ENGG1050

Engineering Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts Pt I
C&B Ch 1,2

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

Content

Basic concepts
Basic laws
Systems
System properties

See Cengel & Boles: 1-1 to 1-6

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

1
 Learning outcomes

Understand the basic terms in thermodynamics

Able to describe the principal thermodynamic laws
Capable of describing an engineering problem in
systems terms
Able to draw correct systems diagrams of
engineering problems
Know and understand the idea of state and path

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

Basic concepts

Energy (capacity to do work)

Heat (energy that flows)
Temperature (a measure of internal energy)
Entropy (the quality of energy)

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

2
 Basic Laws

0th law: helps define temperature T

1st law: energy is conserved
helps define internal energy, U
2nd law: unavailable energy
helps define entropy, S

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

Systems where all this takes place

Some physical region we want to study

What systems can you name?
Characteristics?
System + boundary/surface + surroundings

Types:
Isolated (no mass and heat transfer)
Closed (no mass but heat transfer)
Open (both mass and heat transfer)

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

3
 Examples of systems

Domestic hot water heater

Sketch it what type of system is it?
A refrigerator
Sketch it type of system?
Potatoes in a microwave oven
Sketch type of system?

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

4
 System properties
Types:
Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)
Volume (V)
Mass (m)
Classes of properties:
Extensive (changes with extent of system)
Intensive (independent of system extent)

Question: How do you classify the system properties above?

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

Some properties

Density m
= Units = kg/m3
V

Specific volume

1 V
v= = Units = m3/kg
m

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

5
 Units

Commonly SI, sometimes Imperial (British)

Consistent use of units is very important !

Mass: m (kg)
Weight: W = m.g (units?) kg m s-2

Total = My mass (m) + your weight (W) ??

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

6
 State and equilibrium

State:
A set of properties describing a system
Equilibrium:
A condition of balance in a system
Thermal (temperature)
Mechanical (pressure)
Phase (mass)
Chemical (composition)

Question: What properties could be used to describe this room?

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

State Postulate

All of the equilibrium states of a simple

compressible system are completely specified by 2
independent, intensive properties

e.g. for a gas: T and v (specific volume)

What about a system consisting of vapour and liquid?

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

7
 Equations of State

For gases T, V and P are not all independent

Ideal gas equation of state is:
PV = nRT 2 P = N/m = ?
n = moles of gas
R = ideal gas constant (J/mol/K)
J=Nm=?
Is this consistent in terms of units? Check it!
PV = (N.m-2)(m3) = N.m
nRT = (mol)(J.mol-1.K-1)(K) = J

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

Processes
Going from one equilibrium state to another

P P2, V2 (State 2)
(State 1) P1, V1 Thermodynamic
path

(State 2) P2, V2 P1, V1 (State 1)

V
Types of processes
isothermal (T constant)
isobaric (P constant)
isochoric (v constant)
ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics

8
 Review

Basic thermodynamic units and prefixes

Systems help us to define regions of interest
what are the 3 main systems?
We need properties to characterize systems
intensive and extensive
Making sure units are consistent !
Understanding thermodynamic processes and
cycles how to move around the P,v and other
regions.

ENGG1050 Engineering Thermodynamics