SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL

The Nature of the Problem

Methods of Waste Disposal
Methods of Waste Reduction
Solid Waste
all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless
or unwanted
generated from industrial, residential and commercial activities in a given area
can degrade water quality, soil quality, air quality, and human health
in the Philippines, solid waste is an indication of urbanization
categorize according to:
its origin: domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional
its contents: organic material, glass, metal, plastic, paper, etc.
hazard potential: toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious, etc.
sources:
 classification:
source-based
Residential - refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc., and consists of leftover food,
vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes, etc.
Commercial - refers to wastes consisting of leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes, etc., generated
from stores, restaurants, markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc.
Institutional - mainly consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc., generated from educational,
administrative and public buildings such as schools, colleges, offices, prisons, etc.
Municipal - includes dust, leafy matter, building debris, treatment plant residual sludge, etc.,
generated from various municipal activities like construction and demolition, street cleaning,
landscaping, etc.
Industrial - mainly consists of process wastes, ashes, demolition and construction wastes,
hazardous wastes, etc., due to industrial activities
Agricultural - mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter,
etc., generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
Open areas - includes wastes from areas such as streets, alleys, parks, vacant lots, playgrounds,
beaches, highways, recreational areas, etc.
type-based
Garbage - refers to animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, sale, storage,
preparation, cooking and serving of food
Ashes and Residues - substances remaining from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and
other combustible materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small industrial
establishments
Combustible and Non-combustible Wastes - consist of wastes generated from households,
institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food wastes and other highly putrescible
material
Bulky Wastes - include large household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines,
furniture, crates, vehicle parts, tyres, wood, trees and branches
Street Wastes - refer to wastes that are collected from streets, walkways, alleys, parks and
vacant lots, and include paper, cardboard, plastics, dirt, leaves and other vegetable matter
Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes - refer to substances consisting of organic
matter such as leftover food, vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood, etc., generated
from various household and industrial activities; and consist of inorganic and recyclable
materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals, etc.
Dead Animals - those that die naturally or are accidentally killed on the road
- does not include carcasses and animal parts from slaughter-houses, which are
regarded as industrial wastes
Abandoned Vehicles - includes automobiles, trucks and trailers that are abandoned on streets
and other public places
Construction and Demolition Wastes - wastes generated as a result of construction,
refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures
Farm Wastes - wastes result from diverse agricultural activities such as planting, harvesting,
production of milk, rearing of animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots
 Hazardous Wastes - those defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin that
are potentially dangerous either immediately or over a period of time to human beings and the
environment
- typical examples are empty containers of solvents, paints and pesticides,
which are frequently mixed with municipal wastes and become part of the
urban waste stream
Sewage Wastes - solid by-products of sewage treatment
- mostly organic and derived from the treatment of organic sludge separated
from both raw and treated sewages
summary:

Hazardous Waste
waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment
defined under RCRA in 40 CFR 261 where they are divided into two major categories: characteristic wastes and
listed wastes
categories:
Characteristic Hazardous Wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more of the
following four hazardous traits:
Ignibility - ability of a substance to burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion
Reactivity - tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction, either by itself or with other
materials, and to release energy
Corrosivity - a measure of how aggressive water is at corroding pipes and fixtures
Toxicity - the degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals
 Listed Hazardous Wastes are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as hazardous wastes
which are from non-specific sources, specific sources, or discarded chemical products
disposal:
Recycling
many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products
Portland cement
another commonly used treatment is cement based solidification and stabilization
cement is used because it can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical
characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants
Incineration, destruction and waste-to-energy
not only reduce the amount of hazardous waste, but also generate energy from the gases
released in the process
Hazardous waste landfill (sequestering, isolation, etc.)
a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is placed or on land and which is
not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, an underground injection well, a
salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an underground mine, a cave, or a corrective action
management unit (40 CFR 260.10)
Pyrolysis
eliminates hazardous waste in an ultra high temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to
avoid combustion
Toxic Waste
any material in liquid, solid, or gas form that can cause harm by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through
the skin
many of todays household products such as televisions, computers and phones contain toxic chemicals that can
pollute the air and contaminate soils and water
disposing of such waste is a major public health issue
disposal:
Disposal Facilities
usually designed to permanently contain the waste and prevent the release of harmful
pollutants to the environment
such as a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, land treatment unit, or injection well
landfill - a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste
treatment
surface impoundment - include natural topographic depressions, man-made excavations and
diked areas that primarily are made of earthen materials and which hold liquid wastes
waste pile an accumulation of solid waste materials at a specific
land treatment unit a location in which land is treated, usually through bioremediation
processes, to reduce the toxicity of the soil
injection well - a liquid waste disposal technology; uses injection wells to place treated or
untreated liquid waste into geologic formations that have no potential to allow migration of
contaminants into potential potable water aquifers
hazardous waste may sometimes be toxic, but toxic waste is always hazardous
Waste Stream
a term to describe the entire life cycle of the garbage we produce from putting out the trash and recycling for
pick up to landfilling, energy production and the reuse of recycled materials
a term that describe the steady flow of varied waste
the final resting place of toxic and non toxic wastes
 major components: organic material, food waste, junked car, worn out furniture, newspaper, magazines, metal,
glass, plastic food and beverage container, wood, concrete, bricks, spray paint can, pesticides, batteries,
cleaning solvent, smoke detector and plastic
Methods of Waste Disposal
Insanitary Methods
Hog Feeding - feeding of waste to animals; disposal of garbage into sewers; disposal of residual refuse
Dumping - refuse dumped in low lying areas; bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse
which is gradually converted into humus
Sanitary Methods
Sanitary landfill/ Controlled tipping - laying of dry and condensed refuse in a trench or other prepared
area with intervening earth coverings
Composting - a process in which organic matter of solid waste is decomposed and converted to humus
and mineral compounds
- compost is the end product of composting, which used as fertilizer
- 3 methods:
o composting by trenching - relatively simple; the act of burying your organic
waste directly into your garden soil
o open windrow composting - organic waste is formed into rows of long piles
called windrows and aerated by turning the pile periodically by either manual
or mechanical means
o mechanical composting - process of stabilization is expedited by mechanical
devices of turning the compost
- compost manufactured by processing raw materials
Manure pits - used in rural households; covered with earth after each days dumping
Burial - suitable for small settlements/camps
Biogas plant - biogas is produced by the anaerobic breakdown of solid waste /excreta
Incineration - a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained
in waste materials
- a controlled process in which mixed garbage is burned at very high temperatures
- used to reduce the volume of waste and generate electricity
- converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat
- incinerators are used for this process
- types of incinerators:
Controlled Air Static Hearth Incinerator
best suited for wastes which do not require frequent raking or agitation
to ensure that they burn properly
Rotary Kiln Incinerator
allows incineration of almost all types of waste safely and efficiently
Fluidized Bed Incinerator
a refractory lined vertical shell
incineration is by the classic bubbling fluidized bed combustion process
with the sludge being mixed by the sand and burnt with the assistance
of the combustion air
does not have any moving parts within
 Thermal Oxidisers
used to treat acidic / vent / off gases produced by a variety of industries
including Oil & Gas, printing presses, painting operations, food
processing and many more
a direct combustion type and is particularly used in SRUs (Sulphur
Recovery Units) by incineration of acidic gases
Liquid Waste Incinerators
generally selected for wastes which can be atomized and sprayed either
through a burner or through a special nozzle and if required, in
combination with compressed air or steam
- advantages:
most hygienic method
complete destruction of pathogens
no odor trouble
heat generated may be used for steam power
clinkers produced may be used for road construction
less space required
adverse weather condition has no effect
- disadvantages:
large initial expense
care and attention required otherwise incomplete combustion will increase air
pollution
residues required to be disposed which require money
large no. of vehicles required for transportation
large amount of air pollution and ash generated
generation of hazardous residues
large impact on surrounding communities that must deal with unpleasant side
effects
loss of potential recyclables
large investment required and long lead time before operation

