' tlI]I4BtI B Bl,l aKopFIoo KaITaa. op-l
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l\|()/|(|l()
BlylI Haxo.x opa a ( aop- \Nl(.lIl,tIl'l.I) o p, o' To HT o oHl aBHl
l or). !'olt t oKaaHI oHo paoo l|l)l)il l()l\,l prpHzITJI l-IBTopr (opr). B .o
TrMl I] Bopoa {JIooB, aTrHTo llTI' ppooopaH_ r lrlI lll l(l)CllTtlor apol]aH p.oLITTIl ITpOl(_
Hl KoHoB' paB' opJlI op'loK pTpa Topo_ l()|r, (.It'I-JillIHtx
pa]I4pH poBo.Ba ts r.yto op_
o p poBH pKaMo paoI; oHoBI paBa l'l||l| o
TztK opaa a yy poa o_
}il|(t,,tlr.
ope ccea aTI' paBa1 aaloe c- tlt,lttlt'llIIO aTl a KpT, aK KaK pK Bo)KHtl U]Ko
ooBaH oprHIx apaoB B.oB .TttoT. ll(.rll||( K1lo Too, B ToM ya otl pot ttittt
B pa3l1 <.t1 u,ldo u pooau>> eoo.Mo o- r |. I I t. I
ll Il lJI Kp.To.
lll Ir oI.tl.,l
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t22 r2l
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r{K (bI{aA{poBaH
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t

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|(. jllt('lli()M oo' lIo T yo.IBI po H poKIo
l||)|illIl,l]]il.
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): I IileHoBa pJll] 'I' aprc, Horp TJToa' Trr'
l | | | |(

oot yyr,l IIpIT oryl pt, MoyT oa- rIlltl't;, tpa.ltt,t, ra' oTrTBa pyKootTJl' aToB'
oTT. B o > Bp o p'TBaN4, oyLII oT iKoHr- rlll r y 1lltpzto -al{a.
po, ol y y ts rpBl oI Mo) oor
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(pay, B ToM Lla, ptJI BTyT B paB- s ' H.PH PHMAE
opaalt, tlTo B.II'T K oBIlllIo Kypa a, yKp-
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l t|(.'|' ().I-HoTl-loo oKpaII T I{lx paXo'oB) opr-
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po oyaMoT tlc yT oprT }]eTo
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l|l'lill|a cH>K BIpyK oT peaa\I TaK Ko
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o p]Ho p,lMo Iroo opaMt. Il()l|'loliHl KpTa T. I\.
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tlaT' oToMy TpaT apoBa't o)KHa orpaT
tlpI)lBay opa, oaIBa[y, Koo oTp-
pTB Ha BloFI popaMMi, B aKr po'
oTKya ao op y otlrHl T pO.TBa' Koa
o)(aT ot BoBaT. Hle eoop
oKaaT B Ta.lo op o 3-5 OaA1 (aot aTpaTl'
aHpyr BIpyLIKa' L]Ta pI, poK yMl BoBpaTa
pt,lo).
I-{oopo oaaT BIpIlI.l LIBTopa p Kp(ToBa-
H |4 BTI{poBaI{ pOpaMI opa}{a. p To Bo.
po HBTpoBa o)KT paMaTpBaT lol,tit a.
B rp)KKzlx B oy pt (o poyir).
llI|(. ltc papoao), tyxa BIaBaT poeHTI o paFI
l llt apam (poopoFtllIr' I4 |\4,rr1t)
||(l l|)l|,2lIoT o y[Ia poopoato BIpyLIK oT pea-
IlI llll(l,l H aBT oT }tI paaLl. o paxol Ha
l.lhVllI(y lp MaTpaoB, or.p KTpoI{rp,
Il)il| |()llOpTLlI llp' TopoBo-KootlI p.
('tltttttt ampl oToT oTo pt+o
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l Nlt.lllillttlIl aTpaTl tvloo oyTT. p paveax, . oo_
||tl|\|il .l.0(IHoT' poT BI.'IT lIOTotIHy pMy
l|(),Il| |t MrJaIx aTaTax ooTBTTFIo pl{LIJUlT ].
l|(),IlI l( lloTo'lHtlI peHF{IM aTpaTaM. FIpp, pao.
p 2t oo.lo p Mo)l(tlo paT rylol]{
l || (. |( l l)()I l

l|l)I)il'|()M. paxo/]l Ha oBeH fIoMHl't

HBTopa o y yI oKaaTTo BIo.'HoT
a - oToI aTpa-
BoH p'TB B l)oKT 'at{Ho oaHa. l|'| . l)i|()/lt,I KTpoIlp MaI{rKo oHr KopoB -_
I-[;toopao TaK)K poT K aHHoMy pay oI'oBlr I lt'|)t'Nl(: l III le.
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tlJ
r24
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oT paa aa oo pouo opr'IT KaK 1a Mr)/l.
Iropo)KarT o o MIlr pr. o po lloTF{yTo auo Ipyvo opeaa poyl( lI
HlBaIoT po poBoTBrHHoo pIaa. Hpp, t- c yMMo oToF{Hl pMHtII r (opolrl
pyKa oT paa aHoM oy oTae 22 000 r. py. pao).
p pMHl aTpaTax 1B 600 t. p. ftoToFIHI Happ, BIpyKa oT pJIa paBa 4000 r. py., ptt
py. (oa yMa aTpaT 2| 600 r. py.). Toa
3000 r. HI px . p., oToHI
pt y paa 400 r. py. poox' To Blpy- paoT
- 2200 - 1200 t. y., op()|'
3400 r. p. (2200 r. p. + 1200 I. py.)
Ka oT p.:LIIal\|4 Bopo o 24000 l. py. (9,1 %). Ha r -
Toa aa aoo polltIoT (r) pepTvt ocl.i| .
> 9'| % yBrB.lT pMrHHl aTpaTl. Tp oH 4000 r. py. - 400 t. py. : 600 I. py.
oaBIoT 18 600 l. py. . 1,09l :20292,6 r. p. oo- tpKa oT puIal oyaT ) Ilopoa prII-
tHI -aTpaTl MII}o. yapHI aTpaTI oTaBloT TaFIoT' aoo oToll opa!{a pKo }Dry.
2 292,6 lc. py. B pyaT yMa pt oTaBT lIIaT'
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9,1 %, a pt
- a 77B %.
a oToIx TpaTax'
ea oooT Kooj4
ToM ypaBHtlrKx.
rB,1 %: .
Pa aay MaMa TMoB ppoTa pt, #91gg va
22UU po'
o)o aHypoBaT yB I{r ToKo prI-IFtl' o
oTo,[]t}{lx aTpaT B aBoT oT Too BIJIT' Ha
KoKo poFIToB BopaTaT trpt. Ta' p yB Ha pa poopoaa aBoT <<BIpyKa oT pa.
aTpaTt>> oaa r )KeToT.
rprrFII aTaT a 9,l %, a ocoHl a 1 % pl a
Happ,- pHIr
p Be aKyoK Ip IloTaBK HpKo
BeLITc H Ha 77 %' a a 6]' %.
5%-o B.IH oToIl aTpaT HaeT TMt p- pe.oTaBIT oKyaTM KK I To.a aTpaTI Ia
poTa pl o 9,4 %. Ip pTyT rKoKo MrrHr BIpyK oT peaa.
B pa.rKx paTa opree a ttpo_ p opee[]4 oo]xuu u nppaod pdcm6 B po-
BoTBHtIoo pIaa oT oaaT oToLlJrH py. BoTBr TaK;< py pa,r aTpaT a prrIr o-
TaTa-oT paaa or BoH pH|x aTpaT K ToIr. oax To Ha ppr.
pl. ooo aH pooTa ooK a (lpe 8000
!1"* ar ToT oKuLaT pa 8'5IQ2 000 Ic. p. - ot TpaTI 500 py
- 18 600 I. p.): 400 r. py']. o oaaT' LITo p yBtlr- B o .l:
H BIpytIK oT peaa a BITOM prHIx aTpaT, Ka- oToHtIle l50 py.
)KM' Ia % pl BopaTT a25,5 % ( .8,5), a rrp )K pMIl HI 350 py.
BlpytIK|4 oT paa Ha 10 % pI IlTc Ha 85 % ao Too l ooir 62500 py
(r0 B,s). poBoro MooKa 8600
ore paxooo 5l0 p.
o oToI{I .rp)KK o x yM'
TI\4 cr y poBo.Tt pIa. -
.ByT o ToM' To H prMpo yBBaT oToIr parT aTpaTI Iia oToHtII perII' p-
pa-oI. B p HIl BIpy oT paa lroTp'I
yTaT oyT HeBrpI. o aoI Hopa a av-
pI o)T oaaT FIooKpaTo BIIII. KyIo poyKIo ao to paooa 57,5 p.
B TM' ppHaT yprH oopo.to (8600 62 500 p.), paxooo 510 py., Koo o-
pTB oBtllJFI poa a o ToBapI (yy)' oH o)KT TaBa 27,5 py. oyvaeTC, tITo a o o poyl(-
ooT oTKaaT oT p>l<Ma xo KoHo }Ia o- aKpyLI]4BaeTc ol oToHI aTpaT (2580 t. y.).
ToFll Kax' o opaa o o y lpyo oo BlF{ - parH aTpaT Ha oTo-
oaT oll-lfr ppoT pl. I rprrHI.
' oprFl aao uooti npoI7orlu (.tt tp- o yMMI aoBIx aTpaT oToIr oTaBJUIIoT
l) Mo>FIo ooBaT oHTrM opoa pao 150 py. (o |8625 py. 1 ), pFtlr- 350 p.
(pvo ouK, To eyIovol. (500 py. _ l50 py.), B ToM tlr a l 4 875 p.
126 t2'7
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'll-Ilx
aTaT 150 y., rprl
- 77, py.
(4 875 py. . 8600 ). oo 527, py. lrLIK pacxo_
a 6
oao 5l0 py. ool\4 oTaBe |7, l py' o HBOHHA EHoc
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s 1. yt{o I H
5. at,t Topoll 'eToo oKypp]x (lplrl y 'IIlT'l oTaB- tlllc (oT aT. instir -- BaIBaT, oMaT) coBr-
I -?
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lIlill()l.,l B oLrT roI TIO KoFioMK aK po
7. B oiv"ii L a}i p)K tlll oo,Ilc. p-
Il(.l)I)ltI[eer{ .H)KI prypoB oT T' KTo paoa-
-l!lt ter? l;l(.l. I( T' KTo B rix Hy)Ka. B l{aor, o op
8. o otlT llo ol pooTeoo pt.la? ll|Ill()T o)Ilo o TB B
|lll,t,|l4(lllIl opl L,I\\
ill.. |ltl}l. B yopo o-
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t| |ll.. JIo, OTpa

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ll po paKTKr BIT TaK aIBarI l'Il HB-
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lllo KoTBa opaLIKx Mpzl,'Itx op, oo-
OyaT' aproBirT TooBo' oN,ltie oTpoT ro
HTHI apoTrxrK tIpI, ooBa oe a-
aM, KaKy M]vty KprTa pa, ;r ao po tlo. KaKr
TBHI ) ooT y B BI o ylTBro
oBIcT ypo;<ao.. o.'ao ITor.y Bo)K KaTaa
porTt. Ho oa orprrrI T opa' K o.o o.t
y oBaT B o ypo;<aoT' opal{- BpyT oFIo. Boa rroxooT KyaTpOBaT
t oaIM BoMooT yTypI opTa' Ha popo oopyoaflr, ol oo oKyo' BIaBaT
o-TO Ta ot{I4 TayT ytovtt. porHTI o KprTy T. .
pa oT t{BTpoBaH oprT p> zl aBJIHr orrtllo taT oBo-F{o rIaI,I-
p apa: aIt{oTI p]HKa Toapa' oKya- TrFlIM. pxo aTT i{' OKo .rFIaM' o Bp-
lro ooo Iat{, cTefIe^Io ootoa oT- rM' Bpxypoo ap>KeHo pao ypaB{roo epo-
pacIl, po TpaFI. B Popt Bcr.TB - FIaJIa' aplIIHrM e c lapTl{pa. Koo' pK oBrpIII-
oHI pooB TpyKT),l]oo Kpa B KolioMKr IIp- tt olK} H ooTIo KIOT' oaKo o
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paBTI Tpaa pot IA. B TI\{ oopoHo M oTp.
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rr BIo.o pocc|4iIcK HBecTvIot poKT B T.IH 6 . oao yeTo M_
I TpT Balll. :LI KoIoKTpI o y pr 3 oa y pI.ro yt-
BaT .rI. B KpaKopoFtI o. B o ya prlIpITLo oo.o pT plil.
poKTI. H: pOaT. oopyoa pay' parITIBa Ha To' To o
p <(3aa3)>. ol TOMOT I{a BTopI-Io pIK HBeToIx ToBapoB rt
loHT yT Too pFIa' /oTaToo BIoKa' I,t KcJIaToBaT po.I 3 oa, oI
prTa yo alvlaK, xo t aTHo oKT yTaoBF{o opoBae' ptl_'
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I]poKT Bo TBa.
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apTr{rpI' T opo)r ra paBe]4 olsl. ol He oKa-
aT o>o C.aIA' eoxo.,o apar poTIBaT
oT Kzuoo :lJlpHaTBHoo HBooo po-
Ta o aza o praa.
p oeTaII aTpaJIIII Toltlttotll oo -
eo aTaoBo)t(I|. Cyy Tp BapaTa oeK
o.
1. o TxK apa. Happ' p.'pTr' pa-
14 BTot poKT' Mo)KT oToF{o HaparaT
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po Ha T ToBapI' Ha oTKI{I F{]' a Tax
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t opaIIM: or IpepT y poBoT po-
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cT a xapaKTpa . olH Ta oT TB H I Koo -
I poyKToB. B pyaT KooII llJtKaTopa' To pao. oT KaM BoI
tIp..pT BI}rrI oKpaaT oBt a, KapTo, a-
xapo BKJII' oooB KoTa.
2. Coo apa ep pa aTpaT Ha po-
-
Bo.TBo poyK pIF{ot{Ix paa. Mpoo
oIT BTpoBaH oKaIBaeT, .ITo TaKo MTo orI{K oxT
r a oal' ooI{Ho B oB . Po
oo po.D( o BIpDKr Mo)(T a'aT' MaT-
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poT T yylIl' Ta a pya B]pyKa y oolto
BaT. o.oy pKoMrT )KHI oFtK oIIo-
FIT TXHK paTaM.
3. Coea TooTt{Ix TxKx KpTp -
TBFIoT. o apa aoe a'x' TaK KaK IIoBoT
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tlBooHo. pave Be.a yeTBT Bpro oTTaBa-
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o paKTo paa oKyaoc. lo6a aaIITa
T o pxK: po.oToa KpoB' poaxa Tapoo
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yo o TapI KoTpaKTa' opaIo BoIo y. -
Tep Bpee}{ I|p aaTa oaaT opTBI{ KaTaa'
FIxeIt oT FIBTotloo poKTa' oToy
pp,IT .o)Ko KaK o)Ko tp pTpoT oBo-
I4
l |, t. Il I l o IJ}lo TrHooIo' ooTBTTByIoy yoB-
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.I)oTrTo e pBIao .opoM' olTBo p'-
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()./l ytl.t pooTroT rpo.a aaa .oxa ooor-
l}il,I.'l yo HaHllIx oTp oo.a P.aor x
i U lil ITaoFtIx rprK.
paa oaIBaeT' To aaTaot{I p)KK yrT
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p }lyIlaopa (oxe) ooraT a Ba-
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l] aFI
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llpH yTKaTopa a Txoo oxo po-
,l.itT' Koa BoHa
.o .o oTpa paeBo.Ba, a p
IIpoBoTBo opo
-.o oTpa >oToBo.TBa, oBIB
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t.o ;<ooBot1gg*. poyK.
p yTaTopa .aeT Boo)<r{oT apa aT
|}pe KoHoKyIo y KoKpToo o.' BIoo
ooBaT Ty opaI; prKpaTT eBIo.Hoe HBT-
l)oar aaopH}Io prJIT prTBa a F{oBo po-
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oBr[Ia op oyIK prpoa>K , aeIx
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-
l'IIaTopa poa oxo.o. Aor a.a-
. Bo BpMH. Ha ao-To Tar Frppy}o opato
Mo)T aT pya oTpa. Kaxr ppHaT To .o-
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'|.poRa.
Q-p 1lTIBaT aBoT M;y oo a prK
1lao BoTaHoBo TooT aKTBoB.
a:
oT Q ol 1, poBaHe loo. Ha-
135
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Tt{o pBIaT TooT TpoTTBa >'11 To Ty-
pyT .aI w\ eca. B o < BpM pIoa TooT
oFIoBIx B.oB ooo poyK B p yarB
y]TBFIHO x aTpaT a poBo.TBo' To BI}Iy)qIaeT
cKoolrtlt /p'rT,l Bp'IIBaT lrpoBoTBo.
],,llltloa eHoo KaTaa MT "t'u,**,o,* ..p"-
|||\4VIIU-].l.Ba. o.yTT BHr[Il4x a.> yM p.II'l4'IIvt
l| ()l)l'1llla (porHToB o IloyFtIM KpTa I1arBI]vI
Il'tll()lt' B..OB tlo KJI, 1o t) o po-
l||'I Io B yaBF{I{ 'p'ITe\I. Ha pa, oao'
l l(. I1 ) l]o.JI l Ka Ty I l' l l. Koa ot t t avra prp-
.
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lpuerr (r1) a. ptI KaTa py-

Kaa
- To ua aFIoBI pyTaToB ptlpFrMa-
(<Ix prTB, MIox B o pilop)(), y-
LIa B oo ltpo2r .Oo.I C Too opoa' oopo
al{Taa oycT.B ),"I. Bo2Kr,I-iXl pTI] B
rro poI]oTBo' pa.It{Ir KoptlKe p(IIp-
.| opaal( LIp pMlr l opHir HtsecTIlvI1
IIloTaRJIrFi KaTaa B }ty Ha yots BoEpaToTll
aTIloT. pt opF{I BT:'4 tI.TaB'iT
oo p.pl{ae aTa. BolltIlr KoTooo o)/-
l
I()l() JlLtra (aa pyoo pr,]]'Tlloo p)l<Jl) oy1-
ltl|'|.l.'t p KpI,IT
- BT .1{r B /o o opreI{ttI
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t()llilIlI'1 p.Ta .i]'prIaTJI oparo r() rToo-
- MaKaJII paMpo,I KTa' op.rJIMlM
r'rl(jttoTI
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l. )'/(l,{Ta pTaBJI oo pt pB' oopIii l-Ip-
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TBT }o oyr'I pOI ],{-paB Fla yatsI
py.l,{Ivl opaHa (ToBapU{rTBaM, ooTBaM' KooIpa-
a). rll aa B otl, oT pJll]pMzlToo
H BJ!alalT B pIlpl,{'ITlrr' a /IztIoT pyoMy pr.pll4Ma_
T (t{].opy) Bo BpItor ool]a J]}o oy'I
polirTa. Cr KaTuI BITIaT KaK ToBap, ro o
BiIeT po.
o pyp KaTa [pIIpaT oToT HI{l
pTB, BOr}{l B oOBtII (pollI, }{MaTrpaix aT-
. oopt oo oo opa."
oot TotIH al,l oppo BaI.{ aTaa B}oT :
orI pBa IIpr.pI,{HaT ;
pBrI p.TBa' .' oyLII oT yo,'aTe
I1o\ oIl..FII poHT;
plITBa' Bo)Kll llyN{ a o Ha aT -
BHHoT tpt pl,IIpT (lpi Irao Ka]I-
rut);
ap[{a y{rTBa;
JlI{.
Col a pparJT - ao aNr
Totltl . o reT Bofr{al .o0IIt{-
TeI l I l]lJIaI al{T (pp' I]pI4 oi(a Kl]rTiJKo-
ti,i.a TofIKaNl14 MoyT r .lt.ltr px<> i\a|)
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l lr)C,|'Il oBr rKTBItoT BTpOBa B rprKTFtl
|.il)yllIIoaral poTI. Cy, oaKo' ytTIaT, To
ll|lr|l oT II,IB,I aoO aTaa ToI(o To.a'
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lll||il,Iy p'lpH]laT'l (opa t;I) ' rtpIIUa. pO-
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136 |,1

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pl a oTBHl KaTa
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Bptt II
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p (yto) a ot JO t2
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a.' opI ttpI a Br KaT2LT FIr ypoBH ToMoT
KpTa' Booo' HapMep' B Ko xoTB B o.l
aopTF{I ooF{IM coB:lLNL' pBpaaT arI
pTBa B aTBl aTop XoTBoBzlH. oTIoa .yT'
(Io B opa BloKo H pKa. ]H[{o yT-
BLIIM KoaM Bllll{ aopo IIpoBo'TBa oI{-
rKTypI pIKa' Hoxoo ao Ta.UIIto oocoBIBaT
paMp pBI aIx rTB.
oaI poBr a-olDoT KooTBHF{oo
prpT o ya aBT oT o Boo)(Ix FI
ypo)aoT KoxoTBHrx KTyp, po'yKTBoT ).
BOTFII' rp)(K ITpoBoTBa oxooB. HroBaFIo F{aLIr-
T Ta)( oToBIoT ppHMT Kpr..Topa .
FIa pK.
o ppr opaBaloT pMHH aHoo KaTa-
a p Bo -a BIooo ypoBH pKa. or
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Bo Ko aT)ooHoT.
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18
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tt ttlttltltl (tr.toap(TI]tl, otrTzlx opiltitIttltl o.l.ll'l.'t'_
li
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B4 72
24
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6
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B L(JlI ya BIo,t ypoBt1]\,1 oxoilljOT, ot,ttjt'tlt, tlo .t.tltltlii 2rI(14. r',r B paBl{a 0,5, | ?J 4 5 6 7 I e10lll?/J/4
u0 l 14tI?
poHol]yI\{I pKo. Bo3]Vlol.IoT I] ytle LI)K2t1._ lrl'1lt,t|l .ltK all y .zt
lloO pai]i,lTl{ TyaUI,{ BoBpI\{,I paI,1oB' t.I Ha BTOp[4LtHoM |)iI lil MIl poBaHr{IJVI ,
llt] M
P. 3. Blrtt rljI cIlIlt
.
l]l}{K. ttr r1l t.1pg-l11, B l ,t, l.K Kal( p 1l lIa l{l,t}{lltt prra e
pt{tIl l,{llBToi (rlptl) zltil }]it l1o}'tirHe l|\ ]t' | I)il l,t allaT ]]tool]lI
]\{aK4Jl|to tot(I. oI{, Ito p]4K,I, t]Jlaltsalo.l. BoI't l |( )( l)llt]ll}{l.llo plllotl}tIM.
](illll.Jll B oHo]]tlo I] llKyTBHle HIll oya HItKofo I} paa pao KoI{olIKo J3-oLlI1TI o jIll_
l(2l,B?l l(oIoIt-lM'l KypoM paIT Ha 14p)(r lla o rrl,t 'l M]v oTl1 p p),,l.pHo paTlI]at ll
-lr;t-
i\l ll l.lI,I . | \'|()'l Ilil] l4Be.ll}loHtIo-oHTaTIJl]tlI j(bi, ']To
otlzlo pK op H yl.pal-irT pl{l< loJIIo_ l \ |ll,e.l.I]LILIo oa opI.ITaI,tto II1 pIKr t{I{I tl tlo-
TI. 2t tlilT p. Kooa I\'{o)](T l p:t}{lla ll]]rp_ I r.l l l Il.Iil.llllLllX }lBTopoB.

ai,r tlpt.r-ul , laIBtlT't l,pptKatrto}Ittl (llr_ ( )ttLt,,t

],,lK l,1BTI{llotlIoo opT,I :]itBCl,l i.lK OT
Ll|< , I Il{TI\,{ aI,lriKM)
llKolvl. or. pl,t BIlBaT ltl(I4 \ | )|!Il,l I.tppllKa}4oi{]{oo
)( plJK' TaK o O 14.Ba
oot dlltpI tlt, tll( tlraltl llpopilj\4l M'lp_ ||(.Ill||,l yta I] I{r]\4. p oll1l;1.]]l{Ho]\1 lJai,IlJI,1 p.{lrt
l'}]tl' oJlrI l4l,l Op Kp-l{l oHTaK.I,OB' lloBil,,t ll:l Il('lIllI)IM14 rrl,t a(lHl [lp oi;t pK ]JattI4aT
[](It loBII Kol]KypH.oB) aoTot]KI4, Op/lJI]1Hl Mpl' rlIt1li'Jl-l|lT,l BHlj\,t opott,t tpI.lKa],loHo.lato
tl,ltp}tl.tjV'{l]\1I p?lBI,lT.TBol\{- Ha
pt,tattolltl,t tl,tli l)
1 ott{o tlpxoT'I o 50 % oo llKii 1,lj{BcTopoB. I(tlK li tlllo popit,tpoa}{'l ],,l] lt]t]T14oittIo1 O lIop.(,'l'l ]\1o)I(.
lIOalBaIoT F{IIl I,lJioBatl'I p|1KI4K Ol,1llI :lpy_ l||,I l|, ll()-]lo)l(l1 T;]Jl( ptl] (:l1l{1 ,,tl)rctt. o;ll;o apa -
ttt p, 11 TIrFI ..altoo l]. t]l,Il(tl oTaloHo Il.lIl, I|-|())|(lt't l\'1OT .I.O.IIl(o I]ailleJ]t aKLI't t] IrT H:r[ipB.lt-
ta l0-15 pttattoI KI,IBoB. IllI:l tIil.|.11 tlpt,ttrrl,l a apoB.HIIr l(aLl'Hl r'1ollI,,l]4:
I {rr p:l,tpKaot.IrtI ( ' plo.t tl)i) ptr l | )( )lI l(.J|I,.Il] pKolrTpyKl]l,Il MrloI, -I,,l_
:J2|I]14tr,i ol. IJ}{tH ol. KOTopIr HBol\4oxlto Tpt1ItT .|(.Illl('lIill)|(it
|

ilKoHrpoo l(Ta.a. tl IloBI-

,lt1-lt'tall opl. Ta, zit< lt,il+a, I(ottt,t.tt,l
tt.t.t. tltI(l,Iil. .J\4lIiIIl,rii (),lII tt it.lIot.tloJoiI(-
ltrt. Il To. BI,I pKa pl,{o'LiT,r 25-50 % o\rc pKa Io
-ltttltiii tllo ytal..
z-rllt t'tllrH B;Il{Ll14t{l }Illpdlao}ilIOo pKa _
llJll,l.| 'l catt opltt.t B, oop o!r.,tT'I
JIJL I()l I (l,l 1\4 OTt{o1l]I,Ir.
. Hc
l
Kor|lt|l l trrl t [} pltpyT .toT ooo IIo o-
p/1Jlt)l IIloN4 I}II]|' i|ll|l ya oTtIoT}lo ooo o <(pll_
llt.ivl)rl>, x()l)()lll(),'tr ll1llrtIlllllI,lpoBaIIFlO
lll.l('l l)l,lIl()lIl ltii lltIto Ko]ll}{. l,lop
\l(| |'(. l ll}X'{ l]o aKlr oyl,lT ll0o/1 B Br pal]llriI
| \ l)( ()It' tt Jly(]a II|4KBLI]JaL\\4|7 KoMa]Il',I oF| IIOJ|yll Oolxylo
(\ NItlV. '|0l\,l l(O/la-To itJIaT a aK.
()tt|)JlL]JIllIlIM TN,{y,To]\4 yB}lLleH aKoHoo I(a
Itl |.l(.|(''| ,l.lll()l( ()Tlloe tioooo) l)l,IIl,,I. fliltll)tli].lI,l_
\ll IlI llil l\l('l('I)llaI,Ilo Ipol',{B0]ITBzl' oBorHr IIoRlx TrlojlI,T
r ||l)lt( l\l()lt
|| tt1l;tlittll. IJllt]Tl4poBaH14'l B Hgo'l I]]\4'l l]l,l'Itol.
| |.Il l Il('||Il|'|\ ()\/i\4itl'. I,lN'{HyN,lI attt po.a. K l,t t.l.Ho}l''
i'| |l ()('Ill)|lIl()Nl tl(ii,t l<ll()l]HllI aK],ll{ to paTI KOIVIll;:tll lIIl.
|! lIl ||l\ |()!|lIl\ lr lIt.Iljl't)t}IrI O.. T aK IlpIIHO']t He_
pI]to(llto opt | )l l l|,|||||{. /llIlll|]l('ll/ll,I , lI() ltl.tr otI I,lRiltOT t,ltl,i l)o.I. K:llll,l.a_

l4u r-+9
a. B a 5 pBa xapaTpTKa oTHIx BoB I{- |(|)lIllI oTp. o ao Tr, o,o 1,o..",#K oo-
HIx yMa TotIKI4 p pBKaToT 'I BTopoB. lrr't i,i 1lto poo.T Ta TaHoBeH xapaKrpyrT aI
rl[l,N4t.l Boolx .el pTB' }Ior tIo a-
5. apepTa oB rx y |lll()lIltCl 'o HKo KBllHoT tlHHI y.
" *"" l,*.* --".. ".. ",'*'" f- . -.- ;-1_- Po l} o;l yoB HaMr pcKoBa[IIa .tI''IToT
ltI||t.opoB KoHpBaTBHoo ypHo aprBHoo oB'
uzttu:
|\,I llJI l]alolx KaTI B KpaTKopolr oI p-
yte Il
l t
pilKopoH| C yo.tI,t Catl tli
} oo oli.tt,ra o-poy l.il |,I)l' BrKr 14 py rI. obaTTBa' rKpoBaH-
oopollHle
ttu: l||,lt] l} OOTBTTB TMa {p\1.
pBpoxH- opot oii.Il,t o-paoy
H le
otol Xyxc K t tptt" s 5. I{AHcoo-KoHoMEA oEHA
l-lB oHH lx PoEKo

o pFIo, I(oTopl Hooo yTlBaT p ()ltoe oTIl Bpeel{o eoT ee. .B yox pl-
oppoaH opTr I-IHI ya,'IBeTc LlKuoInl ttl KooMK p oK oT Bo)K}\ ')l(_
trr.tI
',lDrcel7u. o llHoT oHMaIoT lpo ypo
t

l||,| prTB B patlI BTOHI poKI oxoo

.rp)aT rHHl yMa pBpaFIe X B eH. oa \,l l l I |.|,l I]2lT Tay Ba)I(y apaKTrpTKy .H' Ka BprHHa
oaaT' tlTo p BTHO rHr Be.II.a aT'l oKyaT' ||(.||llOT. Hoxo.oT oK Bo BpM BaHa
KoTopI poprTT Ftle a. o p Hao llItv
Bax}I l HBecTopoB, KoTopI )KraIoT lpo o1tT HaI- t('l
tII FI opr/Ix poBoTBHlx aHoBIx l\l('l)tl
. lil t
Cyy .Ba oHoBIx pooHJII ooa op- Ill)llMpO Be.'I .aKa rHr)(lx p'TB' BFIttFll Ha
MpoaHI,IIo HBTOHHOo opTr: yaal Tr- ( t)(.l)I.aTeHl T B aHK. poo>, p'pMaT
HK. orBo oITHIx tIBTopoB potla y-
|t||(.(] lt a 1000 py. o 10 % q\ol- p o. yul BKa.a
aHTFIl oxo.' aKLlzltoe opoo Ll
( l)(.'|il|il4. l100 p. (1000 + l000 . 0,l0). ppMaT
.THOT oTpa Koa y aa HaHoBo- x I{a BTopo o.' To
ttt.(ly,r.'t'IaT .F{ aKa' oTaBT
o oToH' H)KTa KoKypTooooT.
||()(',I(.oo ooIalt yMMa Baa BopaT o 12l0 py.
| |()()(t + 0,l0) : l2l0 p.
aaHI aHa HaHaT oTpaBoo afula' B
xo. KoTopoo IoTrHl HBTop BlpaT oTpa' l{- ',)lrl,t. llp' B KoTopo a'aHI Ilxo.Ha yMa poT-
TBIoIo I o Tp. aTM B To oTpzt yTaaBI4-
BaIoT Ko]aH-pI cpe x BIpa py' rl Ilil,| t]'l.llItKa' apoBaH HaIBaT poo I{apIBa-
ya oopo Haor pBKaT| oppoa ||ll'| lt IjI,tpil)I(aT MO.IIIo oI poIToB
op. FV: PV(r + k)n,
B poooo)KIoT yaHoMy TxHK il aa /, l, (ltltI)I' ftttttr vltrc) 14ll To MI Hr, Kooplr B.
BaH yHM 'F{aMK H' T pyTaToB BaN{o- rrt.. - yya
lllIlVl()l(.)| Oll; PV (. prS|lt vllu) -TKyula (oBprMa). ToMoT
rTI] poa p.oxH|4, L7 H peoaaeT paoTp il Il(.l' K(rl()l)|)Ic HBct{ylT pa. oyfl .ooi] B oycMi rc-ypoBH
ytB KoHoMK BH. r|i l \ l )ll l )(: l l
|
( IBcTl,l l.,t' 11
| |
-
L||4co pooB rH.
Ha pooo pIHKr Po floo pKoB, BaHI
H''lM B oHKpTHle HHI y. o po p- lit.tttt.ttlll FV oaBaT K t yytylo ToMoT oll-
T pK' orI o HBTOHIM KI,IaTo: ttlltllttii l}JltIl]l PV p a.aFlo tlopr 'oxo.,oT. Hopzt
o)l(Ho oTrKo KooKo oTaHoBKo, po.t. I( )\( )]|'l l(),I.'l tlr I{o oToHHo, aBr p>_
o paoo ot-Ioo BToHo 'THo. l|(, ll(.(.|\) ()|..cH pKa Ha, oopt HBrTpyrT
B aor Bp'l oot pIoK ot pBKaT H- r,lllt;lrl.
BTopoB-poKol]' o > Kacae.c p.oBI HBTopoB' Bo- I l1ltllI. Il KO.|.OpoM I BoBpaarMa a Ko(p(pI4_
)(H'I B rIttll ya po THTOB tlaTo LIpBa.I I.|| | /Il|(:I(()lI'I.14|)OI}ilIl'I , tlilIBztT'] KoHTpoBaHM. ot-lo-

150 l5l
LlrKI4 l KoI{TpoBa'| aIorIaT'I Bo BprF{oM yo- lilIt,t Boo)I(HoT oIHoo otli aTrTa
p'IotIIl /lr)Ix oooB paLIl{Ix BpMHFII po.IIoB' Il||ll o 20 % oot, o
' lpor oBop,l' B ao)(HI4 Toi4 yMI' KoTopy .rrp- |(()Il a oaBT 72,8 p.,
HaT oToB aaTT o. a Boo)K}loT oyllT FIKO- 'l() L: l apa (a.6).
Topylo aaHy] ouryr y]\{y yy. p oHTpoBa-
6. P y're ob a
11 pacLITIBzlT TKya (opa) ooT o opy_
, opao op oIx pollToB, I Be, l} Tt]t.l ooPoo ! a Tol,1]\{o oooo

--|,.r'^o"iio""i":::l.-]
"
po't o. r.
PV=FV | -.
| pata'l
I
]

2
(t + k)"
I

0
C;Iy OTMTT' tITo B o opyax IoKaaTr k ooa- ll 72,8
tla' ToT poBH oo' oopI ppl\{aT o)KT -
o o.tllT' BoB pTB pol poT I,FIBT-
pOBaH. B o' B KaT k loy r ptooBal]l: llptry xry paLl.a oIlo opalr B B,e ylo-
poLlrHTI-{ TaBI(a aKM oTa; rrIii popyt:
poT' BtattBt ao BJIa'l{Ky a paHH o t,

rHIx pTB lo aBKa a pK BorH TB B FVn=Z PMtt1 + k)''_,.

ao-o BTot poKT; /- I

IrpoItT, BIaIIBarr o oypTI]rHI oaa

'aBKa a K. t I''|/,t- ya o]\,lo iltlH'ITTa (ltl. 'fllttt vIu of nuit); PMT-
Haptp, BTop ,aalol. KyIrT or eKO- Il]t:lIL:)K' oBcMt o po1l l (n. pt); k-ypo oxo;
o.B,HHoo aKopttoo oa l0
.t. py. oa- /l .Il,lo Do.o, B Tre Kooplx oyaT jloxo'
IIII-IN,I spe 5 T o 15 t. py. o JI IloKyaT T ],l lp/lTBT B B
oa, T paa BooxFIoT oo l:l /\rlllylo opy o)l(Ho oTT
a Ha .oTI .tT o l0 % oo? FV: PMT.FV|.k,
o opy KoIlTpoBa:1 oy.l, py": tlt l,|,, |tt,k 1yru '|-ol,J]!roT HTa l y. B oe .oo rpoll
Il(l)|Vl|tll'I'l oxoo la poT'l)Kl't /? epl,looB p po}lo TaBK.oxo.a a
PVs= |5 000 ' i = 15 000 .0,6209 =9|4 p.
-
(l + 0.10 1''
\,1l.ltttItl /. illllBaNl o t|lope FVIn,l: [(l + t),,- l] : k.

.I.ltoi,i
aHyTT liitIBaT Ta.apT}tIl\4' ro I{ar,I-Mo;11o
Coao' l,{ .tp 5 T Too oavl oTa-
BT 15 l. i]y., To TKy'I (opr) ToMoCT l)iI()rIt,l]'a'I oo KaJIK,1TOpa [UlFtIx Tao' B
|lrlI()l]|>l IIpTaBr yya o,ooT 1 py. ts oIy n p
9,l4 l. py., o T r oKa rtoopa.
o't.r B.o too optrt.l, proa
(. |'illtl( rlporTa K.
ot BHo 'e)KHlx p'TB pa/. aKoel opr'Fl- l( r l p p, Koxo TBeHoMy prLI.TIo po)I({o
o yt , opzl'l aFIFtTa (ar. onLI,_ l|||ll(l.l.oB 100 py. Ha poK 5 p oB -BoBpaTa
i/y '7B'IeTc
>o.rlt a). plpoM aHHTrTa MoyT y)I(T pe- ]l(.||I.|] K9I1 Kaoo oa o 20 py.; r{TrI{ 5 I.
-
ypHo oTyalo pFITl{Ir T a ooBa aII lI]|illlI,ll]ilr' .IlolloitTor BoHapD(H B yillMr 60 py.
B al)H. rM ytlaTo }laKoH aopTaI{oHoo l |'t.lltltlopaHo pH1 /IaHo pro)KI,I' e.I' Bo.
|\l(t)|(lI()T. ooT.tlI,I a o l5 % oor,l?
oa, oBoo popT HoBo oopyoat'I I]aMI Ilttlt.t;t.,lI o oyr' <II IrpoToI] atll,{ar]\{' Ki1l(oBa
oTHHo alBao Tapoo.
K py' p/lpMaTr IIJ]'JIaaT 'aT B apHy t)V,]|'l yN4Mzt Kol]y S-jtt.o rpO/a lII]olIpOBa t{'
t aToK a 3 O.:l, tp o t4 IJ BapaHToI] Il ()ilIlI(, p.'
oIaT apLlI: 20 l py. oII Kaoo oa, 70 rr p' l|L,: Ptr/ (1 + k)5 : 100 (1 + 0,15)5 : 201.
KoH 3-lt rpo.a. Ka Bapa}IT poTTI{' rJI
a paa 20 % roL\ot o a.'zr? llt:.lt >t<l,oHI oylI B pape 20 l py.
t)z l5
rMeHHo R oopoT, oyzl ooTI oxo, To yy-
L tlHlrTrT MoHo l)aTaT o opMy, py.,
: :
FV 20FV|'s % 20 . 4,99: 99,86.
itl,t opao, oa yMa Tfu.la B ot 5-o -
l]]4oa a.IBaT yyo IlyTTa (99'86 py.),
oBpaT H B KoH 'lToo oa (20 py.) FloBprMH-
lloo BoaparH (60 .r-r py.). or Mui oT:ltsl,t
l79.86 t py., To c pro)I( oHoMtIK oo_
.
Dari H o.
opaa aaa OltprJlH,l l.I(ylro ayTrTtt oTol4T B
OrH yyx IJ)I{I oTyJIH o Teo Mo-
MrHTa. pya MT
t1
paH Il4poKO oOBa BToHIoM illli|JIlI l(.
]'II
K ll oTHoT Tol pzlTa poa oKyajv{oT lIlt( |lt
t\ MTo oprH pt op| pl a Ill}(.(.Ill
|J.I,I.
Mtnod 00 npuod oKnaomu ucmull|uti PP (a'tt.:t. 1lttt'
brrck rio oToT B Oprr}{ Too oKa' oopl tlo||lUI.()
t tlt .tI'Jl,] BoMI11 H yM M l pBoFIall HI l t .
!'oy, ttalloo MHe)Kpy tooo tpa ll|)()
K TpoTrTB KaKoo_T'o or'a. o ooy poKTy l-pt. l
I]o)(T 600 r p', o /lpyoy
- 650 py. ttttir
(a. 7). Pa poKTa l p a 5 750 I)() '
lloKTa 2-900 l py. oxo.a. potopyMa ptt' tll
raI4al.I' porKTa oTaBT ooTBTTBt]Ho B pBoM ]|\/
.ra l50 . py., Bo BTopo -25 py.

o"', 7. pl oT paatl paItl 1oo,* nfio"*"o", ll y.

