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Fundamentals of Power Electronics 1 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Chapter 15
Power And Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 2 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.1. Average power
Surface S
Express voltage
and current as
v(t) = V0 + V cos nt
n=1
n n relate energy
transmission to
Fourier series: i(t) = I0 + I cos nt
n n harmonics
n=1
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 3 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Energy transmittted to load, per cycle
Wcycle = v(t)i(t)dt
0
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 4 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Evaluation of integral
T 0 if n m
Vn cos nt n I m cos mt m dt = V nI n
0
cos n n if n = m
2
v(t)
1 i(t)
Voltage: fundamental
only 0.5
Current: third
0
harmonic only
-0.5
-1
1
Power: zero average p(t) = v(t) i(t)
0.5
Pav = 0
0
-0.5
-1
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 6 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Example 2
1
v(t), i(t)
Voltage: third
0.5
harmonic only
Current: third 0
harmonic only, in
phase with voltage
-0.5
-1
p(t) = v(t) i(t)
1
Power: nonzero
average Pav = 0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 7 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Example 3
Fourier series:
v(t) = 1.2 cos (t) + 0.33 cos (3t) + 0.2 cos (5t)
i(t) = 0.6 cos (t + 30) + 0.1 cos (5t + 45) + 0.1 cos (7t + 60)
(1.2)(0.6) (0.2)(0.1)
Pav = cos (30) + cos (45) = 0.32
2 2
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 8 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Example 3
v(t)
1.0
Voltage: 1st, 3rd, 5th
0.5
Current: 1st, 5th, 7th i(t)
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
p(t) = v(t) i(t)
0.6
Power: net energy is
transmitted at 0.4
Pav = 0.32
fundamental and
fifth harmonic 0.2
frequencies
0.0
V 2n
(rms value) = V 20 +
n=1 2
Similar expression for current
Harmonics always increase rms value
Harmonics do not necessarily increase average power
Increased rms values mean increased losses
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 10 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.3. Power factor
(average power)
power factor =
(rms voltage) (rms current)
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 11 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.3.1. Linear resistive load, nonsinusoidal voltage
Then current harmonics are in phase with, and proportional to, voltage
harmonics. All harmonics result in transmission of energy to load, and
unity power factor occurs.
Vn
In = n = n so cos ( n n) = 1
R
V 2n
(rms voltage) = V 20 +
n=1 2
I 2n V 20 V 2n
(rms current) = 2
I +
0
n=1 2
=
R 2 +
n = 1 2R
2
= 1 (rms voltage)
R
Pav = V0I 0 + n n cos ( n n)
VI
n=1 2
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 12 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.3.2. Nonlinear dynamical load, sinusoidal voltage
n=1
2
I1
2 (rms fundamental current)
(distortion factor) =
=
I 2n (rms current)
I +
2
0
n=1
2
100%
Distortion factor
90%
80%
70%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
THD
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 15 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Peak detection rectifier example
Conventional single-
phase peak detection
rectifier
100% 100%
91%
percent of fundamental
Harmonic amplitude,
40% 32%
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 16 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Maximum power obtainable from 120V 15A wall outlet
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 17 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.4. Power phasors in sinusoidal systems
Apparent power is the product of the rms voltage and rms current
It is easily measured simply the product of voltmeter and ammeter
readings
Unit of apparent power is the volt-ampere, or VA
Many elements, such as transformers, are rated according to the VA that
they can supply
So power factor is the ratio of average power to apparent power
With sinusoidal waveforms (no harmonics), we can also define the
real power P reactive power Q complex power S
If the voltage and current are represented by phasors V and I, then
S = VI * = P + jQ
with I* = complex conjugate of I, j = square root of 1. The magnitude of S is
the apparent power (VA). The real part of S is the average power P (watts). The
imaginary part of S is the reactive power Q (reactive volt-amperes, or VARs).
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 18 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Example: power phasor diagram
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 19 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Reactive power Q
The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of energy between the
source and load. When Q 0, the rms current and apparent power are
greater than the minimum amount necessary to transmit the average
power P.
Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero.
The alternate storing and releasing of energy in an inductor leads to
current flow and nonzero apparent power, but P = 0.
Just as resistors consume real (average) power P, inductors can be
viewed as consumers of reactive power Q.
Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero.
Capacitors supply reactive power Q.