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

associated with the control of waste generation, its storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics, public attitude and other environmental considerations

Solid Waste Management System

refers to a combination of various functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes
when put in place, facilitates the collection and disposal of solid wastes in the community at minimal costs,
while preserving public health and ensuring little or minimal adverse impact on the environment
functional elements:
Waste generation - wastes are generated at the start of any process, and thereafter, at every stage as
raw materials are converted into goods for consumption
Waste storage - storage is a key functional element because collection of wastes never takes place at
the source or at the time of their generation
 Waste collection - includes gathering of wastes and hauling them to the location, where the collection
vehicle is emptied, which may be a transfer station, a processing plant or a disposal site
- different techniques used in waste collection:
Door-to-Door Collection collectors move materials from house to house in the
target area to collect recyclables and sell them to dealers/junkshops
Stationary Collection this collection system utilizes MRFs in barangays that are
set up within or near the targeted collection area for the temporary storage of
segregated recyclables, which are brought to or picked up by collectors or
junkshop dealers
Waste Collection by Trucks garbage truck workers segregate recyclable
materials while collecting garbage from house to house, and sell them to the
junkshops
Transfer and transport - involves transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles, where necessary to
overcome the problem of narrow access lanes, to larger ones at transfer stations; and subsequent
transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to disposal sites
Processing - required to alter the physical and chemical characteristics of wastes for energy and
resource recovery and recycling
Recovery and recycle - includes various techniques, equipment and facilities used to improve both the
efficiency of disposal system and recovery of usable material and energy
- RA 9003 mandates the establishment of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in
every barangay or cluster of barangays in barangay-owned, leased land or any suitable open space
designated by the barangay
- the MRF shall be designed to receive, sort, process and store compostable and
recyclable material efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner
Waste disposal - the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, be they residential wastes, semi-solid wastes from
municipal and industrial treatment plants, incinerator residues, composts or other substances that have
no further use to the society
 Solid Waste Management in the Philippines
SWM implementation follows a hierarchy of options as illustrated by an inverted triangle

