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SYSTEM
By
Supervisor
B.Sc. (HON)
(POWER ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
University of Khartoum
July 2013
I
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY:
Signature : _________________________
Name : _________________________
Date : _________________________
II
ABSTRACT
Power system networks that have a distorted voltage and current
waveforms are said contain harmonics. This distortion may cause a
failure in customer equipments. In the modern era, the distortion can no
longer be ignored due to increase in the equipment that sensitive to wave
variation and devices that produced harmonics.
In this project the sources of harmonics and their effects in power system
equipments are illustrated with the methods that are used to analyze and
mitigate it. The Sudanese- Malaysian steel factory network was
investigated using ETAP simulation program as a case study. And the
results of harmonic analysis were compared with IEEE limits. It was
found that the total harmonic distortion limit for current in the
simulated case study network exceeded the limits. The harmonic
mitigation solution chosen was the passive filter and the method of the
design is included in the project.
III
. .
.
.
. ETAP
.IEEE .
.
.IEEE
IV
Acknowledgement
Thanks to:
To my friends.
V
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................................................. ii
Table of contents.................................................................................................................... VI
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... x
List of Table......xii
VI
2.5.1 Sources of Harmonics: .............................................................................................. 8
2.5.1.1 Linear Loads: ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5.1.2 Nonlinear Loads: ................................................................................................ 9
2.5.2 Harmonic Effects: ................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2.1 Effect on Transformers: ................................................................................... 11
2.5.2.2 Effect on Rotating Machine: ............................................................................ 11
2.5.2.3 Effect on Cables: .............................................................................................. 11
2.5.2.4 Effect on Capacitor Bank: ................................................................................ 11
2.5.2.5 Effect on Electronic Equipments: .................................................................... 12
2.5.2.6 Effect on Metering and Relaying: .................................................................... 12
VII
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance: ................................................................................................. 29
4.2.2 series Resonance: ..30
4.3 Passive Filters: ............................................................................................................... 30
4.3.1 Single Tuned Filter: ................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2 Band Pass Filter: ..................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filter: ..................................................... 34
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor from the Present
Level typically to around 0.9 to 0.95: .............................................................................. 34
4.4.2 Choose Reactor that in Series with Capacitor Tunes Filter to Desired Harmonic
Frequency:........................................................................................................................ 35
4.4.3 Determine whether Capacitor Operation Parameters Fall within IEEE Maximum
Recommended Limit:....................................................................................................... 35
4.4.4 Current through the Capacitor Bank: ...................................................................... 36
4.5 Limitation of Passive Filters: ......................................................................................... 36
4.6 Active Filters: ................................................................................................................ 36
4.7 Line Reactors: ................................................................................................................ 38
. ............................................................................................................................................ 39
VIII
6.3.4 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 50
6.4 Case Study Part 2 (Problem Solution): .......................................................................... 51
6.4.1 Scenario 1: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the First 5th Order Filter: ............... 51
6.4.2 Discussion of Scenario 1 Results: ........................................................................... 51
6.4.3 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 52
6.4.4 Scenario 2: Harmonic Analyses after Injecting the Second 5th Order Filter: ......... 52
6.4.5 Discussion of Scenario 2 Results: ........................................................................... 52
6.4.6 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 53
6.4.7 Scenario 3: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the 11th Order Filter: ..................... 53
6.4.8 Discussion of Scenario 3 Results: ........................................................................... 53
6.4.9 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 54
Appendix A..A-1
Appendix B..B-1
IX
List of Figure
X
Figure 5-7: filter sizing operation. ............................................................................... 45
Figure 5-8: harmonic load flow after filtering.. ........................................................... 45
Figure 6-1: Single line diagram of Sudanese malysian factory .Single line
diagram of Sudanese malysian factory ..................................................................... 47
Figure 6-2: a- utility bus harmonic order plots b- factory main bus harmonic order
plots. ............................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 6-3: Distorted wave form.................................................................................. 50
Figure 6-4: distorted waveform after injecting first 5th order filter. ........................... 51
Figure 6-5: distorted waveform after injecting second 5th order filter. ....................... 52
Figure 6-6: distorted waveform after injecting second 11th order filter. ..................... 53
XI
List of table:
Table 3.2: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for General Distribution
systems (120 V through 69 KV)..26
Table 3.3: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for general transmission
systems (>161KV)...27.