They are often placed in the utility power distribution system near
inductive loads. If Q supplied by capacitor is equal to Q consumed by
inductor, then the net current (flowing from the source into the capacitor-
inductive-load combination) isin phase with the voltage, leading to unity
power factor and minimum rms current magnitude.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 20 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Lagging fundamental current of phase-
controlled rectifiers
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 21 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.5. Harmonic currents in three phase systems
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 22 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.5.1. Harmonic currents in three-phase
four-wire networks
a ia(t)
+
van(t)
vcn(t)
ideal n c ic(t) nonlinear
3
+
loads
source in(t)
vbn(t)
+ neutral connection
ib(t)
b
Fourier series of i a(t) = I a0 + k
=1
I ak cos (kt ak) van(t) = Vm cos (t)
line currents and vbn(t) = Vm cos (t 120)
i b(t) = I b0 + I bk cos (k(t 120) bk)
voltages: k=1 vcn(t) = Vm cos (t + 120)
i c(t) = I c0 + I ck cos (k(t + 120) ck)
k=1
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Neutral current
i n(t) = I a0 + I b0 + I c0 +
k=1
I ak cos (kt ak) + I bk cos (k(t 120) bk) + I ck cos (k(t + 120) ck)
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 24 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Neutral currents
i n(t) = 3I 0 +
k = 3,6,9,
3I k cos (kt k)
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 25 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Example
A balanced nonlinear load produces line currents containing fundamental and 20% third
harmonic: ian(t) = I1 cos(t 1 ) + 0.2 I1 cos(3t 3). Find the rms neutral current, and
compare its amplitude to the rms line current amplitude.
Solution
(0.2I 1) 2 0.6 I 1
i n, rms = 3 =
2 2
I 21 + (0.2I 1) 2 I I
i 1, rms = = 1 1 + 0.04 1
2 2 2
The neutral current magnitude is 60% of the line current magnitude!
The triplen harmonics in the three phases add, such that 20% third
harmonic leads to 60% third harmonic neutral current.
Yet the presence of the third harmonic has very little effect on the rms
value of the line current. Significant unexpected neutral current flows.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 26 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.5.2. Harmonic currents in three-phase
three-wire networks
a ia(t)
+
van(t)
vcn(t)
ideal n c ic(t) n' nonlinear
3 +
loads
source
+
vbn(t) in(t) = 0 vn'n
+
ib(t)
b
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 27 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
No neutral connection
If the load is
balanced, then it
is still true that i n(t) = 3I 0 + 3I k cos (kt k)
k = 3,6,9,
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 28 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Delta-connected load
a ia(t)
+
van(t)
vcn(t) delta-
ideal n c ic(t) connected
3
+
source nonlinear
loads
vbn(t) in(t) = 0
+
ib(t)
b
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 30 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.6. AC line current harmonic standards
15.6.1. US MIL-STD-461B
15.6.2. International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 555
15.6.3. IEEE/ANSI Standard 519
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 31 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.6.1. US MIL-STD-461B
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 32 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.6.2. International Electrotechnical
Commission Standard 555
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 33 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Low-power harmonic limits
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 34 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEC-555: Class A and B
Class B: Portable tools, and similar devices. The limits are equal to the
Table 15.1 limits, multiplied by 1.5.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 35 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Class A limits
Table 15.1. IEC-555 Harmonic current limits, Class A and certain Class C
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 36 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEC-555: Class C
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 37 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Class C limits
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 38 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEC-555: Class D
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 39 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
Class D limits
Table 15.3. IEC-555 Harmonic current limits, Class D and certain Class C
Odd harmonics Even harmonics
Harmonic Relative limit Absolute limit Harmonic Relative limit Absolute
number (mA/W) (A) number (mA/W) limit (A)
3 3.6 2.30A 2 1.0 0.3A
5 2.0 1.14A 4 0.5 0.15A
7 1.5 0.77A
9 1.0 0.40A
11 n 39 0.6 (11/n) 0.33A
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 40 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
15.6.3. IEEE/ANSI Standard 519
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 41 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEEE-519 current limits, low voltage systems
Table 15.4. IEEE-519 Maximum odd harmonic current limits for general distribution systems,
120V through 69kV
Isc/IL n < 11 11n<17 17n<23 23n<35 35n THD
<20 4.0% 2.0% 1.5% 0.6% 0.3% 5.0%
2050 7.0% 3.5% 2.5% 1.0% 0.5% 8.0%
50100 10.0% 4.5% 4.0% 1.5% 0.7% 12.0%
1001000 12.0% 5.5% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0% 15.0%
>1000 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.5% 1.4% 20.0%
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 42 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEEE-519 current limits, high voltage systems
Table 15.5. IEEE-519 Maximum odd harmonic current limits for general distribution systems,
69.001kV through 161kV
Isc/IL n < 11 11n<17 17n<23 23n<35 35n THD
<20 2.0% 1.0% 0.75% 0.3% 0.15% 2.5%
2050 3.5% 1.75% 1.25% 0.5% 0.25% 4.0%
50100 5.0% 2.25% 2.0% 0.75% 0.35% 6.0%
1001000 6.0% 2.75% 2.5% 1.0% 0.5% 7.5%
>1000 7.5% 3.5% 3.0% 1.25% 0.7% 10.0%
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 43 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
IEEE-519 voltage limits
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 44 Chapter 15: Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems