Running Head: The Paris Agreement

TheParisAgreement
SamanthaNieves
PHYS3280GlobalEnergyScienceandTechnology
The Paris Agreement Nieves 2

Acrosstheglobe,countriesarequicklycomingtotermswithclimatechangeandthe
futureoftheplanet.Theriseofglobaltemperatureisthedirecteffectofglobalwarming,and
posesthebiggestthreattotheenvironment.TheParisAgreementwascreatedtodirectlycurb
therisingoftemperaturestolessthan2.0degreesCelsius.TheParisAgreementwasdrafted
fromNovember30toDecember12,2015,andtheagreementwassignedonApril22,2016.The
ParisAgreementwentintotheeffectonNovember4,2016.Theagreementhas195signatories
and145parties.
TheParisAgreementisaframeworktotackleclimatechange,toaccelerateactionsand
investmentsneededtosustainalowcarbonfutureandaimstostrengthentheabilityforcountries
todealwithimpactsofclimatechange.Theagreementdealswithgreenhousegasesemissions
mitigation,adaptionandfinancestartingintheyear2020.TheParisAgreementcontainsthegoal
toholdwarmingtobelow2degreesandtolimittemperatureincreaseto1.5degrees,aimsfor
greenhousegasemissionstopeakassoonaspossibleandtoachievenetzeroemissionsforthe
secondhalfofthecentury.Intheefforttolimitfloods,droughtsandrisingsealevelstheParis
Agreementtendstoshifttheworldawayfromfossilfuel.("TheParisAgreementSummary",
2017)
TheParisAgreementhas192statesandEuropeanUnionthathavesignedtheagreement,
asofDecember2016.Outofallthestatesthathavesigned,145ofthosepartieshaveratifiedthe
agreement.ThenotablesignatoriesareAustralia,Canada,China,Germany,India,Japan,United
Kingdom,andUnitedStates.OutofallthecountriesnotedChina,UnitedStatesandIndiaarethe
largestgreenhouseemitters.AccordingtotheCAITClimateDataExplorertotalGHGemission
includinglandusechangeandforestryin2012Chinahas10,938.67,UnitedStateshas6,132.14
and2,954.30.("CAIT:WRI'sclimatedataexplorer",2017)Allthreecountriesarethethree
highestgreenhousegasemitters.
TheMontrealpactisaprotocoltotheViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzone
Layerandisknownasaninternationaltreaty.Thetwoozonetreatieswereratifiedby197
parties,includes196statesandtheEuropeanUnion.Thismakesthisbothtreatiesasthefirst
universallyratifiedtreatiesinUnitedNationshistory.TheMontrealpactwasadoptedin
MontrealonSeptember16,1987.Thepactaimedtoregulatetheproductionanduseof
chemicalsthatcontributetothedepletionofEarthsozonelayer.Thispacthadnearly200
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signatories.Theagreementwasdesignedtoreducetheproductionandconsumptionofseveral
typesofCFCsandhalons.Countriesthatagreedweresupposedtocutthe80percentofthe
1986CFCslevelsby1994and50percentof1986halonsby1999.TheMontrealprotocolwent
intoeffectonJanuary1,1989.Sincetheprotocolwentintoeffecttheagreementhasbeen
amendedtofurtherreduceandcompletelyphaseoutCFCsandhalons.Thistreatywasamended
toreducethemanufacturinganduseofcarbontetrachloride,trichloroethane,
hydrofluorocarbons,hydrochlorofluorocarbons,hydrobromofluorocarbons,methylbromideand
moreODCs.
WhenitcametophasingouttheODC,theschedulesweredifferentbetweendeveloped
countriesanddevelopingcountries.Thedevelopingcountrieshadalongerperiodoftimein
ordertocomeintocompliance.Thisisduetothefactthatdevelopingcountrieshadfewer
technicalandfinancialresourcestointroducesubstitutes.Developingcountrieshaveuntil2010
tophaseoutCFCs,carbontetrachloride,methylchloroformandhalons.By2015theyhaveto
phaseoutmethylbromideandHCFCshavetobeeliminatedby2040.Fordevelopedcountries
productionandconsumptionofhalonsendedby1994,CFCs,HBFCs,carbontetrachlorideand
methylchloroformwerephasedoutby1996.Developedcountrieseliminatedmethylbromidein
2005andtheyscheduleHCFCstobephasedoutby2030.("MontrealProtocol|international
treaty",2017)
TheUniteNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeaninternationaltreatywas
startedin1992.Thiswasaframeworkforinternationalcooperationtocombatclimatechangeby
limitingglobaltemperatureincreaseandcopingwithimpactsthatwereinevitable.Theycreated
twocategoriesofcountriesaccordingtotherelevelofdevelopment.Inordertostrengthenglobal
responsestoclimatechangetheyadaptedtheKyotoProtocolin1997,KyotoProtocoldirectly
bindspartiestoemissionreductiontargets.TheKyotoProtocolsmandatorytargetwasto
reducetheemissionforsixgreenhousegases5.2percentbelowthe1990levelsduringthe
commitmentperiod,thecommitmentperiodwasfrom2008to2011.Thetargetedgreenhouse
gasesofthefirstcommitmentperiodwasCarbonDioxide,Methane,Nitrousoxide,
Hydrofluorocarbons,PerfluorocarbonsandSulphurhexafluoride.Themandatoryemission
reductiontargetsforcountriesvarieddependingoncircumstanceofthecountry.
The Paris Agreement Nieves 4

Theprotocolhadnumerouswaysinorderforthecountriestoreachtheirtargets.The
protocolallowedcountriestousenaturalprocessthatwillremovegreenhousegasesfromthe
atmosphere.Theyarereferredtoassinks;anexampleofasinkistheplantingoftreesthat
removescarbondioxidefromtheair.CountriescouldtaketheCDMapproach,CDMstandsfor
theCleanDevelopmentMechanism.CDMallowscountriestoinvestintechnologyand
infrastructureinlessdevelopedcountries,wheretherewereopportunitiestoreduceemissions.
CDMallowedcountriesthatinvestedtoclaimthisascredittowardsmeetingtheprotocol.
Countrieshadanoptionofanotherapproach,emissionstrading.Thisplacedaneconomicvalue
ongreenhousesgasemissions,inwhichparticipatingcountriescouldbuyandsellemission
rights.
DuringthefirstcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocol,countriesthatdidntmeetthe
emissionstargetswererequiredtomakeupthedifferencebetweentheirtargetedandactual
emission.Ontopofthattheycountriesweresubjectedtoapenaltyof30percent.Countriesthat
didntmeetthetargetswerepreventedfromengaginginemissiontrading,untiltheywereshown
tobeincompliancewiththeprotocol.Emissiontargetswereclarifiedafterthefirstcommitment
periodinfutureprotocols.
WhenitcametoKyotoProtocolreportsissuedduringthefirstcommitmentperiod
indicatedthatmostcountrieswouldfailtomeettheemissiontargets.Alongwiththatreports
statedifthetargetsweremetitwouldntbenefittheenvironment.Duetothefactthatonly
developedcountrieswererequiredtoreduceemissions.Sincethisprotocolwasonlyfor
developedcountriesittookouttheworldlargestemitterofgreenhousegases,China.Chinaatthe
timewasstillclassified,asadevelopingcountrythereforewasnotrequiredtorestricttheir
emissions.UnitedStatessignedtheKyotoProtocolbutneverratifiedit.ThereforetheKyoto
ProtocoldidnotboundChinaandtheUnitedStates.("KyotoProtocol|History,Provisions,&
Facts",2017)
Thebiggestfaultsoftheotherprotocolsidentifiedabovearethatdevelopedcountries
wereheldtoadifferentstandardthandevelopingcountries.Developingcountrieswere
completelyexemptformtheKyotoProtocol.ThereforeChinaandIndiawhoaregrowing
pollutersneverhadtocomplywiththetreaty.IntheParisAgreement,everynationhadto
The Paris Agreement Nieves 5