PI/n =,, ,
1= 1(l + K) oillt lt

PMT B Kotl ptlolt /; k

ltoyl tjBeT |l 600 650
- y Tr)
T o HT;
oirt Hop.oxo.Ho-
LIo l)t4ooB. a po)H14 KoTopl r oyt-tl,t oooB:
,l?
-
oCT 'oxoI o Htl. l-ii 200 350
2. ott 270 400
fay oyy Mo)KHo poTT pTaBT B y_ 3-i,t o t20 100
tIlM B'r: 4_ o 90 50
5-i,i o 70 0
PV: PI|4T PV1't,
Bo '750 900
e PV|n't: Il- l : (1 + k),']: k, To TI) Te'I (opttl) oo - Lltt pt ol. .lIla]4 ocI([l 150 250
tll4Ttl oMoT l py KoIl aoo /? poo oTl]K .oo,Ho-
t (xo o a]]lt l,).
l,l 1.lzl.t lIl.IIlM To'ol\,t ]].Ho, To poKT 2 o _
ot op,T oopaHoT ttBTlIpoBa 20 p. p., TaI( KaK I{BT14 o I.tMy oKtlT y< a 2- ro,,
I] oT poo)KTHoT}o 3 o.a oI )KHIM Io_ ToKo a 4-.
o Kal( p paa poKTa |
TIIHM 10 py. p TaI]K aa 70 % rooIx' Iloy- -
o 'o pr'lT B ToM ya, Koa oxoo o_
opyy patlTa Tryo aHJIyI,lTTa' p., pol,t BHo t{oxo']r porKTl. ott oal pooo ll
PV: 10 ,2,487 :24,8]. KoTIo tlctla B aT BpI\{ lxOKo oyT ll
KoxoTBrI ppTx' oTpo I{ xBaTaT ll'-
Ta opao, l{BTpoBaH B at pot( o. aToB o OBpMI{HIM ToaM oK HBTrI.oHtII tlp()_
pao, Ta KaK TK aHHyTT pBIarT HaaHI aTpaTI rK]'oB.
o IIo,KTy tt 4,B7 py. oao yT I4MT B B'y, IITo .aHoM MTO plltl,I
MeoI o oT t{tIBTotII peo. B tTBrHrr .II,OTaTK: H ytlTIBaT |'TrHoT prJl14:}ll-
oI{oB pI1.'I HBTol{Hlx prr r)KT oHK pB- poKTa yMMa oTyH oxoo o Too, K?lI( l||)()
Hr oa poaMl HB .I{)(I{l . ol(l4T. CooTBrTTBo at MTo ])I{M|\4 .l'()Jlt'ti()
oTy. Mot, oyI B HBTOHHo|\,l aar' p rx .oytlx:
o)KHo opaT Ha .B pl: Br l]yl IpoI(TI MlT o..aKoBl poK )I(14'}IlIl;
poTI, oHOBHI Ha yTIIx oI(a; B poeI(TI tlp'oa paoBor Bo)K'FIr pI]oIIlltl1l]Il'lIl'I
oHoBaHI Ha KopoBHt]I o}.IKzlx. FIBeT;
o ]\,IToI oHK BT Haor Tpao- or .].oo KaK poKT OKT'I' I,tHBTop ot111,,. lll)ll]\4()l)l|()

154 r55
 t1 4,

NPV= .,.
()/\lIilI(()BI,I c)l(oJlFII IH]r yI a pol.)R Bo F' l') '
. ... -
I l[)o/l )I(I.l porKT.
r I . trl' tl I k't' 1l + k)" ,-,tl + ki
Mtod ttn1a pdu I1opfuII npuu I!0 uI!|Tllll1uLl RR -i
(alIr. verIg rot of rturn) oToT B op/I:Il oTloIJ]e:I4
c Ft (tl. sh JIow) .oH ..eHc)KIIx (e>t oo)
prHooBo To I (P0 pllooo .l "n"o.u
l(ol;c po.[ l: k - xrill\4il,| t.to1l ptJ]tlHoCT (1l.o), o
ec' (ouHT pTIBaIoT B poa). Cp- poBeH oo.lloT Ml pllt]' oo1lti o>l<.t. tt. o.t plt
ooa BrHa Ho,l H xo.lto oNlet'I,I x ooryHIe ot llKTllI ( u lr a, ll oap-
TBeI]Ir rl y 1l.) lo ooil,1 Ha .iltttltI,i 14|lBeo}t-
yI ecllt (I a 2 (ec poaaT) LITo o T_ til po; py l{ oil' k top Hl]ToltoO l]lllltll'
rHI4 poKa pa poKTa Br KaT:FII aTpal yy -
artr) (a. B). .la TKyIa ToMoT poeKTa y'y'P ooxTHa,
lIpoKT .yeT pHT' oTpaTFIa paBHa 0 - o_
8. P p opt p o lrB]|or|l poa' ll p.
BpHyT.
TBor ppT l]BTpy-
llorlt i o| l l[po2
l,
T KT o pooM praa 4 ol.\a
Ila.rlt HBT14 600 650 J o .Il'ooa l50 rf py. l-{-roo_
tit pl oT poKT
]ztHo aHo IRrTpoBaI] pr.TB p aTHaTBo
150 250
Cpooa pt,.rt 30 50 Bo)(rl{ .r B aHK o 10 6 % o.oBI.?
pe opa pt;r, % l0 15.4 Pzra LlTyIo TrKy),r}o cToMoT o Bll]lepBHHo
op1z \4 o oy yro aHyTTa' oKoKy FI)I(_
LIrr IoTyeH o oaM oHaI(oI' p.,
B yua, pryaTpBarT HaJI\I oTaToo' Ina
(RI\, oa oHa l ta. NPVlo : 050PV1'lo r") -500,0 : (l50 . 3,l70) 500'0
_ :
B.aoHFto TooT
opya I,lreT B
%
: -24,52,
l: PN NPV : 050PVl, %) - 500,0 : (150 . 3,465) _ 500,0 :19,74.
tI- R:2.
Pa.lT oKalBaT' To p Tar 6 % HBTpoBar
atx TI B o, To prH HoMa pI a p.TB B poKT BIo.,Ho' TaK KaK cTa TKya ToMoT
BT o oKTy 1 oTaBT 10 %, o poKT 2- oTatsT 1'9,74 p. p a 10 % HBTpoBal4
|5,4 %, To .aT poKT 2 6oee po.tTrIII. peTB at porKT TepT KoorK I, TaI( KzlK
o, ooBaHI a pau p op]\tI pl,rl a IIoKT oKalBaT yIo.trivr (a. 9).
HBec.I Ta)( T p yTBHIx oTaTKo. B a-
oT, oH I1 yTIBaT pay )K.y poKTa o.HaKoBo 9. P o eyr oo o poTy' p.
y p.Ilooo pt, tlo Bapylo o oa I4l,I
tloTyal0r B Te.IrI paHoo a T.
B (laoBo aa oyT'l Tp oo]]I Toil'
apyloX a KotlTpoBa .rHr)HIx oc,l.y: -il 150 '944 0,909 r l4t,5l |6'7
MrTo, paTa o TKy ToMoT (.loo pBe'-
I

2-14 t50 0,8900 0,fr264 l3,50 12'96

oo a); 5-14 150 (_r,8396 0'75l t25,94 I t2,'70
MTo paTa peHTaoT t{BT|4; 4-t4 r50 0.7921 0,630 I18,82 102,45
MTo' patlTa BHyTpHII Hopl p|. oo 600 x 519,7 4 4'75 4R
Mmod pal1x uumoli mut,tt moI|4om]l wPn ocoBa a NPV t9,74 -)4 5)
ooTaBlI4 BHl xoI BTi| (IQ c ot
y KoIlTpoBalllx tITIx H)I(lll oTyJ]H -
LIH poKa pa poeKTa. opa paT .to y. 1o p]IoaaT I{ paoBy I{BTI4' KaK B _
BrI{FIo Bllr pl,lMpr, a ooBaTro tIBTpoBar
Ul ToMoTl4 T B,
t51
156
aoIx pypoB B TIJ
[IBTotro oT ro xo. o opy
paLlTa NPV pHaT ;lyto :
NPV=7 st'_ # . ''
n
.ITo o xapaKTrpo ll
e-1 I() l)il(l. oBTop'lIoT ooBa or Bt{I op_
rIltttttttl't.ll JI.KoHpoBlI (, ltlopo' p oalloM
'tlIlltlcl NPI\, oKa H yiaT'I oopa a o
/|,I,ll(()Il.l'poBa''|, p KoTopo NPV y pao 0.
poy paLITaT oKaa IRR BllIlpB.HHoo
I-l tl r l

l lI)llcl)ll. Bot Ba poBoHIx Ha'I ouHTa _

k\,
,
k|
,,\| +
,,t| ' I(()l|.l.l'1poBall.. k:6 %, k:9 %. Cooyr paTI -
l I()Jl lloBfl ll apoBaIx a pBHI a 1 0.
c It epo
- HBTollr TpaI /

10. o.I arte . pea oaa. 1

Mmo) |n pmomu umuuti PI (a. profitbilit
ind) oBoT opT, ao oxo. oyLIaT HBTop l ! Pt | Pa.r 2 Pae 3 Pa 4
l p. ec. {at oKaaT pa(lTlBaT o opy I ,t, IlI
oToK k:6% F k:9 % F k:7 % p' k:8o F
I ii 150 0'94 l41'5 0'9|7 |7 '6 0'935 140,2 0,926 r38,9
PI=;' ! : |. I ii
r ii
150
r50
0,890
0,840
r33,5
125,9
0,842 |26'
0,772 l r5,8
0,873
0,816
3 1,0 0,857 28,6
tD.4 0,'t94 1 19,I
1 1

,-rtl + kt'
,lii t50 0,792 l 18,8 0,708 06,3 r 0,759 t13.9 0'75 ll0,3
B .1ng' ec PI or l, po. r/ly, p}lT'
||loo
N I'V
600



519'7
l9.7
x
x
486,0
-l4,0
x

,7.6
507,6 496,9
-3'l
HIII ]4 paBeH l
- po oTBpaT. B o.lLt.I o oKaz.t_
T tITo }{ ToMoT I{K pr.a;tttoT BrT
oTHoTHl oKaaTM' To oBoT lloJIoB:lT ro p p Ix oTax cKoTpoBaHI4 ar -IIRR
lop oHoo poKTa 14 pa zTpaTtsIllX, Iox pl,t_ t)]l.1. paBHo
rpo oHaoBIr HH NPV, o p l(oMKToBaH _
IlBToFIHoo op aaHI]\4 3Il(lee NPV. IRR= 6 r" * -=} -*o
ty,/- (-14,u)
% 6 %) =7,76 %.
pyT K ppy okM prll,I.lJ B poKT p
aHl ao TaBKax, To ypoBt plt;ttloT I-IBT- Moo yToHT oHt{o Ha. ..oy, yTr -
oa ('l(()JlK Tra oprtll ;<ar I aFI Ko-
lrIlt|lt1a oTpoBa}{'I' p oTopo NPV HrT l]a:
plls oo - lso500*-llq = 0,95: rr1lIr k :7 % NPV pao t7,6; lp k:8 % NPI/ pao -3'1'
lilt)a o.tHor aLI}I,IR,R oir
l50 . 3'465
' Pl ')o-
rv n^
5oo
= |,04
IRR= l %+ * $ _ 7 %) = 7,71 %.
=-
/,0 - (-J,l)
7o
Ta opao, a l py'
ii lr1ltl ae |0 % oo-
.tt
]]Ix prpe o)l(T oytlT ToKo 0'95 py., a p TaBK oao, a oaaTr IRR e 'Boo po.a
6% ootx
- l,04 py. oTpoallHl i1H)I oTy- t)ill)l,pHI oTo KoF{Tpoa' B p.rHHoM
vt. lll'I||I prp BTpoBa BIo.'o, 2UITpHaTBo
Memod pama mp Hopl|Il npulttt. Bp opa ll)l())(lI KaTaa IIpBlrxaT ypoBH oxooT 7,7 %.
pt' BHyTp ortll. oKyaMoT l,IHBrT- ll1ll parTI oKaIBaIoT' tITo B aBMoT oT Too,
ilt IRR (a. intrnl rt of rlurn), IloKaIBarT To HaH li;tlttl pp oT BT a oHoB a KoKprTHo
oa k, p oTopo NPV y. pao 0. ||l)/(lll).' oyT t 'aI pal BlBoI. B
pao pFIrH aHoo MToa aTpI{Ho' Ta ) | llNt Ilp aIIa rcToIx I]poKToB 'yT xoT

KaK poTc opaa M.o'y po oto, ot lrtlItl([)L].l.lIl>l yo ToTLr p" oTzlBH|

yTr I-lKoKx o.'oaTHlx p>e, p l ll)lI I{lIlt()l.poBall . Ka pao, Hao olryt
a Kolvlo HaFt 1R. p To BLltlaJIe NPV opIoT {)|l(.|||\ /(lll. l(oIIKHo pt{ paIx MrTooB orIlI(
fIoMoIo KpTt{o tpao tIHl oHTa 14C- lr lr rr. ti,t't',l llI t o. poToB.
KoTpoBa. cr p ToM NPV oaBaT oo)Ko,
I I

158 59
 KoPoll I E BoPocl
I l] c yHoT ,no""',,} Kaol x aooe
o pr,ttl,lr?
2 l.[lro ootltr tpopt, oper p[lMp, aMK
.l,l
l]Ho' t]T
3 Ka
l.t '
op''I BeLl oTHol,lelo a
t?
4. Hao ool]Ir pflt l{BTolJit, lt M xaKpTl4K.
5. Ho oHoBHi :TotlHK (loppoa tleToIloo KllTa'
l It xpilKTKy.
6. Ka ope rpB o IlooB H,I oT llo oo'ollr
o po Ki.lIta a pp?
7. ox oB'I apaB ([lKTBoo ool}a aKoHrP.
Hoo (K.oIIHoo) Ka a Ilp.p.
B' B yoT t,t B HHre yra? B oo'rl4 Ki]KN,I
t4 H a M}l t{loppy T o}i Hr opt!
. (oprpr ttl] l y ?
9. K t lja LtBTIlpoBa Hl yta t rt? Klt
y.paT |4 CHI4 orp oT pa B BeoHHo to.lt?
l0. Jlo ol.lol prl' oyeI B 14HrTllot-tol ta. Hil
KK Da o tlv?
1l. eru aKtla.'l ioo t opell'I o]\,1oT ee Bo
p./ K o'leT,I pil.le Ooallr p}leo ap.l-tl,Il]H
(o>rx pouo), KoHTpoBa}I, HH),cTl'/
l2' Haolr. oHoBlr MrToI oIpHl,t,l (lol,l lleoHl
oeKoB. o To pallTr orlx oKa1., llllo]\4lx 1,l
OHK oKl.o-
AAH PAKKX A
Pa o)<.aM F{o]]M}. oo ypoBH ptlil o palltlll\4
I lJ Kop
HBeTM p ir.aI yoBx.
2. no\. tMl tpaoo MaTaT (o>t Ilpo[rLII, llKo-
Tl4l)oae' ayr.) pl4 oK p.lt,Hlx llcToriil oKo, lltl-
tr coI oH o eTpo l] poKTl.
Kotlot]Koc aa 7
(-r- KOMEPKA T}lo
apilBoll
P}lMAE
o
s 1. l Ko[MPKx loK oPoK
x oyH
]\,'[l
JIro oBollT rooI1TBIIo flpoly oT
rIlt.1lp 'o KpyHo oo'i.B}lo opal4atl -
BTy_
-
IliI1' t] HooJlHHlr KOMpJ(I4 rK py opa}l.
tiIlll,l,Il\,l t4. o po .ro 1loFll4N,{a )tr JIBX
lI)ll1 lIKox TopoH Ha oTaBKy ToapoB (poyKpl, paoT,
V(.-lly yTaToB TBoprKo rTIloT) B ooTIteTcTB C
\/('l|()l]14N,{, yTHoBiIM B oJItlrH.I,1. C\\ B /JIK .In-
ItV|()l Ill)[tBIIT oHo Tl)}IJ,l (.l HopHtIl
rIllt1llt, aTppoBaHI B paI oKya.e ll l]po.aRa),
( /l,JIl<i't TarT'I tllpti. )( B Kr yaTI]yrT p-
(.|,iIIr'IOI4 zlIjIx TpH (pt, r aTppoBaIe a Tr-
l)ll|()p TpaI.po'aBa I,{ ol(ae), oHa I]JIT: -,IJrca-
tl(I|)odo.
Jll,t (oepa) opa.o]oT l{tr Bzl
lll|,|.il: oiORHl BIloMoarle. I{ ocot'l oTHo]. .IIJIK.
('Ilil,JlllltiI Kr-poa KoprTHo poyKl4, a}lo-
|(.lIl{tIKI,tx IJaIt (ar.Il, e' tlOy-xay p')' TIj-
ll(.(.I(l,l
JIy (BH/{p oBl Txoo, OTBI4 p ,o-
|||Jl|,lB yHKZUIHI oKTOB p.), apo paopo po3.
Il(|/l(''l'l]il' ToapoB ]4 yy' opaHa Tya. Bnoozm-aHt
t'th'.,l!iIl l]'Ial]i pa ToapoB (poy, paOT, yy) oT
II|)()/(lll]l(:.l IIoKaT. To .K I]o pBo pvoB, x
(.Il)il()L}ilHl,Ii' apoBarl' pri]aOTK xpaHrFII,{Io; tIpoBrJ{.
l||l|() l)lt(Il.oB )< Tol]Oa{ (atro opal.I). Br-
|()| l.ill<)l( lmept ( onauoe) jt, oyrTB,]-
ltl.tt' IlpBrI rl{rIx prTB B HzL'iI{o a-
l|(}I\4 ltll/(c, l.o rT a o}1oB '{l\{oo ToBapoorl{a. pL{rpor
l);II)|l)IlI,l lOK B apapl{o rKTOpr B'lT ofi.tFl polvlIril-
ll('IlIIItI ,|.()|]al)OI] Ha Koxo.BHIylo poyKLI o 1|7|4]\14-
'I||lIt(' ('(ll() :] .I.opo-
ll r l1lilt<'I. pelrpaTJI]<O oT t] rKoM
lr itliIt'l|}tl llitoc tla,o oyl.l. Ba MTola poBIIII
l.
( ) \l]\,|(.| )' (' l( l ol(: H Irp]ll}1o tlpe IToplIHl{Ka.
l I
l l1l>ttt,t tlt0ol dlll To OI1rallI,1 ]vl)l.\y HopT-
-
lIt.|||||'ll\llt Il(),l.I)(:11.I.J|,I]\4 po'lIJoIlTl\,{ ol]aoB (po,t1,
ll,lt)()l ll 1l1:.ll1,| ) ()lrt,t t't lt,tgltl, Iltl(lT[{le pI,lyU{1,Bzl:
l6t
 oKyaT rT BooF{oT oyt{T I{o ToT ToBap' o xapapy BaMooot )0y tt 1l,,t t; lt t lt,l:t t (oa-
oTopl My Hoxo.,; {I,loM oKya) opl]II|(O|\,| ,|.()l)I1)||()
ll()l)-
oKyaT TaaBBaT Hop.TBrF{Ir cB oTaB- oa|4 pr{To oparT }Iul JIL'(Vl()l I ll | (' ll l t/(I,I :

rKoM, To ooHo Ba)Ko p tIoL{eH o)KI aaoB onPaLlu no pnpodoJt, p KoTopI II()(:I)(.i|.||ltl( IIoKyflarT
MrxaHMoB' Tpo- ToBap y poBoTe, a aT poaT O Il()l(yllil'I.Jll(), 'o eT
KTOB Ta )KBOTI-IO- }{a KaKo-To Bp TaoBT oKo'|.()ItilI)il;
ldo'MllLlol7I c.poTc Ha ooB ooBol)il ()l|(.lll| |\4c)Ky
;
p
Iroxo.MoT
-
pepTr-poBo.T opH Ko : l l()l)/|'l l l l( o- t | |

MoyT t yaoBHI Ha cTaI4 ayFIo-r.oBaTK I<yI]aT ToBap poBo,I{Te, a otsplrlarT JlI( I(l|JIIl ||l)('la_
poTt ao, To oBo BoBpr}Io BoT op- )( a T IIpoBo a BoHapa)rH' il:l(.l) ()'lr)I)()l.()
pTBI B HaMaylo oTBJIeMIo .,rKy; oyo I(ooBopo Koc (otvo o 10 % t,t 'l1tl.ll-
Bo3oxo .TIIoe BaMHor oTpy'LITBo .ax o- Kl:
BMTHo IpoBOTBo; ,u
- TpoT a oFIoB arHTKoo oa[II'I (l)(/(
prpTM IIopKo Ha oyTR oIll)il |(14
opar a Ta KyaTa oTaBMo po- 14

y oopyoa (apaoe oapao oy- y-po.a a T oT' M IIpepT|4; .T oI]JIIltlI'l

xa).
oao p ooa Too To.a porr KoMMp-
ttKx .o Koxor ppaTr oxe poH;
MrT o opaa (p) ooTBrTTByIo yxI
aTHlx opa.
p oyTB oTaTooo oITa ooTBTTByIox KBa-
poaHHIx ToB oTLHI BapaTo oy-
rTBrH KoMpKx ro B,JII9T pB ope.'-
oB.
Topoo-nopduu cdu - To orpa, Ba}II
y-poa>e' ToBapoB (poy, paoT' yy), BIo-
I o op}o oKyaT oaBa IraBIM oT
oTopoBIoprKo{HaocF{oBraaooMe)'II'y
rrN| oaItI. Tpolr opr. - To op
opaFla' .oTopIe BaIoT pt oyrTB,I Top-
oo .K a T paI H oKylt\ peapIaLI|4 a
rT KoMoFIoo Boatpa)ll,
Ky poao oIaTr. Top
'aIoT poBo.TJUI oT pao.oB, cB
|4, a Ta oyXBaM Io aaJla KyaTa.
o,o Ba)Ko, oKoKy .aa pa rTo py oxoBrIx p..pa paoTp Ha pp .o-
KpyHI B prJlay, TpaopT, JIa.Kor xoo
|4 .. I'.
CopI TopoBI opK oKaIBaIoT poBo,T-
aKtoaloT Hr Ha KoKpTHyIo l(y' a FIa opI lll)-
o BrM papoTpFl X ecTBLl a oprllllllli,i
popu, p KoTopI op.tl oytTBT otl
r KoTaKT e)y poaBo oK}TIaTr; TaK op o(I,
Ilp Ba poBo.T a pxa ayKoI{a; a yyry pop o-
oo- aT BoapaH .o 2- % yMMI .e.
B ooTB|4 c yro aooaTo Br po-
Bo.TBHI KoHotIK oTotH rorx xol
yo, B ToM Ll KoxoIx' o oyrTB-
HIo KoMptIKo .oJrxHI l ooptlI .ooBopo,
KoToplM pF{aT oa[IH BX 14'14. HcoK o
TaoB'I| Il.erIe}{I4 |4 llpKparH paaKx paB
oao.
B p p BaFIoM oBrp apTrpoB JU{ oyT-
B Korpo Bo oTTotlo ra paoBo-
pa o o, oa rrKa 14 pl4lvl Ba ooBop-
oT' To lIIpoKo papoTpaFlo cp aaIx pp-
a. o.ao Po B .K pp
opaa xy oo paxaa aJIIoaIoT B c-
o op, otl .oxI r oaHI pyKoBoT.lUI
IpetIp 14T (op a a ) KptI raTIo.
opo oyeTBeII o}repeKrD( .eo yaTr -
oBopa (opaa) y-poax (poy, oopyoat
,p.]'
B po oyT KoMrpK oK oxo tsl-
JlT 'y Tal: oHIoKTypI pIa o HTp-
ylr ToBap' o oop KoHTpaTa' o.oToBKa I( ll-
KIoI KoTpaKTa' o aI' pzLTa\4 yo orl_
l.paKTa' Kaxr T|4 TaoB Mo)G{o pa Ha KoKo
oroBaTH Ix c ai,.

r62 163
 Haa (ro, oxot ppMaT IIpo-
BOI{T KoMKo yI] pIa o yroli4]\t HapaB-
HM:
ytt}i poyK' KoTopI oH HaMpr poBoT: r
aTtso' BOMO)KHI pl,{yTBa FrcoTaT o aBI{tI)
}DK t-{tc Ha pIK aIaoa, paBHTIa KoHo-
MtIa .oT yTo a)aT a poo.Bo t lHu a[paR'IIT B To ya' Koa KoTpalJTI o ,
(oHIX p)KK)'
elF.e IKa pIloHo MHTaL{' IoBoIo BI-
,IBT T op Kooo poy H1\1HoBaII opa. o oaBoK, ella' poK ''tBll'
TaKM pao ai ooTBTTB,IolIIrr MrTo (tty) Ha pIHK;
yrr Bo]vIoI oyaT anta JIo)BlUo Ha
pl oprr.Koo poa;
aa oB KoI{Kyp F{a ptHKr KoprTHo roxo_
tt1 o poyI{' tltt rTe }IoT KotIKypHTo'
Cyl Tao oyrrTBrH Kopo CeK B-
IoT o oop KoTpaHTa. Ha o aITr p)I( Bo
Hy)I(Ito opT. LITo KoHKpeo (ay po.yKIo, oopyoa-
Ha . .') .,aoMy pIIMaT}o oxoo aKyT
KoMy a aKx ty'oBx t|po{aTll t]o ToBp.
floy, KoKpTHI pp ( oepaTB ppo) to
ooyo oBl ptII pF{ lUHr po.a_
I]aT MooKo FIa opo.o o.ltoHI aBo, a aoToTHo
ppaalBaT ro Ha Ip (a T. .) pzu]oBIBaT oTo-
By poyK. y po pop TaHoB y
ooTBTTBy( oopo o prpa l\,{ooKa,
l-I> o pp .o)K oT' KoKo ooKa o}t
xotlt)T MoT paoa (100 1000 a rIy), a
lo y o at{rTBy (poo I poBoTBa Ipa,
Ma'a . .'.), I(r Ka yaToBa oopyoBa
(a > yrue a BoB BBoMoM poo),
Ka]<ol yoBI,I }l)KIJpoo o].rl Too poBo.I]a
(ilv aa' BoI, Tla, KTpopr), THoooo
o.t' TlxLIoo o>Ba\4. o Bao TaKr
rT BotlpoI apoBaHI4 .rK: y oa oyT-
BHa a rIaI{I llt{, a T Kp.II'Ta' B oo}t a aT
pol{Boo poy (ec,llt To r<o poaBy oopoa-
) a tIT praa KaKoo-To yoo Toaa (Happ,
epa ...).
Ha ooa Bx Tx aHIx oHo r o.Too
TrKo-Kol]Kor a.al{ a opTrII oopoarr
o ppaoTr ooa B Ip' R KoTopoM aKaLI yKaIBaT Br
aparTpI Too
Typy ooBoo tlo
T.. .'), a TaK K
eoB oTaB' poK}l BIIIor}{ ]Kaa' BoI\,to)KIoT cp-
Bl,IHoo o,vx<a opyo BaSI 1 1' .).
164
o.oo ar, aKaK tpa oo,'oi,,u,* oTB-
I(oB - ' Too My' Boo)KHo, ITp.T IlpF{T yaT B
aJIvlpoao RlTaBK o opT oo)Ix apT-
epoB o Kaaoy.
Kaxoy Boo>t<F{oy apTrpy flo .t1Ke MoT I apa.
I.Il TBpl{Ie H\I|4aTBIII po)KI]. Tpdo npdo-
MIT oToHl TFII B B'llHt llooBop{rM
oaa. ooBo opa TBpol-o p.o)KH:
t1umuo npdoulru HaI7paBeT po.aB, oo plto-
TBT MaKtty l,topaIo BoMo)Gloy lol(ya.lllo O
,aaMoM ToBapr yo o oTaB'. npo )l('
LITO IaTBo por] ToKo l.{apaBrT'l -To
poBo.
J]Tr}o I]oKyaTM. aF{oe po)5}{ atIpo
tsJIILtaT .ylor prKBI,,tTI: Too oIIprI prJla ar-
Moo TOBapa' KOLITBO'oBpa' KoTopo oxT oIT oTaBl-lo'
Mat po oTaI]K aKMaI{o oJlTBO' oTo-
o Mo)KT r oaBHo ts MMat po (oc
ooo Baxo p oTaBKa Kopoop oori,i-
o poy).
O.opHHo HaI]paB}r Iip.oX,I'I yalaloT poK'
B T' KoTOpoo ao poxr y .o
(trapp' l ). o ao-o paK Boo>l<Floo
apTF{rpa B Tr Too BprMLI oarlaT o }I)KeaHr yaT-
BoBa B p'ao ,'
C o"tr oTBrToB OT Bor\Io)tII apTpoB B B op-
MaoF{IX KoMpK peor aarT Ta
o.ooBK K aKrIeH ll. ooplii BKIOa
.' Bro I]OB.FI proRopoB I]apTpa}l rIo
oJIaoBaI{ co loOBop. Bo p Tx eoBopo yTol{-
HT Kar.o oopyola[,,rrKr pItI' apaT'
oot oTaBK pe BooI. oa TaK)Kr co.
JlaTa' oT KoToIx Bo MFIoo aBT ooara eHa .o_
oBoDa"
Ha a IIoI{oToBK K aKJIro K oK}IaTUI 'O)rH
poB KoI-{oN{ K oH Ky popa oo oopyll.o tt
yTo oT KorI{oo po)Ta ( aI pMrp
tpa), aTaT, B']aHI porM KyaTar oo_
-
py.oBaHJl' a TaKx oapa J'UI oa[IH KpcTa
o o,aI B K. ooalu[ Jl paa oyT jI})KTlr
Ha po)Ke'I lapTrpa yMMa aTpaT oKyaT].
tIoT' IoMIlKJIa- Ha o ;,I( Tar ylI]T Boo)Hl op1 eTo/\l t.t.zt
po oollH (oy.lt) poy],I B aHoNI pOFI (o ol.ol(a,
(opo JIaT)(a' rpKyIa p'). oopI{HO oaytoT aI.lyIO .l_
ToT' KoTopa'I oBO yBJlT l)aJlzll1 lI)Jl_
-rlaaoo K poa)( T'oBaa'
t65
 Kol pyTaTo Too afla CeK lec oTaB. 14 c oTTyM oT TaapoB' TXFItilo. oa-
Hr poKT'a ooBopa. oaoT oTaBT IrpoKT ooBopa oBaHI opao (aoo); p oH oKyaT H-
I.IapaBT o oTpaHTy ooIrlo BoaaT Ha TopoHy' rp- IIaTr)Koot; B yx cLIa, p]\,{oTpI{t{Ix aoo-
aloy poyIo' oKIBaIoy yy14 \| BIIToIIlyIo aTTBo. otaT BpaB TaK)K oTKaaT oT pyoT-
pao' BT ooBop a aKyIIy IToTa po ooBopo poyK (oo ua.ro) p
rKoxoo po'y ' oapTBrHI y -B coB14 ooo BoMrH'I oTaBKy Bot{K|xX B cB c
To yae aTBa aKIoH p arT aoToTr. ro.
oao cooHa opaaJl' KpTHKo B yta paTop)KJI ooBopa Topoa o)KIltt prypT
(ppoe) xoo p.oaaT proBIBaT poyK) o o pyyl Topoy B yTaoBrlr aKoo poK.
opo Koolepa KaKoMy-o ppT (op-
aa) oo..o op' poKT ooopa o>t<T BIaT
oxor opopoBo.'T. s 2. oooP Ky-PoA
Cy Tao ator optlo Be"-
o,al{e .ooBopa. oo poo.T I cTa.. oa- opor pr apaKpcTKa oT.rlx o o-
oBaH TKTa a ooBopa apapoar (oao aTTB' BoKaX Ha oIoB Mt{ootlyI 'ool]opol]
o Koo a), poB.F{ ooHaTIx rpoBopots o o'oTopo uaKoB ycTBHoo oopoa,
FI rK ToM paF{I K.oK' oaoBae co pTaBrHl B . 2 K P. B pyt orp pBrrHa xapaK_
Kpr.Ta (poa rK oTaBoNl I4 poaa) TpTKa 'ooBopoB' KoTopIx BITKaIT oaBa o oT-
oaTI (ao p.). yxrrrIo TBa (y-po.Da' ra' .ap' p).
Coaoar .ooop IloIaI ot.lrio Ba IloI]oo- a yIoT ooBopI, opto pay MyTBa B
rHIx a To B TopXTBHo oaoKr; p Mr)qlya- IooBa (apea, o.'Ho ooBaI P.); po-
po.,HIx' a HepKo l(pyHI BHyptI c.IlKa )aF{o Bo.TBo pao, MaTpaHt pyaT I(oTopI parT'I -
opaoBaT o a (otulto To aT'I a LIT OHTM aKaKy (op |^ P.), oKaaH yy MaTrp_
po.aBa). zuloo apaTpa (o oKaal{ y' pBoKa' -
oa BTyHLt ooBopa B y HaHarT ].a ro ), ts ToM e )HIx (a, Kp.T' apoBa
ottH (pa)' olltHo ToT Ta KlIIoa o yTyKy .rr)(oo poaH, aKoct BKa' ao-
roBIo rprK' o opa' aJlIttH oaIII- , pau), aKT.I (pa' paoa)
, c pa, olalol TpallopTpoBl(),,, TpaxoBa_ Iop.rKx (opyr' oc' aeHTvIpoBa' .oBepT-
le ..'. yaF{oBKa popaoo oop,oBa py Ho pBH TBoM p.). y oTIlI B.oB
BIorjl TpoTo-I\4oTDI(r pao, K oopyoa JlooBopoB aBrpIaIT Hopr o HooTooHr ooo (po-
paoy poBoT B poK, eTaHaBBarI .ooBooM' o ToBaprTBo' oBTHa.Tro) o oa-
oope aHl aToM. F,c B ooBop rrpr'yzlT- TBa' BoIKaIo ol{oTopoI ectfr' (oyp .p.).
BaT apat po KI]yaTa oopyo BaH 1 oTpO. B aprr Tt oaTBoo paBa pBrlt
K T. ., o T Too lTpoa oope.C'| r o HopMI o oaTBa' Bot{KatI4X ptlFl Bp.a
aKT' KoTopl e oKoaTrl]vl oyl{ToM, B,T_ HooBaTItoo ooa.
TByIo o o oaTB rIaTIJKa ceK'I. oot oyMHTo p poB. Korpx coK'
oato o.to oaeT o ot.oopZi g- BaHHlx KyKa o,aB Koxoo po-
T ooHI p.pMT IotlT aJ\- .yK' Ip pooBoTB /IJUI oyapTBHI{I y).' B-
)KaM opao. To pBoT K prKpa. p _ ,I ooBop Ky_Ilpo.>. o Ko|\,'p paoo o-
oH Har)I(arM o}tH o.lITBa oo KyT' peypyl KoFIoeKI4e1 I]paBoBI opaall_
poo)aT oa B tlpax oo oKa ooBop. o- o H Ho-T H K e ol oItI oB popoBoJ,Ul (o ru il )
I

o oaTBo o)T pKpaTT'I B cB'|I4 FlrI]oMo)KHoTlo tp (oya). B op'IIoT coB|4 pirJl-

o to|1\1, ecv| oa BIBaHa ooToTTB' aB-
lII OT coH (a HaIBaMI op-aopI. B To
tI oBoB' XBoI' poyK . .).
B p a oKaT oHoTopo oTKa oT o{r-
ooBopa (ooT .lztltvo): lT oTaB tIpoI{yK-
t66
a Kopco , op.o r oIH' L| TaK)(r
BaooaoBal paBa oao t(o TopolI,
aTByx B rKr. B oop Ha arIKy roxolr_
Ho o.yKvl, Ip po.oBoc"B oypl.BIllIlx
Hy) opr.e:toTc ot, aopTMT' aTBo' llop'I/loK zl_
167
I(llK I4 oTaBK, F{I, poK o'IoK aLlTOB a aKyllK 14
oTaI]K KooTBo poyK, Ip pooBoJI-
TB' MyTBa oTBrTTBHoT TopoH.
H> IIptsrrII oBtrta B poBo pa Tpyypa
.ooBopa y-po.'a)K|il 14 KpaT KoTapIl IIo apao
o oHoBIx paoB'
B oopo yKaIBaIo' Ll;l-
pl
- BBo.a aT ooBopa'
rFIoBal, op' To \4 aT oJlal{ IoKyrHT, I{aIoT
oIlI lopl4,l1e aBaH Topo' Mexy KOTopIIvt a,rl}o-
J{ooBop' pLIBo/I TepFIl' KoTopI oyIoT'I B T'
Ha. )(r yKaIBalT, KTo l,t Ha KaKOil4 oitoBa
(opo p.) OI]zUl 'ooBop'
pdtm dooopt- aI\{oBaLIe oTttB]\,l oy
(oapa) orliH oIoBHIx o'IBHI KaLITB-
ILl Ztp3'KTrpTI,1l(. B o allrr.o>I<o t ooopo,
KaKM oCTa (oTavr I. .) ooTBTcTByT oTlta'I ilpo-
'yK' - To BaHo p pzloTrH apUJH[,r oOopa ts
appax. - poyK ooTr.TByrT yoBl\,l' KoTopl y.
TaHaBBaIoT t{op.TBHtIo OoBlIBa TOpoHall,
To B o]-I o;l<i t ooBopI TaM opao, ot
BoLta BOMO)KHoT y TOpoH TaKToBaT l4x o-Boly. T-
r'Kr apaKTpTK olrHtx Bl,I.'oB TOBapoB oyT t l-
I{erl B Iral pa.ll' Ha KoTol ot ttar ilaTc
IKa. taI]JIMa po.'I oToT paLI].{Ix o-
TaBloL (app' B ..ool3opa a poTr oo
TeX:Kor o), o MoyT t .IJIF{I B P, oI:
poxHx' KoTopI e BI|oTe I{roTeM Mo a.to llooBol)a.
Kotlm m o a (l. l paeo]!{ praTpyIoT .FIa
Mrprtl oBapa (LT., T . '.) }{ lIop,IoK opJ]F{ o
KoLITB. Ko'Bo .oB.pa' o.opo oer llOTBI4T llo-
TaB B ooTBTB .ooBopo' oI{o l opHo
p, apoo .o (app, 1000 )'
o paKax) /IoyarMI J{ooBopo (+l,5, o/o)' o B ooTBT-
cTB oaoBaFII{IM paKoM oTaB (I]apr, KBap-
THo o 2500 ).
Ba<tl Bopoo' oopt ooBapI]IoT I] ToM p(' B-
IoT'l yaoBl{ apKpoKa Toapa. Pa.tl Ba BI,{/1a o-
TaBK ToBapa: pyo - c yrTo yIIaKoBl(I4 FIT"O - yua
yaoK. aoa .oJIa o opaoT pya Illx .oyNtIToB' a ooTBrTTB KoopI TpoBaFia' o
proK. ppoa oxo.pt]\,la .',l ttI1 pya.
Kmo moa. ,o a .ooBop;r yTaHaBl,tBarT I!{,o{
porypy opl{I aTI]a rrpoyK (/.I i,{ KTO poBO/I].
Oe aa).
I}l.';tt l{roKo oHoBIlx NITo]oB opll KaTBll
ToBapa: o OyapTBHF{oy TaHap.ly (tp M)I{IlaoIHIx
.OKax
- o TaHapTy cTpal OyaT ]-l Ipo.'aBa): o
TXl{rK oB'lI\,I, Koa a ToBap oTOyTcTByIoT Ta.'apTI
r68
T rt poa'I atI (ifuK yo-
B MoyT I papot oKyT I1 pro)rl{I lpo-
ao); o lKaL\, yaao B ooBo; o opa,
oaoBa}IIoy o.Tp)oy aHTrpoBaI Topo-
HaNI o o.p)(aIo olx BTB B ToBap (ope
Ml]vlaor I4 ]\4aKaJto IIpolIlITtlo orpxatiI,t KoIIo-
HHTa B ToBap' pM, Caxapa I] BKJ], )KpLl L4
MooK T. ..); <<T-KoJ]))
- oaBa ]'oBapa t] ToM B', l]
Ko OI.I T' To T poaB B To ya tI }leT OTBTT-
BtIoTl,I a KcTBo oaBoo .].oBapa'
M (rlaaop IIpOaa' oyttaT J| pl' TOpo_
t) oo oJrI aTBa ToBapa yTaaBl]aloT'I o
OJi a0HIo Topol{.
llar B By, To B ooTBrTTB zroo P <o
c> (199 ., B p,.. 1995 .) 't.lll
rpTKaIIl4],{ po.y\Ivt
oTBp}IrHll OOTBTTBI,I'I o.y]< yT'aoBrllt'p -
]\{ JloJDKIla poBo/1T p. a. CppoBa _
a poK I\{apKt4yT FIaKoM OOTBTTB' 3aTppo-
Bal B yT}{oBI]o IIop"I(.
Cpa Ipo(y (y) ro ]\{eT oatti
.opool xaaKTr. aoo allp{ro prapBi1'
oyK]l, o/IJI)KaIl ar.l-l pt, o H
M\Io ppaa ooTBrTTB.
o (poaI) I4I]oIt) I]pOIy,{l{, o.ra-
( oao pa'I I peayeo FIa TppTop
praoBlBnT T} IlpOIlyKro ToJIKo p t{iUItIIl pa.
A' BIat{Hoo I]pI{aHoo yfIo-r]FIOOi{IM H To opaOM;
o l,lT ooTBeTTB piul],Iyoli lTpolyK poa-
I llONfaB]]I JloyrToB' F{a OOTBTTB KoTopI or{a cp-
l1-lo al7a, L7 MpKLIoBI,I aKOM oOTBT.BI,I'I;
}'i(Il] ts ooBo'o,Hl,IKo oyTa
Bi{ pa \4 oIvIaT,{B{I .ol(yt]tdTax' I(oToplM
.o)tla ooTDrT.TBoBaT po.'yI\t4, olr;t1. o.I{It],t
' ttopa o op (tlol'yail' .a]ll[,Ia);
plioTaHaBJI]aT t,l KllitLtilT iL:]aII}o 1.po_
.a itopl]Ttj_
BaFII{o poyK, eLI, ol{a H oar
TtIt{ poa plta'a, \7 B yar, r iiT..
14 rrllTa IT}-}pIoTa}IoBlt rttr O.NIHHO pri{t,fo]\,l ol)zl-
]Ja o ltat,]
tttaT tIrT'BrFIHo BIot{(]l OJIlIoMollllll
llO)KoTI{IM Jtr.il,i opI.OiJ, Oy{rTBIoL oltytl
r.I4KitIo oYKL(!{pI KoJtl.o : ptrrtlllitltI-ttlii
O',vr;
tsrtaT Opa}{ 1l'lKl1 r tI4X' B}llltIIX B
69
TxHLIKyIo oKyTaIo TooK po po- pya, oaI]aeT pa, p BrrTooBlx ...f*a* oyarT
Bo'TBa pTpoBaIo poy. KopTtIIr }I oBaT opTHl ollIHI.
o poyt4, I7e o.e)Ka oa pa, 4. o (<pao op a>' <<Booo a opy ya)>,
poa' a ooTBeTTB KoTopIM aooaTI KTa- e on bord,>,FoB). poa oa oTaBT Toap a op
P rTpyoTpo poBH oao pa- ya, peoTaBT r oIIa^ (p BHHTopoB]
' o HaTBr ]oprKx pD(a - po.'aBoB ea) KopTFII olUF{I' oyecTBT ol]aTT B pa.
oKyrlae o poyK oI Io ol.pyK ToBap a op' oyT .tTt ooarFIT
- o) lpoBo po- o.TBpxr opyK ToBapa op>e. oya
-
BoHa pKa.
ttt ou omaKu. B o pa .ooBopa o)G{o oa p/loTaBT yo B yTaoBeF{FIIr poK' apaxoa
t. opI{o' KTo KoHTparHToB oIatIBarT paxo..I' cB. o oaTT paT' OaTT paxoI o papyK ToBapa B
AI{I Tpaoppoo ToBapa oT poaBa K oyaTIo, a opTy aaFl,I.
TaK)Kr o<t{ t yaoBe po (a)' Koa pao.o- 5. C (<,oo ToBapa, Tpaxoa pax'>, <,ost, In-
BtIoT FIa ToBap rpoT oT poaBa oKyaTeIo (BT SLtranc' Fright,>, ID. poa oaI oaBT ToBap a op
T op'llT' To Koa T oTBTTBrHoT a pL4KI41 ya' oaTT paxo.I ro opyK a op, opaHoBaT ep-
BaHHI opv oaa). BoKy' oaT pa o Ta Haar' oaTT paxo.I o
Cop TooBa >yapoFII TopoBIX TrpoB papy' oH BKloI o pax, p TopoBlx
<.oTp>>, BIyI exyapoo opoo ao Ka [oyT KopTHIe eH]4 oIraTT KopT]{I
(1980)' paFIT 14 paoo aI o oTaB- ottI}II' aTpaxoBaT ToBap a Bp pBoK oaTT
K. o ooaaloT HaLlHI ya' opM Tpaoylo pIo' p.aT oKyaTrIo T' TI ooa-
LI paot o. oyae oa pT oTaBKy
oo)K}I pya o oTHolIItIlo K TpaopTo py. p-
Br.I1rM apaTpTK KoTopI lX ( op la
ToBapa o oyLIH\7 ceTa' oHoaTa TpaxoBoo oa
(paua KooalvtTa oHaaT pray oapa), ba pa-
K paooB oya). Xo.IlI o papyK' oH l{ BKJI}ort o pa. paxo-
1. C aoa (<.pao-aBo - oTaBLkI:>> |7 <( aoa-o-
TaBKa)>; <,-works,>). poa oa peoTaBT ToBap B I o papy o}"T l orI a T poaa, tto-
pao)(r IToKyaT a Bo KJ]a.. oya T B o BK}I aoo ooFIr,I <<BKIoa pary>>
(<, BKJIa papyy)>' <<IF lndd,>).
paxoI |4 pK1 BaI opyo poo oapa o
cKaa po.aBa .o Ta aa.
6 (<.oarro oaTo otI>>, <<paKo-J]a
ItotiaTr,>, <,llivrcl du-pid,>, DDP). poa oa oTa-
2. oP/oT (<.ooo F{a TaF{)>' <.pao-ao)>' tsT Totsap K Ty IlaaFI, BITopoBI l
<.pao-pyoo aToMo,>' on ril/fr on truk>>, oyT MopTHIr .[r oaTT opTHIe oll1I'
FoR/FoT). poa oa oTaBT ToBap xo opo. epaT oKyaTrIo e eoxo.I].Ir , p:T Toapa o-
o ToBapa oarT apyKy oo Baoa (pyo- TI. oa a I]ptIT oTaBKy ToBapa B yTao-
a) (full lo, poaB o proTaBT TparlopTor cpe.- eF{oM MT.
TBo o eo apyy. x o ToBapa .oTaTo- o opf{ ar yo I]ocTaB B .oOop
rH oo apyK (lss th full |o[), poaBr oTaBrT lIoI1 r ya yKT' K KoTooy oToT . eoB,
oa Ha H' py poBo )o opoo HapMp <.pao-ao a Ta po.aa>>' <o Hoopo.
(opo po) o Boy yMopIo BT py- l{>> vI T' ,.
NI IIap.I| ToBapoB. poa Ip'aT oKyaTrIo T po u d,m nomtl. a TaT .ooopa op o-
TpaopTI oKyt' oyaT o pTaBT ITpo- HT' KOa ToBap o)(r t 'oaBH po.aBo B aFIa-
aBy opalo o Tr aFIarH pya oaTT p- tl o .ooBop ytIKT epo.It., oHoT oyaT'I
Boy, pT oTaBe| Ha aHIo y o o},{FI I1 a, yooooo (opa, poua).
Ta TpaHopIx I{OKyMFITOB' oyT KopTI - Cpo oTaBK ot.lo opIoT t}Tol ooa:
|1 |4 oaTT oDTIr o]t{I. yaII]aT KoHKpTylo 'aTy oil (app' 1 apa)'
. A (<ooo Bo C}'H2t,>, <pao B.o opa yHa)>' po.tl (apI M, KBapT' porxyToK y a.t.l_
l7^9). poa oa oTaBT ToBap Ha pTaH Bo opa ), .ay BTyr .ooBopa B c,.aTy oTKpIT aKKpI1,|||t|
ya oyT ooTBrTTByIol oKtITI oT KTopa. oaTI Ta T' II,. Cpo o-l r pBaH K oIl)/ll]-
oa aoToTro opaT opyKy pBoKy oy otTlo' KoTopo oao .oo pooll, Ilo KO'a
t'70 t7l
ol;o pooe - ToO I]rBTo (ap, B'Ir}{l{ 7 e
oMltTa oTKpIT HaBaI4 a pe). l tto ooBopy p.-
yol) oaBKa HKoK lt1r oBapa' o oy t
yKaaHI po oTaBK poK (por) oTaB oT-
t ap..
looopo I\loT l ooopHa opoa OaBa Toapa
( opoHI MIoT BoMolIoT To a)' o oao
c eo|acL\ oi<aTJI. c O]]a I]oKvIIaT Ha opoy
tToTB poy I{ Io' oTrTBo Hr LITT Blo-
rI ooTBTTBHHo I oTIl0T a Topotly' oTopa
B]oIa o6aeTBa.
a'a' aTa oTaB ToBapa o pT IIHI
oKyIToM, oopt oop TopOaM' aJIIBIIIM
ooop' Ta oKyMHTo oy'I t ooaT' t|Ba- JIL
x<J]oopoxl{a IJaKaa' po.llo.tt aKT .
I_{ u x44a dooop
- To ya, KoTopy oya o-
3aH yaTT poatsy a Br ToBap II|4 eI\LLHy ToBazl' /iloTaB_
rHoo a op.I yoBX (attx yoB fIoTaB-
K) B opHHl B 'ooBop yHK.
IJ ooopa oluo yTaHaBBaeT 8 Ko:.IeCTBy
rHy ( oprHor o H)' }rH MaI ToBa_
pa" p oaBK pHopooo o KaTB TOBaa ( palx
aop . .) I{a HaaaT a ry o IlapT.
TOBapa"
B op.lo TIoT opaa:lt, yaTtsy B
rKr' o),lTB'II oTKy aapHIx I,I rHIx
. aparpl{a ooo TaI.apTI H oToT B ToNl,
To oH oTaIoT MIHI B Tre|4 l\W|eoo BpMOFILI.
[p x pMt] poBo.T' KoTopoo o T |114 I4HINI
pHaM Bopo I,tp)K' poTT yMeFIrT o o_
Bapa' oTaBMOo B yaKoBK' o Hr oBI]a. ry
opr BotlpHMaT o.ot . o oFIo.
p poI\HI4 oTK ]\,IrHIo H X ypoBl{ aB]4T
oT MI1t,t,I px' poa' rF{I KoKyprToB FIa aao-
Hy poyKIo'
I{a, yTaFIaBRaeNl.a B ooBop aKyl{y o-
rro po.yK' .o)Ka t poao o oHT
oIta .OoBopa, o a poK .ooBopa' L4o Ha
MoM, o o.[t{. o ooy cau I]HI IToJpa._
}oT Ha TBpIr' olIBFtI LI ol,I. Ta a op-
ee.c a oMeT oa ooB()]]' oa H orT I\4r-
rl-l}o Ha IIpoT)H Bro poKa o tIoH. o. oBK.
o roaT Hy, allpoaHy Ha oMrI.IT Io.aH
ooBopa ooBopKo, o B LIa oBIIxr'I I4j| oH>Ker7'I
tI a lKe ooTBTTBlio }lTc ea 'ooa. ol
o oFl I\4Io rHy' opr.i\,Iyio B OMHT oHr,I
ooBopa yl.o av l,I.pxK. otzt }Ia p_
t12
MI{eT'l p IlOcTlBKa B Trllll l'cI]oo 1l, Koa
Hl j\,IoyT rHT. B o yrla Ii /(ol.ol]opr (l1yt
aca ea oolpo o To/l plltl.l'il /(oll.ll.I ao.
B poK yoB'l B ooBopx Illl irllKvlll(y (ray)
poy, B To Llr ooll,lttttttl, lIl)MHIoT'l
prf\,tyrTBeHFlo OJII4 rII' B ,t.tl JIylIC ytlTo
ypoB}I H)1|4 IIo ooTBTTByIo 14lIl(ol(y ll[)/(llp'lT_
poBolTr BarT MaTple .l.[)1l.l'IlI l'l [)1lOl(l Ha
apaoyl aTy B Toft,IoT poy. .tl4't.l,lttill.|.'| t|p
ToM oo>r poT aooBIx aT>t. Tlto ll()I},(cIIe
ppTl1i,i ooa I,IM KaKo-To tsp rpa.I,'l Illl llJlilI},
o}taKo oo looTByT BIyKy HKoKyprrtotltltttl tt1ltl_
KlI B pTI4Br Br.T Ko oy po Itlr ll [ilttt_
KpoBy MHo p'pl{.
B yoI KoKypTIo opt a op;I o;t |)ll'}vl\4_
Ho aT yr ),,I,r yKptleHI BoI,l offa plrl. '['ltl<.
pIlaTJI MoT o a oTopo axHr yp()l|lI'|
pao o po'yK, LITO a)T I{a e lll I l,t
l.a]vl opao oBoT pBtI .ooTI oKya;t.
B yao p.'llTr o)('T IIoyT otyl May p-
r a T rl paa]\|I\l' a a LIT yBaIrHLI oe
poD' B aapo rKTopr KOoM T y MoyT
ol.lzt Ho p.pT tlo epao KooTBrHo_
o Ip (o pootTBy oarx . p.).
B o )l( HpaBe:vI ro MpI' oalo
tloBItllltr KaTBa IIpo'yK, oooro o opo.
Bo)IQ]a}oT'I 3I(M poTo )( ITpoBo[TBa.
oorFIO l]Jt t]a o llpoax( pr'Ko oaIBarT
pKa poBoTBa' B ooBrFIoM po-
BollcTB oHa IIoBeTc B oBoll Io B|oK oKyIIa-
po Flolx BlIoB o.yK' HoBl plHKoB ta
- olt,,
. .. o l]rprKo oBoJlrT pT-iIoBoTeN{ Cl-
)KaT HoBy Hapyldy a oTpl,ree ooo po.
oHoBpHFIo IIoraT .'ooJI}ITrIr pr.TBa' oxot
lI'I otsreHTBoBai] poBoTBa B oHoB] oTpa.
looar oBpMrHI xoo' popo x-
HK Kyp tt oBo yoLI arTBa oy - To
,IaK)K aar4I plovo oo oTI,{KII ITp.paTr.
, al oBo/TBo croxoo pOK.
M pp. opaaT BI\4aHr I.Ia Bo KOpT-
t oaJI' a r/{TBa o p;<I{I poax Tax o._
yIT yl{paH poo . BTpHH oTpoTr
HoBoo po. p Ko}loltcK oopao oBr_
He Te IrpoBoTr' KTo ToFltIK pTpaBaT poBo/(-
TBo, o)T lpoHopoBaT IaM)' r ToJlKo TLIx' IlO
rl rIoBt I,t BIyKaro toy.
oo l,l.p)(K poBollTBa p ooa |{llI oo_
|7
Bopa yTIBaIT p)K opar' B zlToT aTpaTI lla
Tptlllopl.poBKy r]poy o oyaT. B aKTKr o)(-
J|c tlpMI opl1{ paMpa TpaopTtt paooB B
LlcH. MTo opH eHo, HI BKIOLIHM paooB
o OTaBK poafaT yTaoBr oe rIlI olx}IaKo.
Bo yMo TpaoTIx paooB' oTopa paTIBar].,I KaK
peH'| Too Bc rpBooK. Ip pMH Toa o-
()|.poHIx 'oKyMToB' aoy oKT opyvtx .oy-
]\4HTOB' p pK ToBapa B yHKTr HaHarH T. '.
o B
KprT oHaIoT Korpr pe,
paTa
||l)r.oTaBJUlt poaBa oKya .'y.pyy B o
l|oH .ooBopo. Kop KpllT poaBa oKIa-
lIo poTarT ollro B B. papoK aTrxa a po-
tI.ltHt ToBap. Kp oKyaT pr.yMztTpBarT aBaI{oIr
llJlaTx po.aBy.
p pava o Kopoy Kpr.'Ty B or Bp
Il lIIp oyloT rpBo.lr BKr (TpaTTI) fIpoTI
ltK.
p oplr KoMrprK .,oK aTrM Koxo.
,
I prpa oto pMT fl aCo Ba
r l t

IKoKo opooB l lJI aKp,|IBHa opa parToB.