Table (5.1): Harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and distortion
level..44
Table (5.2): Harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and distortion level
after filtering.46
XII
List of abbreviations:
DF Distortion factor
D Distortion Power
Q quality factor
AF Active filter
XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview:
Power system networks that have a distorted voltage and current waveforms are said
contain harmonics. A harmonic component in an AC power system is defined as a
sinusoidal component of a periodic waveform that has a frequency equal to an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency of the system. Harmonic distortion is not new
and it constitutes at present one of the main concerns for engineers in the several
stages of energy utilization within the power industry. In the first electric power
systems, harmonic distortion was mainly caused by saturation of transformers,
industrial arc furnaces, and other arc devices like large electric welders.[5] but today,
the harmonic distortion caused by power electronic equipments which are commonly
used in power system. The major concern was the effect that harmonic distortion
could have on electric machines, transformer, electronic equipment and metering and
relaying devices. A further concern is that power networks contain capacitor banks
and have the potential to cause harmonic resonance.
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
order to protect the power system equipment, techniques are required to ensure that
current and voltage waveform distortion remain at acceptable levels.
1.3 Motivations:
Harmonics and distortion in power system current and voltage waveforms have
been present for decades. However, today the number of harmonic producing
devices is increasing rapidly. These loads use diodes, silicon controlled rectifiers
(SCR), power transistors, etc. Due to their tremendous advantages in efficiency
and controllability, power electronic loads are expected to become significant in
the future, and can be found at all power levels, from low-voltage appliances to
high voltage converters. One result of this is a significant increase in the level
of harmonics and distortion in power system networks.
1.4 Objectives:
The objectives of this project can be summarized as follow:
Chapter 3 (harmonic analysis and modeling): Explains the different methods used
in harmonic analysis. Also explain the modeling of the most important power system
equipments which are used in industries.
Chapter 4 (Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System): Shows the several
techniques that are used in harmonic treatment and the factors that are affected in the
treatment process.
2
Chapter 1 Introduction
Appendix B: contain the load flow and harmonic analysis ETAP report.
3
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction:
Harmonics of the 50 Hertz power frequency have been around for a long time. They
wereobservedontransmissionsystemsintheearly1890sandwereassociatedwith
voltage and current waveforms .As equipment became more sophisticated and with
the proliferation of non-linear loads, harmonics have become a pronounced problem
on many power systems. It has been stated that in many areas non-linear loads are
approaching 75% to 90% of the loading on most utility distribution systems.
Harmonics can be produced in a plant and/or may enter a plant from the utility power
system because of other offending sources on the line feeding the plant. IEEE
Standard 519 has tried to address this by defining responsibility for both the utility
and the user. The major concern for the utility is the quality of the voltage while the
industrial user is responsible for the distortion of the current.
With more utilities imposing higher penalties for poor power factor, industrials are
applying more capacitors to their systems to correct this situation. Since this increased
use of capacitors can magnify the harmonic currents on the system, the utilities can
strengthen their position by applying restriction to the harmonic currents being
injected into the system by the industrial customer. The purpose of this chapter is to
discuss the important terms of harmonic, the measurement factors of harmonic
distortion, the sources and effects of harmonics. [13]
4
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.2.2 Harmonics:
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents with frequencies that are integer
multiples of the power system (fundamental) frequency (gives non sinusoidal current
and voltage waveforms). [3]
2.2.4 Subharmonics:
Subharmonics have frequencies below the fundamental frequency. [3]
2.2.5 Interharmonics:
2.2.8 Flicker:
Flicker described as "continuous and rapid variations in the load current magnitude
which causes voltage variations." it is derived from the impact of the voltage
fluctuation on lamps such that they are perceived to flicker by the human eye. [3]
The negative displacement angles indicate that the fundamental phasors rotate
clockwise in the space- time plane.
These equations show that the third harmonic phasors are in phase and have zero
displacement angles between them. The third harmonic currents are known as zero-
sequence harmonics.
2.3
Here displacement angles are positive; therefore, the phase sequence of this harmonic
is counter- clockwise and opposite to that of the fundamental. The fifth harmonic
currents are known as negative- sequence harmonics. Similar relationships exist for
other harmonic orders. [3]
6
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.6
Where Fi is the amplitude of the ith harmonic, and F1 is that for the fundamental
component. [4]
7
Chapter 2 Literature Review
8
Chapter 2 Literature Review
b- Rotating machines:
Produce harmonics due to the field distribution of salient poles figure (2.2), slots and
the saturation of the main circuit. [2, 9]
- Arc furnaces.
