Contents

Illustrations xii

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background - why are exposed jetties constructed?, 1
1.2. Typical design issues and the need for further guidance, 2
1.3. Objectives of these guidelines, 3
1.4. Use of these guidelines, 3
1.5. Structure of the guidelines, 4

2. Definitions of exposed jetties, typical locations and exposures 5

2.1. Definition of an exposed jetty, 5
2.1.1. Simple solid quays, 6
2.1.2. Open piled jetties, 7
2.1.3. Rubble mound causeway, 10
2.1.4. Marginal jettiedquays, 11
2.2. Typical locations, 12
2.3. Typical exposures and thresholds, 13

3. Aspects of design 17
3.1. Introduction, 17
3.2. Hydraulic and related loads, 18
3.2.1. Quasi-static wave loads, 18
3.2.2. Wave overtopping loads, 20
3.2.3. Wave uplift forces, 20
3.2.4. Wave slam forces, 20
3.2.5. Current forces, 21
3.2.6. Vessel induced loads, 21
3.2.7. Bed scour or morphological change, 21
3.2.8. Future sea level rise, 22
3.3. Acceptable risk issues, 22
3.3.1. Selection of the design life, 22
3.3.2. Design event return period, 23
3.4. Approaches to design, 24
3.4.1. Deterministic design, 24
3.4.2. Probabilistic design, 25
3.4.3. Sensitivity testing, 25
3.4.4. Input parameters, 25
3.5. Determining design wave conditions, 26
3.5.1. Prediction of extreme waves, 26
3.5.2. Wave shoaling and refraction processes, 27
3.5.3. Wave theories, 28

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PIERS, JETTIES AND RELATED STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WAVES

4. Wave forces on vertical elements 31

4.1. Introduction, 3 1
4.2. Wave forces on piles, 3 1
4.2.1. Small diameter circular structures, 3 1
4.2.2. Large diameter circular structures, 35
4.3. Wave forces on vertical walls, 35
4.3.1. Non-breaking (pulsating) wave forces, 35
4.3.2. Breaking (impact) wave forces, 36
4.3.3. Broken wave forces, 36
4.3.4. Seaward or negative forces, 37

5. Wave forces on horizontal elements 39

5.1. Introduction, 39
5.2. Air gap approach, 41
5.2.1. Background, 41
5.2.2. Selection of air gap, 45
5.2.3. Determining the probability of air gap exceedance, 48
5.3. Prediction of extreme wave crest elevation, qmax ,48
5.4. Wave forces on decks, 53
5.4.1. Introduction, 53
5.4.2. Vertical forces, 54
5.4.3. Horizontal forces, 58
5.5. Recent test data and design guidance, 60
5.5.1. Introduction, 60
5.5.2. Vertical quasi-static forces, 66
5.5.3. Horizontal quasi-static forces, 72
5.5.4. Wave impact forces, 79
5.6. Application of design methods, 87

6. Berthing and mooring loads 93

6.1. Berthing loads, 93
6.2. Mooring loads, 93
6.2.1. Introduction, 93
6.2.2. Derivation of lookup graphs for wave loads, 94

7. Scour 113
7.1. Introduction, 113
7.2. Scour under steady flow, 114
7.2.1. Scour pattern, 115
7.2.2. Scour depth, 117
7.3. Scour due to waves, 120
7.3.1. Scour pattern, 120
7.3.2. Scour depth, 120
7.3.3. Breaking waves, 123
7.3.4. Storm effects, 123
7.4. Effect of combined waves and currents, 123
7.4.1. Scour depth, 123
7.4.2. Scour pattern, 124

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 CONTENTS

7.5. Other influences, 124

7.5.1. Time variation of scour, 124
7.5.2. Influence of water depth, 125
7.5.3. Pile shape, 125
7.5.4. Sediment gradation, 125
7.5.5. Cohesive sediment, 126
7.5.6. Effect of resistant bed layer, 126
7.5.7. Influence on pile fixity, 126
7.6. Multiple pile groups, 126
7.6.1. Linear arrays of piles, 126
7.6.2. Pile clusters, 127
7.6.3. Field observations, 128

8. Other design and construction issues 131

8.1. Key construction issues, 131
8.1.1. Seek contractors' views, 131
8.1.2. Temporary instability, 131
8.1.3. Formwork and temporary bracing, 133
8.1.4. Modular construction, 133
8.1.5. Constructability, 134
8.1.6. Dangers of relying on airgap, 134
8.1.7. Elements designed to fail, 135
8.1.8. Operational limits of marine plant, 135
8.1.9. Construction schedule, 135
8.1.10. Capital versus maintenance costs, 135
8.2. Key maintenance issues, 136
8.2.1. Location of plant, conveyors and pipelines, 136
8.2.2. Access for inspection and maintenance, 136

9. References 138

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