- B o
jl|o.c a oHoBr aTpaT
ya TaopTlIIe paxoI L7:LI'
FIa oTaBKy o )(att.o KJITy
aoBa o a paToB oToT B rpalr
opoa. Ilpoao opyHJI Bory a Ha oyC o oyaT'l
p opeeeI4 ypoB I ooBopa oxoMo yL]TI- yI aT)a p pBH|4 ooTBrTTByo ToBapoo
Ba paI oKOBHHI l, ts ToM JIO)KBI.I] /(oKyMTa. oa IoFra oKyaT, oo o.payBaT
()aTy .ro oTaBHoo ToBapa' p ToM pao.II'I
p>t<l oTpoB, F{I Ha ayKoa' Hl )K oBpllIFI-
]{I o' rl prllo pylx opaa. IIo poB.HIo Kaoo opa oToTro Br.
.l.a
la TypyIoI po rI' B pr.paT. opa tsIoa poay' TaK Ka T apaT' To
o oT I]]poKo oyTc ccTea oBl KoK I.oBap p. B paop'lxH oKyaT o Tx op' oKa
(app, a oTBo aKyaMoo ToBapa; oopo B Tr l.oT o l{ oaTT. Pat op }IKao oBolIIoT a
()TBT KoTpo a BoBprrIoTIo oy'I aT)(a'
opr}Ioo poKa' B B arTa' Ko.a eHa }IoBoo ToBapa ()aKo o FIr MT palx IaoB o' Ha oKya.
Tapoo; oIlI OKLI- - ,|c
, yoprHJI oaTI (aKTa) .oKyMToB.
lro opeH14I4' ". ,.). oot tI.oTaTKa HKaoo opI parToB B-
pzulltl lxTpal tsIa- l()T .THOT poo)H'l oK}{rToB pr oaK ooT-
TI' BaI{l yyl (xyr) KTBa ToBaa. IlTTBro po.a oaTt; BooxHoT BOKHOBH I{r-
pooTI oHr aaa T. t. llaTrooo oKyaT'I K MoTy oy proTaB-
-]IHHI oKyMToB oTa oT x oaTI. B o ts B
l)aTax o Kao oy}oT paHr ool yKop
.II'oIIo}ITroo o ax. Happ' p pa-
,la a aI I1pMT parr ao. B oo-
B e ooBoptloTIo )y TopoaM aTx poBo.T
pallI aTtIx TpYrToB. lIoKyaT ( ao oaTlUI) o paoy (-
flooopa yapa Ba OoBIX Ba paeToB: rry) B l{ poaBo.o-
a zI{Ie B KpT. p pavT HaI oK}IaT KyMrHToB Ia apaBI{I pr-
(a IIoKyaTj'Ul) pooT oflaTy ToBapa oFI Iroy- l'rTo FIa oTIo TrK-
H ToBapopaop.TrlIx oI{yMToB aoo oapa. o- ca I4 )( or IIo){r aTr)Ka.
HKo B orII yoB B B yoprM TpaHopT- B pauax o oMprKoM Kpr.Ty F{Kao oKyMToB
poBI( poB ToBap rpo ptae B yHKT aaLIrH pa- ll oto opoBo)l(aT BlTaBHr o IlopyrIo
IIl oyToB' oxax oa. B aBoT oT |IoKyaT.lUI oo |apaHTIl B IIoy po.aBa. a apa-
ooBop .l. oBaT aT)K B yar HoaTI oKyaT .oy-
opr MToB () oyorHI poK.
Hl p aKp \]4o op paeTo a oo-
pa ']T ITo yKaa a T oKaT aTx poaBy a y
t74 75
To]4]\4oT tloTl]t.tI]()o Tol]apa poTB l)r]]BIlix aFlKoM
tl I)ollIra loKMIlToB.
t<.p21a (ltrlIa paTo o BIol.ra po/lal]y, TK
](I( trl] PirBJIr oo TBp/o alirHo ot
i'lj.laT)l(il, oyI]I{O' KK aBllo) o tla oTpy .l'ot]p.
oy1H aT)a o aKKTBy FI Ba]]o o.rTal\'l
lloKvlztT, Ha oJiTy Totsapa. oya., I] BoIo Op, ]4T
zlp].lTlo' LI1.o aT)( 3z.. port I] tloJly Po'aBa TOI(o
]loJlr pR or(Ii To]Jp}lIX /OI!{IITOB' yJIoToB_
p'r] oTy ToBap.
B .o > BpeM aKKI(TR BrT'l -tl>ttoii lp pa-
.l.oL}'
oo.ltt<y pBJlt.lo o1lJlHIl JloK]\IIlolJ Il
BOrBpHIloO ilp..at]]t'I IJ arr. |l/loTaTilM al{KLrr_
oii opt I]I0T}1, i(po oo' alP,'a lpoa /{OKy]\!tsI-
ol] I] a, a Ta)K tJIoKa .j-0]\{o1 L. .IKI<pTIJI]: a
poBrII,{r oaldI',,I (optt,l, aBol}:tl.t, tlIl.p)|(J{Htt'
prNl poBpKy lOKl\II{Tott) rI Blito. t(o}o, B-
l tI]yI oT MMl al(prl'11'Ba,
p piruaX a o.iltlxoIHIlyIo llPOliKltI,{Io ],1 poo-
BoJltslttlI oBaI \,l.'I OoIII,lol|| |iJiilC)Kt'. l''i ol
l{o-)HI t.l. yul IIp a.rir iooBOpot] B o
/{tt aoott't <.o aKyI]Ka ol.zlr]zt ollCKoti,t-
o i10,yK' Ip tpo;{oBoB'| lI$] olIltpTBIJ.
l.tIx FI}D)> (1994) Ko pa P <o tloporll
paLI.oB a Koo,Ti4TB}{IJylo tlpollyl{ 14 l])!.OB{)'BH_
lll ToBapI> (1993) rJII(Oo}iTBl-lIll,\4 ToIJz]l]ol]poBojl-
' llo.l]JIloti\4 llpOily]o ilTIlrB()''I] .rI r.OlipT-
BrI{I.tt y)l' pal{Ti,{poBaa aBa.I{o]J'I ()llJ]lll.;t I], a'JMp l I
rH SfJ % cout a oBo' o ttpoilyl.ll4 )liI{BO-l-o_
L]OCBa I1o]]oT'l BIaTe Ior\ll lt ()O'I.lJ.yto
pa:it-lo l)IloHittto) ltl,.,l< :l B |)il t]\4llL'. ollBilio-
M pHTarro tl0l'{BO'Ba.
(Jpo oilaTl a CKoxo'tiirttt)llt) lll]o'yl( ld lpr'
llocaB-rFllt tppiBaIl,IM 14 pI. tlpIuIp]4,t'I,I]\.{ l{ Op-
aI{aM' it TaKr poJloBoJtL]'B. t]o].ilB,l]Ho TopoBtA,t
/tpyNt Il]l,pI,l ,iI\I ()pailIIl'l]\l. lIpli lli.iloii ol
paLIoB yTa{ol] l0 . x I[o KopOlItipTlM'l .l:tal,t 5 l'ttttttl tt,uu. o pa/l'r oOBopa oI]p]I'tT op/IoK pr-
o ]-]oTyH p;rorT}lIx /'ol(y]\llJOB B l|}.IK
l.tt;]"
p {H t,\ r atlTl IloKy-
a.rl t l,; y't .iBt XO'ITBI
a-lt -oo.BIll! |rvtt,t Tot]iipoJlLrol{I]{JjIJl'l]\'1l{, llpl{_
ltI]II'll !l'tMtI llIitii llpitil't tllltll.liii lIl]O j\ll,| lll.lIllIoIl Ii-
aBI\to p oilTt{ A Ko\oiltlyto to-
Jl.yKIO' I I]pO'oBoCTts}1e .JI r.0ylIaTBt{IlIx Hy)lgl
l-pol,tBoll'T I] lTo'I}{ oa;lt{l Jlaol l. plr
.l-o L]rLi]l}1 pe/I' l]otsOlT B l]aiJ'rpit.
ooBirHHIx tJ l{oo[]opa T'opol{' r{o p}l{ Tr pa B '{it.
ti6
( \'ttt,t l(il)l(oo J]aoBOo tIT)I(il yllllBBl 'Iopotla]\1]4
!|.l lIl)Jl..I.()'lIl(I.{ j\,l'I' L1xo OJIaoBaHHo Ilt.pl1oIIo,l-
llrIiI l(.)t(l;i l oTaI] o l{OoBop ;lo ar.u
lli)( I.l,(l\Il Jl| l)/II/lyU[ \l'ILl
ll t ;t1,'la'tx, Kott B llorlKa e;lKoxotrto o_
|\]l\||IIll t.,l lIPo/.lotJOJlTBFIHl ToRapOB l-]poxO'lT yJrlTl]H|ll
(ll|\]l()llllt,l'l o ota, rlpMoTpJ{t{oo B l{ol'oBopr, .opoHl
l\t()l V l' llliOI't]. OoTBT..B}oLlr llI,IHrl,l B l1ooBoHl o.Flo-
||l(.llII,l, oOBoB toploK pzt(lTots. I]p l(o.opo,I l] tjzlllar ,Iil.il
Il(.l)llt,l olll,tl_Ba a)(a poBOT'l |4Co l,1 JIaoBoIo
t li'|'(] l\{il ||o.ltBK a T tlpol' tt OJIllylot14 (l,o]Vl
rIl;tt'ttt'lKoo ota oaoK a prlIyIt po.-
()t.rl1lll l:tl a B ivl BlI]pT BaMIll paI,
ll( ()/l'{ t,l d)aKTro o.aBll JIl(lortt.to poy-
lllIll lI ]lilo}}o.I]IiHt oBal)OB zl l,ITCii tl if zlcLll,I_
l|,|llll1. Kpl'll,lTopK (I4Topyro) o)(CHIIo: p rpr-
rl(.l l I l ll Jlyto.lo IIlTt])(a.
I lp aullll aoBl I]oO>l<rto ll.]laTjllllI( Mo}rT
li l( )-]lit OBp l I t o Irp]litl];t I(O ivl NtCp e CK111\{ l,l Koo pa'l,tBI{ INl
I
l)illl|itt|\,t ItaTr)(LI]r opvHt,l,I l{a Jl.l') 3it IlpllTo,lI Karij_
,t.tlltll,lii M'Itl. iJ .o 1'r1. ltlTc)(l{Ir jlopyI{I,t'l oJl:ttlBA]ol'-
l ,l |} /1l F!yr'l PoKlt IlJl.I)(a. op.tttt,t I1o ttaI{oBIM
Il l|:l lC)l{LlM, po11 oaTI Ko].op,!]lx l Fl l{a'yItI{Jit{' oy. t
( ||() !t]tllll aTlIIllKol\l. Ho
1-ltt tlI.I'I ,.loB'UI o ppzlo_
Ill,l ])llLtTul L] N4.
llp tlyr.T.Bt,f plTB IIil tl]' oKyl-JT,l B 'I{ ttTyII.r_
lIll,| pOK:l lHo]]oo JIaT)I(il a e-Kooiil.t] poI(yt(.
IllIl() It Ilpol{o]]oJl.BIll{I oBal JlitrxHor oytll]I,| llpllll14_
|(),|.'I arlo B K2r'oK FlotlatlIlI plLIIx KMI'oB.
N l i
( )ll.llil.l.tt aoo opylll{l4 pot,iBol{l4T
(- o r o,I.],t'I
t |){'/I,C.I.L1 IlA tl. llaTJIl.tll4K Ilo.l oyL-l]IJ14 Boo(I].1-
llt'l r tt.ti;lL-)<riil B Io)(eT' tl,lrttri;r po, ,,1 ztl]'Il.oI,I
Il;l]IIll{5l o orra.oo N,|.]4llI,tJ(oo TpaBarI',I.
lrl ttopri-tlIy OIIaTy oTB.rHo e.lloxot-
Il()li Il|)o'K|1\1 pooBo.BrtttlIx ToBapOB Ol<ya.r ya_
.jlIlti||O' ll}1Io B I1oJly lloT.ttsl{a.
-
11.,.tTl,-
.IIl IIll'1'l l.tpt'tr to TopOH' yzlTRIo B ',
Irp
||(.||I'I lIO-jIlItll,l oi /]OoBop ( lt I1otTBr''.B]vl l(il_
.l(.(''l'lttt. K()J]rl,Bil'
llt1KoBK T. ]].. toTaB]{]]Oto To]]apa Jto_
llIl1ll\l ,l'OOBol)2l, lll)yL]1rI\,I l]OaBoM poKoB Vr. CoB|4 IlOTit-
I lI rr .t.. ,]l.) B :'l'tll p,{ rIot,lt }{rI]l. IpoI.{
{)l||)t)lJlII[1'l FlOo.l.l}l-.B (lL.it, poKoB l,' . '), tpol,tt
|( )l( \/]VlI Il.ot] (lt.t.. a-rl ltl.t), poKl4 Ilp(BH p l t
. 'IllIrl(IIl,l l< Ill,| IloI}II()l,1 .l.()potI.
|J 1llt;-,t tII)/lyal.pBa^Tc'I OTB'Il}.It{ol. lIprl-
l'tt1lrtttttttttt.
|'ll|||;I tl| |iilrlC'l'|l() .| ()It;l|)lt (ll1l;<l1 l,l.o l.ct{LIC.I,l CJ!O)I(lIlll
t77
]Je) B oprHI apaHTHI o.. (app, B
TtI 12 ec o coTB}I aKTa pe|{K lB
a].I oTaI( . .). p oaBKe Mal.tt oopyoa
JIKoo;tt Toapopo14BoT Ba>KFIo pyMoT.
pT B ooBop oTaBy KoKTa aa}II a o
oaoao a, a Ta)Ke BoMoHoT o}.lT_
tsr'|. pBHoo oyxa B oapat po
a oTHyIo aTy.
Ct1tttt o 11noll moPoHtt ombm u o,MeLHII
tp. B opa ooBopa opIoT paMpl tlp_
,}rI yMMI tupao p rrapy}I TopoHa Box oa-
TTB. K po'ay pHT aK' oH HapylT
poK, yoB oTaB, p.TaBT ToBap o oo aT-
Ba T. .' K oKyaTto e, o apXT oaTy ToBapa-
- <.o aya o-
B ooTB c epat ao
TaBKa oxoo poyK' lp IIpooBoT-
B|4 ' oy.apTt Hyx> Topoa' oAtILBI]]a I4
oHBtItl l{I{ar)KaM opao oaa' pryo-
pI ooBopo' BoM pyo TopoHr pI B
pyTaT oo t aBaT ryToy (rpa, to).
Happ, p HoHH oaB ooBopa o oy
ayoK oTaBoK Koxoeo oyK' Ip I,l
pooBoT:r o.apTBFIF{l Hy)' B yTaHoBI po
BHoBa TopoHa atlBaT po TopoHr yoy (pa)
B aMp 50 % cooT H.oloTBo Hpo
poK.
Kpo yITaTI yo (rpa) Toaopoo (o-
a) opTe (oya) oaIoT TaKx p-
tI}lHHr o yt B aCT, oKpITo yoo.
aa yo BolH yIo ooo'atoT BHoB-
HIo Topoy oT oe oaB B HaTyp' o }I
pyMoTpHo .ooBopo.
B o BeM B oooI Ky-rrpoax pro BK;lIo-
aIoT TaKX BoMr B .rH)KHo BIpa)KrH MopzlJllHoo
ypa. o o B Tr yax' Koa aarT aTopTT, yxy.-
IaT )K opa (o Mo>l<T oTpT a Hxr
.IloBoo oopoa' Kypa aK opat opoHI T. .).
op-ttop (ooTBa po,oo t) BoaT
BTB prBHI oTBpaTtx ot .tpla-
Hoo xapaKTpa (xt B' o)I(ap, aBap . .).
ooI ooTBa THI ' Koxooo l'l||llll Il l}'I loHH oyapTBHt{oo aaa aIoT
oBoTBa' o MoyT ylTBrHHo oBT Ha BIoHrr
Ooa Bo oaB o ooBop |/I poTIoBT
o BIoH. Pa o op-axopIx ooTBax aT
Boo>l<HoT pHoT poK oHr ooBopa oo
oooxa Tool oT IoHe oaTrTB B ya
BoHKHoBH.
r78
,,|1lr1tt,tt,'lt (1lpttttt |lopl7t onpoo). B po oI{.
Il||,| ,l()l.O|]ol) )I(y TopoHI\'l KopKo e oyT o-
||ll|\||'l I, paIIoaI4'I -tl pal{oo ToKoBaH'I OTHI o
Il{)]l())l(ll14t4' llol-o]\ty B HL.]\,{ 'o)KI-t t ati-i pa o
I|'Il|)IIIIt ootx opoB. opo tl 4oT ri pap-
Ill(.Il ll()[)TBo pBoo ]v{r)(y opoa]\{, OI-l rpaT
||;l l)ilMOpIIII pplt>.
s . ETHoc KoxoHHlx
PEPHMA o PAJIA PoyK,
MAPAHo.xHEKoy HAH
PooHHoMy oy)l( A lo
()l1lla lop a:UIoB
ooo pra:ul o.Jr.
||;r;lilltli,i l.tl aTIo KoMpLlo /l,ltIloT
oxoc-
Iir. l l |lI opaa, apopotlllI-lHtx
I |
oppoa, p-
l |,,Il ll(14 (pp) xo;t py],{x Koxot
|'i)|lllIX)Ilpolo B'l oHKa top ao -
( |(. l( |.|,I l] l ll KaHao ooo peaL{a poyK. pa-
|
l|()l'. I)lI]r T BopooB oBoT H ToKo poBT tty-
ttt.tt. tttr.pI4T poyKTI, o Blot{o x poaT, a BaM
tt1ltttlplt ool pTBa poBoTBa MaTpa}tl
l |(.(.\'|)I'l.
( vll(l-l]ylT cyIL KpIr KaHaJ]l paa oapo
( l.l||,K()oto poyKl,I: a oapTBHHI Fty)KI'
. (' )('.t
|
l l)llJl tlt| I plotlttt TpKypt (oapl p>l,t' oTotsIr
l M l ) l( 14, B I T BK-po'a' ayoI) ; py prpT M I.{
! | ) i
il|)|lIlIlI'tilIlM' B ToM LI root ( paax
|
\l(. i|(\(),}'| o aa); opo Koorpa-
lllIl|, tli| I<OoHo plHK; paoa xoa.
Illtil<trt,ilI,,t Kaao' oorIo KpI Koxo-
Il(.||t||,l ol)Ha, ec poDKa poy a p-
|||.|(. lI l)0l.l4ollaHle oyapTBHHlr yxI. oyapo B To
l l|\/(li|(. I}|'Il.yaT p ool ToBapopoBo-
Il| |(.,|'l ap.rHTpoBaHl oToBIM lloKyaTr' a To ottF{
It'l;kl|() ll l.()M JIa' yTa{aBBaIoT KBOTI a o po-
| | lIt( )/|(. I Itll JtKooo poyK. aapoaHoT
Il|.||||(ll t, opar aTpaT BpMFl pTB Ha TpaHop-
l |||)()||l(y l)iltl poy' oBIlilr IIpT)Ka opa-
ll()l |(ilIlilJI I]a llpBKaTI{IM Kootx
Il1ttr1111..u.u','..tt; .t. oceT ToT a, .to o Be p
r
I
lt t lt l,t I(()I I I(ppyIOT Mrxy oo a oye oyapToo
1
l.ll'.il liI ||il Ill)('tyKtlIo.
(.,l(./I|, ('(Ili|O, oTMTT' o at Ka T Ho_
l |.| | |.. ll' l)l,lllr)K (1l,I,l ;t ()|.l)H(IBe orlaBa KoHTl)itK.
t79
Il l,lKrl]o(t1tti Bpo'lTHoT ]Il,la]l poKLlII llo o;l tllt-
l( Ii:t, Llful Te, To o)l( Il oIlLr}tHtlt to a
pIrlK, p/t'll]JI.'t )(TK poattl,!,l l( KartB poyK-
l4l'{.
IIprro Irpo.)t(t,l ll oapl.Bl1ll l-Iyx cKoxo)rii1.-
tlo poyKll pyJlI,Ipy,rt (D,.1Ll.;lIII'\I '.Jztor <.o a.
t(yi]l{. lIooTaI]KitX rKootllttlti tt;.ro|\, Clp'l |I
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B TM IITO llt< pr-HI]\4 ol]tlpo]vt oy. o_ l|( )(. l lI|}KOI/ l.Iiull,ltlFloO ToBa.
llIlT ,IlOl.aTot]]1l orh4o .it,I 4).I]tIo t,tp;toii ll- ('|llIIo. r<poBa ooT B IloKIlKc (lI;lo7>tt) o*
TJIlloCT., pltl ].oi]oBJl Taa paB[JtlT.Il1I ts l]aIIpABJ]t-II4 14 ||liIlt'l'()lJ L{a oK a To:tpHo p> o'HopMtttttl tttrtl;1lt;tii
opoBJl (b.lpM. {ttllt<ytto) pzFIoo Toaa T > poKo llol.iiI]K lIl)olt_
p urlit ) l..t.r KytJTt{-tlo.)(1,l II oaii l(.||IILt opr.o oa FlTyHM oet tp.tt,l'tt<o
lrp; I{ pzulHt oap ( olet,t'r aKloll}ll,l'l ]IK l|()(:'|.il|]Kl'l l.oBapa. Harrptp, 1lt, llO/al]a pat ToRal] lIil
'|Be.'I)' TiiFl/JilpTttll:i (otl) lttl.al' rlzt IlOTi]B-
erl B tllt14(tl,t i)lI|))|( oBO vr, xzt'l o.OBiJI tl{l'l]|O_
Ky poo ppoaHFIOo KOLIrTBa r1l>oo l.ol]l):l lo o- ||llllI l] lvto]vltlT aJl)r]l eK ypoB I.l, o/x}loBpel.ttlo
t]rloziHIlO tl oott.llIIHl po' Rl)fr4}t!t. ..t ( ()tll)l.tlaT a po.ro px opayt opal{' To T oK_
ll ol,{olll4.l. aKT Kl{-llpoax 11paBa H y/tl TOI]ap. ll;tt.'l' t|)Io.lpl KolIl.plrTI I{a To. ) po Ha TaKo )K
topHt,l l1t(l'I i-lJ14poKo l,lIloylo.'l lla IHaX To_ l ()]t],l(lTBo ToBpa' o a ToBapa oUlcTtsrT'i po/t)I(i|
BapOB, llJI Ko'Ioplx xaaK].pHI oTaToLItlo oJIll] ott,l -op. ttl.ItJl]tll,I KOHTpaKTo.
x (ly
t l l,
l
OJll,t l-lztr|.].]Jle 14]V1eHIJ'I,I ].{H- oTI{oT'l .>pal,,r N{oy.I. I'\Tc |:la 1oppt' oopI I]il._
tlcoTOl I]l CeCoxolltltoil llpo]lI(l U,l l'1. lr.lt)l ll HNlpHl oyll Bo lJ.H a.IttI oBp (yy_
o.oT .rHl rlloK t.i o,l.(II,{ o. l(cllT.pzlK.oB }j l)\/!' Illlltly l.. .), Ho p ToM otlaaT' tlTo Ha tta
p;tltt ol]ap OTT j] TON,I' To o14 r'l ]llTt-.IlIttr pI'lTpl,tpy- llltltttt ToBap o)(rT Hl,lT'I llo Too oMrHTa' Koa oHI4
loT B Pa IaT I,,lil;t. C ,t;vtr.lt lltr< ilTI{ |),||,|. l4J] IlpO,aT o. KK aKTlIK Hr. BoMo}(r{oT
l]o/tB 11 ]OKIraTrJ| llprTIoT Ir ll,livllh,l14 oitt lt'l rlr(l)tilT oa t' .o C. pKa, To a, oTopt oTT
I(!i"rI_lp0,1l{, it ltt,to.I]y,r tlttl C Pr.:.t'lrit .aot,t. lII)()(()paHT oT tl)aT.rIx t.l H tllt plr{K
prt att.lrF{ll'1 pottl-loo KoHTpaKT' l(()I)l pllo tojiytle_ Ilil']lt,l(II{oI.o ToBapa' ]\{oT oIoOBa pHlM pIal1
IlI,1 or]apii poo,l,IT (Ip OIlpJltlo l]l)N{'J' tT.oH 'lrl'I )(poBa.
O.KIT li)t(t-II cT-il'tapx)l' pa:]l4Il I'rr.lpii o{p,l1.'I,,I o._ Opa e.XLIpoBa}l rT a Xr.poBaI{ ll
palto aoaIJ,r lr Ll],1HjTII t'li,t )\rl ;u<oti Jl.K. II |) OJl ar it (<.opo Xr/i)KpoBaHa,>) x)( p O B aH
N4api:t jj) ltlar; apa tll,l;lljIil}lLI BI ll. I| () l( Y (<.o >ItporIi>>).
Ko;{.1.pllK.y rta,r-ts il'I >t<lto Ct)|)oIllli. Lir,tla, Kol.opylo l lprl TpaoBa IIp oy.(Tl]:tr Xe,>KoBztl{ a_
llIl ,o.)l(t-I BFIT ltit (iT putl]]\lItlL.!lI{l'4 Boo :}aKA, |']Il()IItt,l IJ o' tITo B lIKr o.Ia ()Olla TrcT KaI(
lIiiIBilT'l llpoHZltM palTl1Iitll I\'l Bl]loo]\4. O jlo>tt lll)('itBLl pezu[}Ioo Toapa' To oa BIplBaT aK OKaT
IorT"rlp)I(Ba yTaFIoB}tI MH14j\{},\4 il|))i(tl Ha BL],\4 tlT. rIll'ttl.lpoB Ha To )( Kol.t]o ToBzta, t:toop. oly
3irp pptl l ]IoIoHIIJIIloN4 t]:]l;o(]L] (pt.t oyi:.iB|41 }]il I l()l(llaT poo T.ol]pa o1IIl.BT rpoBaH poa-
lI lIorto N,IlrHIi1\4,II.to ytt) ilr)-I\r(IllJI Il[llBillIl! l.p- r.'t'ii, tt tpoar]r pJII.loo ToBap -_ xrxpoBall oy.
o;ttt-lt o ilIll,I i,{l'1- l lltttp, B Tp IIoTaBl (potl) allotlaT lIK
.teptlIr ljiK t.lrto 2ll[lllI(). iI Clo lloTaBl{I4 l|;l llOTBKy l00 T pI{ ttp tO Il 500 r. py. a 1.
olIIrpCIIt)o T()tspi.l' li l)ilCll]. llil ll(.ll|ll),t[t)i (.'rtt.:iltttto) ( )/tll()BprHI{o l{a poLIHo pIl-{Kr Oll oKyar
vplr KoH-
K,il'pill(.oB (o Ila.\iltl'.1'l l)oK:l lloi.ll|lt T.OBltpa Ri]}l14'I I|)III(.I .o ) KolILITBo pa (l00 ) o }I 500 l. p'
llt,,tl-itll a rlT OTo}l}t}tOo l(oJlltll,l ]ll{ }{t1 I,{)K. lt l;t l .t. }ttt po 3 ,{. .rr LIa Ha po oa o
/ll,l oBoIo yrIlII}tT p' tJ,la}lHI'l pKM|,{ l,l a- ,'.l() TI. py., poaB p p,{ TaBI( eplla TpT Ilo
(I}lT-lllll Kt}JllIl,I IIH, LtJlitl.l' ;t llpt.r5.oi . .() t.l. py. a l . Ho oOBpI{Ho o}{ lpo'aT .rpt
I}lty) ,ll}Io]., yll]t}]. r'p/{ 1.. '. |()Il.I.p:tK,I] o r 550 l. p. a l , tsl!{[plBa llo
Ba;<.r KoHo\4tlo ll tlrtr pt.tpI{lx ilJtot< o- '(l Il,I. P. l . ., I]orI1lr B B'll,t tt1oax p.
192 r93
aIoo ToBapa' oKprBaTc IIpIIo oT poul)( poB.
r.o X'poBl oo.
-
flpyo pep. B pe opoB-.o.pK -aKJIaT
KoHTpaKT Ha oKKy 100 pa o ee 500 r. py. a l
oao ap. oopHt{o oFI poBoT x.xpoBa-
H po.axe, o rT poaT a poHo pIK upt
oo u. pI' oFIa oT po.DI( pzuloo pHa'
ooaT ta oT oKyK vpo' o - )poBa-
t.
aH poax p
H .ulHoo Toapa' KoTopI r
tt oo pt,
ooe Ipr.
B ooTB ' KoTopIr pyroT' lpoBo .aF{-
- oIIpaIo, BI.T paI BI xr.poBaHl,{:
Hy
ot.IHo (vo) - poBoTc c Io )(a roBIx
pKoB oBrpaT B oo] ooTBrTT o .BTpIM
oarTBa }Ia IKr paoo ToBapa IopHoM
plK;
apploe - y.ttaT aTpaTl a ar' oyTBT-
IoTo B.IH BIoI oxaoo ao-
IIpToo H B ooTF{oIH pzLIIoo ToBapa
pxlx oT}IpoBoK paIM poKa oTaB; p .
t ToBapa To ooTHoIr H (oTpoa Ha .zul poK
oTaBK oto BII' r a x) oBorT a T
x.)poa apoBaT paxoI o xpalo ToBapa;
KTBFIO
- poBo.'Tc, ec Ka a rovptlo
poBo ooBpeFlo aIotIrM .K a pzl- a o . o oTolI oa rH, o pa}oT
t oap FI Ia aKBaTF{o eo KoTBo; oyTBr
o a px B aTo Te otIoBIBaTc Ha
o)K.aoaaBeTerr,IpiUIHoo oBapo aotsIM ol(yTa? KoTop|r )(aT B oo-
ToBapa;
p.Boalo - aIoarT B oKyKe poar
vrpoo KoHTpaKTa .'o Too' KaK oBrprilra Ka
LI .eoK ooHo oH oTpaToB' yaBa py-
194
o Topo-r oprI;I{y}o pto, pop"'u", .oilo oyT-
l top o}I c,I\K|4, ].o . oH o)T oTKa3aT oT
K BoMFIT r llpr]oHzltla[lI coB. Coa-
To' ool peH'lIoT 'I TpttoBall'I aT BIpyK B
yoB HropFIoT TooB llpotsoTa (arpp'
ya oTaBoK pa), TilK)I( /Ul'I TI oT oTcp B
cB HIM pa' KoToplr H TpIoT .paoBIM
KoI\,{a'l.
Ha oapo p> paaloT JlyI Bl ooHoB:
pao oKyIlI( paBo, o r ota ol(|laT
- arT KoHTpaKT'
oprreIt upt ToBap FIToBapI{
LltIFloT o o ;
c paBo po - aT pao' o H ola poaBa
oprrHr vpt opaKT pyo eo
IIo aHo :
.'oo
- proTaBJUIT oKyaTIo paBo KyT po-
aT KotITpaKT \ T poaT
o.oBpo) o yrT p
uprvao yTo
ooa o tsoMo)(Ho-
T lITo px yllIBT yaT pxo opo
(aa p- IrB' r aTT a Br rvp).
Topo rpa ooa .aara IIpoB-
oyTBrr T, opa oyaT pal e)Ky
o pxoo KoHTpaKTa H o aKJIIoeH vI B H
tlolI.
pIHKe B o.Ie o popoB KyTI poBoT K a px
Ila x oBItll oHxH.
CyI pKo poBT Tp K Bzl'r aHI
.rpHoo KoHTpaKTa. o oKyaIoT KoHTpaTI, Koa
lrproaatoT' To }lI Hzl il BopOTy]-, parTo o
optllT \{KBw1aoHI]y l{JlKy o o too
.aM opao oyr11o
pI. O poalT oTpaKTI'
Koa poaaT' tITo a IOHT' ar o.He K},[IT
o B\taoo BIloB oJlyl| pr. Ta
opo, pIr ITKyJUIHTa O poa)K oKyK KopaKTa
aBcL{T pe Bo oT Too, To oH oxaT oT pIKa.
Paa KoKo BoB yTBIx opa. Ta,
rKy'ITI MoyT KaT pt KoTpaKTI ] x o-
.ll.l.t ppou( o o loo . o B IIKy-
195

\4 HalBaIoT po a oBIIr' oyKy pBoo o-
TpaKTa o, a ax K'lToB - IaN{ (-
palor-..HoIl
2t I1oBIllI Ioot IKa, KoTopIr TpT o_
}lT Ia poa). oa>y paFI KyFIoo pxoo KoTpKTa
p pr Ha OBIlr atBaIoT Bae.
l\pyo B Ky'II4- Ha oFI) . Cyt-
TI po(a p>l KoTpzlKTI I oyloo x oTKy-
tI o o HK ra. Ta rKyToB pTo aIBaT
B (pa lloI o.oo M.BeM o-
Ha}T o, ), poalry KoTpaToB - poprM Ko-
poo o' a x to.y oTKy - opIT.
oI'r B Kyl.4 - Ha ooTolllrl{ r o.l{oo
Too ) ToBapa II Bat\4oBaFI}I]x ToBapoB e}I Ha ToBapI
pali\,t poKa |ocTaBK. B o B y cao
o Be.c'I opa Ta Tp. (p)' oa t.la-
T B oFIoBprMrHo o oa;t( prtIx KoTpa-
ToB aHIM poaM oTaB B IToylI BloI
oT paI B oTpoKax r Tx o (app' ttoKIIKa
MapToBx poaa N,Iax opao).
B aoT oT BprI BaeH p<r KoHTpaKTaI4
BIeT . pyI ryHToB. pa cKUIpI' IJI\T
-
yt12.' caI HHaTeI Ko6au I4
pt' -
KB.y}oT oHTpaKI rp t{KoKo MHyT LIaoB o
pop, ovBa Tr aMI KBoT pIFIa. BTo-
pa pya To olll-Tpp, o-pp; o a-
-
IBaIoT .H B KyTBFII oepa a paBHTro ._
I po Bpr (., , tI). pya r-
KFIToB ooyT pBy KaTaJIa o.oO pIK a
pyo oprJUIT poBr KyTBo a.ltoT a To.
Bap}II p>a.
KoPo lE BoIl PocI
l. B ylHoT oep.to ? ,'a al KoMMptl-
Kx roK' xpKpy.
2 Hao oolI eoI poBr KoI\,IpKx oK, opaKp,l-
yr. x oxe BoMo)Glo ooa Irplx Tooo-opr.ltr-
x opa p oY&T IIppaTKo oT poo-
MI tlll-tHoM DooB.
3. t'T TilI Tlt ]aKH' opo Il. a lt
pp l(y.
4. oxapaep .ooop Ky-po.D( aK oHoBHo oKyH Koep-
o , paKa o eo TpyKyp.
Kaol opla op.oK papao pao.ooopa y-poa-
^5.
>Klt!
6. Kaot oool,r aeo a oo't poy?
7. opapitrc eetlo oroo IrPr.PtlI4.t o
opa3ilI4 prlullt po']lyK (rop oHa KaHaoB ooo p-
ll )
8 B [lK ..rTHo eKoxoBHloo .p}lirTeffl
o opa Mireptlo-xHoo art op a ?
196
9. opy tto Koooo peapl,lNlaTe,l o
oilH 'Jl poBoB oo oya .
l
l0. Kar aMoTol-t.ll]'l Koxoeoo pHMaeJ'UI To.
t]il H ti\l t{ pir ?
AH Il PAKX AH
riu ]
l BIol nl)MHTCHo K },oI]M ,tooltro opt'a-
H.l' oopo TyT l|poo poBoBtttt pTy-
l. o axoy By opo po.yKt(l4 ( aoe axl .la)
aT opaaoH KoOMrKy orl]Ky K:lllo l)Jlalt ( y.leo
|loit Ha po}l I] oI]ToBoM MrTol\,t pIHax. rKo Hill,llo
pltiJ o or t)o), o BlBoa poy pI]'l,
ottoT llpP}l'l TptlcopTtlIN'l4 prl]a' aa Ha p.laIo,
l]oo)KHoT Peaa .lep orrry opoBy}o eT' o pae14 l]
ppo }IeoPl]}{o Ha ppl4'IT, aTpa a xpire lt ltppaoy.
Kt|TBa, e ll . .).
2- Peo>l<t.l po plll]eecll o,ua poa>r< npot*,, o Ka)ltoM
KaHa.
)u 2
v MTo.Ky paa pnca }i oM lo, tltlftl tlr-
pyllj xoTBHlx .ooopoB
l. oo,l oJITBM Hapyull{.ooBopoB ocTaBoM to.
2. o apaJIaM, prTatiI poaBTeM' o tlpaa Ko}t-
Kpeoo Itp.llp,lT po3BT pll.lT ybITKo rlt B pryTa roIloTBK
I (aTrpoB) ooo MIll-tjt]e oo pooTBa po.yK}t;
lloBTI,'t pae ro' Bolll BT poo opoa po-
oB.t (eppot paot, po Ixo.Hle pa.rt}iIe .) -
tl.ooaB KopaeTo ool]Op I'l; p ooo poBT
pae 1.toB o JlpyM oJlciTB'|M Hpa .ooIlopttl o.
3 all" aK poBo'T pi.ltlT yto ToM yae' e pcyTirT
Ili]pIlle,l ooBopI oe o,pe Topo tlI t
HoK B.lloB.
4 oooT poKT KoBoo tl,llell y (appax) o taI'r
oo opol,ll plll lo (a ooa Blorlx ilHre
plt.to).
du 3
l y oa ti o.p)ar o;llr a oapo p>t<.
2. poa poaT l]aMooTt{olI l ,I l)pHaT Topo}"I pii.
 aIoT oH Pocc, o BIBaII pBIailf eca-
oTIo xoHoo xaa.
aa 8
orrrrt p ppao TtIoT oo-
PK BloP PAE o xapaTpr JI Koo o |4 B o apo-
B PPHMAEB poIttlHoo KoKa. o ao T' tITo pyTaTl
TFIoT rKoooo ToBapopoBoTe
(o BoT pooTBa polly) opIoTc
o H ToKo KaTBoM KoTBo Bo)(FIHoo Tpya' o
otlIM oBM KoxoHHoo poBoTBa,
s 1. HAH PKA PEPHAKo BaHHI oBIIflrHHo p (pooo
Eo oyrrTBT a oro eppop, oxo atlo oT
aopTIx IMaTK yoB' op>tto o_
roxooo prIMaT TBto Ix c . .). ooy pIlpHMT,
HT B oo)GIoT a, oTp' Bec pKoBaFIFII.
BaIBaIo pTBa B Ty oTpa' oBpaT o al
H app, Koxorr a opaH a, aKIoLI a 'o oBop
HaToMy py.
oTaBa MtllII' oopMoB' TpoT}{Ix aTpaoB aop pKa BeTc . t1p.pH1{a.e.pl{l T-
T. ., pHMaT a esl pK I.a}Ioo oprl{r}t fIoTaB- N{o . oToFIoo oT )KrTKoo p)(Ma KoFlo_
lKa, .ooBopFIIx yo oaBK, I]oTy'l l{KaTBH. ' BlyXaT TaTo aIa3poBaT paoT porK-
HI Ip MaTpaoB' plBa oTaBoK. B o >l< I]prM ro o, papaaTlBaT BToHHI TI' aHaT ooTBTT-
TopoHI Bo3KaT K HBoBpMHoo paeTa oTaB- Bylo KapI. I o ppaTUI Kaa
o. aa 'ooBo o}raTr po.'yKtl, opaa aec oBop' To' Koa o oo'T o pH pele,
p a p FIBpoo op I\IapKHoo pa- o orrrTB yaB p.p)BarT paBa 70/0. o
T TaKTK, aT)ooo ope'' a c X To- oHaaT' LITo o a 70 % epr B y a' To arT
poFII BottKarT p I{Bopeo oTaBKIt po/TK oa a ro oyTBeIe' a 0 % coe oT, \
HKoo KaeTBa. o T,tMyo p paMoTpr Mp' oTopIr yT pH'|T
Coo opaFla, pBK pTBa aK- B ya .a. Ho po paBo 70/30 opaBaeT oo-
orpo ao' paT a p H yoBTBopT y , oa .lI oH pr.paTKx porKToB
o.aI' lel{oB' poTa ypoo ToMoT a Taec [pMT pao 0/70.
T. . B BoIo opr.' oepl (a) aIoT o-
TIy}o prKIo opaHa pKyT TOKT r To-
Ko KoMTTI BIM .r o TopoHI pyKoBo.Te s 2. oEP o PA KoxoHHoM
ToB' Ho oao, o.oo. C lraotlI p- PPHAE
Ko TaKBa}oT pyKoBo, ppy KoJITBI p-
pt o.pa' B ,oll.Ko oBap poaya poa ao r-
opaa p Kp'TI a, yBLlBaT p yt op.e oIT <<pKoBaHa ceKa>>.. <.o oo-