the most preferred option is waste avoidance and reduction where the ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of
materials entering the waste stream
apart from avoidance, achieving this goal involves product reuse, increased product durability, reduced material
use in production and decreased consumption
Waste Avoidance
given little importance in the waste management programs of LGUs, even as it is the first preferred
option in the waste management hierarchy
refers to an action to reduce the amount of waste generated by households, industry, and all levels of
government
the key to a successful waste avoidance program is a change in the peoples attitude
Reduction
decreasing unnecessary and wasteful purchases
decreasing the volume of waste
decreasing pollutants
when you reduce the amount of waste you throw away, you save landfill space, save raw materials and
natural resources such as energy and water, and save money
Reuse
another way of decreasing the amount of waste you throw away, which in turn decreases the volume of
waste destined for landfill
other different initiatives are now being practiced by various sectors include Green Procurement,
implementation of the 3Rs and identification of the Non-Environmentally Acceptable Products (NEAP)
Green Procurement
On March 29, 2004, the Office of the President issued Executive Order No. 301 establishing a A Green
Procurement Program for All Departments, Bureaus, Offices, and Agencies of the Executive Branch of
Government.
Green Procurement is an approach to procurement in which environmental impacts play an important role in
purchasing decisions, with procurement officers concerned about them more than price and quality.
 Current initiatives by the private sector
Uniliver Philippines has a project named Project Eliminate, which was created to target ZERO LANDFILL in their
plant and offices.
They reached their target in 2004 and the company has maintained it since then, concentrating on the following
goals:
Reduce/Avoid - Through Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), they improved their process and reduced
their waste by 80%. Furthermore, as plastic is made from oil, they developed a process to use the
residual packaging waste as a co-fuel for cement manufacture.
Reuse - Sort all recyclable which cannot be avoided and develop processes to treat the waste that cannot
be recycled.
Recycle - A lot of our landfill can be recycled directly. Teams were put in place to improve sorting in the
production lines. Now, they sell carton and plastic to recyclers and as a result, their garbage was reduced
by 50%. (Source: e-copy file of Uniliver Philippines)
Non-Environmentally Acceptable Packaging (NEAP) materials
Section 5 of Rule XII of the RA9003 IRR stipulates that:
The Commission should decide on the basis of a set of criteria, which products or packaging are non-environmentally
acceptable. Provided, that this criteria is regularly reviewed to ensure its appropriateness and accuracy, in light of
scientific and technical progress, and of the experience gained in this area. Prohibiting non-environmentally acceptable
products, any decision to prohibit certain packaging types and products must be supported by available scientific,
environmental, technical and economic information and technical studies through, but not limited to lifecycle assessment
and economic analysis. Provided that the Commission consults representatives from affected industries and subject to
public notice and hearing.
A Technical Working Committee within the National Solid Waste Management Commission was created to
identify NEAP materials. The committee identified the following products that are due for assessment:
a. Plastic Packaging (Sando Bags, Polystyrene, Laminates, Sachets) including Food Containers and Baby
Products with Pthalates Core Members: DOH-FDA, PPIA, PIP, PPCP, DTI-BPS, NGO, Academe (Ateneo,
UP, Mapua, La Salle)
b. Electronic Goods (Includes Cellphone, Cellphone Batteries and Accessories) Core Members: PAIA/EAPI,
DTI-BPS, DENR-EMB, PPIA, NGO, Academe (UP, Mapua, La Salle)
c. Products with Heavy Metals DOH-FDA, DTI-BPS, DENR-EMB, NGO, Academe (UP, Mapua), NGO,
Academe (Ateneo, UP, Mapua, La Salle), Private Sector
d. Construction Materials DPWH, DTI-BPS, FPI, PCEPSDI, PPCP, Academe (UP Engineering, Mapua, La Salle)
Laws Governing Solid Waste Management
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003)
in 2001, Republic Act 9003 (RA 9003), otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000, was enacted into law declaring the policy of the government to adopt a systematic,
comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program in the country
The ecological solid waste management (ESWM) policy is based on the management of waste in the
following hierarchy:
Source reduction (avoidance) and minimization of waste generated at source
Reuse, recycling and resource recovery of wastes at the barangay level
Efficient collection, proper transfer, and transport of wastes by city/municipality
Efficient management of residuals and of final disposal sites and/or any other related
technologies for the destruction/reuse of residuals
 Provided in RA 9003 and its IRR are mandates and schedules of implementation to be undertaken by
provincial, city/municipal, and barangay governments within their jurisdiction. The most important of
these include:
Creation of a Solid Waste Management (SWM) Board (city/municipal and provincial levels)
Creation of a SWM Committee (barangay level)
Submission of a 10-year SWM Plan (city/municipal levels)
Establishment of Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) per barangay or cluster of barangays and
city/municipal centralized MRF
Closure of open dumpsites and conversion into controlled dumpsites by 2004 (city/municipal
levels)
Banning of controlled dumpsites by 2006 (city/municipal levels)
Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Act of 1990)
the act calls for the regulation of and restriction on the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that pose risk and/or injury to health
and to the natural environment
Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991)
the act devolved certain powers to the local governments units, including enforcement of laws and
cleanliness and sanitation, solid waste management, and other environmental matters
Republic Act No. 8749 (Clean Air Act of 1999)
the act directs all government agencies to adopt the integrated air quality framework as a blueprint for
compliance
among its salient provisions are the polluters must pay principle, and the prohibition of the use of the
incineration method, which is defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste or
the process, which emits poisonous and toxic fumes
the act further mandates LGUs to promote, encourage, and implement segregation, recycling and
composting within their jurisdiction
it also required the phasing out of incinerators by July 2003
Republic Act No. 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004)
the act provides for the protection, preservation, revival of quality of fresh, brackish and marine waters
of the country to pursue economic growth
Republic Act No. 9512 (Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008)
the act promotes environmental awareness through environmental education
it integrates environmental education in the school curricula at all levels, public or private, barangay day
care and pre-school, and non-formal, vocational, and indigenous learning
Republic Act 9513 (Renewable Energy Act of 2008)
the act promotes the development, utilization and commercialization of renewable energy and for other
purposes
Republic Act (RA) 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009)
the act declares as a Philippine policy the adoption of the ultimate objective of the UNFCC convention,
which is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
Presidential Decree No. 856 (Code of Sanitation of the Philippines)
the decree prescribes sanitation requirements for hospitals, markets, ports, airports, vessels, aircraft,
food establishments, buildings, and other establishments
Refuse collection and disposal system in cities and municipalities are described in Chapter XVIII of the
law
 Presidential Decree No. 1160
the law vests authority in Barangay Captains (Barangay Chairmen) to enforce pollution and
environmental control laws
it also deputizes the Barangay Councilman and Barangay Zone Chairman as peace officers
Presidential Decree No. 1586 (Environmental Impact Assessment Law)
approved on June 11, 1978, the law establishes and institutionalizes an environmental impact system
where projects to be undertaken would be reconciled with the requirements of environmental quality
this requires proponents of critical projects and projects located in critical areas to secure an
environmental compliance certificate (ECC) from the President or his duly authorized representative
the inclusion of the construction of Sanitary Landfills (SLF) as a critical project was done later
Executive Order (EO) No. 774
issued on December 26, 2008 the order calls for the reorganization of the Presidential Task Force on
Climate Change (PTFCC), headed by the President, with all cabinet members as members of the Task
Force
created 13 Task Groups that included solid waste management
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
in relation to Climate Change program, the law supports the 3 Rs of SWM in promoting to consumers
avoidance of using the disposable and unnecessary products in order to avoid or reduce the solid wastes
generated by households, commercials, institutional, industries and all levels of stakeholders

