Syllabus of ME214 after Mid-Semester (23 Lectures)

1. Torsion of non-circular bars: Saint Venant's semi-inverse method.

2. Prandtl stress function.
3. Elliptical and triangular shaft, shaft with cut out
4. Rectangular shaft, hollow shafts, thin tubes narrow rectangular shaft.
5. Membrane analogy.
6. Advanced problem in beam bending: Unsymmetrical bending: pure bending
of prismatic and composite beams.
7. Curved beam.
8. Bending of beam with thin profile section - shear flow, determination of shear
center.
9. Elastic stability: Buckling of mechanisms.
10. Buckling of straight and bent beam-columns.
11. Energy Methods: Strain energy due to axial, torsion, bending and
transverse shear.
12. Comparison of strain energies due to bending and shear.
13. Castiglianos theorem, reciprocity theorem etc.
14. Contact Stresses: Geometry of contact surface, methods of computing
contact stress.
15. Deflection of bodies in point contact and line contact with normal load.
16. Stress Concentration: Plate with circular hole.
17. Introduction to plate theory (Kirchhoff's theory).

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
Approach proposed by Prandtl =>
leads to simpler Boundary Condition.
Principal unknown are the stress components rather than
displacement components.
Let, the non vanishing stress components be
The remaining stress components : => 0.
To satisfy the Equation of Equilibrium:

Assumption: In the case of pure torsion, the stresses

are the same in every normal cross-section,
i.e. independent of z.

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
To satisfy third condition:
Assumption: a function : <= stress function, such that:

Prandtl torsional stress function

Strain Components from Hookes Law:

Therefore: we can write


Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
From Saint-Venants Equation of Compatibility:

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
Again:

Hence,

The stress function, therefore, should satisfy Poisson's equation.

Constant, F : yet unknown.
Consider the boundary conditions:

Identically satisfied

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
Substituting nx and ny:

Therefore, is constant around the boundary.

Since, the stress components depend only on the differentials of ,
for a simply connected region:
We can assume: = 0 on S.
On the two end faces:

Resultant in x and y direction => 0

Moment about O = Applied Torque, T

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
Therefore,

is constant around the boundary, similarly, resultant in y direction

also vanish.
Moment:

Integration by parts:

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
Observing that = 0 of the boundary.
Each integral gives:

Therefore, half torque due to and half due to

Still, the constant F is remaining.

To determine this:

Where z is the rotation of the element at (x, y) about the z-axis.


Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
If the element PQR undergoes a pure rigid
body rotation through a small angular
displacement, then from Fig.

Counter Clock wise : +ve.

No strain occurs during this rigid body displacement.
We define,

We have defined, twist per unit length => .

Hence,

Again, we have:

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
: The shear acting in the x direction is equal to the slope of
the stress function (x, y) in the y direction.
: The shear acting in the y direction is equal to the negative
of the slope of the stress function (x, y) in the x direction.
This condition may be generalised to determine the shear stress in
any direction, as follows.
Consider a line of constant in the
cross-section of the bar.
Let s be the contour line of =
constant along this contour.

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
where n is the outward
drawn normal.

i.e. The component of resultant

shear in n direction.

This means that the resultant shear at any point is

along the contour line of = constant at that point.

Prandtl stress function (Alternative approach for simpler
boundary conditions)
The resultant shear stress:

Thus, the magnitude of the shearing stress at a point is given by

the magnitude of the slope of (x, y) measured normal to the
tangent line, i.e. normal to the contour line at the concerned point.