9
Chapter 2 Literature Review
a- Arc furnaces:
The harmonics produced by electric arc furnaces are not definitely predicted due to
variation of the arc feed material. The arc current is highly nonlinear, and reveals a
continuous spectrum of harmonic frequencies of both integer and non-integer order
(sub & inter harmonics). The arc furnace load gives the worst distortion and due to the
physical phenomenon of the melting with a moving electrode and molten material; the
arc current wave may not be same from cycle to cycle. There is a vast difference in
the harmonics produced between the melting and refining stages. Figure (2.3) show
the waves produced from an arc furnace. [2, 5]
VFDs constitute a broad area of applications used in diverse and multiple industrial
processes, its rectify AC power and convert it back into AC power at variable
frequency. It produces harmonic currents at the output of the inverter which are seen
by the motor. Most of its harmonics are integer multiples, and some of it are
Interharmonics. [2]
10
Chapter 2 Literature Review
term. Short-term effects are usually the most noticeable and are related to excessive
voltage distortion. On the other hand, long-term effects often go undetected and are
usually related to increased resistive losses or voltage stresses. [1, 2]
11
Chapter 2 Literature Review
using capacitor is the possibility of system resonance and because the capacitive
reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, harmonic currents find their way into
capacitor banks and these banks act like a sink, attracting harmonic currents there by
becoming overloaded. This effect increases the heating and dielectric stresses and
these shortened capacitor life. [1, 2, 3]
12
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction:
Harmonics are created by non-linear loads that generate non-sinusoidal waveforms on
power system. However, because of the increased popularity of arcing devices and
other non-linear loads, the waveform quite often became distorted. To understand the
distortion phenomena, it is necessary to analyze the distorted waveform by a process
called harmonic analysis. This analysis is then applied to the study of resonant
conditions and harmonic filter design and also to study other effects of harmonics on
the power system. In this analysis the distorted waveform can be expressed as a sum
of dc component, fundamental sine wave of the distorted waveform and a series of
pure sine waves. These sine waves have different magnitudes and their frequencies
are integer multiple of the fundamental distorted waveform. The purpose of this
chapter is to determine the mathematical model of the real world distorted sinusoidal
waveforms (harmonics) using Fourier series analysis, Analysis methods, harmonics
modeling of power system components and the harmonic standards. [1, 5]
A distorted waveform can be analyzed using Fourier series representation given as the
following equation:
3.1
13
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Where:
3.2
f : frequency
3.3
3.5
Where:
F0 is the dc component
g g
t is time
14
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
The ability to express a non sinusoidal waveform as a sum of sinusoidal waves can
use the more common mathematical expressions and formulas to solve power
distribution system problems. Figure 3.1 illustrates how individual harmonics that
are sinusoidal can be added to form a non sinusoidal waveform. The current distorted
waveform in Figure 3.1 is the summation of fundamental frequency and 5th, 7th, 11th,
13th, 17th, 19th harmonics. [5, 7, 12]
Figure 3-1: The current waveform distortions caused by odd harmonic component in
three phases three wires power distribution system.
15
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
representation is that the system voltage is not distorted or the harmonic distortion
level is less than 10%.
1- Powerelectronictypedevices(converters,etc)
For power electronic type devices, the harmonic generating characteristics can often
be determined analytically. For arcing devices and transformers, it is usually
necessary to use typical characteristics, unless better information is available. [1, 8]
The system analysis can be performed using relatively simple hand calculation for
some industrial circuits. However, most system requires using computer simulation
(e.g. ETAP). [1]
16
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Among the most important calculations for this circuit, we have the system resonant
frequency (resonant conditions will be discussed in chapter 4), which is obtained with
the following expression:
Where:
The system impedance expressed in the frequency domain can be approximated by:
Where:
The harmonic voltage at every individual harmonic frequency can then be obtained
using:
17
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Where:
Then more rigorous calculations can be carried out using individual harmonic
voltages and currents. [1]
18
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Usually the single phase model is sufficient in most harmonic studies but it is not
adequate when:
Generally the motors are represented by their sub-transient reactance. Figure (3.4)
shows the equivalent circuits of an induction motor. The shunt elements gc and bm are
relatively large compared to R1, r2, X1, and X2. At fundamental frequency, neglecting
magnetizing and loss components, the motor reactance is:
Where:
S: the slip
19
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
This resistance is not the same as used in short circuit calculations. At harmonic
frequencies, the reactance can be directly related to the frequency:
b- Generators:
The generators are represented by their sub- transient reactance. Normally the
average inductance experienced by harmonic currents, which involve both the
direct axis and quadrature axis reactances, and it is approximated by:
20
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Where:
Where:
Leakage impedance.
Magnetizing impedance.
For three phase transformer the winding connection are important in determining the
effect of transformer on zero sequence harmonic components for e.g. delta connection
isolate these currents. [1, 5, 7]
21
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
22
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Where:
B: bus conductors.
G: graphite electrodes.
23
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
In order to analyze the arc process and the interaction between the arc furnace and
power system, a mathematical simplification of the given system is performed. The
simplification in Figure (3.8) is reasonable because the mechanical process is much
slower than the electrical dynamics.
In figure (3.8), R1 and L1 represent the resistance and the reactance of power system
at substation level, the substation transformer winding and the cable run to the
furnace transformer, C the reactance of power factor capacitor bank, R2 and L2
represent the resistance and the reactance of the flexible cables, the bus
conductors and the graphite electrodes, Rf represent the resistance of the
electric arc and its varying with the different melting stages and Lf represents
the reactance due to current passing through the melting. [5, 8]
IEEE standard
IEC standard
24
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
(1) The power factor correction capacitor or harmonic filters are not being
overstressed by excessive harmonics
(3) That the level of harmonics at PCC and utilization points is not excessive. [1,
10]
Bus voltage at PCC Individual voltage distortion (%) Total voltage distortion THD
25
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Table 3.2: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for General Distribution
systems (120 V through 69KV)
ISC/ IL <1111h<1717h<2323h<3535hTDD
26
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Table 3.3: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for general transmission
systems (>161KV)
ISC/ IL <1111h<1717h<2323h<3535hTHD
Even harmonics are limited to25%of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortions that result in a dc offset, e.g. half-wave converters, are not
allowed.
Where:
27
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction:
With the increase in consumer nonlinear loads, the harmonics injected into the power
Supply system and their consequent effects are becoming of greater concern.
Harmonic currents seeking a low impedance path or a resonant condition can travel
through the power system and create problems for the consumers who do not have
their own source of harmonic generation. Effort is done to reduce these problems by
suggest many solutions such as:
And one of the most common methods for control of harmonic distortion in industry
is the use of passive filtering techniques that make use of single-tuned or band-pass
filters. Passive harmonic filters can be designed as single-tuned elements that provide
a low impedance path to harmonic currents at a punctual frequency or as band-pass
devices that can filter harmonics over a certain frequency bandwidth. Extreme care
and caution must be exercised in the application of such filters to avoid possible
resonant conditions resulting from unexpected harmonics that might appear at some
future time in the utility system, thereby causing catastrophic damage. The purpose of
this chapter is to discuss all the methods of harmonic mitigation in industrial power
systems. [1, 2, 5]
28
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
4.1
29
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
1- Single-tuned filters.
2- High- (or band-) pass filters (first, second, and third order).
30
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
The resonant frequency of this filter can be expressed by the following expression:
4.2
Where:
31
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
) 4.3
Where R, L, and C are the resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the filter
elements,respectively,and istheangularfrequencyofthepowersystem.Theseries
resonance condition is excited when the imaginary part of the impedance is equal to
zero, where the only impedance component left is the resistance. The frequency at
whichthefilteris tunedis thendefinedbythevalueof thatmakesinductiveand
capacitive reactance cancel one another in Equation (4.3). This frequency is given by
Equation (4.2).If we make h the ratio between the harmonic and the fundamental
frequencies of the system, the inductive and capacitive reactance at the harmonic
frequency can be expressed as: [5]
Expressed in a different way, assuming zero resistance, the condition for the
impedance in Equation (4.3) dropping to zero at the tuning frequency requires:
Regarding single-tuned harmonic filters, the quality factor relates the ability of a filter
to dissipate the absorbed energy at the tuned frequency.