BoBaa prTB HBIaTI po|{HTo. oa aoy
oy.apTBHttIM opaM I]pHMa. lra p FIBI-
otl oaB p H|4|t,|1.
a, pKoaoil slec a oHa opa
-a oo HopIloT o, opaaoHo- /H>. Ta opao, pK o)I(o opr.rT aK oaoT
oox o' Hp.Ko -a oaTFloO apy[I
aKoa.
B pao .To xoBItHIe p MoT
I aoo o.rrM, tlTo, ot a X, Ilpxo.T
oTa}IaBBaT pooTeHIo paoy, ptlpaT oTKa-
IBaT oT oyTB opa, pro otx rIp-
BoHaHIx BT p. o.ol.e Be: ato-
r98
I}oI' oHH KoTopIx KoTpaTa TBT B aBc_
MoT o oI' o KoTopoM oBr LIro BTo' yT-
, oHo T'|, I4 o or xoo' Ho
N'loHT aTy KoTooo H MoT t TooTIo ollp-
oTrlao Bolo)r<rlo, porro oep pypoB lt,oo-
ye .oo.o' a.l oBop' pK T ypoa Too' To p'-
a oxrT oT oTrp B Be .oot{TeHIx pa-
o.oB Bpx pyoTprHHI poHoo, porKTo' pop
Too' a oopl o pacll-
.o oyrT .oo. )K
TlB.
p o o oTp' pBoIr, K pKy' oFIa.I. Fl
99
pxo ppoB' oTopl oKTBo oyoB xapaKTpolvl I4
Taa ppMa ecB'I, a },aI;II-II, o
tlOMoI-lI oTp' BoHaIo B.TBLI oT}(Jlot{ paJl-
Hoo oa p.pH]vtaTTBa oT paeToo ap. T o-
.p Hr o"a op.TBHoMy poopoBa oTo-
y H oyT l 1".lI pITpIMaTeKo poKT.
tloTp oxo IIB.T apall' o lloJlI paaTpaT
II BlIIoLIaT B paeTylo ato (aa
'oxo/,loB paxoo).
op oT pKa' oTopIr MoyT BoKHT p oyTB-
p.pMaTo ToT B apoIrpOIlIIrr{FIo
oBoTR' palIoT FIzl MaTplI.ulHI' TpytoBi, ao-
Bl' BpM al.
Mmep utt I no mPIl B Koxol"IB}{Ho p p|^HIia-
TTB IoB'lT B olloTrIx aTpaTax pI
oTpx MaTrpillt oeo (a, oop)Kr, oopyoa-
I1vI1 I\TBa' rrpo.y' aTp.oB' Ip' HppI L\ p.)'
Happ, p Bo.rtBaH apoe, oo ". '. Br.T-
B ox oo.F{Ix yo tlplU poBoT .,ooFITr-
ylo yp}{y opoy oBoB' KoTOpa rr Ia pr'y-
]\,IoTF{a THoooii apo. B pya l eprpao-
oBaHI ToBo ],I Maotll{I Ma.rpzlI. l] o)Kap opa
BoToBo.tI pa To Tor oTp MaTrpaIx pr-
-
ypoB.
MapIe oTrp tsIaaT B Tx eHa1 B KOTolrIx
pIoT oTBo .Hoo Ba MaTpzL'lI peypoB' To
T B v .Hax aI' oa, o2' tl,|4lI |4\1
B lJITyKa. /.I,J.D] R.d Bo.Ho Be aTzLItIIX op, -
plx B aHIx ell}la'
poBoTc |4X ctt B
TooTHoM Blpar' fll Too Br oT ,t-
oM pH yN{}IoxaT a Iry .llI ooTBeTTByroeo
MaTpIoo ya.
Tpdot, nampu }]r.Tal oo oTp paouo Bp-
H' BIBaHHl y(lHl' Hpr}tHHl ooea-
. K H lIyT oTF{T aTpaTt Tpy.,a TpaKTopToB-a-
ToB Ila rlpoBr ooJIH]4TrHI ( pyoTprI.IIx Txo-
oo apo) M.pHIx opoo, poo
pao-po';r B Bt{ FIBOBpH}{I o.Boo l]Tpo-
TIx I\{aTpzUloB T. '.
Tpyor oTrp BIpDKaT B JloBo-aax oBKO-
paovo Bee}I. po TpyoBI IToT B Tol.IoTtIo
BIpa)rFIl'{e oylI-lB'{eT }rlvlHo)KHM vlca oBKo-aoB
(r-r) a T'oMol. () ooo raa ().
utoe nmpu BoKaIoT B yLla IIOO /l)HOo
yrpa, BaFIFloo oooTIo oyTBr He py-
opttr p.I]'pl.ITlaTK poKToM ax, Izro
pao, .II.oo}{TrIx aOo, yp rt{t prTB }I
200
}lIx ya. o poIoT Ta) B Floyllef, Ho-
oyLlFl Te TotItlKoB' oTKy.a poaoc
oyT' BoBpaT ooB' l]oaT oKyaTM oTaB-
o y ooft,ceo poyK' yMlII BIp}K
B.TB o prB.FII pLlaM a pa-
yry Koxoyto polKIo (aoI, yy).
Hapy ooaTrIM. opaI IToTp ory r
BprN,IrI q)aoBIr oTp, ooyoBrHI aopa)BaH
,]'oB, FIBoBpMo I,Ia pTB' opo.t BIaTI
ojtoB.
f,Iompu p.Ml1u rloT MTo B Tx a' I(ota polIc
IlppFlao 'lTJltloT .I]'T M.t{r' to
FIaN,{O. o oKaT' app. t} TM' .to oopy-
,oBa . paoa p oTyo B oxoy
opaaIo fto.IH' r IlaO' B cB c. M pooa
:p)KK yo eFIl' o pBo I( tIooyI-I
o.oBol"{ poyK ooBTTBytox .OxoloB' a KoTopIe a-
lBiUIa oaa.
pr oHKy TaK oT oylt{T B aax' r.o'
Mra a]]p)l,l oyHt4,l IaM}{Io pyTaTa. [ o-
Kt4 X BI B ToMoTloM Blpa ttoo.I\.Io yTao-
BT. KaKN{ oTp oollil oT tIpMaTo .-
HoT cool pBT oTI) RpMH.
nurc nompu Ipo'IBJl'lIo. op I.Iar tpa
.I].opoBIo H to. ( pyaT oBIloo paBN{aT-
Ma, -a oto':I TtIK oaoT|4 "|' .), opyxa-
p, pTy pi{pIltl.I.,) a TaK)I( '| p ao-
pI,ITl oIJaHI opallI,lIo_Ill{xooKx o.rl.
Hpo aJIHl R.'l II0Tep ,pyI{o orlprrT B Kotl-
TBttolvt TJvl Too].t{o Brpa.
.lo Kaop]-To ts. IIoTp rT
ppHaTIo
'ltlo,
oIIpl{Io xapap poHoyra'I ,{a ypa
To ya HaIoo pBoo/tlT BI{y pyx oTp'
Oo opI{oToT Bittl l]a To tse [Io' To r-
l.BrFI}|o o. aa Ktl I,I oy ro HI.
s . l(Al(A PKoB
Pll oo IrpoBtlT o paI .pI.IaK'r.
pq1 Bo lt Kal.Ol,It{ pl{a: um.t c|I,I],l-
BI.{IT
rnttt. .tltM pKr IvlOIlO ToJIKo IIOTT (pp -
IIoTep IliMy'Ba B p:]yta ttoapa); lr ttKTI{oM
(p>t opall) Bootl KaK llooXJItII, Ta oTp}I-
arrr pryTaT. a z,i,I 2lT .oBI pt oT
tiI(yTI-{Bt apaep.
201
 ll tl l,t l.o.t l( BooBI'l I]pTo paaT pcK ry- o: J,
lOI t]o: omllbl; at llom o; o- ^o' _
UloIlI7I pupodlu npuua]4ll. o p BoLIKoB Ao - eril oa BlyKa po.yK (pao, yy); IJ a pa-
a|4 eHl rTpoyK'
pK KJIapy KaK dmu opdeomu do;
Jom Il n p mepo; docmm uoptt u. o pe-
np d
Cx< eH, o KoToplM aMrao
H BoFIKFloB oxoo paaT ltaIr (po- paoBIBaT poyK, B aopLtT-
l) , mtu pu. aaI pK orBaIoT a cTa I MHHM plo.ro KoHIoHKTypI' aHM poa' e-
o.oToBK K oTBrlo p.pMaTKoo poKTa' T-
BIoKM KaTBo pBoT oTp (), vHa KoTopI
y poBT B po oylTBeH prpHaTr- OprrTc o opy
o HoT. H .ltta Tya' p oopo yo-
B IiIT Bo BpMH B xy.Lylo TopoHy o paBFIIo : Ao'
oX.aB[IMc HacToKo t{o' To TpoT poTp p-
HIx ppHMa p.
AI{
- Me rl el noyK; o - o o aeo
BtyKy |4 peula| poyK.
B pu{Ir B.I poB BTpaT B oo-
TBFIO tIpoo.TB. TaK, poala aT oxo- o ] trlr HH I M aTpa I .aTpaTt, o-
TBeFIl pKoB' ooo p poBoTB poyK paT- oBF{I prpaxoo Ip' ap.UIoB' ToJIBa' p't,
Bo.TBa' oyoa IIppo.HIM pa' oHaKo rT By K oTrp (y), ua oToprx oprT opy
pcK xorI' BaHI oTlo oBa. a-
Ta aT pKoB Baa Hp.KayMoTIo oB.tI :AMr1 a...*AM'
apTHpoB o y He.oTaTo opa o Boo)GII
Ml ..AM" - ppaxo ,paIx prypoB I1o Ba T pypo;
pIKax ta rKoxoo poyK.
l .., - oHa 1L,IH|4'| pypoB.
o peptl]vlaT]tl po ttoMaloT p' BoKaIo-
lfr' p rot B.ax .TroTI4, cBalHI poBoTBo flpy oBIll]HI aTpaTI () ol T rTo -a
a oapo (poyu|4, pao.' yy), ToBapHo-.r- o BIoKx o paHIo p.'yoTpI,t poTo
I aoBI op a'I1 Kop, oyBH- TpaopTFIIx pao.oB' TopoI .ep)KK, aJIa.Ix pI4X
M ozLIltIo-otIoKX ayg6-1xHK poKToB. pao.oB.
p o o.payBaTc, To prptlMaTr T o ppaxo oaTI Tpya (.)
oo-BaeM aTpzLltIIx, TpyoBIx, aot, op- ota p-
aBrT oo oTrp a T tIpBII poTo -
aoHHI (yIx) pypoB pK BaH ypoo
FIOT paoo o BlaTI M o IoKoo o paBl.[r-
BoHKHoBH pypoo rupa.
Hlo aMeFIl ypoBFI apaoo aTI.
K vy o BDKFII B.oB ppMaToo pKa aa oBIrtleIx aooB |4 oT-
oToT poBo.TBt{I' KoMMptIK ao l.
p u I cBa:' oBolITBo p eaaei t (n) o<e MT MTo' B po oyTB
p o u od m e IIp
ToBapoB (po.yK, paooT' yy)' oylTB IoOIx B.oB pr.paTKoo poTa TaBK FIaJIoo oTrit -
IvtloT eaopTylo JI p.Irp |4H14Mae Topoy.
poBoTo .rTo. paK B pK' BoH-
Ka B oxoTBF{o poBoBe' oTtloT po- Booxr TaK>t< oTp () B trrTpao,
Bo.TBrI.
TTo yl, a Ta>l< oyoBH-
f{ I r T x itl T B14NI'I4
o pca opoxaT to aopt.

' . el|\1
Copa atIIx oo po- P.
Ba yTBFIIM BT p oTp oT a-
Bo.TBa pra14av:' oBapa (poy' BIlU
pao, yy) BTB I poBo.II'ToT Tpy.a, H (.), pBo a.,rIo poax
I]poTo oopyoavI IeoooBaFI poBoTBllIx poyK peKo K aToBapBaIo. ooy IT yTaHoBe-
oo' oTrp paovo BpMH, oTyTTB oo.oo H H o)KHa oao LIlaT ooToT
. .),
KoLITBa Ip,'I (oopo' yop oopoa pTB' Hoo l;l.<a HI' o Te aMlJvI op
KoeTBa HTa.apTo poyK |4 paa ro py oopo p.T' Mo;<o oLIT opao iryro May pl-
ptla pBoT oTrp B ToMoTHo BIpax (6), , .1gN,l p BIo eHa (o aHo .oTppyloT opa-
oTopl opr o opy HaIJ opeo oopa).
202 20
 .to oBoKyHo opo' pr)r Bo TavI Il.a
ptIIK po Koxoo poyK' .o)(rH
I t-tH oTMaJIl po Hl' oRotoll t{ oe-
p,IT lJatITyIo Ma pl. pot oo Ho_
opaoa (v't oo)K - TrM to) pBoJlT K aToBap-
zltlI, oKpa oa po.Dl(' oTpe oo.a pt.
Bpor oTr' BaI poBoTBHI{IM poI,I,
o)(o parT a onpu noot'. p o"tTBr-
o o ypoB tspoT}loT pKoB R Ko}lprTo
p.l]ao .T}IoT BopoTeIr, I\tK o_
Trp MoyT r roLII. o Too, .Dl( r op,'II-
x oTp MoxT r t'Ha oHa' KoTopa o Be
.ll r o rpoTHoT BoHKoBrrI oaBT oTal. B
To ya p KoTBo oK ypoB pKa B pa
MorT pFIaT ToKo ToT B oTrp.
Kopuuti pu (p KoMMpoo pel1rlpHaTT-
por pa aK-
Ba)
- To pK' BoI,IKaIo
HI ppaTM ToBaoB Jly' To T II prpo-
DK.
Hao BDKF{I aopt, l(oTopI o)KII t y.11gt{i p
oHK oMrpo .., .yLr.
H a o p T o LI H r I{ ( o B I lll t
}Il aKyaMoo ToBapa B po oylrTBH'i
p.ptlaTKoo I]poKTa' yTiO B tlpoT
p.yMoTpor yoBM KoTpaKTa a oKytly' pBolI,I K
oTpM (), ua KoToplx o>tT l opa o op-
y
: o^ll.
o yoK ToBapa .to rpr; A - otrue Hi
-
oyl cHttl Toap.
Hpr.BHo H>t<t oer aKyK
ToBapa B pB aMLIr}IHl (porKTHIM) Br'IrBaT
yt oa a, TO rT MarTaa opa_
.. cll' p To poOpoztJ.lI{o )KaT'l oot ptl-
oI pr,IiMaT' To oTp pt (ooa) |4c,L|\crTc
KaK poBH F{){ ooMa aKl1 ToBaa Ha B'Jly
p B paT I{a ..Hy oa paa. o.ao
BvI TM) To TaK I{aIBI yoBo-oToHl{I pao.l'
aBt o Mataa pa, ts pattT H r.y ToBa-
pa p ToIVl BopaTaIoT' olt paoI B pacr Ha Iy
oa piI,{yoo ToBapa MoT ol(aaT oor B]oKIvl.
o yB pBrT paTHIo pt Ha .y
ToBapa. yrTByT oaI pK Too' tITo opa oKaxrT
pHTaeo, o rT p BIl oyTl,too.
CxH llI.lI , o oTopo paT,'I
204
.oBa, B paBH poI(Tlfo lIBaT o6-} B paMp
oa prl{il' yMHo)KHILoo a yMy yI rHI.
t+ ;r r o a p a a, oclloBHo
Hrp'KayI a'rHM poa (I ToBapa KOFI-
ppylo Toapo .py aaoLII{III pHa), o.
oo I]pBrT oTr BlpyK (pr.). a o'ep |{ep-
poB'I{ zlHI o paa a Hy pea-
ztll (.ty tr-tt B paLIrT I7a erl peaa).
B op II)(r KarITBa ToBapa B
ll po op t H (paoppoBl(. plt)
oyT aHrT ylp, ypoBFI oTopoo prT'l poB-
\4 Ko(IBa Tp'IHHoo op Ha Hy oKK (pa)
llpoBIIFI KotITBa ToBapa o I{FII KaLleTBo
I{a Be e:|I.<erl\4 HI.
p i t-tJ 'rpl op H tI Ha, IporKT.
lI\{ pBoT ooTBeTTByIoy FI)kl{l BIpy (pt-
). p Boo)HI p}iLIH oyT t p.B[IFIl IIolx-
-rIl'IHl' oTrH, [ITpI, Ilpr Haolr paxo.l.
uot' pu Bo:aT p oTBt aoBoo
prpl{I{aTrTa oBI (>rx) 'o. Hap-
y oaMI,I, apaTptl\4 U-I py BI{oB p'Ma-
) TKoo pKa' p orIK B(II poTo ao-
tsoo pKa oxoo yTIBaT Tae u ao_
l, Ka a<oooT o.'o TopoH aoo
J{KI,{' }Irrr Kpa }Il a, I{' BzLTTI' opaHr-
HIl Ha tszITo.rHxFlI opa' BoI\{o)KFIo I4"e LIacT
],IHaHOBI pypoB B Ilpol{ o].Ber{ p"Ip]\{a-
o II'ITI{oT.
*
,,.o1 h ff 'il?$HffiJ-BF3Y"
"
Kor].IJI rpa pepal.oo pKa opr-
aotTttI ooT}II ypoB oTp' BoHKaro
p oyTBI{ pr.'tlpao 'ITo. B ao-
IoToM BIpDI(H pK ',lo)K. I. op/t.l .;to o-
oHIx oTrp B aTL]i{ a l, lI o - R l Tt] Il l o M ( o ) l.t
I
ToMOTr{ (>l<Io ) pl I . B ol.t.tlltO BIpa)Ke-
H oFI opr{eT KaK B(lllA [}ootll oTp' oTIlHa
a, R aTB oopo otnllItl IlpHaTc o yrTB-
FIor oToti rlprpaTr'l' o o pao pypo
,al B. pllpH MaT o Jt.lt HoT' o ox.a
iloo. OT prJlpaTr. Brop o l o at
oIlI{K ypOBH pKa Hr T lIptIaoo HaH' ol{a-
o to ya oopal]o I,tooBaT aot oKaa-
, oa.ztt{ Io r Fl Io .oToBpoT.
245
 B ppHaTKo oT BIIT F{KoKo poToT KTo or oTp'u**t paKT-
ypo (y, o) pa. I( paBHa yIo' TaK KaK oTrp aBroo MIOT p pe;
o donmu!'|t| pllKoJv| oaloT pK' B pea Ko'l'opoo rTByT Koeu (<1) aaHa BpoToT opr-
at B prpHMaTeo oT oxparT o- Hoo ypoB oTp' To T KaKo-To ypoB oTp o)(T
I-loMKyto oopaoT' a prBIlx o ypoH B.T K oKaaT ao BrpoTI;
po ypo oo oTrp pl. BrpoToT oTp H'IT B 3aBoT oT ypoBI
Cylo
- Ipllm'ucu puc. o opx oaHoTIo oTrp ppIBHo' oooHlto BopaTa oT o a-
oTrp ToKo lpl, llo cfr' cyMI aTpaT a oyrT- MaHoo arI'I L4 TaK )K ooToHHo yI oT aK-
BHr aoo Ba pr.pt{MaTTBa. Paa pT- uu]oo aI.I .o H't o Mp BeI"[e'I ypoB Bo-
pc pBoo po, Bal ypoo orleHJI HBoo o)KHIx oTp.
oo.a' I{o p Bo aTrpzulIIx aTpaT' KpT Ha po pap.e}I BpoTo IIoTp o>Ho Bl'-
pK BTopoo poa, p KoTopo IIp.IIpa F{ ToKo Hr T TIp xapaKTrpI ToK' Toa 1 xapap ao
oyaT pl, I{o MoT oTpT B Bo)rI ts o BeoTHIe oTp, B oToplx paBa , a BrpoTFloT
'pTBa. a oBop' B To ya TpT B BIpyKa BOHKHOB B. BH HaIBaT uo cpomLI|I
Bp Too poT oaT aTpaTI. t pua B
-aHo B. ppTo HoT,
pol1'0|
Kmmpouu pucld XapaKTrpyT ypoo oTp B pa- oopt o)KrT t .t aotoo (app, B p-
p' paBo|{. \1 pI[Ia}oM Be yBHor oTo ) B oTtIoTtIoM (ttapp, B o oTrp o oTolII-
ppae. o ox pBT apoTBy p.p- HIo K pao y BIpyK oT .aoo Ba prpMa-
T papoil( MyTBa. B aBoT oT BI a) BIpax.
r\4yTBroo pI ele>KHoo yrpa aapouoy Toa 2 apaepyT Bpo'lTHoT oyTl\,{oo pKa' To T
pTo oTHoT pK' Bat po oaFIoTI . Too' LITO oTp yy I}y o, P-BHy pa.ro
)14HI1 r Botl aapo. pt. By BrpoTHoT TaKX oTep (Bon) HalBaIT
Kaoy po p T olTpe.- BepoTHoT .oyTo oep.
Hoo ypoB tloTp ( oT (p) Toa 3 xapapyT BrpoToT KpTKoo pKa' To
oKa)KT Bl[Ir oprroo ypoBI.
T BotIoBr{ op .lo 1p, paBlx oo pa-
peIe H)Ke o}IoBI tloo)K MToK oHK
pr.'paTKoo pa KaaIoT B oHoBo pKa Ko-
o yN,{ BIpyK (oxaoo oxoa). Bpoo TaK
pvo opaa (poo.Tlloo a), Ho Bo oTp, paBy B6, HolBaT BOTFIOT KpTtIKo o-
oT t orI K pyM B.a ppaTrKoo ^
D'
Toa 4 apaepyrT BrpoHoT aapoKoo pKa'
Ka (opuoMy' aooy) aBoT oT Too' To T oTp 1, p&BHl Bey yrTBeoy oToIo
To BeT yo pr.pMaeKo .o.
pr.p}IaTr. Bpoo .aK oTp' paBHy B1, HaI-
fl ol-1 poB pcKa y)KHo oTpoT KpBylo arrpr- BaT BpoToTto aapoo oTp. oIa pr-
eH BrpoToT op ( ppl JJ pMTtIo K
p.pao .TrFIoT pTatsr Ha pc. 4). |Tp pMaTro oT T, LITo' BpoTFIoT
To paIT .yI p.oo' KoTopI B ro aapoo oTp BIpa)arT oKaaTM' B.rTrT-
Bptlo oTpaaT aKoopoT prIIpaT- ByIo o oyo ypo oTp Bo oTo (app'
Koo pca'. ro a' paBo 0,3), yT oTKaaT oT TaKoo.ra'
BpoToT FIBI o- H .T a o.ot p.
Tp (o Boo)oT y, apMp' ||v,eeTc Ba B.a }^{aI, o oT-
Ns ao BooxI oTrp' .'I KoTopr oTporHI KpBI pa-
SR xa IToTp oo) -
\
ss ToxHa' KaK-To FIMzuI- pH x BpoTo (p. 5). Kao ypoBIo oTp
ttI l]oTp Ba rloT () ooTTByT opeHo a BrpoTHoT oTep
rpBoo a Bt BTopoo a 82. Bpoo ox (yap-
t
:\ MTo;
t) op Bg opeeTc aBMoTIo
a's
\^
n oo' p. n' P. 4. pa papee}l Bepo-
B" = \# B,
**" gp00b np ) _
o oep e Bt 82 ir opotloe op poo Topoo .a.

206 207
 lrr B.}II
.too' KpToo
I{a]Ba *p,,.frio'*, lloy_
rQ
s p,Ka (o, K*l,,
il E K*o.'). ptlpa' oo olTa Ot|lTa
,! ]lpy pl]]pl yTaHaBBaeT , pHI
N
{t,0
ypol pKa' KoTopI oFI OI{ pBIIIIaT' ToI r o-
4 fla B oy tlp{poo' peoo pa. p
]\{olo op}lTpoBaT a pl ar'I KppB, p -
n
Br.I-IIr B Ta 13 (o . A. Parpy).
-

| a2 0J q4 5 q6 7 0o, t|K' . l3. p l' fla ppe a peprrlrJle

lp0 /7o/p (/7)
lpo0 p (/7)
Kpt,tp a aett t1Tep
ox P. 6.
I

P. 5. pa poo Kpa po BIIII- fl o l (p l ypoBr Bpo'lTHol,t o,Ls (ts %)

po3BoTBe| op 1| opreettoo }ToBll oep o. o opll pBl pt)
l(t,ll,Iu epBoo poa (r.I p l p 0,07 (7 %)
]]rpo'lTHo Too' o op pBl xr)
I(p Bopoo poa (pe I poe 0,0 ( %)
oy Ty aBoT' Mo)Ho oTpoT KpBy] BpoT- l]pTHol oo' o oT prBl,|'lT oae-
HoT yMMapI oTp (oaa Ha pyHK yHKTpo). Ha Myto oylo lpyu)
oHoBa KoTopo oIrrT T Bpo'{TI.IoT Too' ttTo Kaaporp ta (p-t y1llt t]po,IT_
t o,ot (1 %)
oT Too, o lloTp rBlT tl(.|'}
oTp lppHaT B .aFIloM Br ToT pBIT oTo,l H pep a )
ooTBTTBo orTyTMI, KpTrK, aapotI
)/poBrH.
p pT peulr o oyTocT roopaHoT,I a a}t oKaall pa KpTrpB pHoo
prpTKoo pa Ba)HO ]]aT I{r ToKo BpoToT pCa, O)t(o opypoaT ylo oe o pr-
opeI{oo ypoB oTp' O BrpoTI{oT Too) To T ocT Too a:
oTrp yy ol]I KoTopoo ypoBH. 1. oaa.lt prBI[IaT Kp-
Tr.ta KIIBa BrpoTHoT pIre oprHoo .epI4
oIIyTMo
yoBH I]oTp pBra I{ pyKr 6. p tloTpotl IIp- 2. oaa MrH[l KD-
HTI eyl pooH: BpoTHo oTp oL Tp KpTrlroo pa (P* < Kr,).
y paBl{a l; opaTa ypoBH oTOp poToT p- 3. oaa aT,Ipo.ldoo pa Ir oJDKH olIIlaT-
BIlrH Too poBI{ MortoToo )KarT; l] llropatl- e Pa S K*o').
o BopacTa}tLI ypoB oTp BoToT o peBIlIIu{
TpMT Hyro. BaT :.i'::'li:.
o ypott BpoTtIoT tlpIllI opHoo ypoB ToTl-l pBIrH opHHoo poBll oTrp }I o)KI{a
oTp BllIoT .'y}o oKaaTr prllptlaKoo Blxo a pI opaI4Trlo Kpl,{,po pol,i
p,Ka.. (oKaaHa a 'yF{ yKT-
BpoToT Too' To oTrp oKaxyT BIllI oyMoo oM,).
poBl{'l (plr) Po, - lol]yTl pc; fl o I]l{ITpt{tI-
B,poTFIoT TOO, t{TO oTrpl{ ODK)/T BI|.e I(pTrIrKOo TKoo Ka oyloT
ypol{ (o;<.ao t1.r) P*p' TaTTr cK\4' pTl'
- KpTr p;
Brpo,lToT oo' ttTo o, oK.(yT BItlt aapov- paTo-aJTT.I'IK To-
I(oO p14Ka (yITBHoI'o oToH llp.pMaTe) I.
p.
Pn,
- apo
Hapy oaaT aIITMoo, KpTrIKoo KaTa-
povoo pKa I,JI p14HT oooBaHoo re o Plc, 7. Caee oeo Bepo-
oyT pe.pMaTro .oT oJDKI IT tlo lroep po BrpoT-
yTa{oBrFII lTprrr{l BrI Tx oKaaTerii. Ta p- l|()

208 209
 mmumucoo emod ooT To' To apyT rlppHaTJIoo Ka
Ta.TKa oTp, rBIx MTo B aaotlIx Bax pp. Mo)KrT l praoBI yT
HaTeKo eHoT, yTaaBBaT aToTa op,I. opao |{HeHiI oITtIl
tx ypoB op o To
(IaToT poopy BpoTHoT l].pt{aTe cIea- \
t{ToB. oao oyT yT s
y, app, IoT TaTTrIeK aHIr o -a- s
"o.i. ypoB ooTeI oTrp (o ootIo o
TKo opoa B KTp )al
KpFII oeHo (ypo s
yr ooxo rpy) 30 IarB oyTB Ko-
i
KpToo B.a p.paa (a. l4). BrpoTHoT oyTI' Kp-
KaTac.po.rx
^LIecK
14. po o o pepl|l{aeo .eIro aoTa op) aKTK HBo- |
x llpoell (o avlgl}| tltll') oHo. poru oTaBT p t 0
o oep, vo
KpToM oH Bopo: <<Ka- :
10 20 J0 40 50 tJ 70

oae Bo ol ao BpoTl o- p00e omp,7o

20 2t-40 4l-60 6t-80 s l- t00
l t.
100 Trp B Ito B pp-
l{a.Ko To P. 9. pa ao pa po-
54
H ?'>
l0 30 rro op (m eplDt o-
o ya - 7 JI
poox, pya K- )
oo poBH oep
o14 0,17 3 n rn onl 1,0 pToB (l0 uo) a -
iroa po'IBr ,2 0,
a ao BpoTHl oTp
1

Iar
(a. l5).

Pa.e rlo ytlaB' B oTopIx Mr rTo .aII po- 15. poe oep o p.pl|[ro eelro ao
ory poBr,r (o alll epo)
Br-
X oa
rp 20-0
(p. B). o pTo, ax 3 5 2
oK
Ha ooaI{ poopoBao o aTK .'aHlIv1
KpBo BpoTHoT oTrp Moxo yTaoT, tITo B paMaTP-
ircoa ot]K 0,3 05 o)
ui""o .1n" Haorr BrpoTI oTp' paBHrr pMpo 23-
H ooa pTHIx aI{Ix opT aToTI o-
Ho KaK LIaTFIO oT tla po' IKalU .a{-
ylo oHy' Ha oI tlo KpTI oHo. o oo
oTpoT pa aToT (p. 9). a Ha oor paa Tpo-
T l(pBylo BpoToT oTp' KoTopa aT prTaBe o
CaK To., o- p apaKTplox o oKaaT.
K pKa Tpyr aJI }{a- p ooaH KpTIloo MToll Hao TIBaT, To
s Hoo I\LaccBa xo'Ho oeHKa pKa B ItzttITHO Mp aB. oT HBl'|yaoo
opa. p oyc.B BopT oBKzI' p) Bco oT Tol.o' TOTT pr,-
0,
TaKo HopMa pMFIIT p}IaT K pKy oaarT't }Iyzt. B apyTo
I
py oI. ,Ila o oto o paoJIo)KH l( poBaIM pI-
s npmL mod or . l(po Too' o oTottoT |lTW Ha pK B o Ttl
s
G olrprT 3yTaTaM orTBH prly pr.
op, oyI{lr par B allaoo ya' .KTT

P. 8. p o pa Bepo-
IrIop o oTopoxo Tpa].' aoopoT, oTyTI
s 20 22 40 60 00 100 120 140 oe oTp (o lIelt{ pa yx oyaT K pKy.
!0 0np, % .a}r) o pTo oDFto t oaToo or, o o-
210 2tl
:]I]oT otIT o;t oylo ory ilprpaT-
Koo poTa Ba}Ioo ro oylrTBHr pI(a.
Pmo-aumurdu mod oTpoI{ po BpoHo-
MTO.III.
s 5. M)MEH PKA
c}^Ia'Ix:
Koa IIoTl{ul,Ta oTp tIIoM HIaltTa, vot o
oKo}tT; oao Ilp TOM Hao T B B.y,
orKa yoBH oTp otllo or a: TO' To
a yTBeIHo;
o.t{oo ro, /I poo -
212
Kolla I I{)KIIT Moe, p (o
",,,.,if,
lttI pK Moxo y)Kr pHT Ha BoIo oTBrTTt{Ho);
Koa aTpaTl Ha TpoBa Hopo BK;
Koa KaK py BoMo)I(o al oT pa Hr.
Pr o pap oeo yep>aIl aBcT oT roo
pa aopoB' B To e oT paMpa oIIaIOo KaTa'
KB.HOT aKTBoB |4 T. .
. u'rcu pua. oao BT Ip.pI\{aTyIo .'l-
].HoT B OBx oTooo oBIIItHOo pKa. P
o)Ko t{T [loOBa}Ir pat{I ptst{TBl rp.
o pTBHIM oHaT MpI' F{apaBHI FIa py_
p)KllI{ HpKayN{Ix papyItlx ol' c rIO
F{xr}I BpoToT:lI 14 BeI ypa" K x y oToT-
]IpopaMI TK oIrao, po yTaoBKa
a, rTKTopoB .Ilvla, oopyoalIb ORo'Iloo
poBo.Tr BaM, oa? ppT,r,
p.ypX KOHI aorBa to,I' oTo-
ttt oTo Ha'Il optlloT MyTBa p'
oo. peyp p orrro IlIlB' r Bo]vI-
yr, axl rKoorrr ppHaT.
aTpOBaF{ Iprx Bo B yl]piTeol"t rToT.
aT, To eT KJIOI{T- ozao To Ba BOo)o KaK IIo xIvl, Ta o
l p. Ta, vl KooN4 fIpLIaM. Halrpp, BoMoHo kI Tpyo
o' I{ r- }]e/(oTaTT ayxy (py xt . B opr
ax e{ToI poTBpaH B,HI' Ho' ot Bo-
ooBaTc, HeT ooKx BoMoxo (opa ao-
)' B T OxpaHT o,po p
pKoM oIIaoIM ITyTe.
o I-{ papoTparFlIx {a-)Kl{l MrTo.oB Hlt<I
pKa BT aMOTpaoBa}{I4e, oTopo o'BT yT
oa B opaa {rIi}liUIIx prplx o tto (paxo-
BI ao). Ta' B eI(oxoel opaa o.a-
IoT TpaxoB,I aaI r ( tpBa B vllar o-
ot) KopMoB ( aa,I oylo' }IapMp' BO BpM
ar BFII JI pal{o HaTyIBlII L); yrrrr op-
aFIa o eprpaoTKe Kxoo poK' Ka
paB.IIo, MT TpaxoBl aaI lp' o:]BoJi'IIo T
pK oT .'oIIoTaBoK BoBpHH|x IloTaBo Ip a
ppao.
o Ba)o' o aOTpxoa Il ol]oT riFII,IaT-
I B Kl]eeKL| o}t i4]. FI l1, a ToBapo-aTrpJI-
HI tlo (aal rM'{ oprl]Jltlo.l opTa KoH'
p.). Ho oo rT pKo BlpDKt{}{Ie KoFIoe pal'
TaI( KaK lJTBa' KoTopIr rpFIaTr o)T oTB B
T{-) pep, eptll.
Taor JIaHpoBaHr potlopoBa lIoBo.TBa
/T
f{a prITpt,i ( xoi,i) TaK ooyT }Iaoy
213
tIFlIo ppMaTKoo pa' oToM B H-aHr BrHHtM ppHa) .oxo.a' BlBaI{I f,a"opx
oo ppa o)I{I t aa potlT pKoB. KoTpaKToB' HaTroooTIo oKyIIa . .
ooa aaa - o Bol\4o)KHoT peyoTprT B oHoBIr opaa opaa Po poBoT TpaoBH pyoB.
pIAcK|4, KoTopI o)(Ho ToKHyT tlp|4 oyrTB}{vI aH- Boee aaTpyT B ya ypa p e I|o-
ttoo Ba prpHMaTKo .TttoT' yTaHoB To(l- p)(. prBoIx pyoB B pryaTe xt
HK 14 oMt{T I]o}tKHoBrH. B -a papaaTIBaIoT- (o<apa, aapw), poa>K TpaopII pTB pyx oI-
'I TaK N,{pI o oKpa}lIo .tX pI4KoB \4\4H|4aI4 l.
oTp' KoTopI Moy BoHHT. pl oyT l opattl,r. B poo pa ory po paT Tpaoa oTBT.
iioHHoo apaKTpa' p..yMaTpBat, H;lIpp' Hy Iro- TBHocT. B Po B o ol lllpoKo IIpoBoT'I'
TaBKoB oopyoa' KoKopoB T. '.' ooo .oT2lB- Halrpp' opooo TpaxoBa oTBTTBHoT alKoB
K lp rpaaTlalox opaLIaI,{' . ,., pry_ a oaIH Kpo. oo TpaxoalL4 BII:T oTtsT-
a oBaH'l oT pKoB. TBHFIoT aMKa . aI{Ko, BI.aII Kp,T, a Bor-
l papoTpaHHttl MTo B P.- Bpor o}Io oaJ peTa. flooop TpaxoBa'I
p oT. B oxo;to p'. aKJIIoaT a po ec.BL{ Kpr.THoo ooBopa.
pHMaTTB a Bo rpIlaa pKa poo..T yTrM - Pto py o BooFIoT ,I TpoBaT,I
(oo oo p. p IrHI,+\a. e ) ooo o topa
TpaoBaH
Cpaoa oBoT yeIT aBMoT Koo. paxoo c' To pao o)KT t olto ToKo B
TBHHoo ToBaporrpoBo.'T oT I{rp.BrHHIx Ilop- yoB KoHKypH ry TpaxoBKa. Taa o}lKypH-
yog. B c TM ollo BrT oHoBHI MeToo]\,I poBc B ylo: po)(eH t{oBI B.II.OB Tpaxo-
'ITII
oa pa. o.o paxoBa KopT Bo- BaH; papaoa ooopoB Tpaxoa}I pao oa
oxt rp (oo LIarIo) o op, o pKoB, .Iot TpaxoBaT M Booxtlo lpa Tar'
}{ BoMaeT yTpaHl{lr ToBapHo-aTpJlHl I-tHoT' To KoTopIr oxoT paxaMy y oy TpaxoBaI; o-
T Ft MoT oHoTIo yTpaHI,I apyI poca Boo- >l<I TpaxoBI apr o aBA{ pe'aaI
BoTBa. ..py TpaoBa|vI IIp o x oTBTTBHFIoT To
Opaa TI TpaxOBaH poBo.II'T TpaoBitt,{,l I\{y- aop pKoB; o yot opr oaTI Tpaxooo.ooBo.
eTBa Kootix opaa' ptl ox I pa; o BIoKo aTBo oyxa TpaxoaT.
aHo Ba Ba ooBopoB: ooo oot. o p papaoTKe popaMI TpaxoBa y)<rlo MeT B By'
oHo ylTBo' pa- To TpaxoBI opaHavI|4 paxIoT H oT Be B.oB pKa.
ra a[Il ooopyo. Cpaxy ToKo ToT p' o KoTopoy oxo opr. B-
BaH irlx KyTp' poTF{oT FIaT]-I TpaoBoo ya' pap Boooo
MIooTH aa..H |4 T. .), o .ooFITl{oM Mo)(T ypa cLIc|4. KBzrTHyIo TpaoBylo prIo. B o-
t apaxoBarlo TBo, oyH}Io opaa o o- lIlTB yaB Tl pcK BT TpaxyIM1 II aU{-
oBop MyTBHoo aa w14 tIp|4IlTo oT.py opaI4a- T1 x oT KyTBHl pKoB Ha.o KaT py ToI p-
..
ii Ha'I prpaoT, poTa, aH t\. a.
K y TooB pa pKa oTHoT'I ao p-
lllpoKo oy Koxolr'l-tl ppl,lMa-
..T'
. o HroTaTo aKaT B To, To oH poaaT
tsoBpaToT oy(IH}{l p.TB IlporLITaM.
B o Bp KaL|TB Toa pa pa p
uepIx rax Ha Toapl pax uIpoo pFIT
T|4 Be"c TpaoBaH I{Kx pKoB' I]o KoTopI toH- .poBa (oo o To|\4 M. B l)lilB <.Ko.1gg13q
aIoT TpoTeHo-MoHTa)Hor paoBa' TpaxoBar o_ Ho ppa").
yKoBIx apatx oaTB T. .. PoryT ya eMa parF{ pKa:
o B.oB paxoo THoT tsT TpaoBal{r ti
aI poB' Koopo pyaTpBaT o.TTBrHLIoT.
Bo,l o'lt
t t t t v t t4 p: Bto (poltltloilI tl.. Htott opomlcm u0..

paxoo opaa o BIaT TpaoBoo BoMrH\I B c- oto xalt,Hrll epa.la(paoirrr)

ar oTp ooyIl TpaxoBaT (oxot- Heoot,i pa,)(HLIr pxa

214 215
 l(xl pcrI{HI ToOB papL'I pcKa T s 6. oEHA PoB B EKoxoo
Bo loToTBa LI F{r.oTaTK' oToy ppl{aT 9lu- oPAHtA
Ho oyT B oBoKyoc.|4 I41 B op-Ho Kooa-
. oK ptl |v|HIia paxo.o roo MeTo pap- . oo ot c Koo a opaI4a y rtlo
irl{ pKa .,o;lr I BoBa' o py a- y opoBzula' oxo..o oprrT oTaB ooBFIIx p.
eHI]]x aTpaT. K o > a;I MTo oyT ToKo KoB' KoToI oyT RoKIyT B porl po3Bo.TBa pra-
JIo Too oTa' Koa paXo/{l a eo pee Hr aFIy avII4 po.yK, lo BoMo)t(o ToHo yTaFtoT Bt4t{y
I]pRI[Ia oTay. oao To paBo MO)KT r p- BrpOToT BOtIKoBr' oooa TMy M tlo aT
]Flo, ec p aarT "otso }{ JI aKoIoT o- oT KoB.
oo pa. Happ, A B oc.I{ o.I oylo p oKy pKoB pMTo K aKpIoMy aKo-
axo" pop Bopo o 'IK oltaoT|4 Ha pav HoMy y ulVlypK'> oKoo paoa Pa-
MT. o ao FILI]VI B aKoo.aTTB' pyto- o a.
N{ o paooa o xo.N{Oo poB Tx- B l. To KooTBo IpoBO{TBo B pal-
l oaHoT Be aBoT O oo1.Hol]II-l paxo.oB a l:lt aBc oT oo.I KJIMaTK.x yoB' B
ar popT aoo oTa o paouo Ta. ByIo Op/{ Hy)GIo yTaHoBI4T p. BaFtl^ T yO-
Jto B]vl. o oIy ITpOlILllIx T yTaHoBrIo. To B ao o-
BoBaT H aC" I4 oxol ltozl FIep.Ko p I{IoT yp
M Mox T aMooK B MoMt{T aaa aKBFIo BrTa otx B Btl-
Mo
-- a }Ioo. epo. I Too' apaKTrpHI op ypo)(a B pryTaTr
.pu6. paBllo yI]paBtIlI pa' ao BZDKFI.. o a B LIO, RTaII JI' aoopoT' oI{Ix.( te'
eyT,KaKMoxt{opaBTKopTIpKoM'oOFIO po op ypoa. Ha oo po OLII{K o)I(l{o aT
yKa]BaeT, ao pKoB py pBoop..HoO aplll. BIB0.' To BrpoTFiOcT BOF{KOBe T){ pOB l] oBx
BaxrIu p,Iep pll .oM BJIeT MaKMHo Boo- ao opaa oae 20-25 %, apae IIoTrp - 20--
t yIK O ao pKy' t{To IOB9T prIIpaTe) 0 7o. crloa -
I\{pa 3.Irt151 "]aoBaFIe IOBoB.
I]pHT pltlr' MOT oT p t oTaBr a o- ao p BoIKaT BTB oooK JIKoxO-
BFIHO yp)a oxoT apoa. B pa.r- o Trx}{' To pBoT K tIoeBpMFIFIoMy oBy
o.Ho pa' B To r aHToo B - yop ypo)Ka' Ta a ao lToo)re opaFla -
KoM xoTB' To paBllo pKo oI{pTpyT y-
opao: a " uaIal.i oBo ;ro ore |0 vo
cBoO KaTaa.
Bopoe paBo OLIaaT, To p plx BoIIpoa o0
paB}Il{ pKoM olo 6 a;11I)ly JI pp|1I|'aTe
BoIIpo O ape Boo)Ktloo pKa' a eo ypoB a ooe MaIF{oo .pa poBrH BoBpe-
'IBeTc
BpoToT. olo - paI\{pr yta eBIoo oO pMo,r'a TxlI.
ro BrpoToT yvr o paprrl pKa _eo ep- l] /o Ao <.M.ryprrKo)> BoFIaIoT plt .a E
xa. Cpaoa, aoop, .ltoopao I] ToM. ya, HHM eltol.o aTpzta ITof]o rrpoyt1. a
cl4 Bo1FIoI TaxoBoo or N{aa' a pol iTo KJ]" OMI{ ]]Txi4c, rro.o BolJKaT oTp po-
OTaToLIo BrK. y oT IoBl,Ilellrr a>oT, o p. Bpo-
T[{OT aFIIx poB oTa'T l5-20
o/o, a BlvIoI{I troT-
p paJlo KaaT pI(oB' KoTopI oyT r <<rp'..a-
FtI>.oo opr oOTOlIItI M)Ky TpaoBo pe p o 30 ?6. peoaTT l)].l,I pK Mo)(F{o I]y poB-
- TtIK 1-lotip (eapxBa{I4
.pao yo. p o MT B I]l-{y, To, o-rpBIx' :'
p" o(T t y,pta11, ec p3rp yIa OToTo ot' pMot{T . .), a TaK)K yTr[-{ TpaxoB;lt{ MtiFIo-
'"
BeK o paB}{HIo Ko"'ro p, . Bo-B.oI' o oa olli po(yKl,I.
paoa'I ITpl,{ oooBagl{o BIoKa o oTI{ollIHIo K ;.l opa BOT}toBo.IITI]a TLiilLII{I[t B'IIT pKl.{,
TpaxoBoy oKplTI4Io (paxoa oxo poo). ts'lallI{I o.Il.IlM lIo paFiHI\4 ooHaHIIM IlnLIll{O-
o oa' TO IIBo. yBrtIIo opo B OpMaX B
ool epo. B>T Ta pl,to B or paIoJIo)K-
216 217
llI,l,I ()l)lll|aIl 2 7o, pot pap oTp poy 20-
0 % clotto trlo aTl oT Tx pKoB Tpoo -
ll0'|.'l ol{|l zl ppT Tpaol pa<t poo.
l3tt;I<tttl HalI MIoT pK' ]]'IaIll o )KBoT-
t.tl. BpoTHoT poBH TaK pKoB HBIoKa (5-10 %)'
.|.
K KaI( MvypHKo)> apoBzlHI-Io poBoT oo-
<.
/1l1 l BrTpHptIl pollp'\T'| (o a;< ao
tl.l. 1la). oao y1]oB BoMo)I(Hlx oTp ']BeTc
0 % a a oll oyT pBT K J{xy BoTI ce-
' Ill{, ol{oBtlo H ilpollJo oITr ottLlaTtloI4. oltr_
JlaloT lBoMo)KlllM op Ma MooKa I, LI.o' B
|]OIo or, oTpa.I.'l a (pLII{aHoBlx pyJITaa.
!',r aapyo opa T}{I JIBT pK -
I]orBpI]oo Bloa )(BoTHoBovo poyK (px
Bo MoJIoa) aooTNll,l - Bpoo Bo3Ii l(oBt] atl-
oo pKa o'BT 10-15 %, a ool(l{I oTp - B
20-25 %. B aecTB pBI:Io pI all 01. oo ]4ll2l
pa oxto oOBl- ool coB14'| ooBopa oKyaTr_
r' oplor oplloK ]IaTl yoK l H)KH Ka_
Llltsa po.'yK B B'l HrBorBprMLllM BIBoo. ot
pxoBaT e, oxoo T .oTaTotlHlr rKoT ll,,I
o)LrIarH xpaHH ooKa.
Mo> BoHK}lT cTa' Ko.a oxo;ta op-
aa poBoT 'oTaTo}to KoTBo po'yK' o a
pIHK Ta poK He op IIoHoTlo JI opy-
o o o r, tlM apoao. o Mo)KrT po_
oT -a oycTB opaa aJ{xllo opol"t
opa o KoFlIoHKTp KoT pIIIl( lt ]otl-
I.II llpooB. Koa ooT ItpoJl}o]to tpoytt
tpo BopaTaT. B o;<t yJioB'lx Bpo'ITHoT BoLIK-
HoBH .ltoo pKa oTaB'l,T 20-30 %, tt pott oTr
pt,I;a 40 %. coo po al.l a-
MzlHo Boo)Kor }II,I ooT IIpOllyK,
orrr rKoxolx ToBapottpooli H-
pop o plK a Ha .
P IrpKo ts'Ia Ha)<oooc}o oKyztT'I.
op oT rBortsp]{HoTI,{ ax II ol(yllaT yyt-
t oII poa' Haptp' l00 py. opa-
o or HaaT .la, 3-4 M llT'r. BpooT Bo.
tll4Kljotsrll aHoo pa oHaTl 25-0 %, a ooxI
[IoTep
-20-25 %.
s 7. PPHtvlAE PlllH
B yoBx PcA
I(o ppHMaTrKo ooo I,lBToHHo pr-
IIII] pHilT B yoB'l oprl{o' a BoToT
l{x l]I{T T ToKo o paop plo. l,t'
2l ti
IIpt,tN,lp' oTl]H poKTa A
oL ypo.fr pHa.
I.loTl4 8 %, a poKT B 6 %' top pll ot]x patslll
.ztT
yoBl,l po'o. lt ;< rTp oyTBr poKTtr A apry
or loo o'ait o)te}i ollli,t pK o pilll-
llIo llporKTo B, pllpHaTr y,y o
o.tJo'JI{zlLIHl.
p otl BoIvIoHI oTp BIo oT o.ar
oT oT}IyT KoItKpTI-Ioo poK.l pp11Illll{aT}O ool,i -
Ko H.\4Ttii p1 I{r ojlKp]]HHl pilLITa, lIpBT }4.
i1rl))I(KtlMl{' I(oopIx p pa4Ho OTHOI.I K 'y ]\4o)l(Ho I4-
x:a. tltll,lst ptltlT ollI BaMo ooH'l 'py
Jlpya.
!'oLtylt' Ko.ITBHH oeKa TI.l pKa Ka BI{LII,I-
Itit t]poHoTl,l Il/1o'I4)KH't artI.i rle oprll'rl{a. KlK
paBlll,tT Ilot]llIJyIo Jl KoM J\ IaI]aM }{2t y [Ipll
oyt.l.B I'l l,l KoHKpTtI oo II prl p a Koo IlpoKTa./
.o.tKt,t p IlXoo Llot]KoM Bell;t Barlo].Tpzl I,{
l]il,t]il. Cpax oTpT To, tlTo ort y)(r T'
]4 Ha)K Ha
aolroy.tttl pyTaT' ytl 'a' p}Jop Too' tIrN4 oFl
oil Hr poA. oa .',l Ttll\4it yto otlHoBpMHo,
aTats'I /1aT I;p, BB <IoI)) <(fIyI>' Ko'l.o_
pI yT ooa.
loy., ptrIo oHoo zt BJlKa MT TIli1It_
Io K poTy' tIO o(IH JIl-lo o.r'. B pt yii
pl a, I{O ,o.aTollHo Ta}Ia. tlo Po_
.t?
JIloo HBTop ottl Kpo-ollI HTrproB Tp-
N,Il,lT tIT l,f HTI 8o o' 'oI]Ix al)Tl-rrPoB.
lt HB.oOI\,I'tBJ]T,l IJo' ol{o otlllo
p.II,rKor
ytl TIBaT IlrITpl I]TOB, pTHOB Har]vl}1oo poHaa'
'|BJI'I'| a TaK
lppTI,t-aoB' KprJlTopoB. K try )|(, Koa pJzl-
rT'I Bopo, Tol4T I4 l,tpa B' .loT Hr Tol(o O t}rH
pltlt,. .tt,ltato Ha)(l loT, o.I14Bol. Oytl}l,
opNlep}lloT IIArtla]\l o po .tll)l.I,l )(atIIr
ItJI JaLiaMl,l l]zl 14 llo1.)(l]Ll. l-lttrt tlt i;t
.tlt(oB?t,
o. pl(oBoitTt]y KoHoMI,l K14 lvll'l I l l |1.l)cltN,t. ot{ ot,t.Itto
tpa .O o, l(o.()pO y.ll l,I I't M ot,lll rtptl,t.
ol-lt,t al ,'lTrllol. v|J|| o-rrryt tpo
olAttl,,l KitIITzl, It 1'(), lJ O.opoi\,l llT pl4Ka lroyrH
o]pl,{aTrHIx y,r.1.oiJ, lt l.l)r.I,I BapItl' prylllBo
BlOIlt l{il.' Tl-Il]Io pl,lI(:t.
plptl I,IMaTto l l Jlyrl. tra t,t;oo pKa, Ho
oH l(oH o p.B/lc, p|lttIlO orHr1T H pxo(
llo yTI,{]\(l p,'I.
-
2r9