prepareitsownindividualclimatechangeplan.TheParisAgreementisthemainframeworkfor
cooperativeactiononclimatechangebeyond2020andreplacedtheKyotoProtocol.
DuringthenegotiationsoftheParisAgreementworldleadersconsidertostrengthenthe
agreementsclimatecommitmentinordertopreventthebacktrackingofcountriespledges.They
declinetheideaofstrengtheningthecommitment,theypurposelywanttokeepthenations
optionsopen.Otherwisetheycountrieswilllowertheirinternationalemissionscommitmentsin
fearthattheywillnevermeettheirtarget.ThecoreoftheParisAgreementisthenonbinding
nationallydeterminecontributions,theNDCdoesnotbindcountriestospecificemissions
commitments.TheParisAgreementintendstoencouragevoluntarycooperationfromallthe
parties.Theagreementrequirespartiestoreportontheprogressofloweringemissionsandto
leavealeveloftransparency.
EverypartythatsignstheParisAgreementprepareandmaintainNDCs(nationally
determinedcontributions),NDChavetocommunicateeveryfiveyears.Theagreementexpects
developedcountriestoadoptemissionreductiontargetsanddevelopingcountriesshouldaimto
doanNDCovertime.Partiesareresponsibleforalwayscommunicatingtheirplan;theymay
adjusttheirNDCsinordertoachieveamoreambitiousgoal.AllNDCsthataresubmittedare
subjectedtotechnicalexpertreview.PartiescanincludetheseapproachesintheirNDCsto
achievethemitigationgoal,cooperationwithotherparties,voluntarypartnershipsandsupportof
private/publicmitigationprojectsthatgeneratetransferablegreenhousegases.
TheParisAgreementreliesontransparenttrackingofprogressinordertoadjustand
strengthentheNDCsgoal.Partieshavetocollectandmakeinformationavailableinorderto
tracktheprogressthatwasimplementedbytheNDC.Partieshavetokeepnationalinventory
reportsoftheiremissions.Developedpartieshavetoprovidesupporttodevelopingparties;this
includesfinancial,technologytransfer,andcapacitybuildingsupport.Developingpartieshaveto
provideinformationonwhatsupporttheyneedandreceived.Inorderfortheprogressofthe
NDCtobeverifiedpartieswillhaveatechnicalexpertgroupreviewedthesubmitted
information.Thetechnicalexpertgroupcheckstheconsistencyoftheinformationprovidedand
identifiesareasofimprovement.TheCOP(ConferenceoftheParties)willkeeptrackofthe
agreementeveryfiveyears.
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Inordertohelpdevelopingcountriesmeettheagreement,theParisAgreementmandates
thatdevelopingcountrieswillprovidefinancialresourcesandtechnologytransfers.Although
developedcountriesaresupposedtotaketheleadwhenitcomestofinancialresources,all
partiesareencouragedtoprovidefinancialresourcesvoluntarily.TheParisAgreementsetsa
collectivegoalof100billionUSDperyear.Theagreementsetsaframeworktoprovide
guidanceontheTechnologyMechanism,thisframeworkissupposedtostrengthenactionson
technologytransfersanddevelopment.Theframeworkisdesignedtoassessneeds,capabilities
andbarriers.TechnologytransferisgoingtobethoroughlydiscussedinMayof2016.
TheParisAgreementaddstheWarsawInternationalMechanismforLossandDamagein
theframework.TheWarsawInternationalMechanismforLossandDamageaddresseslossand
damageassociatedwithclimatechangeimpacts.Theclimatechangeimpactsincludeextreme
eventsandslowonsetevents.Thisisparticularlyfordevelopingcountriesthatarevulnerableto
theeffectsofclimatechange.TheWarsawInternationalMechanismwillaccess,classify,
addressandshareresponsibilityforthelossanddamage.
Countriesagreedtosubmitthereintendednationallydeterminedcontributionsforthe
ParisAgreementatthe19thsessionofCOPinWarsaw,Poland.TheseintendedNDCaretargets
andactionsforthepost2020period.Chinareleasedthereintendednationallydetermined
contributionfortheParisAgreementonJune30,2015.Chinacommitstopeakcarbondioxide
emissionsaroundtheyear2030,lowercarbondioxideintensityby60to65percentfromthe
2005levels,increasetheshareofnonfossilfuelsforprimaryenergyconsumptionto20percent
andincreasetheforeststockvolumeby4.5billioncubicmeters.TheINDCofUnitedStates
intendstoreducethegreenhousegasemissionby2628percentbelowthelevelshownin2005
by2025.InordertoachievethetargettheUSintendstoaddadditionalpolicies,technological
advancesandstrongeractionbycitiesandcompanies.
Chinaannounceditssignificantclimatepolicytodate,capandtradeprogram.This
policywascreatedinordertoensureitscarbonemissionspeakby2030.Thegovernmentsetsa
hardlimitofhowmuchcarbondioxidewillbereleasedintotheatmosphereannuallythrough
burningfossilfuels.Oncethelimitisreachedtheyofferacertainamountofcreditsuptothe
limit,thencompaniesbidontheminordertopollute.Companiesthatdontusetheirentire
quotacanmakeaprofitbysellingwhilecompaniesthatneedmorecanbuythecredits.China
The Paris Agreement Nieves 7

hasexperimentedwithpilotplanssince2013,thepilotplansweredistributedacrossseven
differenteconomicalareasincludingBeijingandGuangdongProvince.
Chinahasvowedtoincreaseitssolarenergyproduction,theyarespending$360billion
onrenewableenergyefforts.Chinahasthelargestmarketforbothphotovoltaicandsolarthermal
energy.Chinahasbeentheworldsleadinginstallerofsolarphotovoltaicsince2013.Chinaplans
toproduce110GWofsolarpowerand210GWofwindpowerbytheyear2020.Theyplanto
increasetheshareofrenewableenergysourcesinthecountrybyroughly20percentbytheyear
2030.In2017Chinaproducedthebiggestsolarfarmintheworld,locatedinQinghai,China.
TheDamoccupies10.42squaremilesandconsistsof4millionsolarpanels.
Chinareleasedthe13thFiveYearPlandealingwithclimateandenergy,theywanttocut
downairpollutionandputthecountryinapositiontoreduceemissionbythenextdecade.They
aimtoreachallthetargetsclarifiedintheNDCfortheParisAgreement.Chinaplanstoincrease
theefficiencyofcoalburningpowerplantsandplanstoshutdowncoalfiredboilersthatdont
meetnationalstandards.Thegovernmentplanstoincreasesupportwhenitcomestorenewable
energy,newhydropower,energystorageandnuclearpowerprojects.Inordertoaddresstheair
pollution,Chinawantstoexpandtheelectricvehiclemarket,theywanttoexpandthemarketby
constructingdedicatedparkinglotsandchargingfacilitiesalongwiththeremovalof4million
highemissionvehicles.Inthe13thFiveYearPlanChinasupportsthemakingoflowemission
vehicles.
PresidentObamareleasedtherevisedCleanPowerPlan;itaimstocutgreenhousegas
emissionsfromUSpowerstationsbyathirdwithin15years.Theplanwasdesignedtolower
carbonemissionsby32%fromthe2005levelsbytheyear2030.Thisplanplacessignificant
emphasisonrenewableenergysources,energyefficiency,naturalgas,nuclearpower,and
shiftingawayfromcoalfiredpower.Theplanwillsetcarbonpollutionreductiongoalsfor
powerplantsandrequiresstatestoimplementplanstomeettheirgoal.Eachstatewillcreate
theirownplanstoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Thereforeeachstateshavedifferent
emissionreductiontargets,targetsdifferbecauseofthemixofelectricitygenerationresources,
alongwithcostandemissionreductionpotentials.InitiallythestateshaveuntilSeptemberof
2016tosubmitplansandallstatesmustcomplyby2022.Statesareopposingthisplanduetothe
factthatUSstateshavecoalpowerplanteconomies,theybelievestateeconomieswouldsuffer.
The Paris Agreement Nieves 8