32
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Usually R is used to vary the quality factor of the filter and provide a way to control
the amount of desired harmonic current through it. [5, 10]
For typical high-pass filters, Qf values between 0.5 and 2.0 are found. Filters with
higher Q would provide a superior filtering action at the corner frequency. Factors
that must be considered in the selection of Qf are the following: [5]
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor
from the Present Level typically to around 0.9 to 0.95:
The capacitive reactance needed to compensate the needed VARs (reactive power) to
improve the power factor from PF1 (associatedwith1) to PF2 (associatedwith2) is
given by: [5]
P 2 1) 4.12
With:
P 2 4.13
34
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
4.15
Table (4.1): The r.m.s and peak voltage of the capacitor can be determined as follows:
VAR 135%
RMS voltage 110%
Rated voltage , including harmonics 120%
Rms currents 135%
4.18
4.20
Where: IC 1 is the current through the capacitor and it is calculated in terms of the
maximum phase-to-neutral voltage, which in turn is specified 5% above the rated
value, to account for voltage regulation practices:
35
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
4.21
4.22
36
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Active filters can be classified according to the way they are connected in the circuit:
Shunt connection (shown in Fig 4.6.a) is more suitable for current source
controllers where the output reactor resists the change of current.
Series connection (shown in Fig 4.6.b) in it the voltage Vf is injected in series
with the line and it compensates the voltage distortion produced by a
nonlinear load
Hybrid connections of active and passive filters and their structure may be of
series or parallel topology or a combination of the two as seen in Fig. (4.7) the
passive circuit performs basic filtering action at the dominant harmonic
frequencies (e.g., 5th or 7th) whereas the active elements, through precise
control, mitigate higher harmonics. This will effectively reduce the overall
size and cost of active filtering. [2, 3, 12]
37
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Figure 4-6: (a) Shunt connection of an active filter, (b) series connection of an active
filter.
Figure 4-7: (a), (b), and (c): Hybrid connections of active and passive filters.
38
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Line reactors offer the advantage of low cost and they can achieve a significant
reduction in harmonics when the appropriate percent impedance is utilized. Their
disadvantages are that they cause a voltage drop, increase system losses and normal
impedance values do not achieve current distortion levels much below 35% THD-I.
Additionally, the harmonic mitigation capabilities of the reactor reduce as load current
isreducedbecausethereactorseffectivepercentimpedanceisreduced. [5, 13]
39
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
Chapter 5
Harmonic Simulation
5.1 Introduction:
ETAP is a utility that will help electrical engineers in the processes of designing,
simulating, operating and optimizing power systems. ETAP offers a large array of
tools for power system design. The designed project can be studied by performing
load flow analysis, short-circuit analysis, motor acceleration analysis, harmonic
analysis, transient stability analysis and others. Also users can create and edit one-line
diagrams, 3D cable systems, plots, 3D ground grid systems and the list can go on. The
program is meant to combine electrical, mechanical, logical and physical attributes
that describe system elements.
By using ETAP the phenomena of power system harmonics can be modeled and
analyzed. The ETAP Harmonic Analysis module provides you with the best tool to
accurately model various power system components and devices to include their
frequency dependency, nonlinearity, and other characteristics under the presence of
harmonic sources. This module has two analytical methods, Harmonic Load Flow and
Harmonic Frequency Scan, which are the most popular and powerful approaches for
power system harmonic analysis. By using those two methods in combination,
different harmonic indices are computed and compared with the industrial standard
limitations existing and potential power quality problems associated with harmonics
can be easily revealed. Causes to those problems can be identified and different
mitigation and corrective schemes can be tested and finally verified. [4]
5.1.1 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Load Flow Study
are summarized below:
Complete fundamental load flow calculation.
Modeling of frequency dependency of power system components and loads.
Harmonic current injection method
Positive, negative, and zero sequence harmonics
40
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
41
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
42
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
3. Harmonic load flow analysis and frequency scan is done to determine IHD for
each order and identifying where the limits are exceeded and determine the orders
which cause the maximum distortion (to filter out it). The results of harmonic load
flow are shown in Fig (5.5) and table (5.1).
43
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
Table (5.1): show the harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and
distortion level.
2- select the type of the filter (e.g. single-tune filter) and sizing it by insert the
order which should be filtered out (order responsible from maximum
distortion level here 5th order-), the harmonic current associated with it,
existing power factor, desired power factor and the load MVA at the bus . This
44
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
is shown in fig. (5.7) (the ETAP automatically sizing the filter and calculate
the filter parameter).
