Table of Content

1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Objectives 1
3.0 Design Calculation 3
3.1 Rapid Mix Tank (Coagulation) (Esther Chung) 4
3.2 Flocculation (Chung Wee Li) 11
3.3 Sedimentation (Lim Leong Chea) 17
3.4 Filtration (Low Kien Pin) 23
3.5 Disinfection (Mavis Ong) 32
4.0 Design Summary
4.1 Rapid Mix Tank (Coagulation) 35
4.2 Flocculation 37
4.3 Sedimentation 39
4.4 Filtration 41
4.5 Disinfection 43
5.0 Conclusion 44
6.0 Reference 45
7.0
1.0 Introduction

This design project requires us to provide a brief description of the water treatment plant
design. All the design aspects are fulfilled regarding the requirements provided by the
lecturer, Dr Ngu Lock Hei. The raw water is taken from the Sarawak River, at Petanak Wet
Market.

Figure 1: Location of the water collection

On site measurement is taken on the spot and identification of the measured class is made.
After analysing, the water is determined as class III based on International Water Quality
Standards for Malaysia (INWQSM). In addition, the water is not suitable for drinking as it
doesnt meet the requirement from the Malaysia Drinking Quality Standard (MDWQS).

2.0 Objective

The aim of this project is to design a water treatment plant to process the water collected
from the site. The water treatment plant includes coagulation process, flocculation process,
sedimentation process, filtration process and disinfection process. Each member need to
provide a calculation for their respective processes and design an appropriate tank for each
process. The water treatment plant is designed based on 225 L/person per day and to supply

m3
3
to 1,400,000 people, at the rate of 45 x10 d .

Table 1: Parameters of the water sample measured by using a portable meter

Parameters Unit Measured Measured Class Acceptable

Value for the INWQSM Standard for the
MDWQS
pH - 7.87 III Yes
Oxidation mV -47.9 - -
Reduction
Potential
Ion ppm 0 - -
Conductivity s 137.9 - -

Total Dissolved mg/L 68.79 I No

Solids
Salinity % 0.006696% I -
Resistivity k 7.214 - -

Dissolved mg/L 4.17 III -

Oxygen
Temperature C 30 - -

Table 2: Parameters measured by using a colorimeter

Parameters Unit Measured Measured Acceptable

Value Class for Standard for
INWQSM the MDWQS
Total mg/L 19 I No
Suspended
Solids
Turbidity NTU 41 IIB No

3.0 Design Calculation

 Design calculation for

Coagulation

Designed and Calculated By:

Esther Chung (4320190)

 Design calculation for

Flocculation

Designed and Calculated By:

Chung Wei Li (4320007)

 Design calculation for

Sedimentation

Designed and Calculated By:

Lim Leong Chea (4320751)

 Design calculation for

Filtration

Designed and Calculated By:

Low Kien Pin (4320786)

 Design calculation for

Disinfection

Designed and Calculated By:

Mavis Ong
(100060198)

4.0 Summary of Design

Following tabulated data are the summary of design of respective processes:

4.1 Rapid Mix Tank (Coagulation): Esther Chung (4320190)

3 3
Q = 315 10 m / day

Number of trains =7
3
Inlet flow rate of each train = 0.52 m /s

t0
Rapid Mix Detention time, = 2 minutes (120 seconds)
1
Rapid Mix G value = 300 s

Number of Rapid Mix Tank per train =8

Volume of each Rapid Mix Tank, V = 7.8

Dimension of Rapid Mix Tank
= 2.24 m 1.87 m 1.87 m
( H W L)

De
Equivalent Diameter, = 2.1 m

Power Input, P = 560.2 W

Pimpeller
Power of each Impeller, = 448.2 W

Rotational Speed of the Impeller, n = 41.58 rpm

D impeller
Diameter of Impeller, = 0.75 m
Geometric ratio Range Impeller
diameter (m)
1.3
D 0.17-0.4 0.32
T
H 2-4 3.36
D
H 0.34-1.6 1.07
T
B 0.7-1.6 1.12
D
4.2 Flocculation: Chung Wee Li (4320077)

Inlet flow rate 0.52 m3 /s

Number of train 3

Inlet flow rate of each tank 0.17 m3 /s

t0
Retention time, 17 minutes

Number of compartments, n 3

Volume of each Tank 173.4 m3

Dimension of Flocculation Tank

4.37 m 3.64 m 3.64 m
( H W L)

Impeller depth, B 1.46 m

Te
Equivalent Diameter, 4.1 m

D impeller
Diameter of Impeller, 1.3 m

Geometric ratio Range Impeller

diameter (m)
1.3
D 0.17-0.4 0.32
T
H 2-4 3.36
D
H 0.34-1.6 1.07
T
B 0.7-1.6 1.12
D
 Compartment 1 2 3
Velocity gradient, G (s-1) 80 60 40