s B. ooHoAHE AE
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oto yI]Jo oyTBr tx BOB prp,{-
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MpBa'i 1',1y1.
Cpa
- TO ollp].Ail4 .IIoBpMHIt l{r".el,l pr.TB
x .,oTt{l{' ot{lll Too' llK .oll)KIII oI. ooBlHl
I\,tr y opaF{zll{ prypt i:'I .'OT)I{H MaK'aJiFlo
I1rrloo pTaT. Ta.r oToT B ptla TpaTr-
lII( yTaAIoBoK B oToLUtl|4'|,, C KOHKpTHI pTHraM o
KoI(pTtt olv{ tloBo}r.
Topa (pIrra) T'pTe. oyaa 'paT} :6-
Ma c py ptltl, rl)Qir I]o B B'Ill olro
Ilttl pa B ocylTB}{i,l r]p'}.. 'IT- Kol{ypr pTzlBTeJI po opo pyIl' To rT
o. BIop TaTKOo aatsFl FIa pT'l{By Ta-
IloBT aa i]Il}IaT. T, o IlpI{o.
BoMox(I{oT B pTBy l pt, opa
a ToTl Ha T' LIBa. TrH Ka, Bo1.IoT
ToO' tlTo KOLlypf{Tl o'y l.
B 'TM O' BltNf 1,IrHr1] oTp'"'ioo
Ilpoa' HZlt1r1o-'.*l.{rlKoo p()prca ,Ilpy aopo aa_
Tp rpI(TRI troor l.Ix /loTx<r,] ]\{oyT .
T' oToMy B Bopoax TpaT oo{a . o
o:]F{aa' To B cjlya yTaBa poyt(l.{' OBp]HL]TBOIJ -
Il1 Txoo' ]lg^ aI{rx l{ paBo BlX O)aL.tII"t
KOMKa oajl[lt,{ oI{a lp i{ rTKo papOBaT'
oBprrrHTBOBaT aOpT],lHT, &tItT plrtK T. '. Btpaoa-
I{a )a. H .o)GIa t oo, a lttlt pTt}o]\{, oBo_
'IroI\,I o }rapoaT Ha oxol I'IH.
Btpaa lap (pIo.lo) .patr .oxo-
o opallf1 potsoil' tto ii T)(Ho-ooIt_
o ooBF{ (o) oeiI papao lr-
IlJIaI] ('.lllt o oaaoit lpatrt), o Ioopo-
I{o,{ ..a (tra-poti) (.L .-vl
opaa). llprr{l1 oTrtlIrI Boo>t<ot.
BFIt{o opa}Ia B
( l-TBlo. ll
[IH},IO ]lpop.h,tMy (oOI
l]oMO)KHl I-Ial pa}Ia papJ]I] Totspl{o I]I]O-
K, yT JloT x{I-Il,l aKI\,{ a.iItl plll,I' olITl,IML{Ix
.MoB poTa Ollpo op;lrl.
lrop op (ptou) a LlpI,{ao
[eTrHoCT oIIer'lT pO opo' pe'],] KoTopI Ij-
iUIlITI Rljl.i (pl,lilaHoBlr BOMooT tIpIlFlI-lvIT.
22()
apal(.ep BltlyKarN,fo poyI,l' Tal )(i|]HHtloo.i]-a ToBapa
(olr,i ToBap )e BTHI op)" ptoy cTpa.
T}o oHKypToB. a.p HrKoTopI Tx apo
o opo.
Blop oapo (prvi,i) par OrTBrT'l KoM-
N,IcMl,{ opal{a aBMoT o1. po yH
a prHr. B oo.B|,I c polo' KoTopy o}t , paT Ha
pIHK, KoMN{rpK opai{a rlo.palT (o a-
a " Kopa) a r.y]or rTIe pI: epI
(407o-a o a p), tlpeTrI{.II'TI a .pco (0 %),
BlloN4I (20 ",4)' OBK (ooaurlr ts pII{oLlHl lltrlax) (o
t0 %).
a HoBI(oB ocTT B Ilo ptovo Ht l{ a-
I(prI]H et. a a ,Ioa t .oaToF{I paMrpo
rtplLIoT' T rpKTBl pOT 11 r| BIIa T-
.
a KoHKyprHOB' o pa J\4rp py}l]x.
opr'al1l4, oTt{Oee K pyl] B'oIx' BTyITaroT B
o y o KpYI tllh,I opaallMl,I a
oTTrI{o paToIt' KoIoN| c| p.'TBa a T Too'
TO "T o IlyT' poToprHrloy pa.
[lpTl a .pTBo apxafoT' Ka paBo' a-
tttl oTLIzUl. Aaa Ia ol1 Jl.pOB MoltT rT
prIzt,l (ot) aKTp, To T oyTBT
oJlHOBpeMrFIHo o HoN,I apaBeII (paa, l, oo-
]Ir}I Toapa l{ .p.), o aoBI, To rT oyTl]JIT Io
oIt[Io I{aI]pB,lIlI.
opaaLl' ottor I{I oT-
ptla a.a px po B-
otIII o ) oBo
opt' To ttpTrrTl l llpTBo. B aoT oT
c"a I]a pIttK tr MOT pMT (paoByIO (IIJI
oTpal{H'{ l.ol aa) IlotII,IoFt (l o.pD(IJI
poatx a) poy, t]llaBa paI{Oo ptl,a apl (e-
I]oBl, rlll1ol-ll p.).
B o lti Bp'l rpl oyT, ppll141. KoTpHaTyIr-
FI'I a Bo KoHKyprHToR, IelpN4l) 1]lo.IlIlO ltpOTooTaBB
a'>t<rloT o pollyl(l.(14 Ilallc)l(lIo1' llpo/]K Ko}{KyFI.
o. ,p O)(rT CIlOJIlrl]Ol]il.I. aJI.tt opl MaItBpa:
oBpa pBolltilI()IIl jt'l tllt (ttitttp, papoTp-
l opl4Io o H)(ll |.(olI, pruta); Bepllpo.
aT poBo/I.Bo' BIB'|'|, o tl;tyo opo oKya-
,; .ppTop14 pIla p ooBpr-
oTaT oaI
HO I,,I]H Bo o ttii Ha ao pKTBHl
Tep,op. aoa pII{OI-I'I cTpaT pa ooaa,
Ida paBjlo, a oTa ooopo[lI, aTaK' MaHBpa oTpHa-
Ty.
221
 I l <l l|lyI t t<l t,t'| M lr,IIoT ylo Tl1l opaa-oy- pyoBoT opaHa B .oBo oaToIo
l)ll'l.()I}: I(l)yIIIII opaHa, KoTopIr oyITBIoT MaoBo polla I,1 X o]?LTKa r BlT aapo.
Ill)()11:t|]()il,|.l]o; lIl{apoBaHI opaI4aI{, aKpeB|]]c !.-,to H B <(py.HI T)> TaHoBc <(Bla)>. O
l} ()lIl)]lJlIJIIlX HI{l]J:t (oIutlo o olla-B Hl4l-ll, HJIL]UII\,r MoyT TaT <(Hy'aHKa)>, I]rooHIM oKy oTrp
K opllI{o4y pI) tl Ioaro-
tl1lttlro pI,tooIl{l aoHpoB BpyT orHl Kp.TI.
Il(l,l'I yoB tFIo B pal\{Ka T Hl1l; l,I Co pM rpKTBI pao pl rTocT'
l)L'lI{ opaHa' ocyTIo l(llpMHTaHo o- KaK pBo' yxylaT opaa'I,,oTI1 l.IUa Ho pt-
llBoJ1I]o, aoap y ort op)I(aIoT opHl<o, Jr o.ttto o, TaoBT'l Ha HKoTopI l)()K <.oo Kopo-
IIBpzI opar{a, loyto o l,t o'>. Taa'I opa]la Br.c TotIoM I4BT,I4I4. ,II
t]IoKo aHctspHHoT B KoHKyl]H],1I4 pyl4 opaHa- ..py p HoT' )a B Kp KaToB-
l\,t 14 . o)Kr]{lI.
Kaa opHa'l B ooTBTB o ROl\4 yttll o aKoy Ky paBBaT,I tll KoTopIr opa_
pI-tltlT. KaKyIo TpaI,tltKylo po ot{t y paT zl pIHK. :I4a1 KoTopI yJro oT(t BIoK oo IlpoBoT-
Ta, pIr opaHal,I, o6aas Ito llpl4TBIvIi,I Ba. MK da LlaT pr KopKx opaa
H: ollplKa, yTyaloT rto, IlpTooo oT oo H oTtt o poT'.oa aKo-
OTIJl crTaM pIKa' oBaotlo .ltoT. H HaHI pTB oBoT paTaT oa TM
Bat IaH lpor ploI-Io pa MrT o TaT <(oHo opooD ooo Ka. Taa oaHoT
aLla ooTHoIUl{'t epK.l.B palpH pIH Ka pIotlrl tX yrTByT \4 KpIx opal{a, oyBulx olIIKy B
to KopKo oplra. Tao tllla oBoT top TpaT.
]]IJIT tITIp oHoBI Ta oa.ai, TotlK p Brop ptoo pT ppHao .'THo-
TpaTLIx . B payp x HalBaIo, ooBTTBHHo T B ao TIl opre cae )KHtIoo
<(}{y.aHa>>, <<TP,IM .IlT>>, <<B',. (oHI ](o_ Ka ToBapa. ot tIoKaIBaT, tlTo Kpyl opaHa ol-
poa>. optaa HI1K|4 IlpTBa papIl'l Ho HooTo yT pBIM Ha pooTBo pHIrao
oo pol(KII. o ao TrM, To orTB Boo>FIo
Hya \ :X aHoo T)K' tlM ' or oparra_
' llaor pro TaK p KpyI]HoMaLt]ao
oTol-Io ITpoBoTBo y) oBotHoo Ba poK.
at HapaBH y({aT KpHl opaHa -
oa ira), o <<Ba)> (c plltollIlil.,l oI,I - roBa BpoTHoTFIoo XapaKTpa TaoBT ooIFIo
a). papaoa oBo B yoBx KpoaIaoo potso-
:

p opaL|o T.IH ootB opKr opa-
IlaI4 poo,lT B BoM paBT|4 cTa[\ (Tpy/oo 'TTBa)),
<<Be.HIo>> Ha oe.HM Ta To |414 tlor Bp'I oyT
T <(oI opoBa>. Ha po TaI, opaa 'IB-
It)KaT B Kpylx aTaoBo), KoTopl oa ]I orT
o a tIT ot pTB, IloI(oy ot rtpo-
/tzl)( y r BK. Bto Tl poTa TaK opaa-
l..tl,t opxBaIoT o ooHl MI]rr-(H pMpa
/14I]I,{rIto, o Br HoBI ooHTJlHIM KprTa,
;to pyM BMT.
cTBa pHzUtHo HoBlx BoB IrpoyK' a oyLTBH
TaK HalBaoo <<pKoBoo>> H?HpoBaH ooJll]] opa-
i I-la, zlilpylo a oot papaoax. p
I ToM a aHpyI opaal,l, X papaoT AIao-
T o oToF{Hl oTpor BTopoI]' KoTOplr loT
BoMo)l(oT paKT prTTBFIo BpT prJITaTr
oa <.pop'>.
Hot oaHzl at yl.to IyT aa' To
tpa oHo JIrylo aMllya: oBaTopa, a-
Malro pr)K, Bro Bo po o BO t] .' H 14|4; |4H>L4H14P]4H-
I{

oao cH>KrIe FtoB oo opaa ' a.r.oi,l papao.l. o1at o _

|Lc opl.Ha, aK Koo a Toapa .'aHo; I(oIlpoBaHoo oToBTr-
- ar Bo oaa oTHoTro I{ro)KLlI
plttl(. B vHa BI-loB
a ao opa}Ia ltTarT Ba)(HllI oKaT- e MaoBoo BIyKa; loTlBtKa Tpo]x
M' ollplo]\,I po l]a ' a aLIT' Hy r,i tra i.
BIoKoo KaTBa. o ooHo aKTBHo B poBo-
pIHr. opxa a oTaToo BIoKo poBH po Ha TBr ToBapoB' poxox Ta oppoaH plKa Oul
l
a <(TpyHIx .TD Moo tll B ToM yLIa' l,I pya. Ho.
222 22
 Ca Ilolx oaa-oaopoB KJIaIBaT o-
pIloy. Hoopte HX ooalT 0 pyHIIvI opa_
llI,I:J,lM' llpyl' oxpaHT aoTol-I{oT pO'ox(alT
/lc'l.!-J,lI,l]ocT I(a paao.tK' TpeT a prBpaaloT B
I(pytl}IIx poBoI,lTee e' oIx o x papao'
rlpoo)(aIoT poBo.T oBaH. pa, To MO)KT o l l y p y/{rIIIBtIl{l,l.
p top MttTa (o) pta ppl\,IaT alrlta 1lll' Mo)(T TypoBaT po a p>ttt
/loJ])I(r yLITIBa.I. Bo ' FII TopOHl, TH KoF{Ky- oBap.
pH, apaKTp Kaao la, pl opa KorcKo
I,t ooo ,OTaTo o o pal,4 B ToM' To B1-
oaa. ot oKaIBaT' apMp, .to oa Mca IIp-
t.lll,t oparlal{ l.lo otl' tIM oru rHToB
pIKa oa y>BaT. flpKa'I po.yKri4 larT
F{aIIoT aBHI tIo/{TB ,r oKpaIJI,{ KaKoo.
o ptolloo MeI{Ta.
I{ea TpaTe. Mo llpItpztT' B ToN{
aF{I p apoIIIIrIiHoo poBOTtsa' TaIT pa.
pay oo TpaTr trBI Bopoo oooa ripoD( on4flrl{po
TaT KoMN(prKo oita) rpKo o.lt Ba<HIM, oa 1,T KpyIH
aI B}trIFI a ptHoK oo poyK, N,IttTa'I pIHKa, l\4KX
ypotse .rpK poBoTBa 14 T. ' p T.oN{ llpHaI,- lt()BH IJ pII{oK'}
}lo aH pLIaT prrrlrIo lIB oI{oBt.lIx p: Ha a' a Ta)K B To yLIa, I4 poT alrao t1poBoTa
KaKo ypoB TaoBT y' aI( I1Or l{y)G{o }IT. olpoBo)rT oKaM llrp)eK.
p yaoH ypoB H r{a BoIo l]oyKtll pllt)- fl oo .toI ttoyLIT Mah,t ttptl,r o }{or-
HMaTrJ] ]]o)ll TIBaT' To coBX pta tla o)KT aTyp ToBapoB, oKa opaI{aJI OJDKa papao.a
]\{HT IIJ B opr{ix paa. Mtrrat l{. I{H 'l pat,tlIx ToBapo' KoTOpa apaFlTpoBaa t
ypoB opT epaM IIpOBoTBa peavla.\\|I 14 pI}aToT jIJI aHI r.prT rrop. oor.o-
IpoKtI: olla o)Ka BoTT p orrlT l.IKo- LI]HI,I N4OT llr Boir ooTBTTBoBaT praHoy ooTo.
Topto pl,lr. Maat yp L],Hl op,T lrt[to aTpaT KaTBa LI1I].
poo. Kp, x ypor yaaBBaT B aBtloT
oT I(oI{K a pIHK e opaltall. Ba
L(' KoTopl py}oT O]\4MrpK opaIa B tll]r
l.IoopaBa:t|, _- ooBTTBo aKooaTrIllM al,
(iloT, aorBaIe 74II oaFI pIa' Br41l\4e a
aK- BHo oaei,i.
I-{oa TpaT ol\4po oplta]{l-l opeec'|
.ttKx Tao )KI{oo
Ka ToRaDa. B Bl,I !{rl{ v.lIITBv-
ol{o lloo;laotlt,| I{ KoM l;l.. Ta'- oparl- :a i]rTB' Ilp/ll]}latliIIll rul'I IIR].poBa, tsoft4o-
a' I]Iya}ora FIa ploK lol.]y poJtyIo. la oy LloT pBriirt}{ 14HB1.tt,ll tl 1.o()llI. p oaTollHo
l,I /]l] ;tJlTep]]a.i,{Bttl Tpa': <.I{ Bo> {(OH-
HOI]H Ha l]lFloK).
L,yT IB} ]aTl4|1 <<1TI1 ctsaK,> alIIarT'I B yTa.
oBH aKI4}.{aJItIo Booo t a I{oBI{-t<y. Ilt t-tl-
(a)T lI] 0e Too' K0 clllHT rptsa Boa poa' a
I{)(I{ I{I I]oo pB oBI oKyaTr'I.
flroa cTaT oToT B r,ylit. Btoal
a orBar oTaTol{vl BHo p HaI4r-
FIl rp)KKa tta Ha;LHoNt Te tlpollBoBa. Ott:r r. ti0 oOo tlo o}]oir.

2,24 225
 opa a IIeaJII4pyT Ha oBo.TB ooKa' M'la ooITIx prTB y 1< p o' a o.t
pt{ )K, MKOT aIHoT opX (xooo.TBo) pH.
pIHKa poy py aopo
t|I oopaIM paBBaT y)K o- Kol|PoIIIE BoII Pocl
BlIl op. 1. !a opr}Ir o pKaJ pKoao ' oT o pa B
!.o Ao B oHoBo]v{ paTaa H THI IoK' pp ae Ko ^o
2. Pitt,t o Boo)l IroT o. pKil t] oo'Ilo e-
r eH (poy paTHrBo'.a) - a ooI. pMa T.
B pya opaa BIplBarT Ha TpaopTHI paxoax' 3. l(a -ll
a HatIT' a a poyKlo MoT I oaoo o. 4. K orl o <|ltlt.lo-
o oyoBBaT yrx po}.ao opaa y oK- o po?
5. Kr
oll?
aT. Moxo .raT BIBo, To pyTBo opaa Ha
aoI]T loKil:'ll-
.e' X aaKTte' oaxTr T po a po epoo l}otIK-
pIIKr op.rT B epBy}o op, HoBI aopo. C HoBrI4 oTeD.
po Topot{I' opaa poBoT poyIo BIoKoo 6. Kao] Iloaa LI KpepI^ pepToo pK o TIl
KalTBa' a MTo oxoo pIK ol{a T opollly rpoToT pr] .tfi op H Hoo po op?
pya _ B To 3aJIIoarT BTopo pMyTBo. Ja T
7. o oK oTpo po poo pBl[rr ol-
lloo ypoB,l oTp.
T .By pryrTB po.yK opaa B.eT Bo B. Kaot rToI oeK pITpMaKoo pca?
oKypHToooo. 9. Kao MI oTlI (MHrMtl pKa>?
B.p Ao <.upKo> o;T BT o 10. oapaepye ot ea, y.p)a, :I||DKII|4
pr.p}IMTKoo pa.
epa

peaa poyK aBorBaT drro oIo p-IHKa a T ll. Kor ooBI oB pHr'l TooB II)JI pepMa.
pl,t o o oo tIoTK. oo a- eKoo pa B apollpoIrrleHo poBo.e?
KorTBa po.yK, a 12' Kaol r' paTe Ta IppHTo eo?
l3. I1pTr oxapaKpy oLtoHIe aopl, op top
op, .to oro pae peHaTo rTHoT.
TaTI. p o Ha a 14 Ka ory t oxo.I oooaIo ploo p (o
Toap oxa t opTpoBaa a paI{Ir o ypoB}IIo .oxo,oB aopttTy o' tyao poyu) HoB oaao eilc.
B}Tox{ opaa B apopo|\4 lr Hol!,t poo?
o a (app' p pJIa|4 ca Kpyoo poa- 15. a apaTpTKy oo aoo paT opaa, -
Too KoTa)' aBoBa,I o lllpooo Kpya oTp Ho oBoToM pepaoo ooo poyK.
B aaI po o)KIo po.aBaT IIpo.'yIo o yT
BIIII o' o oBoT r ToKo aBoBaT o-I AAH ,l PAKX A
o tloKyaTee' o po oBlT KoKypIToooo udrtu I
po.yK.
p yaoBelill rl po.,a; po..y olTo opaa- ae poo.T op po1lil poBoTBo cya py
p a eKoo opy. pl paoae a Bt'Ij't po
.o)Ka o.T oa ao ap IooBaT papaoo Mrp ar oT p pooT aoo-wo a npo},t(
TrMy K.'oK B aBMoT oT oLITBa ToBapa' popa- pilHoT (pa' opoB T . B l}MoT o ot), Topir BIIroT
oo oM oKyaTr (u or apT ToBapa' TeM >I< y x ao o aoy_o llPo.yK ( opll) xoooa'
p oooBlBT piHoy pTr oila' TBrpTa
a). - oy
H.oarHylo po B oIpr ypoB F{I a ToBap oo. Kaxa opyI plllil 3la H[l p opo opaa-
(oto opaa peaa pKoo opyl). Co
paT orpaTBa opa o ax a Ty x< poyKto y rKooT}{l opa o tlopyaM oao.
-Ao
oKvDToB. Br oMoxtllx pKoB paploa Mep irtl oT x oylJlT.
B <.MypKo)> y)K oxa TpyKTpa poBoT- }c o .yl Me
l. ope I]oMolll Tl BllI po p pooBr aoo
o .ToT' IoTo o aoa TpaTr oJDKa Ba po ( opo opa)
I apaBa a yKp Io KooTB- 2. iro KpTHI lI}M Bpo'ITHoT Kaoo ooxoo pa.
Ftl oTpa: ay ToopoIx xBoTlx' BIoKoarT- 3. Cpoopoa ao pott poe oTrp o Kaoy Boo-
BrIoo tloo aTaa' y.opFl, TK |4 T. '. oo- tlo pl(y.
4. peox pl aTI oT pKo:
t{I ToKain1 BrTir ro pI' KaTzuI a- opaaoHI poa pKo (aa orae, {lIl
opoB' .oTa' Kp.TI. Hao pet po oe Io.Ix opaKToB' TpoTT-o oBJ :r o oo ooa-
BoBparH'I aIiIx pTB 3-5 , o.Flao oTaa oT Bo)K- HIl vlll KaK ott ' .).

226 227
 t!lI)t(lll| l,t l/]ilrI po|l }lM}tl{THo Kil]Oy B!'{ l4Io.toBa-
l||t(' t t||)|(i|l|,t. )Kiltl' p/lxl1 11 T .
]i ()l)LtI] It,lo|]o(ttlo Ollel,t. lLi.pll1I, l],llltIttl [lotI o pI1oB! I,l 9
]l.()ll()]lll11 t]j|Itl ,oxo,lll ts pe!TaT ]vl o [tll,tT T tl.
()tltlottlltll |Hoy T[]aTe}Il cJIi)K0o,1'I][l olla-t,l tllt l.|oPMAoHHo oEEEH
ltlIlt<ltirlyto tl o,Ijlil,HIJy pKTl]y, Hojlo iLI OTt]Tt }tll .ul PEIIPHMAEBA
l{()lll)()l: ill,l ]]lll ll]HoTI,| opaHa -],i(}l p;llI]lli.lT ( uo -
l()rlOJIoHlt'l' l'|o.lll l.,1 T}l tlllU.lllOi,l plKa); H xKo loK .orta
(ll, opl,tpoBaHa r.r}JoT (HI T...); ott]\4 oKyrlaTr y)', o
tl)cflo|4T'I ]\,trJHo l]Ty po.yKl{. a r p)lKltlo KoHKypl]ToIJ; Kiloll l\lcTo'
I,lpo. .llT'l ClloliloBilT 1' (r ooTB,TBI,'] par <.ol,l
llo>...l(oypI Hil lltK r.zl'>, <.l poo.D..a> tl- 1. OfP)KAl-|, OPMI oI-|l(
lr;r).
HoPI!/lAoH Hoo oLl
Ilp oooir l{oo Tpa oltI,lo oTll)lll.l.t. llr.l o.
!rlt(]l]ll,l' o ol]oBl{},lM BN4 lPoyKLltltl ytaoI}IlT ]\'lliHIlN4l][{l 1lortr e. Xapaplll]v{ TaM \4 paB\I'I oBprMI l l loo MpOBoto o-
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20
T' .' To opaoIl y' oTo opiaa o-
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21
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14

T!.}K'fl),.p.iM. p RHtllIil lla Hal.]'{ a)irj H;l

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2
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24
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oa ypaB oxol\1 |1 )\pI'N|
pp MaTJIK]\,r p p oBaHL,I I4 A K' Koo p'l l a
paot o opaa yxa'rpKoO yl.a Kl( olloBtloo -
MHTa TMI opaotloo ellt,lt.
aa opaoH}{oo o.tlt'l OI.y1' yllIlIHo pr_
IaT llp l'tl-t KoHo I(o- Ml.c it' tl tix o' -
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plBa pal,lt{t BpaIIl.| , l1rlll l)ltJItttlIr oToK I.
dlopa, op/1l'I, I]OIO ll|ll, lIatIpaBrH rp-
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I( LICTa H pl (loaolx .? Hoo KoypI;Tooo 'it
ol ll)c/IlHlr BlBo'I aIor14. oH oyTBTJI r_ il tlil,] yil l] (lop,tpa t(parl l OHKpcoo lro1rc?
tlJIllO olll]arlM B paMKax yl,topyl{ ]r AK p. 3. Klro trlo-ll (lplt lp ,I.r IllrHaT!]Ko .L..
I|l]Ill\,IaTKx oppoH MaNI].4 aaa l4opN,{a- ^IIlloT >ay o oTllHtly}o py?
|-\|4, KoTopI BaT aop paIx eTo opa 4 Klt o.pr' oIt{ll p}lr.ilTI Blor ito ao o
L]ill]T}J aIoaTllpoaoo opa opaol,t aepc tpopa?
opa' aMp TTT a KoMIlK ]\{aTr- 5 l(ot nI pDIl lloallpoB}lt{lx .r p}l}l p.pl,l-
tTKx ]\4ollurrl;i (a o.). p MTolIoB, p]\{r'l- trl,'to aK].K oool.l r[lYttollpoBtt'l KoMl-lloTpl op.
N,{lx p oBFII,t Taoo oa roa, oo BIllJ,IT,Ir ivlillloI]]X 11T /
il{ylotlI: oToTI BIIFI' p'H I}lLIl' tI- ptlitll-lt (1,11u; llapa) ooutit .Lr yoii, KOol)l y.
t{. }r l)lll!i a.l. o o t, l.Itrllc, KilBo o xllp-
tl, t,lpr ii l\1)y t]Hl,l, {a.]la I]ItI oo J/9a plppolt {lopaLl xo'l opeo oo'l.
Korrlll, TMrlofo al{a. Hir oo N4.,ro,Ill4coo pa'|He}l'I, l(oKTHI xol aHI yo-
Aa oll a op'tt po BMHI{ I\'o)KrT yItr ppitlarT Ilpopa]\4l l4IloI,oBa yuro o
OaaT o. ll .oo a top HapaBH .,rTHo- olIllcl,i,l ii i]]p]4MToo opoa-l (aoo
t).p[iH ivlTe) p To p 14aT prtI i.lo ooa H oITep-
Tl{, Fto lta oTpo1 Bolvlo)]x Mo ot]}lll l1pp- tlrp1lraI,t yaCKoo ytl,c.,| Ftl1 oflp.rHoo HaB
HMi1. B tlIBa}o]IJ TyI,I; y pa o)(o pIltll1aTeJ]Ko'l JlctloTl,l: .
OJ]oBaT' ['I poBrpK KaK oTtII BapaHoI]' a I,J Iop rleoo ltiK;
BoI\{oI rTir.l.oB yt]rToM MapKTl,ll1oo I,I ttl tp_ t|;lttlott :lll.Tp| a t |po]ly (yy) o aTI]aBl{I l{atlaa
|].1 14ll Ll :
pl,t MaTr "rTI]oTl,l.
l,,I
']lxK oi4l]o,]]a |.ill lt'l p}KIl (y} ),KIt]\,l aIJolt-
a pya opa o;rT BT Ha BaooTO_ l | o po/K KoKypHToI]"
| l'lp)dK
[JIl rlpr.IpaT, pyKTyp AK o B rl]ott 0. yol]rH ltottHIx ,tl, BTIX il ol-loB papi]ooTltKOM pol)MI lt
t{aa)KBaLI poBoTBlHIx o o.e c pilHo BtUt il ToM HoM ]H;
n <[r .o poBoJlTBa t,La poyK (oal tx y)
l l
I]o KoHKpTtIoM arlpaBr] .rTo. H pl,{ol]' TaoBr_
;

iviroir lprLt llI r !1oOtsr.H

tI plFtoHI ol-tolll oxo llooa o]vlaojl- B oe rllltl'l fl.il Motio prol.c aaoy eKox Baa-
y Tpoo laBLIo, HapMp oppoB:r]{l{'l IoI] o-Iolliilt .to opl 'l o|].'t aop}ta oBo.
pt pap.I'l o ooTBTTByl14 oTpaJlil,I paylo poyKIl, M .oI rolo llto poeptl Blo.|lo
o t,t tot:i 1lo KoflK.t.HIx Jlol],I pt{MaTK ..-
AK. Mo>r<o o a o'a o opaoo al Holl.
B pKa AK a T oTtIl4H aT ptl,l .t o H aHil'l a.a - ooBar KoTpo tl(lopaotltloii
ttrtoptotrloo ot.tFt rOIp)I(l,,{ l]pIaTr_ clll.Ml ;t lopa al Pral'lill{ poBoltlo po (ottltott
Ko TIoT. yyrr): oail or.Kll! oTBHH Tooa r' TllotIill]Ill
Topol]lc Tot|K, Blr..IJa'l TopoB tt Plll . - p lpo pill]IlI yolJ'l
yeT tpl lo B.lpilT' opt paooH K p.Pttl,illTCllCKo-
oPaHl BoIl Pocl rt t[-iolrrporlto (t,t..HoMy Illlti]\4) o.1l, ttLux
poo a llaIo poyll (o yy plloT
l. Kltlt rpoplll ToK t.topatlotlo o|t}l'l PrillpHl,tNta_ - To. t]llplll|' K(t.P|
o eolt? r.oo. [!p liI{aKo[x yJ!ott'l oarl). OtIito ,r H})(Io
2. B oot+o orHx popattoo oell o. TlBa .oo[]l)clltto9. |1 pa1opotl}toT .atltloo lloo)cH't ria pIttK
l,t yo A? po]i}.K (yy) r,l BoMo)Hle oTtlI .]l IlPy|lP.,|,('JIl,lI|C .: o-
3- Kot oot oopa o.to ttopaL\\I|]! i1l,ltl}{jx Irepl,J. KyplJB'
papaK
;
l)oI)aMI yT o1llr. llttt1iltt tIa y.Hylo topla_
aTKl'r pyrryp Al(?
4 K pr (lro {;1l;r'Iill,totto,o o.tttrt B ppl,1-
l#.'fijH,lol',i#i;
t t :t t o . | l(],I I:) y:ryry). p o
5 Kaot oo (loptltol{oo KoyToBaH'l tlpL.tlL]tlttlll\laT-
I
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(r.tlolo lpott14Jrrl) it }ll.l.l)il lt'I Ilil ,lllKIo .0.TrHoT' o t]o-
,{)KltI ]\|HeH't, ()Tlo;lylt ()lr(1.l]. l11 tl O.]oK K-
AAH PAKKX A l: i]uliiTIJoI]ac ytlllKo|]Kl,l' l)tI(|)ll()IJ|,l 14 i-

Pree a.ll <(otTepa opao ]lTa

yalrr'po y I:t).
B xo.ttc |;-tl|l ]lla l].oaacT o oI].l.l tlit .ylot,l opo-
l.
l. Karo (loplr Koa .yrT oJTBil.I. KoKTlll]lloy pr,p-
H 4l. KoM (lop lt oa ( ya or,Iy ltao) ?

23r)

a 10
BA tooo ]lJ H P P
HAHoBo Mo
yAHAM HAooo PIHKA
o Boo pIHKoB.
s 1. HAHoA cMA HAHoB PlHoK
ar p..TaBl oo oTttolllH yo o-
BoBaH oyapTBa o ooy opaoa ooa
oo rrHIx pTB B tlpo pyooopoTa. Hoxo-
MoT ao oyoa o'po yKToB xoI"IT_
BoBH oapBa B pypa J| o x.II'Ho-
. KopTI{o BIaxrH KaTop ao oyaT epr
aoyl TrMy, ot{ oopo IIoaIoT Try op
roo opaoa' apee ooBatl4 oo
>HIx pTB oyapTBa pep (o aoo
o Ta)Kr oI{Ma]T oBoKyfIHo aoBIX ypg)g-
pal).
B rpoo I KaTop ao BIoaT .ylo
pr: aI ppT, yrp>r, opaa; pa-
oBa' KpTyI TMy; oyapBt at. Kp-
Ha |4 TpaxoBa cT]vtI rT Boro Ily, ooMy a-
oTpM at B yKo MI: at yp)e, opa-
a oapTBHHl al.
ar yvp> opaI{a ooT ylx
BrHrB:
aI opaa, yop),Tox Ha ooB Kop-
Koo paTa;
at "tpx opraa, oyTBIo -
KoMMprK}.lo .ToT;
at ot o.
ooyapTHI al ITopaIoT'{ Ha BrH:
oyapTrI tx, opayc epaoo' p-
oH;lHIx T xo;
t.xI oI opayTc to)o po-
- to.a oyapTBa' poaHI
o proHzulFloo ypoH;
oapTBrI KpT.
B aoT oT opao apaBFIo aF{I opa-
all, yop}o a ooBr opKoo parTa'
o.II'itllJI'I|T a al pollII}lI, TpaopTI'
Tpo HIx' Koo]iI. ltl' TopoBlx opa.
cot\ op ooT, BI.to ar ocy/{apT-
BHIx, aKoHpHIx' aTIx llpyx opaa.
28
Kaoy poBHIo aoo t p d ao-
t aapa: aoBr y)Kt (opa) ppl; cpa-
xoBI Kp.THIr opal{I; aoIe HzUIooBIr opaI.
H MA Hao o oppoBa ooa -
HaHoBI pypoB oaT a aoo pI. Ha
To pIK ToBapa B|oTc a ]lI eet (-
le) ya. o o.pa.T a pIHoK e pIt{o- Ka-
Taa, KoTopI, B Boto op, oToT KpTFloo otlo-
altvt ToBapa ooo pIHa BtoT al
, B To r BTpHH ocTpaHa BaTa, ao-
K KpTI' HHl ya.
ya' yN|I Ha aoo pI' B,IIoT:
MTITI opaa' BlyKa Ir la;
HBrcTopI
- tsKaIB3 aT;
op
- B'I'
oyTBIoT poBtI p9ypo a -
-
aHoBoM pIHK.
opaaoIIe TpyKTypI aooo pI}Ia BK]aIoT B
aoBIl' ao, poBI \4 pe opaa'
s 2. HAJlo|^ 1^ H^ooooHE
ool ooo Telt|r Po epaIt*. llaoo-
Ba TMa pTaBr oo oBoytloT zulooB, opoB,
olIIH l,IX a)K, BHr KoTopI poXo.T B yTa-
HoBo aKoo opK. Haoooo)KH Po oop-
Mo B Tpoy T l lap 1'992 r., Koa aa .-
BoBaT ao P <o ooBax rtiutooo TI Poo
e.pa> (l99l ., P'' 1993 .). o opT rpH o-
Tlralox t.y TrMy o [UIooB py a-
x B To xr BprM yTa]{ztBBaT paBa oHo,
oTBTTBeoT fuTooaTrKoB tlzulooIx opaoB.
oote p{I IIoTpoH aooo TI - Tpp-
TopaI yuoal. B oocT pBIM p-
o B zLTo Po pa,I B aBoT oT ypoB
yTal{oBelvI T:r4 Ha Tp a: epIr, p-
KaKr (ya pa) TtIl. oya aT)
HapaBIT ooTBTTBo a oppoBa TpoBaF{oo
MTI .xo.
yol p opaT iUIo oxo.oB
x Hao IopKx .
Ha 1 ap \994 . H:UIooBa Tra P ooa 44
zlrIooB, opo FII ,ta, BMaI uUIooaT-
o a TppTop Tpal. oo Too ooo 20
* o ooo l ava 1997
29
BttIo]u(rTl HOB, oxoI KoTopIx oppl'I a rl'l. Olllll B.t l{aoo opo. o.vapTBrHI I{zLIo
I(t]Ix BlJooB'
- rla lI oI pxoI,IT o ooa l ,,ll)vl' o;ta.ltt opt l,IIoT'pzt./lttllor Ht}t B I{.oo-
_

l.l]\,ll dioI, pypoB. B aor Bpel'| {BoN'.lo)Ktl() l|() pe. oaoc Ia Tx }l' KoTopIr o.tB'I)T
yl(aaT o Kotr{Bo Hi]ooBl ar, TaK KaK or._ tl;llyto Jlolo B or yr x. o l. Ho a
.y P t opFIt{JI
B BB TtlI Haoo 14 lltla.ltI-ty TooT, ao a pl pp'l., IIaTa a
po. 'lJIlo. Paopt,,t T opl{OK \|c|{ceH yaTI I]tloots
I1pu rpanl Haoo' paMtr] x TaBoK, o.I.l lt ()HoI}HJ >lll ol.
a;roooo )l<l'I' aTJ]lK yTaaB BaIT aKoFIoaT- ut prTaBt oo KoBFII o, BKIoarMI
t{l aKTa a..$l a Bl:i ppTop TpaHI. Hao- lI-Iy oBapa. C x oOIo oyapTo prypyrT ttpo
yK' KarB, l yTr{aBJIBzt}oT aKoo.aT}rl- IIpllor? a TaK)K ooH'IT o}apTrt to. p-
I4 aKTa P o)KaT B1,la}{Io l-la Mr aoB pypyrT aoo P <.o aa,>
a. Korrple TaBK aooB (l991 ., B p. 1996 '). flar o yTaHaB.rIBaTFIa BIo-
(i]]HI,lN,I) oparr ypaI.t v titlpaFly], l1KaTHyt, THyI rTpoyK}o ToBzl -
Hl til;Ulo copI BJI'iloT .ooHHt BytoIeMy l)ln, llUI H. tl
IlrpLIl parir lr pyKal,{ IJiU[ooB. ot- llpo] TyKI a 14 B
Ivl Brx ]\,lTHIx HaooB B'IIo.a'I (lTIpr: tulo Hzt llil p.r rlpo],yK
TBo lt'tt(, rN,It rto, pcTpan'l l)l,le yaHoBF{I aKl' BK(laT cp.' BI{HHO-BootltlI r-
p .tx ;r, aa p,pa.lto .]l'l' IIBo, aa.rl 14e, IoBpI e, rrllt ao-
'r,]TrHoT}o' )ao Topo (vaaa aKo- vll . l(oBI oo, T)K oT,Hl tsll/tl i\|-
IloT.I1I{l'tlr aa,I P). Ilpoo Ip p. p oaKI ToBapo TttB
Haor TIvIa oToT /yx JtMeHToB: Ilit LI po t{rT't.
Haooa ( aoooo>l) -- p/LIKo oaar. aK op.' llo aTll{KoM, rprI,I,ll-
"ll uKo Jlo' Ha KoTopor aoo BoJlo)l(Ila oa- l() o B ;t I,ITy P. pLTLIII,
Fto JlaTI aoa; ll o.aKt{y pol(Io. o oapa' BBoMIM
o aoooo)}i (pr), I,tI!!yIt{,TBo l'I lr
- oo ooplr
po va ao.;to)(eI,I' BC5I ltoo (.
rrpaLl' aTe- op'Ie, alto
Tao)KI aKoo.aTro P.
Jl-'I JIIJ ljaOa' oo oox aKaIvI BT'I.
},UlrTBa, oopoa J(ooa
I

