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2.1 Introduction
Industrial
involves pattern, colour, texture
and consumer appeal.
Design
An iterative process (proses lelaran / proses berulang)
Concept (konsep)
Embodiment
(penjelmaan)
Detail (perincian)
MARKET
Define specification
NEED
Determine function structure
Seek working principles
Evaluate and select concepts
CONCEPT
Assemblies (Pemasangan)
Sub-assemblies (Sub-
pemasangan)
Components (Komponen)
Component 2.3
Component 3.1
Component 3.3
Design : input-output
Input Output
Function 2 Function 3
Energy Energy
Information Information
Function 4 Function 5
Sub-systems
Figure 2.3: The systems approach to the analysis of a technical system, seen as
transformation of energy, materials and information (signals). This structure, when
elaborated, helps structure thinking about alternative design.
Case study : Desktop PC
PCB CPU
CPU
Processor
Sensor
Mouse
Heat/Sound Analysis Burned CD
Buttons (Energy) (Info.) (Material)
2.3 Types of Design
Adaptive / Development
(Penyesuaian / Pembangunan)
develop/ enhance the existing concept from the
material aspect.
Vs
Polymer vacuum
Wood vs CFRP racket
Variant
(Varian / Kelainan)
Boiler( Cu)
Boiler (steel)
Dry conditions Low Rolling Wet conditions Snow conditions
conditions
2.4 Design Tools & Materials
Data
Design tools are needed in order to implement the steps
in Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4: The design flow chart. shows how design tools and materials
selection enter the procedure information about materials is needed at
each stage at very different levels of breadth and precision.
2.5 Function, Materials, Shape & Process
FUNCTION
Transmit load, heat
Contain pressure
Store energy, etc,
at minimum mass,
or at minimum cost,
or with minimum
environmental effect
Material Shape
Process
2.6 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
Additional requirements :
with convenience
at modest cost
without contaminating the water
b) Shear traction
d) Pulverize
(d) (e)
Problems with option (d) and (e) water might be contaminated!
Figure 2.8: Working principles for implementing the first
three concepts of Figure 2.7
(d)
(e)
spring-assisted pull
direct-pull gear lever screw-assisted pull
pressure-induced
shear blade
Figure 2.10: The function structure and
working principles of cork removers
Apply Force
Generate Force Transmit Force
To Cork
Direct Pull
Shaft Screw
Levered Pull
Direct Push
Gas Injection Gas pressure
Levered Push
Figure 2.11: Embodiment sketches for four mechanisms of axial traction concept:
direct-pull, levered pull, geared pull dan spring-assisted pull.
Each system is made up of components perform a sub-function. The requirements
of these sub-functions are the inputs to the material selection method.
Interrelated Constraints
1. Physical factors
size, shape &
weight of material
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
2. Mechanical
factors
the ability of the
materials to
withstand the type of
stresses (tensile,
compression,
bending and cyclic)
imposed on it.
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
3. Processing &
Fabricability
the ability to form or
shape the material
(different material
different method of
processing).
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
4. Life of
Component
factors
the length of time the
materials perform their
intended function in
the environment to
which they are
exposed.
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
5. Cost and
availability
market-driven
economy, quantity
and
standardization.
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
6. Code
technical requirements
that are imposed on
the material or the
component (usually
set by the customer),
eg. ASTM, ASME,
SAE etc.
Interrelated Constraints
(Kekangan Berhubungkait)
7. Statutory & Other
Factors
relate to local, state
and federal
regulations about the
materials and
processes used or the
disposal of the
material, eg. OSHA,
JAS etc.
Criteria & Tools for materials selection
(Ciri & Peralatan Pemilihan Bahan)
4. impacts to water.
FURTHER READING
Michael F. Ashby (1999) Materials
Selection in Mechanical Design, 2nd ed.,
Butterworth-Heinemann, p8 19.