Recycling
1. process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh raw
materials
2. benefits:
Reduce the Size of Landfills
One of the biggest reasons why recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on
our environment. By utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the
size of our landfills.
Conserve Natural Resources
Recycling allows all of the junk items to be used over and over again so that new resources do
not have to be exploited. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more
emphasis to be put on creating technology to utilize what already exists.
More Employment Opportunities
While you may feel that recycling is each person for himself, in reality it is a huge industry within
itself. After you do the basic sorting out and deposit your trash for recycling, it has to be sorted
and shipped off to the right places. Certainly, one of the major benefits of recycling is that it
creates more jobs in the community and provides stability to the entire process.
Offers Cash Benefits
Recycling is not all about being charitable and doing what is good for the environment. Most
governments have policies in place which give financial benefits to those who recycle.
Saves Money
An unexpected place where the benefits of recycling can be seen is our economy. A strong
economy is one that is efficient in nature. Every bit of recycling counts when the economy does
not have to pay for planting more forests, mining iron ore or purchasing fossil fuels from other
countries. When the jobs increase, the economy gets a boost.
 Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
When you recycle products, you tend to save energy which results in less greenhouse gas
emissions.
Saves Energy
When you recycle aluminum cans, you can save 95% of the energy required to produce those
cans from raw materials. Energy saved from recycling one glass bottle is enough to light a light
bulb for four hours. This clearly shows how much energy can be saved if recycling is taken on a
larger scale.
Stimulate the Use of Greener Technologies
With use of more recycling products, it has pushed people towards more greener technologies.
Use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal is on rise which has helped to
conserve energy and reduce pollution.
Bring Different Groups and Communities Together
At the end of the day, recycling is an act that can bring a community together whether it is by
picking up trash from the roads or collecting waste materials to raise money for schools and
colleges. Many simple programs that make a community stronger can be built upon the many
benefits of recycling.
Prevents Loss of Biodiversity
Less raw material is needed when you engage yourself in recycling products. The beauty of
recycling is that it will help you to conserve resources and prevents loss of biodiversity,
ecosystems and rainforests.
3. problems:
Recycling takes time to sort and dump items. Usually, this also means a loss of finances somewhere.
Someone has to be paid for the time it takes to sort the items.
Items have to be dry. Paper cannot get wet, because people do not want to deal with it then. On the
same note, people are less willing to dump aluminum cans that still have liquid in them.
A convenient location has to be made for bins. This also includes recycling dumpsters. The space a
container takes could mean a few less parking places. Also, this location must be in a suitable place that
people will actually use.
There has to be a large enough supply of recyclable goods for a company to pick it up. Individual
recycling firms determine the amount needed for such a supply.
Large companies need to see some economic or other type of gain by recycling. Usually, however,
recycling only allows large companies to break even. However, by recycling, they lessen the load of
garbage needed to be hauled away to a dump and therefore avoid other costs (Burkhardt). The
community sometimes looks well upon recycling companies.

