Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(C&B, Chapter 5)
1
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1
Contents
Key questions
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat Engines
Second Law statements
Refrigeration
Carnot cycle
Example designs
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Key Questions
Is the 1st Law all we need for thermodynamic
analysis of engineering systems?
How can we describe the 2nd Law of
thermodynamics in practice?
What extra information does the 2nd Law give
about the limits of performance?
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Thermal Energy Reservoirs
Source of heat Sink of heat
Q
Q Examples ?
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Heat Engines
TH
Converting work to heat easy
Converting heat to work hard QH
Heat
Examples: Engine Wnet
QL
TL
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A beam engine
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A heat engine
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Steam Power Plant (Heat Engine)
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Efficiency: =
Wnet
QH
QL
= 1
QH
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Example Heat Engine
Wnet QH QL
Hot = =
QH QH
QH = 100 MJ
QL 45
Wnet = 1 = 1
QH 100
QL = 45MJ
= 0.55
Cold
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Limitations on Heat Engines
2nd Law statement requires some heat to be rejected into the lower
temperature reservoir.
The heat ratio is: QL TL
QH TH
Wnet Q
Hence: HE = = 1 L
QH QH
TL
HE 1
TH
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TH
This process is impossible!
QH
Heat
Engine Wnet = QH
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Who were Kelvin and Planck?
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Examples of heat pumps
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Refrigeration Cycle
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Output QL
COPR = =
Input Wnet ,in
Wnet ,in = QH QL
QL 1
COPR = =
QH QL QH
1
QL
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Refrigeration example
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QH
COPHP =
Wnet ,in
QH 1
COPHP = =
QH QL QL
1
QH
COPHP = COPR + 1
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Heat pump example
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Entropy and irreversibilities
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Types of Irreversibilities
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Reversible Irreversible
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Irreversible
process
Reversible
process
Ssys = 0, Ssurr = 0
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Who was Carnot?
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We can do it in reverse: A D C B A
Reverse Carnot Cycle
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Carnot Cycle
Calculate the efficiency for one reversible cycle
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B Reversible work
Reversible work D transfer, Q = 0
transfer, Q = 0
C
QL
Reversible heat rejection
at TL = Constant. V
W = W AB + WBC + WCD + WDA
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Computing the terms of the cycle
For an ideal gas, we can calculate all the w and q
terms:
Path w q
AB + RTH ln (PA/PB) - RTHln(PA/PB)
BC + CV (TH-TL) 0
CD + RTLln(PC/PD) - RTLln(PC/PD)
DA + CV (TL-TH) 0
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W Wnett
C = =
QA B QH
TH TL T
C = = 1 L
TH TH
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T-s Diagram
Q rev
1 dS =
T T
2 Q = T ds
Q rev = T ds
s
2
Area under curve =
1
T ds = Q rev , int
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1
T T
1 2
s s
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Carnot Cycle (T-s diagram)
T Isothermal heat transfer
QH
1 2
Adiabatic Adiabatic
compression. expansion
4 3
QL
Isothermal heat transfer
s
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nth = f (TH , TL )
or QH / QL = f (TH , TL )
QH (TH ) TH
= = (absolute temperature)
Q L rev (TL ) TL
T
th = 1 L
TH
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Summary
TH, TL reservoirs
QH, QL heat flows
Wnet work produced
W
th = net 0 th 1
QH
Kelvin-Planck nth 1
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Summary
Refrigeration and heat pumps
Q from TL TH using Win
Vapour-compression cycles are common
QL 1 > 0
Efficiency: COPR = = 1
Win th > 1
Clausius statement:
QL(TL) QH(TH) not possible without Win
TH TL
Note: rev = c = irrev
TH
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Inventor #1 I. Cameron
TH = 600K 300 K
C = 1
TL = 300K 600 K
= 0.7 = 0.5
600K
10J
Cameron
Engine
7J
3J
300K
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TH = 600K
TL = 300K
= 0.7
600K
10J 14J
Carnot
Engine 7J Heat
Pump
3J 7J
300K
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600K Violates Clausius
statement
4J
W=0
4J
Cameron engine
300K is impossible
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600K
10J
BE 3J
Engine
7J
300K
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2nd Law Summary
Definition of heat engines, refrigerators
2 statements (qualitative) of 2nd Law for Cycles
Define Carnot Cycle, c
T TL
rev = c = H irrev
TH
Absolute temperature scale
S for engines
T-s plot for processes and engines
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Inventor No 2.
TH = 600K
TL = 300K
= 0.3 C = 0.5
600K
10J 6J
ITC 3J Carnot
Engine Engine
7J 3J
300K
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Inventor No 2.
600K Violates
Clausius
4J statement of
W=0 2nd Law
4J
300K
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Heat pump example
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