Harmonic load flow analysis results after inserting the fifth order single tune filter is
shown in fig. (5.8).
Table (5.2): show the harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and
distortion level after filtering.
5 4 3.8
7 10 8.1
11 8 6.6
13 7 5.5
And this operation of injecting filters continuo until the distortion injected to the
system from the harmonic sources become within the IEEE limits.
46
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
Chapter 6
47
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
48
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
Bus 6 1.2 63
49
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
13 3 No
Figure 6-2: a- utility bus harmonic order plots b- factory main bus harmonic order
plots.
6.3.4 Conclusion:
Clearly there is a high distortion and mitigation is needed
50
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
Bus 1 5 1 No
7 1 2.86 No
11 2 No
13 1 No
Bus 2 5 17 Yes
7 5 19.02 No
11 5 Yes
13 3 No
Figure 6-4: distorted waveform after injecting first 5th order filter.
51
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
6.4.3 Conclusion:
From the above figure and the changes in the IHD values it can be seen that there is a
small improvement in the overall system quality.
Bus 1 5 0 No
7 1 1.66 No
11 1 No
13 1 No
Bus 2 5 0 No
7 3 6 No
11 4 Yes
13 2 No
Figure 6-5: distorted waveform after injecting second 5th order filter.
52
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
6.4.6 Conclusion:
From the above figure and the changes in the IHD values it can be seen that there is
more improvement in the overall system quality.
Bus 1 5 0 No
7 1 1.4 No
11 0 No
13 0 No
Bus 2 5 0 No
7 6 6 No
11 0 No
13 1 No
Figure 6-6: distorted waveform after injecting second 11th order filter.
53
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
6.4.9 Conclusion:
It can be seen that the last waveform is approximately pure sinusoidal wave and all
harmonic indices are within the IEEE limits thus the harmonic and power factor
problems had been solved for both the utility and the factory and the overall system
quality had been improved.
54
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Recommendation
Chapter 7
7.1 Conclusion:
In this project the harmonic phenomena has been discussed. Also the harmonic
sources, effects, analysis methods and mitigation techniques were presented. The
Sudanese Malaysian steel factory network has been taken as a case study. By using
ETAP software the factory network has been analyzed and harmonic distortion was
found. Then solution was suggested for the problem and the results obtained after
solution are very good comparing with before solution. From our research the next
point can be concluded.
Harmonic effects depend on the type of the load and level of distortion.
Effective analysis needs enough information about the harmonic sources
characteristics and system equipments parameters to modeling them. Then,
the analysis results used to identify the parallel resonance point which can
amplify the distortion.
Also these results are used in the filter design process. The most effective and
common technique for controlling harmonic distortion in industry is the
passive filtering techniques. Because it economic and provide reactive
compensation in addition to filtering action.
The simulation program ETAP is very simple and effective software for
analyzing the complex network.
7.2 recommendations:
For further research it would be recommended that:
The case study done in network consists of capacitor banks to investigate the
resonance conditions and their effects in amplification of harmonics current.
Take care of using several passive filters because each of them provides
amount of reactive power.
55
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Recommendation
Try to search about how the harmonics can be manipulated to be useful rather
than reduce it.
56
Reference:
[1] IEEE. IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Systems, 1992. Standard 519.
[2] Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C Smith Neville R Watson, Alan R Wood. Power System
Harmonic Analysis, 2nd Edition, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2000.
[3] Ewald F. Fuchs, Mohammad A.S. Masoum. Power Quality in Power Systems
and Electrical Machines, 1st Edition, University of Colorado, USA, 2008.
[4] ETAP 5 user guide. Harmonic, 2002.
[5] Francisco C. De La Rosa. Harmonic and Power Systems, Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC, 2006.
[6]Timothy James Browne. Harmonic management in transmission networks, Ph.D.
thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia,2008.
[7]Azhar Ahmed. Mitigation of Triplen Harmonic in 3-Phase 4-Wire Electrical
Distribution System, Ph.D., University of Teknikal Malaysia, Malaysia, 2007.
[8]IEEE. Interpreting IEEE Std 519 and Meeting its Harmonic Limits in VFD
Applications, 2003. Standard 519.
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Harmonic Limits 2004. Standard 519.
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System Using Voltage Phase Shifting Concept, Master thesis, University of
Wollongong, Australia, 2006.
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57
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
Bus3 0.415 89.636 -65.4 0 0 2.614 0.265 Bus2 -0.074 -0.009 116.5 99.3
Bus2 -2.028 -0.780 3372.1 93.3
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)
shows the case study input data
# Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
A -1
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
Bus1 33.000 95.75 95.75 96.44 0.33 12.23 Bus8 103.40 103.41 105.83 1.40 25.01 2586.55
Bus2 103.40 103.41 105.83 1.40 25.01 2586.55
Bus2 11.000 91.02 91.04 94.64 1.67 77.40 Bus1 310.19 310.22 317.48 1.40 25.01 7759.65
Bus7 158.70 158.71 161.05 0.80 18.29 2902.39
Bus3 4.39 4.40 4.76 5.56 68.77 302.61
Bus3 127.22 127.45 139.73 6.01 97.16 12383.38
Bus3 35.34 35.40 38.70 5.93 90.56 3205.82
Bus3 42.41 42.48 46.44 5.93 90.56 3846.98
* Bus3 0.415 89.64 89.69 96.88 3.50 146.17 Bus2 116.46 116.64 126.09 5.56 68.77 8020.91
Bus2 3372.14 3378.22 3703.63 6.01 97.16 328234.20
A -2
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
BUS TABULATION
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
A -3
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
BUS TABULATION
Nominal 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
A -4
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
BRANCH TABULATION
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
A -5
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
BRANCH TABULATION
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID A 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
A -6
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
A -7
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
11th- order filter Bus3 0.415 33.000 1045.5 0.0014000 50.00 1600.0 0.0000
5th order filter2 Bus3 0.415 11.000 2518.1 0.0027000 50.00 3900.0 0.0000
5th order filter1 Bus2 11.000 33.000 2094.8 2.405800 50.00 3000.0 0.0000
A -8
Appendix B ETAP Report
Total Number of Buses: 6 5.068 6.247 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
B -1
Appendix B ETAP Report
Project: ETAP
Location:
7.0.0 Appendix B:ETAP Report
Contract:
Page: 2
Date: 07-13-2013
SN: 12345678
Engineer:
Revision: Base
Filename: Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory Study Case: HA Config.: Normal
Cable Length
Line1 49.5 26400.0 0.0 1 75 0.262381 0.145696 .0000011 0.379560 0.460031 .0000005
B -2
Appendix B ETAP Report
T1 6.000 33.000 11.000 7.25 2.47 0 0 0 0 0 7.2500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T2 5.000 11.000 5.500 2.80 0.77 0 0 0 0 0 2.8000 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T3 0.100 11.000 0.415 3.70 2.92 0 0 0 0 0 3.7000 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T4 4.500 11.000 0.415 5.75 12.14 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T5 1.250 11.000 0.415 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T6 1.500 11.000 0.415 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
Grounding
B -3
Appendix B ETAP Report
Branch Connections
% Positive Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID (100 MVA Base)
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
B -4
Appendix B ETAP Report
Machine Connected Bus Rating (Base) % Negative Seq. Imp. Grounding % Zero Seq. Imp.
ID Type ID MVA kV RPM X/R R2 X2 Conn. Type Amp X/R R0 X0
U1 Grid Bus8 1120.291 33.000 1042.54 0.096 100.00 Wye Solid 44.94 1.234 55.47
Mtr1 IndM Bus7 2.702 5.500 1800 31.43 0.490 15.38 Wye Open
Mtr2 IndM Bus6 0.427 0.415 1800 14.26 1.403 20.00 Wye Open
Mtr3 IndM Bus6 0.427 0.415 1800 14.26 1.403 20.00 Wye Open
Mtr4 IndM Bus6 0.342 0.415 1800 12.75 1.568 20.00 Wye Open
B -5
Appendix B ETAP Report
Harmonic Library
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
Manufacturer Model 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
B -6
Appendix B ETAP Report
B -7
Appendix B ETAP Report
11th- order filter Bus3 0.415 33.000 1045.5 0.0014000 50.00 1600.0 0.0000
5th order filter2 Bus3 0.415 11.000 2518.1 0.0027000 50.00 3900.0 0.0000
5th order filter1 Bus2 11.000 33.000 2094.8 2.405800 50.00 3000.0 0.0000
B -8