I]aooBa aa
- I]JItlfta
(plll ), oJIraIa lt,.loJIo)KeH ;
a) o oaKIM ToBapa, Ha KoTopIe TaoBrI{I c.aB
iII(a B poHTa'
- ToMol. olIaKIx ToapoB' op.-
I
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.laa,li lro tt:o aBK' B Haotr Bi]'l 0 IIpo- .'l B aorlr y I{ r|il,ly olt, .- o paJI-
p M oa oo.' IloJlllitlei\{I .r t()Bal l}lix IIOJIaKI{IIIX ToBpoB B }ll)/paHoM BIpa)ll .
a). .K aoToTo oIpr/lT yy aKoI], o-
aooBI JtoTl tlaTo OJII{O trooxlt oT ll,I ToMoT pfLToBaI-[I ToBapo yal]oBrFlIx TaBo.
-
r{aoa (T IO BII,I JIol.: Iaattii t,t- llp.I{ t{zuloa xT poBoT [aTKo
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JtO)rH; ooox/t{ o. yaTI AIa.ozl OTrHlx |,1.L\ I)caII}t ToBapots a TI t<ltpt tl .o 20-o
trl aTItlKoB; oItI,{Ht) t{a-ltool]Ix CaBoK; 3IT .Ia IJa' r.ytro a oT.TIit. l,{-ltotlrrl oaRiOT
tt&looBoo LII)a; BIr }IaooRl tt)' ll|)p],IT' poBo pei( epoooIo'
o,loK I,ICH yaTl tlJlol.it; ( l|poBy}o llpy BFIyIo pol1yllIo: otl yaBaT t.-
oTBTT.I]o' a HpylxHI,t }l2]0OR0O a0Ho/T'lTBa )KT aKIlt a p llo OBpt]I'I a' o-
(paa Il aT HzUIool.i2.TeIJ-|K; ilpaa HaooBIx opa- rr.lt ax oopoo. Kpo ,IoI.o) opaak:' ota-
; oaF{oT ao Ki]TArI y)K o aooo- ||l.l,,lc oaKt{Ir BI pt{oo lp' poBoIl|4e ]4
o)I(eI{Io; po oprlo BlKa OI,IMo ux l)il-llylor I,IBo' aott,lr'l' or aoo-
l{I; oTBTTBttoT zulooTKa
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aux oopo-
HpBFIa I,t yo). rtlll [5_o .a o r I rKa; 25_ a a
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240 241
lI lry; 5.o a .yo a oTTIIIM a - a o.
.I.aJllIIr
tl oTrToo ra.
Iltoz do mouJxom (H!) - opa 14T B
lo'> a oao TooT' KoTopa oaT Ia B
c.L\v|X poBo.TBa op.eeT KaK paa ){y To-
MoTIo pzuloBaHIx ToBapo (pao, yy) TooT a-
Trp:UlFIIx aTa' oTHtIIx a epK IpoBoTBa o-
pa. Hao a .oay TooT payT rp
aay K tI ToBapa (pao, y}T)* |4 oaBarT KotItII
op. a opao, HlC T KoBrI zuto-
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oM Ta xooo roK poBoTa op-
HvI.
aKa .UIoa FIa oay}o oMoT BtoT
opa}Ial,t' x ooor IIopare, a Tax ya-
po.,I o6ee FIoTpaHI lop.rK a' oy-
rTBIor IpoBoTBy tly Korprylo .T-
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P, aKaM IT opaa I4 pe a' op-
JI,II TaoI aKoo.ao P.
p eH IIaTe H{C ao oo oprT
oaat oopo. aa zuloa BlTKarT, o oo
oox BeTc.oaa ToMoT. Ho aooo aKo_
o.aTTo P yTaoBo o o oox T FIo-
o
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o tlzllloooox popr p.pTeN[ ToBapa Ha To-
po o}oa o peaa|4. B oaat Hl{C oopo
BIoaIo )(I p.TBa' O){FII oT .py p.p-
i,l, opaa op aoo oo, tIooFI
oo zuloo aarI, HapaBrI B T yBrI-
pl Ha py ue (a JIIor p.TB' apaB-
MI ypTJUI B yTar or, Bo .xo
apo Bae ,I oy ecTBe oo o)'
.'oxo.I, o).HIoT rpe.a Bo Bptlor IooBaIr -
HaHoBl ppoB a I'IeHkIvl a oyr a-
oo .TroT' a Ta)K },']\{r pao, |Ie::r41 FIyToK
a apy[I oaTB, pe.yoTpIIx .ooBopI oTo-
trlr p oTaB ToBapoB. Ta opao, oaar
Ftuloo oopo BKIoaT IIpaKT tot pTBa' oy-
arMl p.pT oT Bo apTHpoB.
Kpo Too' zuloooo> HC o.)KaT oopoI o
peaa ToBapoB yTp p.pT n oocTBrFloo o-
p, cI,7 .|p1 p.TBa oToTc a .p)K IIpo-
pa, a Ta<)Ke ToBapI' payMI Bo pao-
Bo.TBa
KaM. p peaa ToBapoB o ooI pItIoIM aM
* Bar-Toap
242
B Hx ya Haoa Hr BKloarT
- o'a op ,4."o cxo 14
yMI oopoa yto a
l]zuloa.
IJ.t apt, prpyrIr oyapTBo' opaJUIIoT
Ha 'Ba Ba.. eH HflC I yrTo Haoa. K poy
By oToT, pepyIr oyapTBoM l apt a
poyIo ToBo - prTrKoo Ko eKca L4 yy po-
BoTBo-TxHrKoo aHa (' TpaopTII ep-
Bo . rl.); Ko BTopoM I apt a o-
- pot{I
HoBItI op Topl c JI Hae. p
vLccl oaaoo oopoa o ToBapaM' KoTopIx Ba-
T aKI' B ttI.o BKJIIOLIa]T Yl aKoB.
B o Bp aBK H.o a oaHHyo ooT
ycTaoBI B ry parpa:
\0 % - o pooBoTBt{IM ToBapa (a .lttovH o-
alx) ToBapa e o pHto' yBrPoy pa-
BTTo Poo pa;
20 % o oTzuIHI ToBapa' BKJIIoa IIoaKIr poo-
-
BoTBrr ToBapI.
paa ToBapoB o Ha apa, BKJIIoaIo B
-p
ao a oaylo TooT o aa 20 ll |0 %,
pIoT paTle TaB ooTBTTo 76,67 9,09 %' o-
TopI o[prlT lo opao:
20% o0o%+ 20 %)r00 % : 16,67 %:
10% (r00%+ r0 %)r00 % :9.09 %.
Happ, yMl paxooB o poy K Ty yxeo
TooT Koopl oToT FIa rpxK poBoa opa-
IeII.
CyI , yaHl I]p popF{ oFIoBIx
pTB MaTpaHt aKToB' B oIlo o BlTaIoT
yM f{zoa' ollax I]Hoy x, oT p-
. Ha yT ooBHI
plIT ltMzlTrpaI aKTBoB. A-o-
.tl opo yr. B oTHol]]eH yo Maoo
HflC.
prt{aTTBa' yAtIBax B x
opo H yM HflC, oxax BrIo B
ro, paMoTpI\{ Ha yoBo pp.
pp oTaBBaT po A, vo popa-
24
r. Ma.l'pJII ol TooTIO 60 t. py. (a ry po- paBoBtx p. B TrN{ yB}To ooioT' KoTo-
.lr't), yrTo FIC - 10 t. 1.. pK'{ poBo/{Ba pI apaKTI II oT,I{rI BoB Tol lpetps,
p/ll p'IT'I o ooBI{I ]]poyK A oaro BaIr o o PoBo.I{To-aol
l3() r. py', B To r 50 . py.- TOII!{OT aTrp'uloB pl 14 BINI pr.oTaBI c.
(lulc MaTrpo B .rp) poBo.Ba r BKva). p- Ho npu panpumu ap HooM a oa-
I pp|4T oTaB'IT 70 lc' py. a ry poyK. ylo ToocT ErT o'tl oHoBI rl{ToB aoo-
I] o yar oaea TooT' o.Xaa oxto o l Po FlTpy{rFITo IIppaprFlll Hao-
HaOoM' oTaBT: l30 r._50 I. * 70 t. : 150 l. py-. Haoo J{oo.a. Ho ao a oaI{Hy ToMoT
p .lto, LITo TaBKa zuloa a oaIo Toa 20 %, ot' To tlo a pl - po: o ya oo- -
BIIa HC a ITpoBoTBo poy A oTaBT TIo OpII'IC o Ko}Ioo aooo pyTaTa.
30 t. py. (15020 : 100). co Too, iIHa pO/{- A- aKa F{aa a pt BIoT p.eK
240 l. py. (l0 T]. + 130 I. * 70 t. t 30 I.). Ho a a' B To r Kop,K a, Kpl{Tl{l TpaoBre
oaI ToN{oT, oopI aaTT ol{yaTr, I\e, opaall, BKJIIozl opaI l0p',c>( L\' oleT-
paBH 40 r. py. (l0 t' * 0 l.). IlpTr (r e. l]Ilx Po ppMaTy rTroT p O.
j A, epalT to.> Too 0 r. p., oTzUIt{I ToIr prTaBTrTB' a .aIKr utl Jt pe azulo-
l0 t. o oTaB ' a aK T yMy OH >I< aIIa. I.HI opar|I, NIeIolr oT/{l a pa t
I]oTaBlKy lp. (y, Kopptlo.) . Ha pl' oyHyl oT
aa aoia IioBo.T )(rt{o o. au- IIpoBo.TBa pfua KoxoerIo po.yK'
x oopooB flo peanal1L ToBapoB (po, y}T) ltit p.pT iulo He yJlaBaIoT' poM rKoxottlx
zulapI B poK lfe o'll 20-o a .lrylo pl1p,ITilt c pllt'ulFl o o a ( o I ep' yT Bp)I(l
ra. ya pa).
. ooll.lKo oopaoT lt ao oo o6or tlzuloO BJIT HaooBa pI'
paBBoT oT ytTtTI Huuloa a .oayro TOA{oT O- KoToI]a e,TaB oo yMy p (yt) o, ptullla-
oox,I }{KoToI Br,1I po.y ToBapoB, l]lr po. (pao, yy), oHoBIt[ oo (.lta -
a ollprHIx yoBx. ]\4rI yva), oo N{yrTBa .IpIUIT'I lloxoo oT
o aa a .al{ylo ooT o>T rTpo},,K- BpaalIoHI opa, ylIIIx }Ia yMMy paxooB
ooo ITpoBoITBa rKoxo,rrHI l]p- o Tl,l opa,M.
i.l', peaya B tIT aTypJlI{o oal Tp-Va, aTypJIrII opuaHlr KypoBI paI ]lo BIT{I rI.aM, py-
BIa . oaTI Tpy.a' a TaK) oITBI{I{oo IITal M Hr JIc,BaM (BJIa FII oKyMIIl'l/' r-
paoo, pBKarI a roxorr paoI. - tI ya B Flopao BzUtrIT, KpopKo op-
aI HflC a ]vIaTp:LTI-II roT, I,tITooBaIe .- o toloT. B HoTpaHo .rr BJlIotlaT B oTaB
]lpoBoa o po{yt(, ToT Ha I,{.p)KK poBo.- BrIpaoIx .oxo.oB B aooo.aayr pt.
TBa ooTBrTBro BIoaT B y oxoo Caa Hoa rta pI oToT Byx .la: po-
oyl(, pr.aao . aTypOaTI. Kpo Too' o, ao pMeo. poBaa (pirra) a o-
yaTI zuloa a .oaHylo ToMo oooaloT ToBapI TaBrT 13 %, O].Llj,{ poBo.T B pe6ac
(por, yylr) orroo poBo.Ba rKoxoTBH- P P. ltrptiFla ua ( .'xt yo .pa
tlIx llp"ptiI, prarI otlpa o TapoT I]I IHBa- O yTaaB Ml{ TaRKr): 0-30 % ;t ao TpaoB-
oT a tt paolro T IIpIIpt,l lo KoB' px' 6pop OFITo' Ix opa}Ia o pr-
yTaoBrHI o. o |-Ip|. aoa P, ypIoro ,I, rIoyii l.r ox opa o; 0-22 %
poa)I( MeI ){aTKoB p|e Opa rM' pr. ..Ji ocTzLTFtI aTlKOB. B r BprM Mooo
TBa' oT)IaIo B tIT BotIIrII 1zro, lpF{I oa I]DrHHa aT Tts oa a or oTaBT
TrM MI }{aToB, TaKxr r l]oUlxa aoooo)Ke. 22 %, x 2 r/o ||pT rll)<. Mooo o.lta'
Io. 20 %- t '<.
opo op.r aao oopoa' pocTaB,lI Caa )KaT:
oT, pMHF{ TaoK aoa a aIHyIo TOMoT B. a 50 ?6 - opHi]at{, Ilo)4ox Tpy. BiUoB
e. o JI Bcx prllpT opaa HraBMo ( t 50 % perotto ttrF{FIof.rt ITa OB-
o op ooT, B.oR IIoTHoT opaaflotlo- 'l. pato o oopa);
244 245
 o B % ( rpal >) - l ao, p.II'oTaB}o
H rr 50 % oe t KpToB Koxot
z IM poBo.TBI opaaJl' TpaxoBKoB' or1g-
lllx l Hr 50 % cpaoBl BF{ooB a o.It po oT Tpaxo-
Ba ylTBa rKoxor zlx opa.
o o'I Ba .rTroT oxoI' oyaMI opa-
vIau,eil, oaalT ooo op,K. B attoT:
oo.I oT oeBoo yaT B .THOT .yx opa-
oo.,I (.'.I, poHTt), oyvHl o KM'
oa py HI yaa, BlFIF{t P
pa.'xa opaF{a, oaaT o TaBK 15 % (|9 %
ao), o aT pt tox;
oxoI* (.r apHylo ly) oT BrooKaa poKaTa
ao- B.oKaT a oaart o TaBKe 70 %,
Hao aeT to.x ya pa;
'oor OT ao (.ltva apylo ay) oprroo -
a oaa}oT o TaBK 90 %' Hiulo aLII4Ce tox
ya pa.
oI o zulory a pr T Ba BL,Ia..
o i ao - oooxHt{e oTHr
BoB THoT aTa o oo llaoo yM
1lI aoooaao pl;
.oot{TrFII oHI aTKaM - )(rtl TaBo
F{JIoa a pl; ooo;<e olx B.II'oB .THoT
o o opaa, up> o yaTI Llaoa Ha p-
t.
B ao' yl]IllaloT Haoooa pt
aTpaT Ha Ka.aHI Bo)H'l oo/tTB
Bo.TBHoo aa; pI, ollH O. paa
po.I( Too |ITaH, BoI a a or'op TrH] ll
( o 7o oaao -ltoo pl); avI o-
TI poTaBI I pep'|T,t. oa ya H;UIoo-
Blx oT' peoaBI pp|{' I]r oJI)a yMFI[IaT
avylo My aoa, yto rlrTa oT' o
r Ha 50 % (a. 16).
16. P :UIoa a p tolu llllJlool o, l.py.
oa
10000
or 4000
Hioooaa pr 6000 2000
a IToM oT
Hao (35 %) 2100
* op KK pllHtllr ) lpyKo p.oM'
oaTy Tpy.
246
podollu
Kopot paT
50 % |a,leo r a- r750 t'750
oa, ro ua
o'
Cya aoa, o.caa 2 r00 | 750
l]HI rox
B pt Ba oa paol F{ aBaIoT Hao a pt
I pp14' oyTBIor po]rBoTo ppao-
Ky Koxoo poy' poBo.TBo pooBoT-
BIx ToBapoB' ToBapoB apoI{oo op' a TaK)r Tpo-
TrTBo oo )oo, poBo.TBHoo, oaFloo
ppoooxaoo HaaH (BJrIoa peoTo-TpoT-
t pot)' p oB, BIp}a oT yaatx B.oB
ToT peIlae 70 % oe yMMI lpyK oT pe:o.
ao M po'y (pao, yy). ppT a Tp-
t,l vt o paot yaBarT Hao B paMrp ooTBrT-
TBHHo 25 50 % ocoo a, r BIpytlKa oT prLI-
Ill B.oB TrHoT oTaBT BII 90 % oe MI
BlpyK oT poarro poy (pao, y).
aaI oTI ITpoTaBIoT :t,'IIIu ppT o
poo HoT}o o 200 eoK' o oapT-
Bo, Myao oBHoT ot{oT o-
BlHIx opaa B yTaBHo aTuul KoTopI oTaT
}rl\4l o 25 %. !'aa oTa FIr papoTpaT Ha aI pr-
}l F| oo I'tI]po- |lpT, oaHF{I a KB|,IpoBaHIx (popaoa-
) ooIlIx prpTil, aoB TpyK-
TpIl Ix o.pa'H .
opo poK aTI {Joa a pl y}oI.
Cya aoa a pI aTo opeec'| aMo-
ToTo a ooBaH apKoo yT oTeTHoT'I,I Ha-
at ooM Hazua o xo' Hoooaao
p6, oT TaBK turoa ( o pal{ poBFIIx
ax).
aa Haoa IIpoBo.T )rBapTaHo' o.II. p.II-
Kttpo;tt aa
oaao yMI pt,r a .oooaat rpo. cTaB-
.I K aoa.
10000 I 0000
a* pooT o aBaoBI aT)K B
8000
paMpr If apuo yI Hzuloa (poaao); paH_
l 0000
a r>y aaoo a.ro ya aoa a TrK]
700 3500 BapTa o.rxT },,ToHrHIo {a yMy' paTaylo o yeT-
o a P.
B ToM tlr ll * ooo>rrl o aBaHoBt ax Mal p.L\.|'
'4I1Bec.oHl
(lor, .et opaa pepT, otl ,ptlTI.
241
 []ltttl (] Flo ytlTo
yoLII{'l pal ]\,Ie (ll,l-ltl, (l. Ko.l.o[)I obJlal.ltrl.'t llo ptllIltIM l]I(a Haoa' JIa.
lll]ilIlCoI]lllM]1 (bzrKTIjKM yal\,l IloI4I]o,T r)l(I(Bt_ lJlU(K O'lIl BT plle}lI,Ii.,i tlOT IlO 'M I],ililN,{ Tj]Ho-
,l.ilJliltt() B 5_'HBIlt po o llLI, y'tloBFloo FlTaB_ M.
"r'Ul l]it l o.r.BoM pyMoTpHa poI{tItl,I TMa Hao-
lll,l't t(tsapTaHoo y,l;loo oTa, llt) Toa o(a - B l0.
lOOJIO)KI]'I, eTa oTT1{oT\4 IJJI'I Mal JlIIpl,I'rl., oo-
iltlBHl poK o .rr Irp.TaB ooBoo oTTa aaHoa.
l.| |'l oiil l o l]p eHH O
yoBrTI]opIol. llBM yJlo]]'l r\{
Btr ol.tIa.o, tITo roo'ITBHH] opHa
:

LlMrlo. tl}lHoT paoTI-IKOB I or 14 tl;

JIIorx opaaoO-paB0Blx op FIr BloT aTrr{-
l(;lM tl.]loa F{a pllI. B ya, ol,{BllA{a
IlpoyKll xoI]pi]aoxK l4o. Ha ToM
?I'ITI4L4 B KLITB r /I JI.L'IHro t[pol1I]or]].Ba,'(r ,ro T
prpaaTI]]arT H0 KooTBrr{or Ipr' a OMI{"I.
Ha o)/K, pl' oyriel{a oT aa To I]pO-
I4.L\, ol)(T t]p HoOooHl,I yMeI'lU{rH yMy
pllIl(JI"l llI o' JloBo.Ba JIKoXotsL.lll-lol,i Ilpo-
t\K llt)rpaoT KooTBroo ]p' [)pe-
Mo o/{ \4 aII zrTpaT. Ita poBoTBo lj llppaoTKy rI,-
KooTBHFtoo IpJI B oI apaTa IlpoMIIl.tHjloii 1rpo-
ityKI,l. opl To Ha yJIoBFIo pp (a. l7).
l7. llltrlt lrooao l cooelr lre.p,rT
llfl JTrDry l, lIo3 0 poBoTB golilloo l
eo ppaooT
fl rrttrt ;]'jI't l]xlI]'it
ot]ot(llHI ptp I]oBo BIpltIKi,I 13 o' tI I1pt]II-traT
L:.|'().|.I(irKpaTHI y.HoBrtHI aKoFtozt-t.BoIvl l{IJI\,|ajl_
IIp- llIl,l pa]Vi oaTt pya.
ti poTulBT MJI| M tl.I] pTt,{ Tp\l B0 o)Kl toTl{ :
tlooBaT yTBtlly} TeM BI,F{ 6xp'ltl
\''t-ll' ol.(lTH' Itoooo)I<l-lIl:
Ill,ilJT' ypoL(IrI}o l,{y jl}ooJ]oxr.l],t o y]\{ap-
IlO CT:lts I{ O a % calyllHo[) J]'OXoa;
l1llOoBil]. I]p()rrHylo TcMy H-II()l-o(rJ]6t{I,t lto {JN,t-
N4irt)jl()i/t TaK lir 6()JIr 10 26 :urol.i BIpy.
[Itt (l e'|t,|l. rioal{l,tr ]MJI i,ilo .1l-
ltl,l11 IlaHI" I], trat a rMI p.,I/oBaJlo
'{B.'It]0,l
(..llllyio : .yoBaI{II paI,{OI{Hoo ll0OBatrll{,
{,l]tl'].ty OI]oI{I{r ]\{.rI, oIiI[et{e ()l1ooll11 1lo' BIpaij-
ll11BaLIr CoI.tZIJIL.HO-K(]}{o,lll(lKX JIO;J xoBoiJrI i{a
,]vljl a:]Itoo Ba, or.lIlt4 tBl,l lla:r.p1lg1yp6r
---l It lIit,II.{}iJ IIy}{KTit, ltl1-lIiI,I l]l{:l,IlFItX lI;to -
Llt't:itltoKaaTLJ
J l il l l l,I oBa '| tJqI' BlllIl.IprlIlie H rl i i\{otll
t . I

i. a aa oTa, llraoo eppaoy o- t00 oo Oo)K I\,f c H I I{zUIOoIvr B.| eN{I,I:

HHo UlI tIJo.ltlo. - ,]Ieoo TBtlHoo at{aLII l
2 alt l]lilltll]ill.l oT' pellaF]l}o Il O j] Ll UIF].O' apflt{O, tl llo ,I{]otITj-l.IlTBc' 't
|J p_ 30 II pell t,t.
!llti.r()T|(. Ml] p{)' l l l,l N4 ]{Kol:i l{t]THoT t,I l,I l lI .II ll ;
:ltoir M'| llp e, 50
it-
!lo[,IlLtlJIt!r{O, pa}{Ilopl[' ?trl14Ht t]Illl()B BILj.
4 1-ll ltul tlptrllrr ]i.oTlt ( /roy 1,),
rvl-il py l l'IIl(t{;
5 . B o,]lpilT il l]lpallll]tl!,l oTa p1rl.I' 33 J|iiOJ l.1 BO{i{OI. tilt,
Ky o lJ o'll l{x) litl p. (1l. 2 + 'r 4) I) :]Jl tl I T,,IIIO t }liL{j{]"rlC t { t i lll yI {K'()I].
6. at Ha l)ollBo.' olt. l pyfi
.7
6 l l ar'arTrJ ]!I'rlIl;I 14 l.l JIo]!1 :
. 14 o o l.illoi,lJi.IJctil][i'l Tol.l'to o{)Dt, 39 il\'IJl!.t, zlIITI oJIoo Jl;I\L]Il)t B,t{o ].O.'pBI.lF{o],i pit-
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S Bt.l1ly.lt.i o.I' plljl!tlllll,l o OKi.l t IIl., 54
i ]\,l ]llI OLlI' o IIO oBal{ l,l't ll ll J| 0 I l l i l X II ytlK.{.()i];
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tllrt 1ly6 'tlv!Jli,{, aHTI l-l.l,l,l Ml,t il)Kbal\,ll,i BO/tlItiO}

9 'osl lli a Rlp.ll]l{e Ol.lt eto p1lo_ it5
l <.l.l.il, HO,1']I.O B pit } ti l,i O,l.tsftAlOTI'{.
u "vltltitl x orj-l yMr al)aT a ]Plllto- r
I
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l 0 ;ll r rl l. .l tlol]oloil j4 pL.lUI alll,l pol\l l il] -
I ||il]I()t. l{ i)}l/LIa UIaT. It .tll.O. l{]\{T TaOI,l ol{itaejlI,
rt l)oJ'lyKl,ii]. l'ttl py. |:Ili IlOpl\'IilTi,{l]I[,'I ll?t MIII,{, al(l.illi.j},ilJIii T{Jl,l()I) },l{;j'-
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248
249
p llrll yo xoBoBaI' H aBx oT o- epa. B oto oLip.II', oHI aKoHoTJIIlI|() llJlll llpe-
ollr..tI, .aBK oo aoa NfoyT l poTpIll. TaBT lol,i BttTI,l y.o P yaa Bitlo.|.:
lJlta aoa aBT oT oaBa o, o Too_ TaBK eoo FIoa o ya oB atllll' il l.ill()d
JlO)l(H'I y(IaTKa' KaTBa r. N4HooTH Ha'H, HoKooB, aT, O/t'l I4:} l)/1_
Apa aTa yTaaBBaT B .>o HaTypo H pMpoB HAJIo:l l l:t aIFl aapoBo oIlKll yt tl,lttlii;
tpop, ap' CoB po I]HH oprIoT .oo- oTI KopKTpoBK' oyMI I(olIl(l],I.IlI'll\,tll
I]opo. a oxooo HaaI{ apHa'l aTlllKat4 p LIHI4 yI ao.
aTa I] o)(t]a pBIaT yMy ]llHoo aoa Ha aprH'y- pao P HaI{ c |995 . roo rli]cl<Ill)y.I
]vlo LIaTKr. TaBKlI Hoo o?l Ha alUH101 I4cXoII ooTll()Ill|I14'I
Hopa rl,Izl rJI Jry>T ootlrK pryTopo oOIJI II H[l Koo]yto o'yK t| (t;l;l11-
}iI ottor B Cyx a']x: o) a poyKlo yyl,l, IloTpl rKoxo'I,l.tlIl_
p lIpa(I M orIo llpo pa o- HIM poBoTr]\4.
TBttHoT a xo o, TpoH' oopy)I(r; orlo pl1yMoTpH p'l o (oT .o oFIo ootlx<-
p yTHoBeHLL .oo oBMTo oI{HoT t{a o at) ., paLIIJtx KaTop pcKx ll ptl_
.tlHI.t'l
rMIo; I|K . B tlaTFloT' pa)aH' BpBl opayU{ Kp-
p I4 Hl aTKoB ' paLIHlx Hy)K; T'II{ (pp) o;la, ooxaloT oT a].I _
p otIH aooo Kp.Ta o ao rHoo oo Haoa B T ) T OHTa I]p.oTBeHI4'I |AN,I
ytlaTKa' rFloo aTKa.
B yI4 y({a' pyoTprHIIx aKooM. opal aKoI{oaTo (pao) BaT
Hopaa LlH N,r yTarloHa B parp 200-ao P t IIpBo yTaHaBB2lT /I'ooTrl 0TI llo :]_
TaB rHoo Hoa a 'Hy o MIloo yaT- HoM aoy B IIillJla yI\{, oTIla B .)(T.
. opaI oHTo BacTll yo t paBo I(o Too' opaI Tltoo aoypaH ]\1I}oT paBo .'t
yTaaBBaT B aBN{oT oT ypoBH plor{Ix J]H a M oT/Il-IIx a'IKoB yTl{aBBaT oTI B p'ra cyM
pa}{oo aI{aH oBIII{a}o oHTI K opa_ oa' oT[tlro B pal[opt{' B B}1':
o , Ho pap H lIo)KH pea 75 % aT.I{LIoo oootl 14 a o prrt po;
LI

poBH pIHoFIIx rlt a ooTB.TByIo JII yaTK. Ilo)KH,I TaBKlt rHoo aola;
Apa opoa paoa jvloT I]oI]lUIilT |4 I7oH- oTDoK B-lTl.
aT HopaTByIo tl}{y H o tI It:l 25 %. nlt o t)lm utlbr d. Kpo Haoo
ccer rHoo Haoa oBo,r.lT lIl oHoBaH ooB, yIaBr]\,It .>l<t]TI palx ypoi1. }IaOo_
oKHTa1 oToBptoro paBo ortttoT. Bar L4|4 aK pOBo,T BIloI B oFII BHOIOI'THI
ooBaH (apr) I yaTKoM. opr yMt ol' KoTopI I\,lIT parlHo lI'lIBo a. Cpaxo.
Moo Haoa poBoT o popt,rt BI l]oI aTx llpoBo.|'c I yr oatil
B lo)eTHI oHr:
t1
ltotll; o;
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I (l,{ H Koo TpaoBaH ;
o olaoo ,lll'{
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[{ yMa oo ',&,
Ho poo oo a; '-
o aHToTI,{ HaJlrtI'I.
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pop; C- aa roo oir a M oooTTTt]yleo HilrFI,|; TpI,{TopaHI opax I]IlUe}KnHtx oo.

Ki o(l KoppKTpoB Till]o rl,o l-l.loll; n- ||L4co rlnTo C'ilxoo ap o ]]ll2l ttottt'tt po Poiil<tlii
ei\4l,I prHoo ill]. }Jlloll,|ttl B tlooBaI-I ooo ll. ,1pll yl'I{oBIJ o ol]olIlH],II BIJIaTaM' HaclIlll,ll\,t
aoT}ll,,IKy' }traBo oT I4Totl tIKoI] poBaH'| ( ll/t't
t zUIo yfIaLIBarT B 'Ba poKa paBHI o't Hr tslaT, Ha KoToi]I H Ha'IIoT TpaxoRI BI{OI' oll)/(.]l'l-
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252 253
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255
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26A 261
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opao ,pyoy l]ary' t,lo arroT' o ol.ttl IIo ltpI, rIfu'lppylole a OiIp]'l,I g oapTr-
,tlo>t<o ool]aT o o pKit' a o pay oo HI HI 0yNlaa.
a (apMpJ ]] IooBaI{ prl]o,Ioo r). - i l,tIll4.'yaJltlo{ p]\leI,{ rIx ya paI]I,TjI-
o otsaH I,l ll{oa }.ITa oRoJI'IrT ylltr.BHl{o yKopT (]oO - o ( lt M,pir arro) pllTeltrt l p
poT o/I'I-lI LlHlIlx l. o/rll4M llJlll rKolt]\'f Kpyr]HI-
lIopJlHKoB llol.oBpl,tBr'i
dpml LI|ll tt, oaprI ttlt y. !1]tBropal,{ o oKyilK oIlUJII.IOo Ko.{',Ba ilI{l{Ix
Ma BIIry.IiJ pa}lTTBo' opaaN,tl'.l I]aT }{a 0\]Tii,x, ya, lro TDK' oax }I opK oalfie}t,I' l1Hr
ytIp)KM opaa\\NILI' lTO ylol M 't I oyjl'[lpTBt1- po.Dl( !I p,vI,{X YO!,I'l.
o toIpx. Bly oapTBI{Hl H ya prjl. .o KoJlo oo tslaTI .'ool{o o o-
yT : alroBa] TKyo tl-too a; o- apTBl{HII\{ l{}{I]v{ yaa: :lpoal poeHII Ia-
264 265
T)t(; TyI{tlaa'I Baa'I poIITHa ttBI(; I-{Kpo-
l]illll,l IloMF]aHo ToN,loT rHI{l a; pa'I oo_
t oaTB o .o (ol.lo) por. HapaTr_ Bo a}o popy pt]o
o t; tlpoB}{ BlpI[II aMoB.
Plo.tt opTBHHI HF{le ya aTBHo poaT-
]{a BopLIHoN,{ l]I. ooI K }t orTBT-
o pBo oopo, I]o oH oTpyT a ooI
o>a.
Ka' p uu do o t l|IlI1 bl ,ll zu IyKa oMptt_
Kl,I]vI14 opI;al\{ l{loT paBo Ba/aM H:l pop_
]'l Trpoo (lpoBHoo loo. (po.rro a), o.
Ba yMl, pal]o M B o K ollplloy po. K
H]VI oTo'{T oa, BK' oTH t ppKaTI
ao l.t p.
Ho papoTpao ooo urtttol,i y,lao BrT-
c oa'l. o rlal aa, yoTol.I{a B-
I'Ir r Bar lHr)(HI pTB oTRp)Iqaa a-
TBo BOTT y HoHaHIo TooT oytl B pr'_
oTpHl poK yaoii )(o}lol.o /loxol-( B I].
poaoo aBaIo poHTtl.
oa I,{IoT apaTt (t,tayl), Bin](yI]y
pl}{otlHyI IIHy. Hoaa I]a llztaTltl.Ilr lr:L lrlo o-
llLlll I] Kil(I.B ll p,.t lpplltl l,I :]zl.HHl oTlBo a, pl\{LIpeT l,tx T I]ItIyKa o_
LItltlI',lHl,t poHToB- o tyo 14TrT BlKya1.
oaro o TrHI{II oKe . oa to;< oBfI'aT t4i4
H oBa'aT HoHot1. Plo.ltlzt (poa) Ha opr.-
ec o, yo 14 I,I,. o)K11Btll'l Ha IIl tI otoHI Kt{I,l o yTaHoBo oot)i LLlKll;l-
pt}{K B MoIT paI,Ia],I o y,ta.
o ooy oaTI porlToB otlt,t ,le'lT'l tl KoLl_
HI arr4TppoBaHl (]\4llI).
l(yvlt oaltl,r o.l t (a pr,.), TKU.tl,l
II)ol{HTI o H]\,l BlaBaloT oillHoBl)MHHlM oTpraHrl\l
BlrpBaHM ooTBTByt I(llI,I KytIoHa, oTop;t
oIIaBaT o.
apppoBaIta oat op)(T Baa, Kol'o_
oMy o.rTa poHToB oyrBrT,l llrI oi,i tIKa. aMI,t
I].. B pTppyT'I B prTp opa l a. p pIlpo-
ll T oatl py altrt HoBoo Ba/f,e't.
o po ei,l orra 'IT tla KpaTKopol (o l
o,a o 3 ), pIpot (o o ] ;t) .oootlt (o.
7 o 30 ). y1TByIoT ll po.tLtIr .lll oetr, t]IJtilTfl
poHToB o ](o.opI]\,l pol,rBo,{I4TJl HOpr}l}tooo' ],l
TaK opaol Boa.'I ]\,{]vI, 1 pr}{tla'1 HLl |4X ol(yKy.
o oo out otlt-a],lt,1 T Ia aKa/r'I.Ir
a;taI.
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- To tpl,rt,r.l
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O l\4JIto' oopy)KeH'l. I4|4 .'po Jl)ll,,rl)Kar N'|ylltT_
H2l oat,l oHltIM y_
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loJI)l(Hl,lo]\t' o LIo y!.| l4tlTo)(T,l.
'l.lo Ot{Ta paLlTa
aI (l ltIl lI) o;l
oBlr o'ta (otttl,l t]pHyT lt),- oHp'lN,lI /o-
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RIaTt o l.all o;llea;t or:r a><to_
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'1IJ1.'I
pa IloyH a]vlFloo
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B orloo BlyKaNll,t o;t}1 BaHl pIto.
pot o }tM BlJI:ttIRilT'l llp to.tI.to ol)aHa]4.
ool I].o o[.ollt rHHl ya B'lIoT lloxo/{ll|r
oar(, o KOToplM poljrTI BIllaBaIoJ'I ToKo I.IpI,1
Ha'LII ptt,t. B .y pKoBaHHo.tr po o al o.
a, KK paBo, t, pOK lir orol.i.
oatl aupy Ta; o H;UItI}o pzll] l,I_
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o pat,t.o HIBaT't ol]pl,totlo p.
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'
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p rtp1tl B't oT o;1too oTRIlHl4lili pyt()M)i' a o
oooo Topo}l ...llaT'l p.aTotlit lla, Ha[Baa'l
l,lHoal. arHT o>T ,orpir' yKaI{l,I I,jila, ts
Ilt) KoToOo IIrtsoT'I BcKr' l. H tpj].'tts,I.e.
pr:'o l-IloaMTa B'l(Jl o)I(rT opatllilt pe H-
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oT potlllf BKlJ.l1 .].o oe aKL(a o l]otsi]taT
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pIHr.
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e' KpHHolll tlo,'ll lO I.ai]l{l.a.
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268
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lll,l)Ii IIoMHa..
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l|[)/1:lotl[.l'I }Ia[ (Ijll'oltIT)' oBo}oa l,tilo)I].
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l1 Ill]l1aHlHl JLBItIM opal /l",r lor4/I(1I{t{X t,tlt. o
l l(),ll |.)/1r'l1oT i a 'po H Ir tI lTp't].l.Jl.
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rtll). [[ ptlI,{ paM poTBa IJJIaa N{o)FIo T
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rlr.p B Bltr op,I{Ix poll}{ToB.
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lIllT.Hl rHH1X ),a. K o,0'IT aLIHI B],II TI
;tI<tI, BIvCKaLi(, .lKotIpHll\Il! OtLtB.
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a ]lIta opl)(arT pra}.tylo tilloT ltl\ItIt. oItlt or1lJI'lT'l
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lIoo po, BpN4ll. ootoT oo}{a aKIotlTc'r B ToN{,
'I'l,() lp Kr K-lroa]4 oKar popa H T,JI
.I(o]l-
t:tlttKa' tl pillo Ha o ltpoprt. oKaT
Il)itKa BIIlil14BarT IIpo.al] Il1]]Vll{lo' oopl
rltlii o or,{ol-la. 'rB'I}Oty
C Ba Ta ooo: ooH ll21 tloyKy olj4otl
IIlt llpolay.oo Ha oKyltK (l/) ottueT pao loKtlT
rllr ltpl,top].I.le B THr oHTpaKl.}loo poKa aKl4 B yTattoB_
]lLlIItloM KoLtTl3 o poBaHHo Hr B parT l{a oTrl|-
II,IIAJl }-to oBlI-l Kpa' HilIpl4]vIp ooH a o l00
;rl<ttl/t o tlH 10 000 py. a I(lo o poKol\4 TB,t 6 .
()lll(ott Ila po/{a)(y L.'{l/) oa(]arT lpaBo oKllaeI H poDKy
I| |(lllr KoI].paKHoo poK al(Il B yTtlHot]}tI{o KoLlT]]
rttl t|lttpoatot B aT Ha oTLIaHo tloH)He
lI\ |(pa.
()ot.toT oloH.t aKJIIorT B To' To ro ol(yaT,
()llJIlllJT] p IloKyKr pIo poaB, ol]pt]]rl{Ho oa
Il()ll()JltroBztl.'I t]o paBo]\4 l,l HOIIp]\1tIlto Kyl,lT (.]t po-
tlttl,) oo,Il]ytllr K. B o Jlyae, Ta Ha
I)|,II||( /t ,itoplto, To , HIrpj\tp, /p)KaJl
()l||lll()ll pa(l'IBa Ha I1oBII1lHr (olt<l-l) ypa I(, tl
I.'\l) lI()lll,ttl (p oo l.ra oKyllK) ll, aoopo, ol]t_
l ||J|(',I (ll[-l otroH I{a poa)iy), To p)(aT.Jl ool.Ia oKa)(]._
l j| ()|'lt()l.o pztr a pop,l-H (rpot<y) ar( 14 pa.op_
l|(.l l\()ll,|'l)llK.|. B o ot] oHT yt B paMrp pllr
Ill.l l l lIil'lI ll I()l,t l lD]\ll,I.
tt'lt'tlt l'l,l,|.oKitIo oBpr]lHo aIll oBll, B l l
()
tl't t t.(lll ||()l(||itl.CJIl\4 I]poiltto oLlI,lolil{oo KOHpaKT. .]Ill
tll lIl l,illlII()l.tI lI()IiVIIil.|.Jl't opalILtLlBaIOT'I 'oKo t]oBpHllol4
?.1
raTo pr' To l]pol{ prT Ha oaTTBzl llO
poa)i (ltrr roy) ot.TByloo KOcTBa a o
apaltrr pao tl.
ap pe|n' oTopyl BIaBaT lloaTr oo}I,
aBT oT KoMtIKa paH apo: KoTpoBK a ttit
I}r I{FIIx ya, I,rvx iloo ooa'
cpoKa e- ootlHoo Kol{TpaKTa' ooTol]J llpoa
p.II'o)lI a II{K oo}{oB.
o poal oFt paJIaI po MpKaH-
I oIIoHoB. I1 poo ooI-I yoB l\,tol.
t poBaHl ToKo o T.II{ I(aaHoo B Hr poKa.
p apaHKo ollo oTpaT o)KT t. eaoH t]
oe B B Tre OoRopIJoo poa. o 0T TtI
oIIoHa ts ToilIfJ Bpft,l }ia IFI I o}a BeTc
popTTtlI.
Cp oLloo a oyIKy I]poDI{y MT'I Tp pHl.l'-
:LF{o paJl(IHl B: B}{yTpeHI{pI ( )' pt.tt (p
a) BrH (rt .)*. ByprrHr ooHI Me)T
-paK x yto pItloo t a , |l
lIr ptovo rItI pu't Ha OMHT poDI( oo. o
BIOT rr pKoBal{HIM MIOT ttaojtl'Lttii pa1-l -
. PIolr ooFII I,{IVIIT y-p, aHy oi
yto I( Kpy aii ll MotT tlpoilK ollOH. olr
cp p pli poBH ptt'l. BIFII,I oll_
orll p.TtlBJIl o poTBoOJloHocT BHYTpI: ],lx
ea.1laK I{aTr.,THo BllU l(ypzt ar{j'i ,sl ll }ialtl,'1l.Jl-
Ho H) pllt. !.aIrr oot XapaKTepyT or
KoN{ MJIIN,I pa1]o pt.
r o T.tI\,l, Ha KaKe JI apit'l'[ IlTBa - a o-
Kyr.y a 1\1 \7a plpr pal.{I BtoB oI1oItoB' -
BT oT l(oprTHl Ty, Ka.II'tBaIo Ha pl
rllFlIx ya^
r p - 'oi,i lrp-lio po.rIll KoII.l]aK, Kyl]
p0.rl)Ka l(oTopoo oaal0T ooae.Bo o Tr opr._
JIHoo poa po}1aT BoMy KOTpaH. Jl KyT ]{o
oIlp.JlHl Io o lIo Boo olllplt (ot t-
o p1I-!, (e}{HtrI yN't;l, FIoTpHHo a;l.t) o -
p i(l K r-
-
art
.lp]il r aloT'l l] OIIoi]{{o]!( tr >" [a.
F{or OTJIO 0T ol1l{ooB atIUT'I t} ,JI'},r]\{:
aKIIHr }orpr{o.O KoTpaKTa I{r BJ7T c 21KTo]\,{ K -
oa' oTTTByr BIfIJlaa pI\,{ p aKIotI KopaK-
a, a pt]Iir .a Map)(prT'l KaK ol(yaTM. TaK
OBL\OM
py' IIoprHa TpOBll(Ka
* l.la olll,iool] B pyKo trpO ti}1o o A oo.
272
p a e pFloBa (a.ra) aaTa p> (v-
l( oa BIorT o oKyaTe , aoo l]poaBa 14 o.,]1
! Il)oB ]1 Kaxoo oytta;t);
Io llTH po .Il-.''olo olITpK palI o-
.J|H, To T ].rI oa oTaBT ] aaTT Toap KoITp-
HTy;
pK, Bat dlpo oi.r' IaIHo BIltre.
Kt, oyITBIo .rpI rK, opaI(_
lo1. Ha B aTop.. ce'lFtTI Tay. yr
lloKaloT Iorpl rIo oItylo pllpolla)' o
eT a I]p.MrT KoHTpaKTa ],l HTpyT. Cpaylo,
aoopo, oprTBo aI oTaBrlM o KoI.ITpaK-
Ty ToBapoM o poy o Ttlo. B o yltar o opo_
lI1 TpMT o.IT cBoI oT, Taxy (xxpy)
r o pa l,{]\{rH KoloFITypI Ha plI( yT aKJIIott-
tt .tpoo KoTpaKT. .
vpirt opaT IvIo)I(rT to I] aKprT yTI\,{
porl(rl.I opao rK. Hap, olqIa vpa
l.{a Kaatlo BKr aKplBar]. oaTo rp
K}IoBo IraJtaToii oll.tBol\,I llpoa)Kll aaJlotlHoo 1'o-
l]oO KoIITpa. Bipltll poIlx op.rT ooTIIO_
ltjI{lIM oyKI,,I llpoIa.
B yva ao upo t'tuKa toTaBKa pM_
Ii pa pI{Ko. ooarI{o yalKBar poBo.T
TrM BeI4eH yHI]]H ooHT apx
lorrrr1 rH Topo. B To cyar I,IH. poTo Ipl]o-
o popIlr KpHoBo la oyaT oT Hr
ItlllpltllHylo yMMy.
s 5. BOH lHoK HHlx NlA
Ha o1vO pI opatato Ht{I a, pai_
lIl p21He r BTooB, y- l{ooTIl]x BIIIy-
l(OB B,ropuI pl}loK ITopJt.c a p>o (<<!JI-
rlt'>) p>t<o (oor p>y).
Bupuo porc
- aoe aot, pt) I|o poxoT
()|(O.]lo 2f ceo oopoa HIx a. .o :.ttrIla (laT
llpilBl''lrTBrHHI yl-Ia}{lx LlIItII,Ix , Ta,K
I(OpopaTl,IBtr oaI4 aKI,I, l(K IlpzlBJIO' pl,I Il ll-
|(l,l l(oop, H Ilpo[Ir[II,l lIl)ol{]-\p CTa' To rT
/(ollyKa KoTpoBK a ooo p;<. Kt-polIDK H-
ttt,tx ya a p>tsoN,I. pllIl( Bclly. .ppt oTpy/l'K
l,l l I}l.I,to r{o-'I,Il] p.
-
I
.
.J] ob Tol]otl I4 Q) o d o tt upa prl{TaB r. oo oprrrHll l opao p -
I;lII.]OBitttttt to, Ii Topo llrllI t{HI ya o(]p-
lItill().|' l|l LioB p.>t<lt, t}tl.ylltol]I.x B KaTB opt{KoB,
27
 peto op'HoT\I' Itp paBl }I a rrofy (poaxy)
crK y.po.D. K pxo TopoBJl.oyKaT' KaK pa-
,o, "*'nor ya ao pyF{D( arx opaa. l)ypy. opl cTa, BoHKaIoe p oo o x
'llt'll]K H?l ) t ya paHI popa.
o.ot p> - opaa aKpIToo Ta, To T o- [1pyu1 oyKy (poy) r o pop,
Da a Hx oyrTBIoT ToKo Ht p> L4a' y l(oopoo l. y popo ot a,Kl4
i<yr a MTo.
.ooupoooop>BTcTaK)K tl- ()/.lI]aKol]l' pryTBo oytlarT To.' KTo aB
KoMMpr xapap .Tr}IoT' To T ocpoI- |)illIllJe. Ko,a )K B T aaTpt paBllI, t]op l]r >p.
pa aIIpaIT oBy poa, or aBHHa'I
FloT.
Irltp t
l()00 a
/ltl
llNleT paB
,tilIlzlTB yKaaI{y]
ToHHo MTo a p. BIT: rry.
lUIIoT op'a. [paM apeI KOHTaTI Hopr-
Ca c"ac oBp]rHo, oa o TopoIII poaBa
lIl)Ol4}to oBo <<pollaHo)>' a o Tol]oHI oKaT
TBrHl TaM, popa apa TopoB a o
.
paI B pa Ip po.'a (l(llI{o)) p oTyTTB Bopa)(e p>.oo - oBo
pa. Ha
oo. epa opp -a T
[i1l> llIpoKo IIoyT, p Topa pooai po.
oKyK tII oy'u.. pop x paoaT a opr l<l1.l I{.
oHT oT K, To rT a Kon,Io l(ooBa
paM pIKa II oya Kyp Ill{HI ya. Ha oo-
lrtlt,i p> yto patII I: poa' p'o)KrH,
eTc oFIa KaTrop yaTHKoB (.,'lJlI( (opa) lIpoBoHa.
r opI-III!{ B.aN{ HI ya. CaT \I B
BT-
Boo poa FITpOBI op.KoM; o BITyaeT l-{a poa a' paaa oKyaT. oa opr-
o u, ll'l.l.,t r' -pyMIM oKyaTeM: yaT B ypaB-
KaTBr ,pa' oKya I]po.aBa HHI ya a
popa, oKIBa op.K y, To T lIlll4 Koa; oBIlII Kypa a oyHe oo.a oT
\1|4 B a
aKpr. ll llPpoa)' oyr BrHoB. Happ' oKyaT,
oyxa px popo, oyeTBI
H}{I a HM alvt. 1llltr po aK oy: BI4eHoB' op-
,l'I.l' Hy aK. co avcX o)KaI paMr-
o opyv popoB Ha ooo px to TaK>l<r
orpaoHFrIraKrpI,oTopIBIOHToTIrop.'- |)()l} BroB, BIaBarI aKorp}II oo,
r l{- ||l)IIN4rMo ro opI ooa:
" y O
yI IrTy' a TaK)K yaTByIo
.opairaI4 K. p = Po,
B.-
B
H TopoB aTK o.I - tl|r, l, Iltlut oo a, oI1prHa oKyIIaTr; P0_oMaa'I t
p>lo a pa, a rzlpoBaHIe -K'-.r oy- ,tllllll; r/ TBir ...a; r- pNla /' oyT rio oo.
-
lI{TBloT.'Koop.IB'aMHIoya
op. llltt,t tto 1000-pyo a BIII, paB 300 py., To T
Ooooaa{M po pxo TopoB BT ( |lllll(l| J\|IJHa0 %(.100%), a pra opa oxoa
ayKot opo Ky-po.,ax HH ya: o, (,/rl'
|o0
KTo yTBp.THo oTT a ITp.II/'IO)' Ta opoo l.O rHa oKaT' paTIBao Ha oy .II'a-
ilp.oxl Ha oKyKy poa>Ky aT rp ||( )| () /(14I]llra' oTaBT
""k^.
,
yuo o.
Ha p> y Tpoa Ta paB. pao p P= 1000 ]
r00
= 3000 py.
rI oKy apa popy p'aaT a Tr )K FII li l<lt'tl.t pMo opl oo 'oKyIITr'l o r
ya o r y, o .IaIIoMy par' Ho rr Hr |||)l|||'|,|'lIl)OllII, oopI a llatlBT BK a xpa-
pHToMy .'1,.,o"<." poo pop-a. pao x I
||ll(. ('l() l)llTB' poHT, BIa(ll o IlpaBTT_
po.D( apraT poaBaT rHIr yla o o roo Il(.IllII,I tlutat To ort{Ho o pKa. B o
ll. oKa H aK}oHa Ka py porpo o o - t l|\/lli|(| rIltl;ly;lit ttpop.a]. BII
o e.
275
274
 D,. d
tD-_,Uj+(r, pi)o t' tt

1loxrtlt
Ic.i Ilo l]Ji.lll.t (tlt,t) II IlBTTr]liNl l;lt'tliltll'
]-:;"-1
|PoUHl. tjJIo KlIli
Bol-lpaflc a pK ____t-_1:l1l "*y11flg
100 -:-:i.l
r485 00 1495
l,,l, I4 aK BIaI,lBarT BKa.}tKh,t 50 % .otx 400 l4ll0 100 I 500
204
,ltraTa a pK aBa 50 %" ea aKlI ocTaRI,tT | 415 r00 l 505

P: 1000
300
50+50
= 3000 py
TaLltlt i8, aolll lttr,!O Bo ]\,Io)I(lo
l(a llo
llOtsTBopT Io yp{ry i490 p"' oopl p 'Jre I,I
,I.i]Itots'I. p ot r']lJlO)I{r pc y aal]oB:r.
a. ttl,t, poallo lt KylIo 600 a.
Kypy1 K ra - tpa[L'! T|411arl (l pl)
),;Il
- ylt oILl.,t. IlFIit flo p;<l Ka ll opFlli po p (a
[a po>,I
- Ha, prrraJt poaBo. p.t- I!iirI:lo p<oo /, o pll{liY1 :Jii. B ltro )'
Irl poa) al,tl\ Moy Lr tN4 pat{I{t'I: yxy/l{a,I I(poa oaB'IT I]ajti,i or.poBIio I(O\,{14_
Kpc aKll;
Ojlo;(rr KolTaI,,l-l4TeHTa
- Halla lTa.aT r.tr o []}TaTaM lrpilUtlIlo p>oo Topa }t II.TaI]-
}t]]TOpa }J 1z1p2y"a] BrltriI{a ItIIIat.tBl\,1Ix I{IJi,r.{r{oB; .l.'l poaa I{ oKy:ll.J|,I]\,I B B p;<oo t.ltl.
ltyp alt lloBllaT'.I - \I rlpo.aBe pe[ll,l -ItoyT ,]'OOl1 l] l(rrt.po KOI,t,l OIl/t!l,1L]T lJpxLllI tlwllv pt
tsI'{! ptlltl I(yOB; llpoaBy poll}lo toTpo0Baj4 .lIII.t.{ I,{ l(0ll po/JaBoB. lloKyaTLll,''I t,l /|IJloK I1o Ka)(oy KollKprTHoy
T" .. IJ aBN,lOT oT Tyatl{ poaBr IopT Bo]\{y _ Itl'ly l1t a. :.ll I(OMl,t'l l'tN{rI [ipaBo I(rIJ.
p I1pol]'aT 2lK 0 O er I]paIAto l(, ''tli i{K0jto Ioi II. Il ol.pa)Ka( lHotllIyIo v,ll.ll .L(H'l.
BlLlI To I{eHl, Jlo o l, o po a t o.
l

p<BIx .I1 cJI ()K, Ba IlL]a. p_

|-J{r
(or), ir-
i|(t]lt'l /iI
- apTptr)ollaIIItli,i loop
t<lltO.IalI1 B Xo. TopoB ylIil'IlKitt,t ll1rxo op
(),l.]lolrlrHtr,l p<o ToI]pa. 1ll<tt,l Tol]apoful ot
(llt1l;tt;l'lts lT'I ll'}tI{Ir ltl'lr.
l}: l {oK .pzl:],l1c.]l'l l()'l ,l Ilil /l|] IpyI1l: KaBI,I i,l
I.{pl1oo ora o Kypy 1500 py. flpyoii liItt. lltt 3a'lBy (.l)()lltIIr. l aoIM .]ll(ilN'l l)ll(l,|. OI}c[)Ill:lT l{ol]l].T-
Bot\4y 1lpy Ha IIpo]daX l00 K oo il( t,tTBa o I|lIIio lor aKril,t'l. oK()]Il,Ky IJ l\,l()Mtl.l. I(yII'l.Ill]O'lDK
Kyp]/ 1500 y, p;.llll:t ip ),TIiOlJl,l1. olrtll,"l KLr
IIll l1HLIl tat, Hl{ }ll'tl I}'I't)[)I.t)|ttlli'i .Jll.rI ll,loT'itBJ|Io1 a
ali H ypoBr 1500 py. II|)il|(].l,{K l]IOHHl,t TopoIItll\4l'l l(ll()Il()Il /(jII.iI1 o}Tl]JI'IeT_
a.tr ToT IpoII aTHo Jto)Hr. TaI( l(aK a I}"(lLI 3 . a /(.]tl(l,l tilIl|()(Iill(),I lr olIO!.}llo}4 i{B.
p>y ootsIlI{o IIOT.:I ltl 'tl.l aBoJ< attHI]Vt
(
'I
| ( )l)!,l, )aIl{ BJIo)K,l. l]O11 ](CIIt,l.14 |l tl'|llIl,lc a To JIlI
yl]oB ]v{ Iio tloKl a)i( llHl{},i
lIll()14 KoN,laH14.
yt.' /l
TO yar l,tpol]T Kyp
l.ll p.lttM Iia\'t o/l;lt]ll l|I)/lit.l., 1l IlrlyaTeIl o3.
o.llrJti , P KoTopo Hi}Orlll"l
llil(: I. lltllIt -a H pay, lt llO l,l.(]tltt ol1pJl]1I]oo
p;'ttol o (a. 18)'
\i(. |.ilIIo]]jlri{F{oO poK. H p-lt<
.I.l(I,,lM PoKoI\,1 I,1B,ui

l8. lIre aBll l]! lr ,l ( ]t('rI|(tl olo ol1llllii /llIlJ Nl'l' -ll Ha poK
'IB]Ia'c
l\l()|yl l]K}oaT oT ollt{oO ,I{o LlO eCL\. Cpo.tt

ol
l lIt']ll(14 I1pl,{i]KilI()T I,IHBT'Opo|]' IIO t', o;ll"t ]\4p
i l't

- l,{L]liL)r],
11 -lt

t]lljlo lKl1|l l :rttlt, y

500
tl11,,lt)

200
ilKtll,tIl
l l;"t;':'
480 t
,|i(' jIilt()tttI4x lloyI4T ioXO o Ji1,tti.x t,rttrlrr Kpo Liel{t1t

\' l\'l il I'.