Alternatives for Reducing the Waste We Generate

1. Donate Clothes
Believe it or not, the throwing away of clothing is one of the biggest contributions we make to landfills
today. Instead of throwing away these old clothes, make better use out of it. Donate clothes to people in
need or to Goodwill stores, or hold a sale in your garage.
2. Reduce Food Waste
Food is another item that we often just carelessly toss away without thinking twice about it. Instead of
simply throwing away food, make good use out of it.
3. Eat Healthy
Also think about eating healthier. Buy healthier foods that dont require as much disposable waste in the
form of packaging.
4. Save Leftovers for Next Day
Too many people are careless enough to throw away half of a good meal and not save it for later. Eating
leftovers more often will save on money and result in less food waste.
5. Buy Things with Less Packaging
You can also stock up on food in the freezer. Buy a bunch of food at the same time and store it in the
freezer, and dont buy any more food until the freezer is empty. In addition, buying food in bulk means
less packaging and less waste.
6. Boycott Plastic Water Bottles
Not only will you save a boat load of money by switching to reusable glass bottles, you will be throwing
a lot less empty water bottles into the trash, which in turn means you wont contribute to the
mountains of bottles in landfills or in the bottom of the ocean.
7. Just Dont Buy as much Stuff
Though its often quite tempting to buy as much things as money can buy, if you are serious about
cutting down on the number of trips you make to the landfill each year, simply buying less stuff will
severely cut back on those number of trips all ready.
8. Recycle
Dont just throw away old glass bottles or aluminium cans. Instead, recycle them.
9. Purchase Items Made From Recycled Products
Consider buying items made from recycled products so that you can help the environment in making it
clean and green.
10. Clean Smarter
Instead of buying cleaning solutions from market to unclog your drains, use baking soda and vinegar for
your cleaning projects. This way you can avoid all the bottles of cleaners and cans you use.
11. Composting
Composting is easy and natural process that takes remains of plants and kitchen waste and turns it into
nutrient rich foods which help your plants grow. It helps you recycle your kitchen waste and reduces the
amount of that is sent to landfills that proves safe for the environment.
12. Reuse
Take an old shopping bag with you while going out for shopping. An old shopping bag can replace
hundreds of plastic bags that will end up in landfills.
13. Buy Rechargeable Batteries
Rechargeable batteries will save you money in the long run and keep disposable batteries out of
landfills.
14. Buy Items Packaged in Recycled Cartons
Buy products that are packaged in recycled cartons and reuse those cartons. Similarly, old newspapers
make great packaging material. This helps to promote recycling.
15. Get Involved
Visit pro-recycling sites and talk to others in your community about the benefits of reducing solid waste.
If you start to make a difference, maybe others will follow in your footsteps.