Gt 81600 61200 40800

Power input (W) 295 166 73.8

Tip speed (m/s) 2.4 2.0 1.5

4.3 Sedimentation: Lim Leong Chea (4320751)

Parameter Value
Inlet flow rate in each train, Qo 0.52 m3/s
Overflow rate, Vo (color removal) 30 m3/day m2
Number of tanks, n 2
Inlet flow rate into each tank 0.26 m3/s
Area of each tank 1500 m3
Detention time, t 4 hours
Volume of each tank 7515m3
Weir overflow rate, Qw (assume low 143m3/day m
turbidity)
Sludge storage depth at outlet 0.3m
Sludge storage depth at inlet 3m
Inlet zone length 1.5m
Total length of tank, Lt 75m
Outlet zone length, Ls 15.7m
No of weir rows 10
Sludge production for alum coagulation 1090.85 kg/d

Parameters Allowable Range Calculated Values

L <100m 57.69m
W - 13m
L/W 2:1-5:1 4.44
D 2.5-6m 5.1m
Slope 12:1-2:1 12:1
Center-to-center spacing, S 2.5m-6m 2.5m
L/3 >Ls 19.23m

Figure 2: 3D model of sedimentation tank

4.4
Filtration Low Kien Pin (4320786)

Flow rate, Q = 315000 m3/d

Loading rate, va = 360 m3/d

Area of one tank, A = 875 m2

Actual area of one filter box, As = 97.36 m2

Number of filter box = 10

Width, W = 5.7 m

Length, L = 17.08 m

Head loss (sand), hsand = 0.363 m

Head loss (coal), hcoal = 0.237 m

Sieve number (coal) = 20

Equivalent diameter of coal, deq, coal = 0.752 mm

Minimum backwash rate, 71.25 m/h

Percent volume backwash water = 3.3%

Coal depth = 0.45 m

Sand depth = 0.3 m

Depth of filter tank = 3.75 m

Parameters Requirements Calculated values Fulfilled

requirement?
Area of one filter box <100 97.36 Yes
(m2)
Head loss (m) <0.6 0.6 Yes
Minimum Backwash 48 - 72 71.25 Yes
rate (m/h)
% volume backwash 3-7 3.3 Yes
water (%)
Number of filter box - Even number 9 + 1 =10 Yes
- One filter box
added as spare
 Figure 3: 3D model of filtration tank

4.5 Disinfection (Mavis Ong)

Summary of Design
Chlorine Contact Tank (Disinfection) (Mavis Ong 100060198)
mg. min
CT required =2.859
L

T =20.4 min

m3
Qmodule =218.75
min

V tank=4462.5 m3

Depth , D=3 m

Width , W =1.5 m
 Length , L=991.7 m

Distance between baffle , DBB=1.5 m

Distance between bafflecompartment , DBBC=2.25 m

Effective Length , Le =9 m

Number of passes=111

Number of compartments=3

Number of passes per compartment=37

Compartment Length , Lc =11.25 m

Total Dimensions of tank=34.05 m 58.2 m3 m

Parameters Requirement Calculated Value Status

pH 6.5-7.5 6.5 Fulfill requirement
Contact Time >20 min 21 min Fulfill requirement
W >0.45 m 1.5 m Fulfill requirement
D 1-3 m 3m Fulfill requirement
D: W <2:1 3 m:1.5 m=2:1 Fulfill requirement
L: W <6:1 9 m:1.5 m=6:1 Fulfill requirement

5.0 Conclusion

The design project is completed successfully and the objectives are achieved. Water treatment
plant that consists of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are
fully defined and calculated. With all designed requirements are met, a water treatment plant
that supply water to 1,400,000 people is successfully designed.

A 3.66 m3/s of raw water is flowing into 7 trains and each train have 8 tanks. Then the flow
of 2 rapid mix tank is channelled to 1 flocculation tank. 3 flocculation tanks are proposed and
each tank has 3 mandatory compartments. The water is then flowing to 2 sedimentation tanks
and finally to filtration. To kill any bacteria or pathogen, the water is further treated in
chlorine tank to undergo disinfection.

6.0 Reference

Camejo, P 2014, Alum Coagulation, Physical/Chemical Treatment Process, Madison.

Conventional treatment n.d., United States Environmental Protection Agency, viewed 3

April 2017, <https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/treatment/treatmentOverview.do?
treatmentProcessId=1934681921>.

Fundamental of environmental measurements 2016, Fondriest Environment, viewed 2 April

2017, <http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/>.
Masters, GM & Ela, WP 2008, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd
edn, Pearson International edn.

Ngu, LH 2017, Lecture 3: Water Treatment, HEC4842 Environmental engineering,

Learning materials on Blackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, 30 March, viewed
10 April 2017.

The Engineering Toolbox n.d, viewed 30 March 2017,

<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-density-specific-weight-d_595.html>.

Treatment standards for municipal drinking water systems, Government of Nova Scotia,
viewed 9 April 2017, <
https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/Treatment_Standards_for_Municipal_Drinking_Water_S
ystems_Appendix%20D.pdf>.

Water sampling and analysis 2011, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, viewed 2 April
2017, <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edvol3d.pdf>.