Inwhichsomestatessaidthattheywouldcomplywhileotherssaytheywillnotcomplyand
promisetosue.
TheCleanPowerPlanhasbeeninthecourtsforoverayearnow,afterstatesandindustry
representativessuedtheE.P.A.RepresentativesandstatesthatsuedtheE.P.Aclaimedthatplan
wasunconstitutional.AlongwiththattheSupremeCourtstatedtheplancouldnotbecarriedout
asitwasbeingarguedinalowerfederalcourt.DuringTrumpscampaigncriticizedtheClean
PowerPlanandpromisedtobringbackcoalminingjobsandcreatenewjobsinthefossilfuel
industry.OnMarch28,2017Trumpsignedanexecutiveorder,whichcurbthefederals
governmentsenforcementofclimateregulations.Thisincludesallexecutiveordersmadebythe
ObamaAdministration,includingtheordertoremovetheprivateindustriesfromrespondingto
climatechangeincreativeways.TheexecutiveorderenforcedbytheTrumpAdministration
askedeveryagencyofthefederalgovernmenttoreviewandremoveanyregulationsthat
inconveniencethefossilfuelandnuclearpowerindustries.Trumpsexecutiveordersdisbandthe
workinggroupthatObamacreated,theworkinggroupevaluatedthesocialcostofeach
greenhousegasemission.TrumpsmainfocusistoputAmericanjobsaboveaddressingthe
climate,TrumpdoesntwanttopursueclimatechangepoliciesthatputtheUnitedStates
economyatrisk.
TheCleanPowerPlanwasacreationoftheObamaAdministrationusedtoshowother
countriesthatUnitedStateswastakingseriousactionwhenitcametoclimatechange.Theplan
signifiesthestrategytocutemissionbythetargetamountsspecifiedintheParisAgreement.
WithouttheplantheUnitedStateswillnotreachitstargetstocutgreenhousegasemissions.If
theUnitedStateschoosestoabandontheagreementandrefusetocreateanalternativeitwould
signaltotherestoftheworldthattheUSisnotseriouswhenitcomestoclimatechangeandthe
ParisAgreement.ThismayinfluencehowothercountriesfeelaboutthetermsoftheParis
Agreement.TheTrumpAdministrationwillhavetocomeupwithanotherplaniftheychooseto
getridoftheCleanPowerPlan.
From the date the Paris Agreement went into force a party has three
years to formally withdraw from the agreement. The withdrawal of the party
will take effect a year after. The withdraw date for the United States will be
November 4, 2019 and it will be put into effect a year later. The United
The Paris Agreement Nieves 9

States will no longer be subjected to any obligation under the Paris

Agreement upon the effective date. United States can announce a plan in
order to withdraw and reduce/cease participation in the Paris Agreement, at
an earlier date. The Paris Agreement states that any party that withdraws
from the Framework Convention is considered to have withdrawn from the
Paris Agreement. Therefore the United States is able to withdraw from the
Convention at any time, the withdraw would take effect the year after. If a
party attempts to withdraw out side of the provisions set by the Paris
Agreement, the withdraw will then be inconsistent with international law and
wont be accepted internationally. ("State Dept. Memo Outlining Paris
Agreement Withdrawal | Treaty | United Nations Framework Convention On
Climate Change", 2017)
As of May 2017, Trump Administration is continuing the debate on
whether to leave the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement is nonbinding
therefore doesnt impose any legal restraints on the United States. The
United States will be able to keep the pledge submitted by the Obama
Administration and decline to meet the targets, therefore allowing them to
stay in the Paris Agreement. This is a better option for the Trump
Administration, it allows the United States to be in the discussion when
important decisions are made on technology and decarbonization. The only
two countries that have refused to join the Paris Agreement are Syria and
Nicaragua. The United States would lose a significant amount of diplomatic
capital and reputation if they left the Paris Agreement.
In order to find success, The Paris Agreement will have to be upheld
and taken seriously by all nations involved. Although the Trump
administration has made efforts against environmentalists, it is up to the rest
of the world to do their due diligence in upholding the agreement. Countries
will have to be willing to make the transition to renewable energy, its urgent
and necessary. Renewable energy will benefit the world economically. Global
climate change is a real problem that needs real solutions; The Paris
The Paris Agreement Nieves 10

Agreement is crucial to not only the curbing of temperatures but also dealing
with the ramifications of current climate change.
 The Paris Agreement Nieves 11

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