100 r r )

300 l 19s 300 i485 (.1-ltl.IItI: CJi ltO'i1pJT}o.'I Ha l.P,}.},Ie (oatt

200 I 490 100 1 490 lI( lI().]II|lII,,{I) oI' (Kl4 ltpll). p TBrpo ,lL.Jt-
i l' li N4()lt.y l,lTH pOa .olllI t RIloH' y-rlo.
216 )'7'7
B eK. p To IloKyaT, pLITIBa a oBIIfle tlo oopo o o poaT 100 a o Hr
Kpa a ott K TaoBHoMy poKy. p oplt- .5500 p.. yT y o TaKo l,1o Tx )K o
t-loI\4 paBT col.t lplaeT KaK }IBTop' Tal{ol],] rt 6000 p. B.ao r o A BIIeTc oKyaTrr'
Bar aTaa a o HKIO Hy' KaK po' Kyts l1 llpoao orroBpro. K MoHTy oHr .K
;ll( o o HKoy Kyp pay poB I4 o ato_ t<yp ytIT x< 5500 p., o o A p.I1otlTT pollitT
ty o BloKoy' oao ToT B cK HT op'H- llI(Il' To T BITyT B po poaBa. Happ, p Kyp
t p, TaK KaK K yTaoBtoy poK Kyp t{ ltI< 5200 p. o A BIparT oT rK 30 l. py., a a
),Ia'rT' To oKaTr or to. oo TaK lK ||pOaT aK o 5500 py. B o ar' Koa Kyp a
aKtoaloT o HIIM ya ao Kpl r>l<I IIol]lT' px 6000 py., y A y BIo KyT aK.
oa. llapp, p Ky a 6200 py o ox oTaBT
p aoM B K I\,{o>l<T t poTp ao 20 r. p.
BapaF{T' Koa Bo auo pa tx y T opao, o A oy(IaT /]oo B Tyax, Koa
yTaHoBt po o.II.H KoTpaToB K tslaBarT p a a MoMtlT aBplIIFl,I cK oKaT H)Ke
poy pay Mx KypoM' yTaItoBrHlI\4 p aKIotIH rrtl paH , B aIr pMp 5500 6000 py. x
.K' ypo' a.r o)KBllIM B MoN,II{ TI{ t|lit.I yp a t tl(. l|[l p/.lc5t pa ,
poKa. rt,to A o1tT yIo' p(IM ttao.lttll'I o BeL|]4a
.a p (yoa) p1yaTpBaT, To oHa (25 I. py.) p Kyp a 5750 py.
TopoH' BlaT apaHrr ooBopHl-l I] 'ooop p,M' B pavI KoHTpaHToI] tIHo . Tpo'IT'l Ha o;t<.zr_
o;T oTKaaT oT ]4oHII'I cI!eKL7. T r.ilKl,t opar- lt ztor BIo/Hl 'I o a oT zu]rp[r-
Ha ,II' llp Il llp (lrorry) CHHI yl tt |||4'|.. \'I oKyaT oa oBIIIIH Kypa aI,t, 1
'Kl,1 p H auy (oly). B pot yt121"
IlpoaBa
-
o fIoXH.
ToM IrpM BeT'| oKyaT' o BTopoNl '.no- -
- IpoaBU,'
[{app, aKtIHa a lp Ha oKyK l()0 r
Ha par aTo BoHKaIT Ta> Koa y oKaTJl'I K
l\,lOrHT aBpltr K HT B }tzull4 H I,{ oH
o 5000 p., KoTopIx pr,I oTaBT 250 py. B BprIor B
oI{ oyaT l,IT paBo. aaTB >, .o H)KH l(yp a -
'IBrF{r
500 r. p., oyT l00 a lo, yzr,t4B llpMIo illttt cTaII T B aoplt o
(:'|.Opoy' To T p oHMr. B o a o ptl-
25 l. p., oaaT,I oT I4oH c]\K\l. oa.ll p_
op aK}{' ec|4 |/t Kyp rBrc 4750 py. .{yTM' B
()l.ltT K olIra popTa.
oox, KrT aKJI rK l apa a oKKy
.F{ ttoeH K yp a oTl]Jt 5200 py. oa-
l()() il KoaH o 10000 p. up M, To r
T' yB x o 5000 py. TyT )K IIpoaB lro TyMy } l p.a' o'ao a ,laT yp a poTB o o){al1 He
Kypy, oyT oxo 20 t. py. )I( Kp a oKaT
l.()Jll(o Hr oH' o .a C|1L:c o 9500 p. !' oKy[IK
>e 4750 py., oyaTr oTKa)KT oT llrKl,I' oparl.r I,-"r
l()() KrTy op l000 t' py., pM -a H-
to paMpN,I p]!I 25 I. py. /l(ll'I Kypa oH orrT yro 50 l. py. KI{T lII
ar}{I,t cKI4 Ha poay irri tpaBo topa l)i-
c B lorli .1 rrT llpoaL(. B y.la, Il lll|()oBaT orpaIo popTa, o opaaT a ol\lo K
yp a yaT, oll ttopyT o ol(yaT'l oIrK tll<lt'ii ||).|.l)l\4y rry (orI-Io B a) aKJ]LlaeT c M oool],
(()IJIztlIo KoTopoy oH' BlKylB aI( y po/'a o l0 000 py.,
Ilo rH ooBopzl, Jl )( yp aK o]T't' lpoaB
MO)K,I oTKaa oT I]K. I]I2]TB oKyaTJTIo prMIO. lll)('l I,t a to TKyMy yp 9500 py. oHoRpFtHo
oo 3 pa'JrloBllo ,r(Jl prlit BT ll. l;II(JIlOtltlrT ao opayl Ky' oo oopo oH BlK-
a Ka, Koopa pTaB'I oo ortaIo l{Byx - ||Il,|.I]O ztKlt LIp HOBI po, lo y o o roo tj
oK - pt Ha oKyKy lp]vll{r a pay. IJ r_ (ltltlt1llvtp, 30 ap o Kypy 10 500 py.). aK l1
a)o K o/IHoBp]\4t[{o THaR}|Ba.,I l] ]II{l: Blla ||()llYlJll. or' aa opt a.
14 HLI|],Ia. aK p 'o>t<I{ BloH. o BoI\,{y /[tlrlyr.trt, poHo rilTa ollpaBa Kyp attr,] 30
ropy ollo :] y l.: lto aT aK B :lllT ;lIlI)Jl,l tI()I]ll4'l o 1l 200 py. T' BIKyB zrK y aa
poaBa o otoBopeo rtr , o p aK|1 rrt' l() .5()() py., oy.lT oo aK 200 py. [(11200-10 500)-
BITya B po oKzr' o 1lg.,.n"lrrrl let rl. ( |() ()()() 9.500)l. pl a ao op llt
Happ. o A aIo.tT Jlo ;<yl rI(y' .|('|)('', IlI| pllOpT
- pH H, o l(oTol ir ol(yarT
278 279
al(' a aTrM poaT. B .ao ya oHa oTaBI,tT Htt pl4yllK l0 pa
1000 p. (l0 500-9500)' IIJl flp. |000
]ll()Tp:i'I MeIt
x paT KJ]I,IHTa oT-TaK Hr ol]paB.a, oH o)(T \)|,|J|li yta ptt oKK s 5U,
aKT op.y 'Ky propTa. ()||lloH l| eo, oH. \ 0
Pop BIITI BaHI aopo, o)tBIoll pxyto
lITHoT' oH tloBoT BKllLIaT p>ltyl py JI, I{ _ -,.,.,,
-,'00

oaat olI!{I,i I{XH|M],{ pTBa' tiT BolO)K-

,"."
-
Flo.f poBo.T ogpall}t .Trlo BpM'i l] pzlT LIa IIo_ ls 's

BlUIt]tt Kypa aK. l|()Jlyrl' JI}I Kyrrla pI. fl +00c4500 J00,f500 S000

I|()'IlI'l l'!a pa]][la l{ - Kp: o^'ui

)(a oTpoT pzIa llK xapaKpo ToJIKo
oKya, Ho .II' ltpoaBoB Ix y. po, ll()JlIlIiI r] pr]\{. pll . l0. lroyt4 a all
opl paTIBa]. IIa o)(At ypa l{I{] oM, B Toivt lt;tlit]it po1. l(}.pa
(|a' Koa TrLl poKa ll 1oO t{ pol{olJlo. ;l|iIl oKyaT Iloylla,t
par- K opal'Ill IIoa. o i-l,l.laT looBop a, B l. ; Blvt tl-
l('op.I.I,1K{,1 H)a}IIItIIllt pr.lt.
to l(otopoy lloyzL aa HHI 1.a O TK{ o yl'tt<B [)Il I\O }rt),..r'Ho .,Iloll -
\|;||ilI,I B!ltlH
Kpc' J1o)(Blt't]\,ly I( ]!tofr,{T atsplxr'I l{I4' I,I o(IOBpr- IlIItl TcKvItI I{I Kt{ll }ll)[lIJJlItI.{ pah4FON4 I]pl{ B
.i()0 py.
]vIIo aJl)ar opaylo liKy o t4 tloDl( alty K y-
Iy pOy 9 )r tIoKyK. Pa:r )' TM l-lo:r olloa l/ o;< pots:iT ]4HBT.
rHal\,l prllTa oo .oo. aa, HaIBaMl op. rlIllll>le, T I,{ ,'IUITBHI lrt,t. op poraT .atrtir
f{apl,tp, p a K MorTy aI]prtI l1 Boo
()lIlo TO.' Koa oH I,loT lloaOOo Kol{Ba Bc_
9000 o 9700 py. po I1o rTooopy ot IIoKylraT {O t)()/(lIi 1II 'l IIoKIK tlpc-Yl.I,IX a. Bg
TrKyy Kypy 9700 py' IrpoI'aT oKyIa 9000 py. |(' ()T.alllBa ll()KY]Iy [t 0l1ii]{l,1,{ oCTII}l}{ I{0 aTo
ooprt{H oli aKtoaT t< I1o pozr)e alv ay lIt'|}l,Il.olIo. l( ilK Kyp lll.lK| tBl att ol{.I rtl
eylolNy oKy' zltlpM'' I]o Kpy 9200 py.' pat4]I]:l ItIt[) l.| lrx tlpoH tltlii/t.t.t.t i{?l1l},lTrHo lltlpO
Ha o oI{xrFI. paT KTa opal].al. Kyp tI- lrtl<l[1 oTpT N{I. Btxoo,t ojI0)Kr[Ill,I ,IBJleT prto-
.e, oT]\{' .o B00 P),., o IIoyT R KoHRO]\4 (lTr I)(l,|I] Ir poBaF{H] l]lI].p(jl.l}to pIt.lo}loo ol[l-lo-
)li.
/oxo. aK 200 p. [(9200-8300)-(9700-9000)l. ;< -Y. (

(Jti5,-l.rI lIrji14 tl] lI()\/lIl( Ol.i4()ttll :rll! pecei\yT

N,lT (IIopT 500 p. (9700-9200).
lt p"ll p.'aa I{a oH)KrH Kl) rtlt H opB-
a}o]., Ilpoalitl ilo}lT yt. H ,],Kt.'l tlt lt plrl' Otl
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ClllB&eN{l a aIa- B ll) xe, (ITo y]]I]T )lo-
Btt pI(a pollB. o x KlaT'l I,{ oKya.. plt-
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OIoI{a a poa)$/ FII{I a (put). ox<t orpa
pIlTaB'lt oo ol.ralt pa lII{l,I (oK tlo ll ol(yr-
poa)Kr zlKIIlI ]it ooHoB TOo otlott0R.
oolt-tt ]-lK OT]I.IAT oT J]oK tii N,{, ({To
y oJIIHx BlIl:].:l ll0l{l4 olTI]JlcT'I B Mol,{lT aBrllt-
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KoI]HyI lIIIl\ y tl plriI< |4 IL| oIlllotlOB (lttt-
l-t' plo.t it rl,'i).
280
l()l)tzt. K}I)li{ !{pO Ilo,vIIa}oT L-I.o ltJilo llo/-)Uti.l ltp:p-
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"a"lllll(1]\,l
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It('|)(l[ .paxyrT (;t,tp.) or ilOJly(lL)Jl,l .r'tx Llo,
l; l |(.r l IOtI [-} prtyl rjJ{y.
Mo'lrl K pollaxr Ooll:t ltli ttlr,lloT'I Teil,' olt-
IlINr OI-J i,t.ltlt oKpIJI. [Io,1 l i,ffulT],i B 8l4it 1ooTBrTT-
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281

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0 4000 +500 tr0005500 6000
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oy oolla pu,t .?IK)<e BaHa oI.lTI4l\4 oKIT.
oao .o oKplTI{ KaaT'I H po{aBa. zr oKy_
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KJIIoTHo . aTI Bo ii o I]o.]o)KHoo -
. p ToM ]\loyT ooBaC BCe Bl'l] oooB B aB_
oT oT p]HoHot{ yal{ TR' Ko.opI oKIzrT
o)T BIT . oaTI pM. yla oloIa put e
oKptT IaIIpaBa K(ITHo Ila .o' .ol oyT
oxo a o)K.ao oHH Kypa aKI,{' To 'T Tl.
a Ha pIHK o llBt1l tt 14 pozlT aT o
o too lt_pl.
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282
poaBa l{aooe pl(o- (.(lT, LIp opt pra y oyTl]'t .
p!{tI/i-
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T Blo poo_ l yaa poBoT'I p at ltpal (ap;_
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tllTy' yl p l{yatlHl |ll)oBIt ts oT )K /rH' tlo l.t Ifo)K 7-o pal.to l1H,l OJl
.l(it oKa| BaloT Hall_ ](iil.l CeK. o,ao Llep .oT ]rT. HrJl'l poot,lT ].l
TI.lo oI,tII, U\,l plJI ru e ouIr.t.
p y(al. lpabllblll ||l aT BoMo)(lJo BT orpa a plIt,{_
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ll Ill)oHl' lo;i)/tlMI o ll,tl |l|M yaa, B ;tBl{MoTI4 oT
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5100 py. p ylorM yr BooJty- ()I]l();)l(T rl.o otrl{ l1o BoHots'I oorr oaopT-
I )K l\'{O4I.ITo' KolJa yp o'| MT KTo_ rrtlii l,ra; Il o t.p H I'IrrT oTtsTBIHoTI4 a
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opHTpOI]oLItlo ]{; aa ooBopKa
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iroprlo ya. B o Bp, rJl I(yp alJlll oBI_ (\|Iil]lL{I oBj{ Iotr-v, KAK paBO' llpi,t oy{rTBJIe-
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R l] r L]lp],{l\4.l. 14co],1 T \1 oMcHT -oatlaT' To I]Ipa
yl p (ot -plra)
ts oTJ] ol' I]ryr/lrl B ltoHo ot oT\4-
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Ba BItr ,yru pop ]]a IJil 1.o, .tol Booo- -
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pKar I{rHa po.DK y. lttt pKa BlIo./tFl'|1. ||l)lll\4, Oyts ]tpl,{Ka oT I,trL{.a a poa 500 a, po_
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MIJH TKyUlx . IltIII|, II tltlT T a](, KpaTFIyI tr00 (o 200..'400)'
dyirr, aK tiTa Bopo .5000 o 5500 py a_
tITo l-l>I BprN4 },p a rro tI{. B To t{oPaHtlE BIl pol
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o}1 IoTI,IHT Too pya pKoT o' arl yy.t. l'l,llll:l
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(l |\iI l(( )lll,l l ll)| t tl tI t11| t1lu|ooobo) /
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284 285
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9. B.r.JlIll(llI ylloT aa, aK ToBal B'l|o,'l oKlltltl\1l!. AA ,t PAKX A
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I

dultt
|J!, or olloB| or o H!C?
l l K (lpllr rrplrt, oa aoooo>lr? .a t]Ior H[l pMp ol]KpTo rKoxoTl]Fto oil_
l2 Ko llTro o Hoy a pl? llll oot]HM .rHHl KBap.lo .oBo y1lo oTTo-
'|r
| B i-ro ol)J!Kc popl,tp.r. pl. o.Utlal tIttooo;to, l. -

oJ!HI] Koo'lI{TBHHl!t ppll o poBoBil pa!l- l. op rt|}I HilooB, opol ll aT) ( Ll - Ho),
l1 |lpo]\'|Iltl ot)i r pou? KoToplr ya],,lBtlT oaHlt B to)e o xTHle (DoHl.
l4 B ax oplr y.ByT a.t clll7 2. Col xN,lI (DoPMpoBa'I Kaoo oKTa oo)r'l Haoa
l5. a.I TllaJli4aT HopMllTBHylo c ? 3. Coa PcH Haor HaL|lvf| oT o ooBlM B.M oo|]
l6. o o Bl,{llT |]l'l.l c]\tllt.lo Hllo Ilil rMI,l JIolttit-
4. Papaoa N,lpopT! oBol THo HT ae) oa.
oo i4 cKoxo,]BeHoo .t? to Bo )KrTI]Ic q)oHl
l7 l(oy p/.oTaBIo oTl o yillc t|oo Hoil? 5 oa pocT Kpe.THoo .ooopll
l8. L[o o ttH l]) o to>Krl]l oll-Hle
or? '|I'|c:C 2
l 9 B .I oo Kool\,ll,lrKa o BTBilLl ;laL?
l.
ooBaM ptx rToo Hy rrpoa H aKit
P.tlt
20. lllro ocfoI llyu Kplt tl pril'lll| Kpl.lToa,
2l' l(a o|lot oo)H oep)(il,I Kpl,|l.lJoM oloop,? pMl\4o opMl .oo.a.
}'1o }1 }:i, npe.MI IloK.lTeM,
22. pT opKTep., ottoI Blll (loplr Kp.l'lTlr 2. ao tly p/'Iox,| Hil tlK B paI prroHl Tytl'tx
23. Kal ollotstll y !pao la? 3. ColptlT yp a p> p palx ploHrx Ty.
24. |.l K:lKe l]l opae opaIl! pol]o.l,lN,lI oMM.IrK]\'l
4. opl,l pallT p (yto) po.aa eHHI
tl ?
ya p patIt .ax oK P.
25. oapapr't. oo1r q)opI o l]o|]])ilHOT pTa. 5 o oyTc rl ya p.tlx pItioLIIx
26. Ko oIloBFIlMl,{ tlTHa plttK LlH|X yN'l|1,l
Ty'l p cooBafj op popi].
27. LIo '||J|''|eT
o}lNlaT o. o yrao? Hlo OHol]Hl oTrHI 6 op poaB l]Illx ya parll pIFtoHLx 14ya-
pl4t-lllKo yltr l,lx p o3oB:]l,I opa ropT
28. Ho KaTop tll ya B Il oT o pop 7. Paa pI (ro) oKaT'l poaa ooo lI put
pa(| MyTBrHlx paB./ l)llrl H] ltloH l Tya '|x.
29. oappy ottortI t].l oyap|]llI |ltlHl , t,l 8 op ec pctlTll pl (yto) o}rT po.il-
BIil' Qopl pox. ul (ltouplx KoHpaKToB B p IlIx [)l|.lo}llx .a
30. K TI]yIoT B,l Korprl O-r|ot]|n lllltx a. aoa Il 9 Brp HBToHHy paT .''l oKaTr poaa ellIx
pirp ?
ya ptlHl plotlHl I|.a'|
31 Hao ooBlr B.I o, op'I lJ Hc)LloT 14 l\4cTo tl |0 opee ,1 po o oKy (poaxe) H| l
Hl]ToH Ho por.
tpooo px p oyrlgy,' o Kel-I L}llo pKao
32 Haoc l B 'tl ool,loT l'J Ilo,lloBillt? Pit>t,t-
Te o BKcI{o ooa. tttrc 3
33. Paxc o Bilx oMMpt]K i1oeBl llLlHI itI , ae lt ilpa_
.cll,IKv.
. l. Co:t toloo polL Poo .p
34. Hiro ooBl tsI aK! a.l]r O (popNrpoBa l,lx }l]- 2. oop TTTKe,ilHl, paKTpe a)oo yaa
35. B .rir,r ooHo ooBatl'I ootlo|] l.t (llvp:oi) l|looo plHKil.
36' oxpapy BoprlHI plo HHl l aa)c o p- 3 oopa J|Tcpp' apaKTpylr olloBHt pol yTaHoB-
)Kl]oM l|lK, tpoo 1lx. .]l aTl il lll
37. K oy.|eT Ko 'l Kyp t.tt ya? 4 Coa lrty oHoHl B..ol] Hz.loot apyul ooMK
38. Kaol otloBlr Irpi]l] l HlM laa? il K ll py r Fl ll HllooBoo oHo.aT Ta
39- I{ao oHo1 Bl 5. yu prMI ypacll .)l(r lx ppoB aTaa:
40 B l ooHI]oT .o DrN,l? Kno a,t lt.ltt? ]lI.,|.]. TDllT
4l Kaot ooB}ll B.I MoBI lpl\ltlctl,t oolll oK ToK
prH'I poaBi] oyaTJl?
42. K oy,|T'I BllMooToill,l eT.l rt poKpa?
43. Hlo. oHol]ltl Bl eo' oTKp|l]llMl lle.o popo
t|i Kaoo x lit?
44. Kot ooHT l l,l Mcl]\'l BIoH}] |D[loB lti'l.ol]
popa,r?

286
 MoyT t o.'HHI B Tl,I I.pI: oItoLlHl; lIpK po.
a 11 llBo,IlTBHo_loo (op.to) 'I,l.Holl; O.Ho}l-
IIIr.
o|{A KoHTo PE.lPltMAKo K py oltot'I oaae oTHo'lT,t TaKr IloKaT'
EF|oc a o poal( (oopo, oapoopo)' lpyva (oa
yol}Io-oo,IaMa't), oo .oxoll' .lt oxol, pI,
o prra.Ir.
olt palrc o'I KaK o o pii],lall po-
s 1. MOKA PAA AI-|AA IIoAAEE Kl{l{ (oaratx y) o Ba B KoTBI-IHI p.
oH K PP }!MA co Ho Trx. A oa poDK poBoT ool]tlil.{r _
TMl H.rKoB' oTaxalox BaoB FII, oLlrTB l,l

oa p..pH THo o']B}'Io oTaBa rro.y (ToBaoB)'

ya coeT BIB 5o o .THoT'I B _ Zpgr
z_A.qt Zo]l Zptql tlqo
yoBx oKyp}ll{t,I. oI HTpyMttTo orK Be.| - Zpoqo zPoqa Zpgqo Zp11'2q1,
c aakI ITpoBol(Tto-too pt oBoo o-
ToH xoytro yTa. aBHa LI TKoo aa- a q
- KoTBo poyK otlTlollt
t,t lo pl4oax; / - ea tI-
l po B oTtlo oHoN,I po.a
a - opllrT oyprHTHI Boo)KoCT o;rr.yto
ya B poBolo KoMMprcK pa. B aolI{oM Blpar Ko}trTI!I{or B\Ill\Le aHI
aaa aHzUIa oBo.II'Ir-l. (op.to)
aop opr/T ry}o opao:
rTo ll aooo oTo}l xotyo yra BHr Il
B't]oT:
oIIr B]IoT ool]lti poBol{TBH- zptqr - zpoqo;
Hlx Ko,{px obxocT' a TaK)K arIo{ pryp-
oB; B,I KorTBa
yTaoB oO){H oByloro a Ha pIK'
o(ITBF{LIo M'prH KoHI{yp}lOtlootto Ipoi,tBOl(- Loqt - Lpo]o'
oi poyLl (ao' yy);
oKa rp' orrrHI -itt{O Ji Tpa'l BI- B 'Ille oTaBa oapooopa
Bl }IroTaTKoB ts poBoTBHH()-tooi,i (p.l- (Z ql (Lplqo _ Zpoq).
o) .l,I0T tloBIttlrrr 14 oTaL] tplralorx pypoB.
- Zpoqt\ -
A IlpoBoTiltto_l.t (op.t) BoMo- Bpll,t oM o.ax Kor{pTtloo Ba ptl-
o p.IrM&TeCI(o .THoT !y)(o l]oolT a- .,ty (o TooTI]o o. oa p-
parHo oo OoTBrTTBy}o oKaaTr KoKyprHToB'
.aBT o ltyo po.yKrl (pao, yl)
aoa a To ) lloHzUIHo pIt.IK, a oTHoTIlO ']a aiL.lpytr po,. Bax llrpo' a oopr opelI_
llpo.oDKlll po (5-]0 ). pll aaJl T _ (Y|.'I ToT oaaTr, TaK Ka oH IIO.BH oNty BI,I'IHI
ooBaT K oTKplTy}o, Ta aKp|l'ylo (papaatBaMylo xo- rlrtr|lr1oriIx 1]oIIo. y.rr Bo LlT I{ BoByIo
iolt yToM ooTrLlo, orpa{Io oM- ItI'Il)ytlKy) a yoBllo-ottoTaylo: B o ya a lr pa-
tlKy}o ay) ltop;tl. (]tlll.|.Illl B HHl a.
Aa I(i)l l .l l lo 'ytol'o ;t l,t ToMoT oo po)/ Btrt{lT l\{a'tpaIlI
yra IloBoIT llolloBa}I opTl TaTT- til l.l)ll1.I) l\4o}{o or.r.I. ooti dood" fl oe Lt'-
LItr{ TooB: paB' Bo.Ka' pytlo]]Ka' t{Ir oTa-
ttttl,'rl ioodd yT BI l]poB,t{ltylo poyIo a a,TI,{-
I{o p. llp aIar aIa,I OyT ooBaT Mr-
l)v(ll,li,i cpo. orT B ooTaBI I{a [1 oyo
ToI KooKo.]\4aTaTKoo OtpoBaH (po- ('VN|Ml,l l}l(IT ToMoT lp' pyX MaTpI t.tTpaT'
r aa' Koppol aa). (.VNl]vll,l l]Ol.]|]pltTI1I. tra B BI{ ]-I?TI a KpT' pI{Tt]Ir
palt;tT piJaMIx pl Ba y ||']Ii|'I.(')l(l|, l)llo'l o at1y pau }1I l,t .yttpaltll1K
oo p oKat,i, pKpyll,l ToT lI Ilo t< )il('\( )rl l,l
p3TrirKoii .'TeIIo " pyro :JT IoKaaTUII{
I

289
288
 Hapy
IIoaaTrNl, oxoI rrx TKyo Ilil.tIl1|(|lt14 - Jly)T ao .]l'l ooTaBI{'I p o
paB r tt }{MaTKo ToT, .II,ylT (I _
p,p yl)()Itl|'I l(OlII(pt]lIooolto tlpoI]oo lpoy (oa.
1' \1 oKaaTr, oyMIr oI TpaTrKo ,_ '}I)| l|ilMl>l
.llyr.). llaptp, opr}o ot|tt aol,r-
: oIo pla Ia, KoTpol,rpyto oTByIoM llilllt{l)()I}lIItt,tlt (lrloU.lrHr HtIl oTl,ti,i r/TB To-
yo; oKaaTr KaTBa poyK' ypoB ooy)KBa-
'tT'eHoT ||]\1(),I l,'l l<iIlIl,ll.llJiorl<Il), olt oull. loI(plT (o-
opee, T. ... ll()Itll..lIll tlrl1i'i MIn I,tKI]/{}tI oopol pJl,B K yM
oaa ,pe polrBo.Teo-roo HoT. lr I tl t.I.l(()tl [)t)l I t r tl tt/lo>ttllo ) t,t p -

p> poBoTBa - To ya aTpaT H:t lIoBoTBo To- l)l.lttr1ll lo l)oBotr tt.ll o1 i,l.ooB p/(Ilp14Ha-
Bapa' poy (). oa opayT ByTproro ( o- l t..]l|'Il()i,l lt'|THo xol.By]x y.o A|( oBo_
ToMoT Tol]apa oToMy y)KT oootl ]l'l |..
"yo-ia)
'I opetl oo poaxo t (l po- L] I l() L] I] I)t] ]\,I trl I'{o oT yyr B opaHa o Bo_
). v,'tT prHr 'p)KK yT eJ'cH o y]v'I r.:.l'llt ll t<l_too (op.to) HoT, I a_
rpK poBoTBa Ha KoTBo poBHo poy |()l)I)l. OI(aIBa HopTBFto o Ha oHeLlHl
( i, , T T. .); poTl (pl), r.o rT 'ooH- l)'JY-]lT.ilTl ao TrHoT, TaaBBaT oTBFIy
THI, B'Ialr pOBo.TBo ooI-II4Tro e.l |l.;ll,ltll4liy RH'r aopo: .
poy ao .lIIBlM ooo; TpHaTBHl, o.r1gg oHo rtTlBaT pxK llpoBoTa BIBTI,
)(K yIIIrIl BooHo' opI pt. |(.l|](lII(I4 B Ll MHeH' t,lo fIoBoT BorBpHo oB'lT
oopy o to t loyT' tp aor lol ||il (Iloly}o TpaT] prpMaTJIKoo oppoBaH
|

aTpaTt apaHT ooBaI pypoB. IIllol,l rtyT pIH BIBoIl po poopo.

oBoTBo ToBapa (yy, BI- lrlt,t.l' t|loByto yo.to a <ayl oee oT-
p (.ltol) p)(K. B Bo.Il,T | |Yl() IrprTBy.
K Bea H a]]T oT MH Jlltlo p,pIIaTKo oppa, BIo B
oa poBo.II'TBa), TaK ptlHt ( BLIa MHT- rt pIHottHo pt' B ToM |,'Ir
V(']|()|tl,|'|x ol.o'IHHo
B aBMol. oT rH oa poBo/lMo poy- lilll'l,l.() poBoTBoM ppaoo ooo
u). |||)('(yK' oJDKHo t ypJ-lo' To o o a KoKpeT_
Hap pxKa poBoTBa p ?ltt oox TooB l|()]vl l)IK oTaToHo poa. fl oo ooI BTo-
Ilpplao ToT BaHo BI/T p>t<K 1ltltltl yLIT aa H Too pryTaToB o ToT, I]o
ta, KoTopl' I] Bolo op' olIp'lIT Ha Tl ll ()I(l))Kalo pl. p To aHy o TooB rTpr.p-
ooTl. t .ep)K lTa oto Bal ||lIMll.o oTI{ o)r prrUTBoBaT aa
aKTo Ktl.poax (paxo,l a peaM, oaT Tpy.a poaB- N|lll(l)o_ KpopI' KoTot oo Ba, oKoKy o-
lIoB P.), .ool{TrHre - pooHrM poa po- ]|\/l(I(I4'I ppHMaTrKoo oppoBa AK
Bo.II'TBa p opa (paoppoBKa, aKoBKa, xpar- IlI)](M,o )KrBI{oo oprrl.
H po..yKI . '.). Alllul B'lH\\ apopl oFI llpoBoT I1o ylo_
!'l poo op tpoyK Ba;o opr_ llIIllvl IIl|IIl]aI]N[. B\45|L|r Kot{o(lKl4' oTKx, Trx_
T px opae. B .rp)KK opar-t poBoT- I l( )l|()|,l lllK, KTypHl' rN{opav ppoHtx a-
oIto BKJIIoaIoT aTpaTI F{a roBilg ptlIKoB' prKJIaMy' t()l)()ll
TpaopTo-Krol1l paoI, paxoI a B' BIa- l l1ttt I.tll.tt ||1L1 B|H\t OHoMtIK apo yT oT.
y opax oprKaM' pao.I Ha p.poaxt l yro oKyllilTyr ooHoT ope rl-
lIr'z|(|||lil'l.ll
pB, p.TaBTcK paxo.Ill' aTpaTl Ha orp)a t- lll(.It|'l\ lll)()/lyl(TOB' a l{rHHo aBI\,IoT r oT Tyx oxooB
ToBoo oparJlcH]},I 14 p. p>r opa op ll \/l)()|tIt'l IlI{' p ]Jarrll14, yo pToBaFI.
(oya ) oaIoT : TpaH opT t-to. -TopK paoI ; ilr'rl(l It |(), ll.l.(l oHoRF{a ]Vla oyaT oaT BIo-
yaTa TaMo)KtlHIx olllt{' HooB oopoB; [peTaBT- IllNlll /|()()jliIM |4 oTpo pI,Ii]yT a IJrlllI TK -
cKe py paxo.l. Il1lII ltt|;l]lIl|(] lvlill(pol)t a pozl o)KHa lT B Tp
ooit oaaTe prTaBIoT oo paqI Ko- rLl\t;trl
I' xapaKTpylor oT poBo.TB'tI_ l l1lt1 ;111;11111't 'l llOJlOl.ll{K
apo }rT oT
.'o-u,'o"o (o.fo)..roT xoyroo - Il)|il ll|() ()'l(tll.(:IllllI|I o,yKTa IlTaHIl o.lt po_
-

lKTa, ooBar t a'BoBa}II ppoB. ooo l,t I!||( il |.{llIIr\/|)Il|)tlItil'I Il lI;l tllly.l.PHtlrN,l pltlK opl.l]IM ztllo.

290 29
aM, Ko].oI [Ipo}lBo'tl.L] l.ta o oBo'T'I.IoM oo_
.|loIJltlll,tt'l 11 l1o TXHo-O'IM' B ot{oBIIor\4 oTLIalol],{N''{ ]\,l)l(yHa-
P()|l]N{ Tul,ilp.a]Vf. B Pol,t r oIlrii I{ oC}{oBtlIltX o{.IoB
ila itp{jIpl,{'111'1 ppaoTK oT2tBJtT ()Koo 50-60 %' z1-
l.?iT l\,tooT JI par Ip I,t oTOi]o l1o' BO.
otlrM V OttoBll]]\1 HaIpaBJIr o"[oal{l{ p.B oT pj-
ll ll],,l LiTeKoii 'T !]oT ]]oJI)Kll { t o H e aN,l _
H l,1
lt ]\'tol]ao rK t{oIHt{oo oop),oBii}I a oopy_
o L}aIl 14 ' oT.B ll a N,{poB Il\4 .aHp.J.a]\I.
pll aa;r NlaKpopl{l ,] prJ{IlaTl< oppil-
AK ol I4I[pC l]lITaB-']]o]. p-l4I-1lr rN{opa.l]-
I]:rH},i
tlK aopl, Til' Ilap, KaK rII r]opaTHo
TpKTyt]I ofli,TBa, l4pa()IlIr .y]l BoI]pOI. *l x
ar.opo II|^'I I]..HII\4 opt4HT]{O]\'I 'I xo,tlrTy
.rTol] AK top apaB'}t'I pll}{]VlaTrldot :{-
TrHoT.
Al,t 1tJ|14It\4 lvtopI poOT o ilylo{{ Fl.
aBeH't : oTaBl,1K; 0FtKypItTl ; Opl Il,{K ; toTjl
l]o.yKl]; ol:ivBoT, aTotto tr
I,IKBL1Ij o1. o .ByIo va; tp rl oT iprp -
}ll,IN,{aTKo rTI{OT; or,rrH..j I]poa oeN4a peaJl.
a'1 oyK; KatlBHill oTBa lapfuIrTpt l]pollyx(-
l.t ; l.}l,lpolt t.
B A K OaRIIIKM Il]'{ lil;l rppla't.lt( olIl_
-ltFloT t]J]Io. eCKoo]'ITBtIHl Opa}1:Jar,I. :t
-lpy pllTI,l IIlU,Bo po]vtllllllOTl,t. l] .l0CT
'I
llOl,yI4 rrpall]ax lplpoalt ;tLlojltJt\/lo 'itoIo
OCttI]}lT Ip' IIoTo\{y I,l xoT'I ]]I]M"lL]-:!H0 rT
a ra I1;-L ()1 Ta tlK oT }tl,tx B OlIoI]IlL]l\,1 al]i,tT IlI{a
pollyKl{. o B Ha)e Ip l\,lol..l. PBo'T t{ To-
K() l{}IFIIo aopTt'Ir},tTa BiyKaltoii l)oyl(ll' Ho K
HapyLilHr,Ito palla oTilyi(a oRaOI] Iloll'IM. To t\,1o)l(].
KaAT,tt i:Ia ONlc l].a, B oHLltloM e il JIoj3}1 K
l]pll]{i,talKo],:i pyKtyp oKya].'-]l" lTooy paa-
T.IBaLl\{ [l].p}{r[aTi-il\,{ opt,tpol, AK yr.
Jittrl ai{rt{]. Tojlo }{ aHzl l] Ha CIpe, o l,{ HL]
l']I.poOTl,l llol.aBoK, ToLIHoTl,t Blll]I{LI'] /TooBopI-lIX
llta..
pp aTrK op 1-l lI A l K o.lI )I(lI llpo Bt)I,lT
M . t'.lttl r|ltl1l1 i4|.jol]a AIlK ll. O ro IIaT)I(Ilooo
,r pti lzr /I'lFio.t,l 0t[l(ypl !1.()B'
irl\{ Kol.ll,:pr}I FIa UlrBIx lipoyl(ToB
I,I}1I(
.[BarT'l. Mo,l.ttl tl,.r}])Kl,{BilT Jt0lt'\/totIl xI tlj.l:J:
BI Br}l .II. TI]YIotlI oT ltl4ariFl l KoltK r H'o B'
aa'( OK;taTrj[ii ttoTll, ll Tp2l oy_
tI IOIJ;
BlBr{I,1 a{J-l14 l,UI}{I t,l aoIX opol1 '-ljllo.
oi]I.lIiToB.
292
,l!rll tl1l,rlIpltrtNlaTJIK pt,tpoar,r AK, tl,{a11x_
}l Irppao .oxrtii.t{Hoo tpl'
Il()l,1l]O,It.l.I]oM t,t
ll ()IlO|lllO]vl lI M pI MaaHots oTIJroo
.|
|)il l l I Io|]].1l, XapTpl-Io HaLItI Tool]lx o,pelll{l(o. 1,
tl1lltll1t.l, Bl.lI\4aH Ia BtoHre ooBopl.II r,olt
ll()l)ql,lIl,l Kl.|MI1 Ilo I1l]O,lIj)(lJ] llpollyKl]Il lI()1 pI,1.tl.
N,l()/|(lI() /Jlll'f
lIoMo aHK].I,li]oaH' l(oTopo Ilpot]oJll,ll.
( l),ll,,t Il()K[lil. lJ xol1 HaI,I r9. lts,l. OI]Il,1'0_
]|,I |.l, ]ItJll[,\lRa}olIl ]\,lHHll o .> ppI4tI]4ilTelll'(O]-o
rIttl1ltl,I1lotlllrll,r AK" p.M}{T KtlTI] rlpoll},K14II 1" J\.
l,l:t rpyrr l]ili]l|TT}]a oe Ba;HO t]_
]l'|'I a (Kor.{HI],"i y-rlTa.). B lit B't ol{l{o
tl()IlOI]Iil TaF{i]c a,aa opr-IA{I4'I pLltl ' (,-
r
Il t.l.t.lt toTl{ rrlp t,{aTr Ilo' i,tIl( } l p_
't('l)I](]lJ po.. .la oa}l,,l14 T.aoo aaa. poK,Ipyl.,t
I(()II|(prl.Illr N,{rpOllpTI,1 fla oBpluHBoBaHIo TrxHOO i,t
()l)l ll] l :JIll4l,f Ill]olIBoTBa.
[)-ltt'tl otl]{Ky t,fTOoB prl{ll.ltot1 'tI{oT)
t.t' llt|l(ltcBl{o. ]\,o)io orIyLII,{ Ha oHiB p(irTa .ooL{(f,l.
|illl ll{].ll.a. oorr oBH xapa]<TpTI(a d)Krl4B-
ll()('l.[,! l,{IlojloB}I I(aI]I.lTil-rl L]/Tpl,lHi,t]\lilT"ilKI,I}-4 ol)I!{po-
I|llIl11M Al-lK IlOoEi[]Firi\4 .oo l]oKaaT'I loBoJlT p)_
]Ir. l]Cl o ITlIoTB1i[l".I OTB.TIJHHor pa.]Xool]alt ypoB
( .1llt ttt Lt tt,t l1ooto: KttI'La ptlTrtioT]o l]pI{]-i.
.illl(
llt't."lt .TFlOT (olpo Blla) .ttto
('l.illrKl4 t itool\'Iy Kpr(l-}l [loBo'IT T BIBo o o
lIl.()lIl)IJattFI'{ A1]llI{1{ Kpoii 14, |,1o () He\oBC^
l l() l) l,I.i.Hoh4 CI1o0tsaI,{ KaI:a pllpI1 MTr
I
"
lltlt<zra, ,lloo/llol,{ KalIT'Ula () op'I{.'c o d-lpy.
lt('
I(:'l00:K'
tltr llr, lulltitlll ll1llll (c pa1r oT'l Il .I1Hlltl ]-ro1ll N'l 2
,.l,ttttlltt<)|ll,tt] pTT|n 1{ oJl{)Ba>> oBoo l,l |]pTaLFtOo o);
ll t 1lt',lLtlll'ol]ll'l yvlM KI1Tail, oTOpa' oie.]l.c1. .J|HN,l cyl\,1t a-
{ ||ll;l ();l]lil||()ll lln lliLo l,,l o oTllcTtto/) ttill a 2-
il tI1ltll a}1flrta t]rltrioo oTOl-ttrl'I IIlp],IHl{l\,iTr-
.I.a
]{ a KaxIN{ rIltttl;tltt'r.lllt.lt,i v.iitto ]\l0.-v..l oyuI{l .
r jt yl,r_ ('\l IitI(.lt tItll<:la, o r<o(lrt'l}tT t]Oi(ptltrt, '{oOBaH14_
(-i-
lIll|||'Il(.ll,I. ()().l li()jtt}'i MtJl 14 oTBrIlI{IX tr]r/i-li, t.itl|lijrlr_
||ll( IIl' /|()]ll1)llo(lltO(] pt,B"r(]I]t,l'l ttFIl }1CTB' (lrJltt_
(. l l l Nl;l t i('lll)L]l l l IOTI.l ot:).BeItHI 0 I] l,l jlp.
ll1lrr ;||llIJl[',l'} Cllol]oBi.trt''l ]Ipt]lj.TBHoo lO.ttL{l1Jl:l
lIl)( illlI)llIIlIhIit.l.C]I|l0l(oil il,ripoBaLI AK orll,1I]t .tlttlt
|)|.Il|()llll|,| \ til!ll)()()|t 14 lj]]vlo)Kll.l,i poppoBa'I. !).t.tl tlo.
}.]
:)
T BIabo].2t paJIHyl pop;i]\,{]\,t lpoBo/{TBHlloo I]ll-
T oBrrFIl{ t{tl pltIK .lt>ar t,l o o..ttttoii
rpKTB. C o tlJl}o oylLlBIoT a}{a oBaHoo it_
opTMHTa B lyt( o oyK ' o oBaI-|I4 pol,l l]o1'-
BHtI I otlo apaI{o-Tlll<o at, pyl]TaToB
loo .II'T I] oT.
Atpy aoTMI{T ot4i'I' l opal Bit-
a pl',1t o lvlt{- Ta, oKplIl pol,lBol-]]a
Too ]]pyoo Ba poyll o)( t' yolt ll
ToKo la/{H poa r{a ,]'aHHylo lpo'K}o' I{o oTcyl'TIJ
oxooo KoTBa Kall.tst.Hoo Ip aTl,liloB,
BIoK aI,1 }Ia lp JIl'1 H>ttJ,t allootloo
poa HaH'1.
!.- ppaaL'tatotl,,t opa{ztr AI( Po B IO/-l.
ll o'I xpaTrprla HropKa IIpoBoTB}lt{I roroir, it
TaK lt)K [rpoa i] IlpOto) a i{IolIci\{ oT..-
l]Ix ToB:tpoB oBHBl{oo I[]o. },Iv poa IIOB._
opTJ;i.' MTpoBzl pl}IKil, o1p,.Il ro rM-
oT, aHa o KoI{KypHI,{l,t' .oBaI-t BoIlpooB
la o poo oBo,lIoT p.pIaToy oppo_
BaHIo AK opeI,l paHI oI porroTa o
llo poyK B ooTBTTB IoII'I poBoTell-
tIIN,l oTrHio.
p a o.pTK o rlpotiKLlll (oapa)
ooo Ba}tr op-
y.T oyHoT aoBoo
(r{a pe opK ota), a TaKxr Hrpo.
I\,{KoT aTI]y. HaoKHor Hatt r. iKoBKa.
I(poe Too, /{yT op a Ht]Ilol.tl tIltKJl oapii
poKlt, Ha KoTopo oa Hao.T'I 1] lll]ilI!yIII trpllo/,l.
p ta tloTpTrJIK ol. Ilpo'yIi tlppI]-
M?lTI(oo oppOBaH r paBBaT llpotyKI,{ KoHKy-
pToB. a a B o'.' Bpr ]po Ha olt<I AK
cl4c B otoBHo I,i-a BrjIeH'l tlIJ lIit r' aHU|.]{y :]Too
oxoo yT .o)(t{o Bl I ]\| zlLl .
'7Br
l(ol a /]UrHo p'pl,lHIVIaToO
oppoa AK O llpJlrlM L{apalt']]v'l IIoKa_
T ol]oT oe.ltrl ot.lttT paoBor oo]{l,l'
pyaaT Boo)KHo apoe.Ba papaozt TpaTr
aBTI,IJI.
s 2. ot-|KA oPAHA HAooBlM oPAHAM
AHKAM!
Hor opatla Btl)|{ I)l( I]ro oBrT Ha BoL)o,
Mo)KrT op?tlla'l yIIatlBaT-tltlO. B, o Iil.-
pyT B By o(lp. p:rN,tp ottORolI Ipt]t)l. I(o()p]'I
2L)4
TotlHKo yaTI Haoa rta pt. [ oFlK
'I|]eT
t|ltlaooo oToH opal{tl oH oJlyIoT oKaT-
J|' llo3Bo'IIol aT oy ptoT (pao).
()ot( M oKaaTe|i ptoT opzll]alt B -
I().I.,I c oll1art (lTa po (ptto aKTBo.
1llt.l.-lttrOTl; KZtTa,lil), KoTopI opr/'l}oT'I KK poI1HT-
ll() O.lIoLlt ooTBTTBrHFIo aaoo lr o pl
(.l.()o,l Il ilTBoB a oB H Bopo, KoI(o -rtltoo
tl .tl.o pt opaa MrT a l py. Boo ylllT.
Illl
_
Prl oLIHoo KaTa opaa o,t].Jl _
,|''I o].HolI\4 o pt K B ooo Ka-
llT (p); oa prTaFIoT poBoTBr}Il
t|lollo
- oTHo[IrH -oo pI M ooBl
poI]olITBHIx oo oopI pe,B.B ToBapHo-2rT0-
I I
|)LlaJ] HIx HI oT (ap,rI tI aaa). PaHoT p-
l|.,]lalI pTo opT oTtlotrlr aoo pl;tl,l
l( I}lpy(lK oT pal1a po.ytl (oHa oKaIBaT oJI [lpl4.
ll,l B BIpyK oT paa). a parHo paa_
ltrt,l olvo opIoT oTolllI4r pt oT paal,t
ll)O/.lyl(lll,:l (ao, y) oo (opvo) oMoT
I
l.O poi(yK.
)
}l;o M. B l]y, To BrHa aaoo pl opa-
IllltilItlllt B 3HllIIT-IIlo I.,l .aBcvlT o yHlx o.'-
lltl- rrpaaol;HI ,oxo.oB paxo/]o, pt o pou
Bao ooo Tt{oTIo, T. . B
l)ilJlallt,I'
(),I)(JlHl poI ocTB MoyT l otl.l, B py-
I I'to
- Htlll' oToy o otr apaTpvIcTa prI-ITar-
II()L].l,{ opa o)T t y.tI{ ltooBarM tI-
lrli,i tttlt.
l} y oeo].ll I.IT opa o Btl}l _
rtlii llp (Pu) opaa, To-T tlpI, oa{
(.(. |)itop>Ke{ flo patlrTa bll)KTo]\4 o HaJloy I{a p-
lll,I.ltl,. tj BrJ,ltI oprT I]o 'aH}tII\t oTTa o irolx
14
l)('lJI'itl. ooBaI.{ (opa Ns 2 oo pir.
ttlii tl..t.Ito)* o opy
l
:P-,
ttt.. ltllltoa pl opira (op 2, p. 090); Prr - tll;lo
|'t,
o plel.y B ooTTTB ool P <o HJIO lI1l
||l)lIl)l'l]lI,. 1.lt,t'ltt.t.ltlLll'|
|||)|t()l,I]ll, tt;l,t;.ll,ttr,l opalt> (poprr 2, p 3l0)
ll1lt,ttl1 pp (a. 19).
l(ltt< ll/|IO, HroTp I-Ia HI.{l{ plHoT pitJl-
l Hll:]BtlHc op .to l'1 ]\,l|)a!l .lJ)()K j} l14
ltIt't |, l| /IllJl(' llVN,lt)ll
.|'rr;r11;11 ltItIIllt'/tC|||lI tttl |lop ypo oTTtlo patlltut,lii ll l995
295
 l9. apTa Bolt'o)KtloT roxeo opal|ttlt yBaT I,IKB'FII oopot TB (Ma.ptzt.ltttlr (e>t-tt o-
ao t| oI - Pa;lr yyr lpol]ots - Ipo o-
po.l.I-II pr]:I'TBa
loa
HI aKTBt) y paTKopol oaTl] (Kpalpt:l.r_
HI KprI aI * Pa.rt oe al,lBI).
laa p],r' py 525 67'7
l,r oo oI{Ta IIopI.- tO)KII l{zlll-
Pt-toT [lKTBoB (orarr ptlae- lrq 3,78
Ho opllaL)' % TFIO pcBI[IzrT o rla'tl;tT' ooI{y ooopol.ltI prT-
P,.loT pit a (oo 68.4 7 '|
a oxoM1 oaHl4a}I ToKo /ljl I.Io:llllltlt o,a_
pt T pzlI,Ill K aaTivl Ha pa- 1.l-B, }io .t,l y /'ITFio. ]rlt.ltt._
oBii HyIo 1-tyl-r)' % Br}{}{O ypoBrI{ oKaaT loJI)KH t al,rTe[{o tltu l.
oaa't, HOpaT!{I]Ioo (optlo) to o:tIltpttt-
l.lT;l OI(l (Ko) oRo-j[.1. }'Ii1f[OB1,I., Ro KOJIKo pa oo-
l,1, B oTLIe.I.Ho oy aal,{ya opila TotlKtr.l pH[,l'l
p0.FIis JlKBJ{LII aKT}II]l opaHl{aL\Ll]4 /]oJ(I ptsll]l2t'l'
HooBIx opaHoB r a F{aooy-
},1o)rT paaTpI'{BaT
l(pTopoltI o' IITOI OI{ ]1toa t pl,taa JlaTr)tl_
lIa. }I a}]( rojlKo Bopoa yI\,la aoo IIpI|4 ot.t. B a 90-x o til,tr;].]]o' !{To ll,t},{{)ptil }I(}l)-
(p o Ha'o yT, Ll.tr.o B OxoTBFIHI opaHa t,!ATi{l]l HTa [i0KprI e iL)jDKI{ tTt, >lt
}IaJIooM oaeT'I To.ItKO pltl, oHIJa oT HrKoxo- 2-2'5. B a. i]I\{ I] yoBx 'InjI{.Il,t ts I(rJrio_
'Il)iTBttt{ot Jlt;tT), Oa pHTajIoT (pa- l\1K o HM8.I'tia'l Btl'ta Bopoa 3-4.
FtO]. alIBoB) TaK ya. H ao Ta aaJlpr- tr{.OT B o{;cl4Kr aTpy/lrT Fiopltoii To!
Ma opaa OoIra yaBaT o}t. [loKaaT. OTo]\,l o }1oNIaT],tBI]I poBlJ L{UItJoOOpao J/"
a p pl]-ltl Bopoa o poTael KpTa }l o- !.HaB,IB Jl'l ao p oaHl.l.l,iIl. .JI l<
rIHTa a o opTpy IO)(II Bro Ia oKaAl.'{ -11],IK- ()dIJ o l{tII alla o/.{t.,' Ci(()-I(o ()opOTiI
B.Il'oT I,] -aT)KIIootOT OaHaI4. oT ypoBH'I \lKB,- pITB li.oti ()a. B aI(i{B OpaaI4 ior IIoaIt{l4
}1oT. aTr)kooFIoT| aBlI Boo)K}{OT14 oJIyll ri;i llrjlr:lBI l6.i.'B ol :ttpo
()Opo}tI pa,rKopoI{r KTOB' a IJaT. Ro]\,{o}I(H0.l4 Ijllollra pOI,{BO.Ba' OaJ}I l{}ol)oH1. oo-i'.TB
pztBTI,i aIlpFI poBo.TBa. ,'1l. Kpo Too' I1 OtlpJIrJ{ Too HoMaTBa ]at yLIT,
rroT apaKTpyT oo opal{a oaT tlTo pi;] TOpoB T HIIa,xoo6l llO-vaT' KOTO-
Bo oaT-B B yTaoBHI po B ya ootspMH- l)|)t o pa3HrNI pal'l It MoI' BOctspn,,lH.li0 }]OIJ
Hoo tlpllBe TpoBaIr o JIaTrXil {:) Topo]{i Br Kp- (rllJlllI,f.Il !Io,ai].Itiy i,Il\4 ilOil.-vKl{j.i] {'t.laLit'it e\4).
ltl4opoB. (P.t llulFl]IoM jlya I,IIT Jl}ll o KptlT'otlII
:JarHl prTBa. OoKy o .OOpOI-II aTa BOBaT ,,
Rirrt =.
n* Mu + llo
K,,
KB(}{OT apaKyT [{a_
14rT]Ja aI{re.) ,,t.,.lro'
\4e Opaal4 pTB, .oTaToIIIX H 'oKo Otl- r7l. l(p - p.ItT,il a.'O.IDtl}l!'I B Bltr.lo: M ,_ M:C1]Ji3l]lnJ prJi}'],
rl 'tltr,lt,,,r;, ll po t,[(tll,l,[ |pO11l]ts{}Ji]DHIIoi.l jlpoll{]a (rt-
H poiiHoO pora potsoTBa' H ITaTI
r1ooB lto B,I!{ pa'KopOHl,l oilTeTBI\{. '1 'lll\tl,l lllo]]t]o,t{tlHle al' I]-[lltIr plNtl tlBI]i(:tl3i]L] p014:]-
l)'/Ill]l, liol]alL' oT:l.1Kl,I o po)",rl:r); rll -. ir.,e>ll lir;l
l( ot.loI IIoKa.. xaaTpy}o .r1I(Bl,IttoT 0p_ ti l] l( ) ll)(it }lO'r

AIil,[a}l],1, oTHo'I: o otp(ll,tl]T oKpIT, IlpoNl_

)1(l'oIlit Ko(bHT ]loKp1T]4. K()l{l.IT t1OjlTHO
Jl I]'|,HOT, orl Ll}lT TI B LlI.IO.'l .
ut,uti ortlut1ult| I,rldpmLt (IGn) 'arT I{aojlrr Oy)
o I-[Ky 14KB I,Ir{oT OpaH I4:] a |4.'Ilo:]To]l1y cl[TLIe.T e 5I. o \4 ]I
zl{l Ba)KItlx KpTrpI,{B r Ty .a)({)oot{oT, pa.
,t :]ol-]aIOLj,[l,t paTKopotloo K.I{T}BaH. o ata., liilt.l,' liill(2t}l t.li]l, Kpa.K(JOriI]l rri],r0"lll.i] {.!a}lLia l\'t0)KLrI
B KaKot:t .ctll,i B I{KB,F| I oOpt-lTl 'TIJa llrpKpial. l)|.l Il' lICrvlCzj]e {I{O ttL}aI]JcHa rtit:lLil-It4 l.ll0I,{J-ltIl o()-
I''tjI.llyfo y opFiI,{aIll4l{ raopoHyI liojl}Krtlt{o1.' T)
.{.oKt}
:i Lt1. /lel{e)iHI:[X p'i-l]' liil l.-.
l){)lIlIll Ul)ll1.B. Tt} i.
T KaKio aTI, ].KU,tx oalrLrB to Kp.ilI]T l{ a.].a l\()(]|)()(lIrl,r tirltlll1t.toBiX Bo;*ll}ltjI iI pTB B aclt'].a. ()tl -lti1-l:-
O)(IO IoaT, ()6l{oBaB B llKBHIr oopoTI ,prj{_ il(']l)l'I,l (),I.l lolllCII\{ y|vtlvll }[rHI llI]. ilTKO]})()tII.{I
Ba. Pa.IT1BaCTC TOT OKaaTr KaK oToljl otl.i yI,tI rIttitl;ltl(]()itl,IX l},l(),\(l] Ll.]ri.o i( K.O}:)rrjll]\4 o'tltTr]l.
291
296
Ba (l(pTKopotlt KpTl aI * Pat por a-
l).
B o.Io oo.to TpaTypr opaBar ypo_
oa oBaT 0,7-0,8.
a TaIoT' To oTMal o ypo 1.
o BaXI oKr BHoT opHa BeTc
ooTaBre a6orr KBo a r TKyx aKTBoB
(!>t<t oopo pTBa * KpopoHl aol
o;<) ( lII paa aKTBa aazr) KpaTKopoto a-
'olIo (KpaKopo(l HI l(pTl t * Pat
oI1 at). Ta opa oprtoT or|luum o-
mo (onpmuoti) .uudomu (Ka). o apapT Bo.
MoHoT FloBHHo pau orcaeT oKaIBaT'
aKa tlaT KpaTKopoHl oaB o)T I rFIIJo
(o pBoMy TpooBal{l KprTopoB p Hye}l\| poKa
.a;<a) oaIHa a T ao oo LlaT aTBoI].
Mo optla TpT orpxaT ToT o
Ha pot]H yT BIlll l, oao TropTrK 'oTaToHIM tITa-
rT alr oTa 0'2-0,25.
B ol-t Bp]vl B paKTK ll oK ypoB aTr)KIo-
oo opl-Ill pI(ypl al oyT TaKx
outtm mtii uuom (K'"), oopt apaTpyT
oy ot{oT opaa\I opot pTRNI 14 \
B/l xoo 'oT BoBprHHoo oa]-
l{ poI oa. o oIlT oprrT KaK
oTtIol]IH o yMl KBIx oopot prTB (Ma-
paHl 'r;t<t oopol p.TBet - Paor
pooB - pv oopot at) ( ll [Il pa.o
aTBa aaa) ao poHI o-lt.tJM B Be KpaT-
KopotII KpToB ao, KpaTKopottl :tlMoB paLlHlX
K,Top .o)KHHoT (o Il pa LlccBa aaca a
BlTo . 500, 510' 70, 75,740, 750):
Ku, =
IIA
[| _ (ll 500 + 5l0
lIA, l]lA ooTlJTB|o To ll l1I pitllco|] ita lr;
ttrol II prll- ilIIB :tlt.
Hopao HaH oHTa y KBHoT
vcTaoBHo paBHI 2. paa'I aKTLIrKo l-{atl o(l-
}lopaT,{BI{I, lvtoHo opJtT, oT oplt-
a paaTTJI Io oa' l{ oIIyKa o1lal,t BIa_
HI{'I F{a Bo M.Bo.
Hapy paTo orHToB I'IKBIIFIoTI,,I 'I apaT-
pTK ypoB FIa paKTK opIoT Btly TI
KBIX aI(TBoB ]<aK pay )Ky KIIHIM aKTBaM
(opayMI poatt,l) KpaTKopo}lI ola_
298
|Jll-Bil]\'l. IIlt.lllt.tl,,t a(I1.rHo BllIn I KB'FIIK
tloll l}l'li(.c;lI]y. o oottor. op?llI.ll,l tloa
ill(.l,t
ttl t,t ollt tt Ttsa B po K.
Kop.1ggKI.{ -lt'rl<ltttollo opaalr TO /loT2lTotlI{o l
>l<r
-
tt,t al(1.BoB 'l BtoHH BFILUI O'Ia,eJl C.B Klll( KpaT-
liopotIlloO, TK oopotloo apaKTa.
I( to.till,l oKaaTM aTrxooFtoT oI. I la].l l4'IB-
Jt'Il.'l trl|lttu ai]llloJ\l (oT o.r.lItro)
(l(.r), oopt op.lvIeTc oTolllr oHoO KalIllJl
(orrir,i M]\{l ],IToItKoB ottl prTB
- To l pa71ii
IlilBll ltait) o ii [lBoI] (o aa). .lttlrtt,l
rio(lptIHT aaKTpyT tl oTBIx pTl] o ttit
]\4I c.l.orIIIKo]] t,poBa}l BIpa)KaT ooToLIlIlllr
lI l |rpC()R ottIlKoB opaAl-lI,l' KpTopoB }.IBo].o*
trltrt. Hopil;lIlI rlaT'l HaLII{r oIrTa 0,6 __ r.oii
o t/pol]I{ B]ITTBT o T.2lI,,l}Io ioBoo O]TO'I_
I I'l aI(a, ro Bol!,loLloT BlIloT B pTIr Ha
rlaTJlTBa.
O u ABl,loTI'1 opaI oT aoo KTaa B,e.
...lyr rcopu,t1ttI|I oomol11 aL|l u, onlc!7bl
:pdm (K3), oopI oIIp'.l. yT 'H'I aMLlI
pTB (r yj\{jvlI a'o)I(etHo,l,1 -- II para aBa
aa) }{a oTBIlHlr l)rTl]i] (l4T I paa aBa ;tatr_
ll). o oI(alBaT' Koo 2llJI lTi] oaHal.'| p_
llJlIJIa a l py. BO)HHI I] I(TBI oTBrI{F{Ix prTR' l,{
pLrKTpy traoy}o HrzrBo opaa oT p-
l}HI,I aMHIX pTB.
B tiop'taIJI oBl'Ix l]ll]{l,l,i lrpoI]ol1Ba oTBlII
ll(:'IotlIl p,TB .olll IloKpt[ia].' KaK ]\,{}{M. BIo To_
|\4O oHoBi-I l ctr]JlB l,1 BllOopo.tl{Ix aKTBo oBrIr
tlfirrpor.Hl p.Ba B JIJI tlooI aoI]. oylo
.lil.l. LrBa..oyTl\4() IIOl(plB..lT aMFIl]vIl.{ p.TRa.
Ilor.ov }loN{Tt,lI]Ht yp oI]Ta ooTorrlr a-
+ IIIA ivltll o.BllIII pllTl] l.l lo)KH pBII]]a. l. lJ_
+ 730 + 75 +.740 + 750D, III ,lla}litlii opttFr, 1.N{ ol. a IottHoT'1 (la-
ll - It()ll ]lO,o)t(Lrl{l.t opaHLtI{l4, , l{oopOT, LlM o.llt aB_
!\l()l.ll OaIt]JilllI,I oT ar]\,{}{lx prTB, rM BIl1I pK yTpTl
lIil.l')l(oooT.
rI
.Il,t,'r oo ot THoBT' KaKa LIaT p}1I aKT]]ot]
()l)l.l.lllt4a (K H oTFtoT oHoBl pTBa [o oTaToHO
|()t4o.l,1. llpoBOTI]HHI aaI)I' }{aBpUlFto tIpoI]oIl_
(]|.It(). j\l-otlt{ltl l,t t1lt-rHal]]rlBarr( pr,TI o ol.a_
ltl.tIttlii TOoTI4) arIltpyT llT ah,IIx p'TB, p;1-
( tlIl'|.|,lI}illO.t. luttm ot nJ\amrcnooolu (Ko) aK
(l|,lI()itI]llt To4oT p:LHlx aKTI,IBOB o{ y aeN4I
( I)]t(),l.|] (p;lt J{py al prTl]
- To ll pzt/{itit
l lil(]l| |tll lt-lttla).
2e9
 p tly flaTr;t<oooT oa LI14 aaKTrp -
cl, ollll'|I|Lt.I ucttoti Ipldu (Kuu), opl op
KaK LlilT.ljoc oT HI1 L|oii pI- l{aHoo a aH_
pyMl po oa o}IoBIx pB (x lapyt
BLll{y pt{To aIBa o tpyo) a BlyKy oT
iIIl pc}'I'i ( o l{}lvI ol\Io
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t],itTll eC IlzlpTrpoB o looopl oolltrl.l. l]r. TM
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K(l lo .o (K): tl ( ollttot BIpaxrH) at aaa a ol
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p y.rr B:LIol aa a oTLITHI po oxo-
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300 3Li !
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-
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? )Iil'I |\'l () l.l Iol !!H'IN,l. TI]rHI ?ltl1 ,1BIo lIToM otlpor.t pllTB. B Ilrp_
lllI t|||'\'(.J\I|.,x 9 )|tOli yTo(l]1BoTt4 opI.il{I{a14 ]\,lo)(IO l]y o pll oc.t Bai,lM tpo LI y il''ll.l oT op a-
,.:-'Cl 1 oOpot]In HtLl.
' pKTyu{I,l O.l.o I-lt
Co o I d)zlTtll(oo I{opaT BHo o Ko(D(|l llo
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v l
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prT Op,tlT. oN,lO Ko(h_ .]|rT oto oTBtlHIx oopoHIx prTB B or B[l(lH
Ilt,ltl.toR l]ea.Il}{o To]VloT I!{ll{Tt]il' oTo'liIloo aKT.l,tB;l' ToHKoB oTBrHl pTB. Ba KoHTa a_
Ililt(()J]HI4'I Ilotl I{ l{ooopotl}ll]o lIpI,IBrIi!4'I il4t]l tlBptloTl,{ aBT oT apaKTpa 'c'lTHoT opaa: B
.tlTl]. ,la Kol,{I]Ta xapaKTpyIoT itrl l rlo_ tpoo poBoTBa ro Hopa-HI yp o ll.
l}o tiBl,l11N,loT OaHJ4a R I{o: B1'olIo]\,t 14 ooTtlo_ l|)(, tl B aTpaoMK.
t[I}t aHI oTBltll pi'{. B T otl:Ji.l aT p llpp o.II'I lIaHoo ol4oT op-
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ll'] eoo oTHollItr,{, (lToI,J llpoojl)I(l,,lT pot,itt
2l. lraa y.l oo]o oaa o oo
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OopOTHl pTB, Hoxol,IMIx or.tIl't qrHal{O- l(odpu. oc.Io oHt-

Bo yToBoTI,{, op.IIrT,] KaK oTtlorrlrF|],l J\,\1 l N|}o_ llI opoIt pl (K"):
'l y opaHaL(I4 oTBrHHI oopoTllI I)IITIJ K aKT- (l.t 0,76 0,45
Ko ToMoTl',l B B-i[ poBo/lTl]lJtIl,l llIIaoB aTpaT) opN{aT BHl 0,r 0,t
otlo (lalr.loo ot}t|u- 261 450
Ilr)Hl pB, ]4TopKo a','t>Hol. t,l otlx oopoT- il Llol]To' %
HI aKTBoB (},fi,(N,la I,1TooB lI II1 paol] KTIJBA raa): l(ot||l oroT MTpIl-
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t oopol
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r 1lltt (K6).
tIl r..I 0,39 0,63
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[ - o I ;lal lll,ll]a a ()l.lio (lalroo o(ltp u- 39,3 62,5
lll K tlol)llTo' 7a

llopa opuHT oHlIo. oTBI-l]MI,I )o- ,l [()lIOl]Tl N4apl Tpl. H 25 l0l2

l l l l)y I1l il |l1l l,I <|l t.tt-t oo o.ro
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02 103
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( oBHI.]1 oopo p'.B o M]\,t llTorlKoB ooB}{I prTB papoa]{I a T Ho. /lo;r.
prlITB Opa) y.ltv, OHao, }rTIBaT Bo. ll] lI)Ka oHoBHI pr'TBa, T BIIII ott. ott
o)Ho trlpe lIoOHI4TeItl eTaJIHtX aaoB' MO)KT I loKl,,I TK( a T ypo aOpTl{at{l,l
o ypor]Hll .oJlelI BopaT. ooItI p/{TB, HapaBro a HT}IBHO ol{o J|eHe'
Bao ar ol{K aoo coo opa_ aoa yovo opFta B aTtrl orI(I,I cl-o_
HL7a|4 T oToFI r o}IoBHI p.tB (poo- ,l oItoBHI pTB xapKTepy Ta outtuto"ll
t{oo oTI.Ia). !, x do.zopotl?o npu(]'lHtUI arbr cp1m (Kfl . pu-
p'o ti m oJwomu uJI lpm H]. Opr'IT oT]IoJeM MI oI'opoI]Ix prT.OR
<l ptro To]voc zll"lo ( ll pa ZlCBtl aaa) K yl'I]\,I otlll
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oCiloB}{I pr.CTB o oaotlo TOMoTt,t, l]oI,.tBlcTBHi lI(l o})aF[a I,Io,rIyT a}Il pTB ,1. ooeI'l
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alt,IBaiol IIl{ToR ilo oa.o :10t{Mo]. - l [l pt :t ao youoT oaHa o
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(l. Ka il-la). a.l o olra olllll
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lovIaT. l' ltlT aHoit i\4yrT_ oKrrlr
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3A4 05
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po Bt{oB a oroBHI aKLI KaK oKaT t{-
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pr, opor .xoT.

22
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24
p ayHo_Trx}-lltoo tIpOpra' ]]Kotto]\4Ito :lo/lol]l'l.t, .o ltpo/lyKl.l poBoTBa y ool Jlll'lM,
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'IBJt'lT
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lloooB a ol-lzlJIHOr TpoBa ol,lJlor ()0rerlj T; H 6oc T a oo pK; o paTl aIT'
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26 27
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30 lir
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33
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to
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-) J+ 35
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llpyI{ Ml BaT
pIr{e H T .' {a pl]aoo HarH Ha o' Ka Mo)Ho yyI]IT oa-
o" yr}{HIx IIoTp rpOTpT pBoaHIr HI'{a I' aI{TIBaT II f.o, To },yt]J_
l.t;
F{ apao;
oMIIoc oBoT, H al\,l oxp all T xopo l-tl r B ;l]vto
oTt{o l] - H-'r'Io TItsaT' TO IoI{,lM FIpaBT'I oyaT Bo10 I{a_
oyT .To-To BMrTo Too, To0I oT' IIoToy t(t paol.t TpMI4T I( yxy' a K
HvI |4 MI pJ{oTa paoBao ;
IIoTpT Bc.
B t Ma a o, OTOI-Ii{I Ko.tpo HrpT; paoa BIpIBaT oT Ma-
o/IaT arp l,tuUIo oo>o TI aMoKoHTpoJ], oa o)KH oBo-
a H Hit . t a,tol\{y <.ro'>;
H I,{Hon{arI. B
.IIoBrp'l' orBo B l]po poI TpT pop oBl
orH oJIOTo OTlollIl-1 py K
Blyr]JBall}{ [4 .po o- HaHI4' a peo, a UIaFI IIoBlT ar,ra,
,py, [IpoBJl cIvIaTlIIo tlI,{FlI,IMaeT oooxoTHr, rI\{ axI;
pr, Bojl'l K IMy poB I{rBa ypo.
Ka)oN paoy p opa o KaT o-
tiI{IloO Tpa1 prH o tlx paoT' .a oI{
oTBI' I{ /Io)(I pHa B.oN,ta. Y.I
5 5. A[yPoAH}fl Pyoo Ho n
PPHlvtAGx cPKyPN( oITa;
pao. OTl)aTHo prpyT., r Tapalt Iro-
tltll{I yLIlUI,{ pryTaTI IpBoT ToKo ToM' To x
y.1g',.poJtIT.vl,IpOBaIJlpy'oBor'IoT tlIl otr apy)Kal, ooo .Il T0 HKaK H Kott-
IoaIBaT'll.o|]t]p.pI\4TKI,{xTyKTpa.II'yTT- )v 11.'IyRJIl,l(!H paoa.
MypoBaT paoto a Tar B]II {r'lTrIloT:
l
(]ot T poa o.taT BIooflpoBo.-
I]D HTaF{apTl pl]rrLI B Ta.apTIx
o
l(.lllllI|lI TP Lrariol] B KoKTB.
B IlrOpe,JIFIII Tyax;
\4e,
ra HOBI or{Bo,TBHAIl o\,{rpKX Kot|Po Itl oII Pal
OrKy l,1 KTB}IOTI4 'oKl,I pH oJ|\IIl oolt
l It 'lt.r Ol,lille oaHa pp_
Too ooa; llll,1( r1r '
o[rrpaTI]Llylo ol{y oa o}I oHtILto - ' lr ,tt ttt,l lI14o-nottKe OHol prpI.l\'.ta?
1 t(.,1t r)l.l () t oBHI tl }top r pllpIta /
o; I]o OyIi Ilollo-
l

IR;rt,ollt.r t ltlytrle oTI KoKB}lori pao?

O{]'rIll{y Io}Io KoHF{KTyl]I
Teoi]. pltr ;
OaattFlt,r p B ar'

ilh opu ,ppoBai4 IpaBLItIx BlBoJloB
llt pto'loil oIoKTpI.
ai Bo0 B pITpaTrTB - aTpoBaHoT
pa.}{KOB B KonrKTBHo Tpy/{. l] Brlla HPoBJI'
a/I;iH ' tla-
TO M6)KT aTaRT ll.a II16JI'IT
36
 2. BooxocT Ilooa yaI{oo poll]oo oI]la B yy-

PoE
3.. apapTKa oTpa (rpopaBBalo.Ul' aa
o T. .,l' .HaKa oTpael poa)(
HE-AH
(o6pe ,r lt'ooeo ppo)
4. ;tl at ool Balo a B aTor Bp'
Haoar opaa o.Jl(lr Bl opaa o ltpy opait oTpa
Apr
T(lo, a
5. KpaopoHl oopoltl
I. P

l. ocot rlapaBr a (opo' oopl yy 6. oop rraI oKaaT a

yoBTBop' Toapl' y}, KoopI yprraaT)- ),I (o po-
. ;zroBa 14ca'L: pOl |4 Lp )'pr]y

2. Oa xapaKTTKa aluro pIKa (MToo, ao.ltloo' - o.poll' aalo

7. uooa";]Hl' HJlooUl, po'.
l<yapoHoo' poMIl]IHoo, opoo), oprr o BaIo tla
paMepoB

3. oa-Ir ooxoT .aoo a a rpo. oT o.-

lII. APAKTPTKA oBAPoB
Hoo .o T , Tpar praJla
l. Br IpoBoo poy (yy), porT rKy pozDK
o DKoMy y:
4. KoypIe prycBa oapoB (y)
a)
)
poo oa poa;' pt, ypoFl poTaocT Br- B)
TI4|4 py ao BDKIx aot oaa T. .Il.

2 Cir poyK' oTtIl. tl I KaTBa' Y}lKocT

6. Hoxor p.Ba (Kpr.TI, BecT)
3 Hapall oBopIrHTBoll'l l Ipol]O/l'I.IJa IpoyK

7 . pelaraeoo ooa pTB

4 I-|ae arHToB, opoo pK, K;lBHl I]paB po
l,I l tTrKyo oo
8. po Boparr KprTa ( .oo ropa). Ca Bopa_
Ta cpe.D
5' )or K poBoy oo tlpoy
lI. oI APAKTPA
6. ,.l )KItrHoo a' a opo aoTc l oap
1. opaa p ,lxoT opI'aFI3a' ooBI apaB (ya) aor MoT' y opee p papao_
rr .II'HOT, eoootl |( llol]I ].otsapoB )( orpa

9
338
 ,-1
7. ooo aa yaKoBK ToBapoB 3. poyl,l KoKypToB: oI] oBl r Ttll,tKo_KoloM
l( o l(i l
ilT-IlI,l' yporH KaTBa) aH, aKoBa, ttl T. .

8. oepo.aor o;a oapoB

4. Ptoa TDar KoKvpr.o' x }l| aIe cTopol{l

lV. PIK CITA TOBAPOB 5 pya Ba opaF!a p oKyp}tTaM

l. T paBlT oapo plHKoB' I]a Koopl l paoa

6. !,ecl, o)I,Ulil|\,lI } oT Itrtx t,l tsoo)KII KoH-
(payru, I ilt' H)Kar)
TpToB' Bauja aa o }l

2. Paltr a)qoo pra Baa oroa oJl a x 7. !p Brl aopr, oKalBae Bp|H }tr ay p..
paK roT' x rT
. oot N{TI aIx pI}IKots' l,ix apK'Kil (pl|4r}r-
a't rl rHoT oa}lI oKyaol"t' o)eTo'
ll
eo paoI' ypoll .oo .) vI. TAT N4APKTHA
l. Ool ;l l\{apKt{a B BauI oparia (poI,lK}IoBe_
4. Bolo>o oa poyK (yy) .L y'oB.TBop-
H FIa Ko}tKpr pIHK, I]lyK HOBI Toapo p,2-lo)Ko],l
|l4 |lpoa aoro tllta oKao pall coI{ToI) ol y . .)
pIKa, yr. ao ozrl-r

2. Cpa apKra ar opaa

5- Haoe plIBKaTrHI -
2'l Ba oylllT14

3. or.too o,tlo. oopol]alIIr, paTr r1oopa<rart

6' poo ozr po.D( a ut MrB (o). o ooorrir_
ll 'lHHlM a potlll o'
4. I-{l Ha po.yKto l,l y-y' TH oTpa)KrH],I B X poa'
rpK, KoKypToooo. Toapo

5. Bpoa peaK|4 oKyaT Ia olltlIe 14 iloH)(H

r]l a Totll opaa)'t (,ttauo tpoa)

V. KOHKPH|L P BHIIIFI AKTOPI 6. l-{oa flOTKa opIaa

l. o;lor a plKr: Bac /To opaa|l Mo_
tloo rBy}T oKyoTl op aall'
t o p.Il aaro 7. Cxa patlpo,erolt,I oapo
aHaoylo poyKto |1|4 c|

8 optu t:a cl'ra o/x, ooBa}lr Itopl KOlt ( l Iil

2. o .JIaBHlx oHKprHToB' X o a plHK :]IJill.!l oClloBHtx or)

340 \t
 9. opyrcTBa I]op'HKaM 8. Oa oo>rro poo.Bo Koopa. peoaa-
Ml IappI, x pyTa' oIT paoI

10. MpopTv o
po.Kr poyK Ha p]oK, o'|
p'TB' aTpaalx a
prKay' o po.D(' oyrIr 9. r oo poBo.Ba JI |ocaBoK pypoB, ecI4 ol
yyloT
Bl poKaI

l l. ol ypoa po)(' .rr)Gltr prTB.r, Blrr- l0. Ca poorl ooKoB

I JI Too
ll. ot{ Koo.lrKo TrxIKo oaoT Do-
Boa' ottpo arBa
|2. Bl poaBlx Brx y}.

2. p> p oBocBa 1 |-IL1|\4 L1Ka M r ri1'l

|. oppoa olloo r o opraI4
1

--

VIII. OPAH AoHHt AH

vll. POBOCTBHI AH
l. Cpyrypa opaa (colt opar X y, o-
l. Mo poBoTBa ToBapoB ( yllue B}tol] o.aae- opIa ao > l| opae . .)-
Mo oparta,
2. Ktr ypr B BaI r, olT |4 ocTIKel,7
2. Meooo)Ke opaa ToK p o K p]Ky,
oaBKa! oytlo lp, Ha|||4 pao I' paop.a
3. Kapoa oTa
t4 T. ..

3. Hool |po]BoTlJLIHI MoulIIoT. X llio' B po 4. pI opoH cTeMl OJla1.I 'py.a

-_
5 abI Ta B ypaBr' J]o:tMo)Kl]oTvI X peooeI1l4
4. ooI p.Ba) ool . rrHoT, aMKa
r a py
6. Bar oHyTa}iTI }1 ayTopI' r o rcT
5. Apa o oopyoH' ee oB

6. Boo<tr aTyl{},| a Haao a poo.Btl' }I4 IX. PK AH

po.oH
[. opaaoo_paoa opa

7. Mo' oTaI]K |4 coB aKyK lp' aTpzulo' o-

eKTy}o ei,l. Pya oaKoB, olT paot c l 2. oot o|I' X oL,| B KaTar opaa
-

+Z 4
 . Coot oppoa KaTaa opaa

EPAyA
4. oot aKoHo.aTrHIr flopaI]l aKl' pyp}o]
Te}loT opaHa o

ApoK B. B. o o tho.o p>a. T1lo ir. _ M

. oHK PKOB, PAB14 |'||4 ,

199t.
1. p.r BoMo)Klx I4KoB vKaarIv| BeDoTHol4 RoHK- A e M. ]o. Plo t.ttl ya
- M': al TaTK,
Hotsr( o)K.aroo irlpoa t992
;t x B. . Plo tttx yl: Be rlroot op' - .:
rtl ' l99[-
2. opaaItOHI Mpl o poaKT rtepa a.4|4'1]I1- aao H. l." ool t|rloo ]r.M}. l( par .
I DoB at,.,t? - N,l.: rrt Tl.I4a. l994.
l oKo 'e /o . O. l,l. lllpyLllra. -_ .: aot,r 6p-
; tta1^ro_N4Toe ur p. l 992.
3. popira paxoa pKoB Bap ., oa}i atlpoilte aul:,I .-
M.: otl <.HaI{r'> P' |992
B rr p t tl i]y'; |\{l.otl'| pKoMHal,i lro llpB.i; lo / /l-
- Ns 38. 5l
tlllIJoa 'a. -' 1993. -_
xI. IHOBI J.IAFI B at,tlt.oc .tltlI/[l. r /or p cT}l. T'I . . a-
llrta. __ r4 : 1lope' l992.
l. aoIe oKyMHl lloce K M: J| o B. Ho poIlo pHaTeBo //Mpoa o-
poF{o orMoB plta rpyK; t{oMKr ]/apo,I oTotlJrt. -- |99 - N9 6. _ 3l-43
;a r)Krrl oyr paxo.'o;
p li o C. . op.ta .II''ITlIO'l. l)r,L]pI,|l]l\l'l.-ltcii: . _'
Taa .oooB, aTpaT Ip}n;
ac allBoI] aBo llprttpT. N,ICA. l995
po ]. . oea KoHTo llO/}]l,lll|vtitT.lto -: Jl-
2. ool aol oKaa ( ae>eooHo, )7t1K.B I\ ^ '|,--MA' 1995
[.o C. , er.o C' ll' |llltlr . Kl 'oap llo
po6ity.
- M.: oTfio <.:]l]i]He)> P, l993
o . . l,I lp pa I} lll)cItlaTl.: rt __
l\,lCA' l994.
Il. CTPAT I{AHPoBAH C. . oeo Llt}l'il)Ol]llll llp14trt,lal.lt je--
|; o
,i}toT: ;t"
- ivlxA. 19iJ5.
l. HooIvlI .oH)l(I' pe.'TBa 1 raa prlaar]!,|o [ . K' trr,l' npao.tttr otl'l: /|^ Kt{. . C' Boiio-
poKTa lllHo. . . Kr ll p.: o ot. p . }l l(pauo. _. M: M1ra-
a. i994.
P l Lj K B o:t,t' IL|r,;I;t ppl,il{aT /i,c-
2. Mo o.jlyerl,t oolt pJlTB x opa Jl|] ){(}{Ii. -- l99. __ Nc 3 __ C -]0-32.
J[ B. a liplll4l!l]t,01 |]il //!Jc<'l:l )(rj. - l99. _
.l
'-C I'7-22.
Ne 5, 6.
3. Cpo t]oBpaTa Bo)lde}IHI prTl] OJ|(II HBeToa o- ;i HoB o. o .nllilIL-.[J ll ]lp[li)tlMae /,/.loe
oa. BHa oo. Tp}
- t993. - Na 2. - . 122-124.
poa Nz[.A.. yo A. . p IIpor.Ioottol\4-
-M' ]99l
45
 p ru o A A Ka exa oa. Tpy, opaTl' o. -- o . Moo ypil oo'l //ff
lpyll. -
a, ] 9B0. 1993
-N9 - l04-l08
2
o o t pprKoo a. opol
o . ppaeTo B eo xo //^K: oo. /o .u.
. [o . ooa. - M' 1992.
Mzl' ya.
- l993. N9 4. - . 69-72.
eo o- a I] or op (K aooo o- o o l To Irp.HMao l99
.'lloT //ec. - -
prK)/oT p. - Py' B. . Coa. M.: OMI]K, l99. N9 5'
-6 l6-t9.
- t . irt. Hao paeHe pKa O-
Kpo B. ,P lo. ' Co.aT B. .
Toapr a
o.ote p>. - M.' l991.
xoa //ooa ).
polt
- l993. - N9 27
A .' pBollilt{K T
K., p M., Ho A. o pepoxooa- H ' aot
r.r/p a' A. op - M:Apopo, l99l
ploK: parT K.
- M: pa, i994.
K P., Mao K. P-, C p oo.- o ptp paTa BpoBa ( oa a
M.: Pa, |992. -. |_2.
aKoepa. }loflIoo pa) /o. pe. . . P, . B
Kop . ool MapKeTa.-M.: pop, 1990. Coa).
- M.: COMHTK' l992
Ko o A . Haoooore pe.tlN4ao i'tloT p M aT Koe pao. Kpc r /o p
"p
H. . K,l. M: p , |993.
.-pa oo. - M.: Ao <,!c,>, |994. -
Kp"TI' tlBT|4.- M.: PoP, l995. pp}iMaTro' , pc //!eoA'I )(I -I99 -
KpeHa M- H Aa aooo o.oI1 Beoo p- Ns 2. - |-4.
-
p"pT yox plK. Mo.tc pKoMrHa/o p.
rao aoprx o B poMIlIlcFIo] TpoTB Top-
. A. Ppa M-: oreo <.> PCP' l99l
- .: MB-(ep,
oe. |994. -
Kpo T. ooK aoTotIoT aoapoa Pa B. Po p.IrpTe- o o? //Bec aT!T-
. - 1993. -l]9 9 -C. 3-14
//K: ooa, ypaB _ 1990. - Ns l0 _ 4.7-5I. Pa B. ooltl py xo;lol.tl a pe.p}l-
. B. -l_ooBa yra. _M.: Maoporr, MaTBa //Poccc ooMllK xya
- |995 - Na l0. - 89-97
993.
P t tl o tl a ooM: - l\4.: COMFITK' 1992. - T. l-3
I

.{. Ay p.pT f fao aeTa. - 1993.-N9 33. C o B. oe ppHarTB ffPol,tc Koo-

t , pa o. Ka oa auu f[|ep. a._.: lt xy1-l - |995. - N9 l0. - . 56-6.
AMC, l992. Ct,lo M, aor T. - oprril llprp}llao
o A. H. Pa oo rrppHaTBa //[r prT.
- .']TLtoT AK.
|99.-Ns6 -.3-44. - Kpaoap, l99 - . l.
o !'. . Kor,rl' y x pco.or. - K: Bropa,
Ma-oa 'x. pa }IlBaT ._M.: ooa, 1979. t99 r.
Mro B .' ayoa A. A. ooae Kooeo C A .oal{e o ppo ll }Iax oa. -M., 1962. Ktr 5'
op aopoMIllltltIoM KoMe ffooa oo- ll
_
rx rppat pp.
- 1995 N9 l l. - . 0-32. CpaBo yxapa-95. }lo oTTHoT B opaBlx ioKy-
Meo B. ., Cyoo H. ',,II.paovril . A. .(o- cltx. M.: HTK T!', , t995
o ooaM prpHaTa //oola oxo- -
I pl Ta K- Br.ll yx ppl4aTTBa.- M.: Moo t,tl.
B}lIx ppaarBa]ox pp. _ l995. - N9 l0. _ 41-4' 990.
Mao B. T. ool plo. pyl rxHI.-M.:
r

T lr l] , K o o B tl t . po.ltllll, p oo.
oa, l991. IeTopa //ooa ) _ l993. - N9 37.
H a o a o}ly ToMoT//C opa. .oo/Co. B. . a- To c. Koa /a //tlc.-1992- -Nq 4 -.44-
5. .', pepa. .o. _ .: Me)yapot p oo-oo.
Ko.
- 45
eoo pa,1995 o B. A LloHil'l Ha pooo (l1-lll (o()t;oB]r oKyM.I.I
H a o : ' oo /o p. [. . p. - M.: at c.IaTc- o o.tltl}o THo KpKoo xoll ol\{HTllp). - M.:
a' 1994 oro <<aHc>> P' 1993.

H aoooe apoBa a p.pI4:l1 B opaa (oa- a o B A. Copxl,l tpopt p.lltiMllTKo Ttto:

},la aooooe): .r. oo . pyKoo. yx- t
- A, l995.
p (poa). - 4-e , cIlp. |4 o - M : M'aypot ep pa- o B ]Vl., r't a . B. Kit a|aTH A, -
'
TeH]x oa po aoooo|1. - 1994. _ T l-3. rJ IllleH.I. port p.roc pKooTllo - H Hoopo,
H a Risk Maagmertt/facoBa Ta. 1993 N9 2
- - l 990.

46 1+l
 o H., orB . o oaI KTax ppltMa-
TTB //o|1.- 1993 - N9 l. - . 24-I.
aHol ee.x /o p. . . Coltoo
-M:ep-
oAHE
, l993.
a c r /B. M. Po.ooa, . . Bao. . opeKo p.; o O
pe. B M. Poooo
- M.: ac| |1 cTaa, 1993
o o I op (Ka MTeHTa' BTopa' aopa. Kir 1l_
)KeK. Ka ooo po1l) /o. p. lO. . Py, B. Coa-
Kl4Ft.
- M.: CoMHTK, l992
o or )K}l, o .oxe. - M.: ar a, l989
Xo A Kp ppMTB: pa ooe/ep.
- H
M.. Mexynpole oTttollte, 199.
x T. opall xoa p. _ M.: pop, l966
a o A B. Kpa p KooplI4. -M.: (ploToBaplrrTBo,
1925
oilHO C. o l oBop ot ov pt // MO.-
1991.
- Ne 4.
eoo A. . ecvtoHiul Tpac pl.-M, a 2. paoo petoa pllprlTo eerro 21.
aot
t994. sr paoo oo)Kee p r. 2l
oo A. . ecoHa'I Tp, ool epl.-M-, $2
199. $3
oo A. Pro }lIx ya, ooI p>t<, popa t.t s4
,Ka'l rTloT. _ |v|-' L992. ss
p A., Cay t.t P.' tIa ru '. A aotx pc-
_
.toB ToT pelpf/rtaoa aeTa.
- l99. N9 l8-l9.
L p s A., Cay P-, H eare . Moa aa tp-
I]tlHooo oTo pepItll.
- M : -o, 1992'
Iy el'ep .Top KoIJo\tKoo paBT _ M': popc' |982.
p A. ppMaJ-lKo yIlpaBJI pep //,\I7K: otto-
l\,{K, pa.,le.
- |992. - Ns l l" - . 40_4
o o a spapoo tHKa /B. . , . . yo, . B C.
oB .p. _ ;repltp: , 1993.
ooMa (Top pKKi] r"pMzre) /o
e/l. A. .'. Kaaa. - MT . . . ayaa, 1993.
ooM K,l paTr pl: e. ooe /o p. A. . Pa-
oBa. _ C.-epyp: Cea paypa, l995.
ap A. H. pal oH.- M.: Cxol, 1956.
KoI1 . Moo , I4 Ka o/o a
pe. T A. ]ya.
- .: AM, 1994. llo . .
'78

o A., o t -t M a pptll,It]tTTBtl ffXoira

_ $ r. 78
fipaBo.
- |993. N9 4. - . 22-28 s2 82
o : Ila Moe KooMtlKoo []oTa
- M.: Hay, 1990. $3 B6
s4 96
s.s 104
$ 6. oe p.rx . . . 107
l:l IIpKTx alt 109

I l0
110

49
$2 a paplo e-a t12 $ 3 ou opaHll |ll|l)'lll(.||i|NlIl Il(t /)l()l]opl oor {llI
$ 125 $ 4. oua opa ll|lIt()||(.IlilA1lI lI I||lltTopaM.... - lllll
$ 5. oea aTr)co()()l|()('Il| || (.lIlvl(ly|)l'I a opaaii
129 poo lI I

$ 6. opaa lrTa ()'|'ltl||ll ttl trlllltiltIoeo yea lIl( l|

t29
'

$ 7' opaa orllIl| ()|l l |)()l|'| /l'| |(.JlI)lloT peptlMll,l.(.]||.

|2 x pyryp A K ll/
136 aa pKl'llKll lilI|'| |lIiI l,r
142
I5l 12. Co tl'l',l.,l(.IIt.ll,|l ]loJIo p'rrIl[|
160 TeBa. I'l
l6l l,'l
I 'lr
l6t
t67 $ 3 a pipMil.Ol,l lllr
ltl

pTy I lll
r79
poctctlu '
tut
I89
umepmp . I li
197

198

l98
199
201
205
2t2
217
218
22
227

s1 Copxa, opr otlK opaoo oe. 229

s2 opaa opaooo oe.Ilt oyo v-
aAK..... 2|
25
26

28
Z.1
29
25
261
2.7
28'7

288

28ti
294