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Differentiationoftrigonometricfunctions
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Thedifferentiationoftrigonometricfunctionsisthemathematicalprocessoffindingthederivativeofatrigonometricfunction,
oritsrateofchangewithrespecttoavariable.Commontrigonometricfunctionsincludesin(x),cos(x)andtan(x).Forexample, Function Derivative
thederivativeoff(x)=sin(x)isrepresentedasf(a)=cos(a).f(a)istherateofchangeofsin(x)ataparticularpointa.

Allderivativesofcirculartrigonometricfunctionscanbefoundusingthoseofsin(x)andcos(x).Thequotientruleisthen
implementedtodifferentiatetheresultingexpression.Findingthederivativesoftheinversetrigonometricfunctionsinvolvesusing
implicitdifferentiationandthederivativesofregulartrigonometricfunctions.

Contents
1 Derivativesoftrigonometricfunctionsandtheirinverses
2 Proofsofderivativesoftrigonometricfunctions
2.1 Limitofsin()/astendsto0
2.2 Limitof(cos()1)/astendsto0
2.3 Limitoftan()/astendsto0
2.4 Derivativeofthesinefunction
2.5 Derivativeofthecosinefunction
2.5.1 Fromthedefinitionofthederivative
2.5.2 Fromthechainrule
2.6 Derivativeofthetangentfunction
2.6.1 Fromthedefinitionofthederivative
2.6.2 Fromthequotientrule
3 Proofsofderivativesofinversetrigonometricfunctions
3.1 Differentiatingtheinversesinefunction
3.2 Differentiatingtheinversecosinefunction
3.3 Differentiatingtheinversetangentfunction
3.4 Differentiatingtheinversecotangentfunction
4 Seealso
5 References
6 Bibliography

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Derivativesoftrigonometricfunctionsandtheirinverses

Proofsofderivativesoftrigonometricfunctions
Limitofsin()/astendsto0

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Thediagramontherightshowsacircle,centreOandradiusr.LetbetheangleatOmadebythetworadiiOAandOB.
Sinceweareconsideringthelimitastendstozero,wemayassumethatisaverysmallpositivenumber:0<1.

Considerthefollowingthreeregionsofthediagram:R1isthetriangleOAB,R2isthecircularsectorOAB,andR3isthe
triangleOAC.Clearly:

Usingbasictrigonometricformulae,theareaofthetriangleOABis

TheareaofthecircularsectorOABis ,whiletheareaofthetriangleOACisgivenby

Circle,centreO,radiusr

Collectingtogetherthesethreeareasgives:

Sincer>0,wecandividethroughbyr2.Thismeansthattheconstructionandcalculationsareallindependentofthecircle'sradius.Moreover,since
0<sin1inthefirstquadrant,itfollowsthatsin>0andwemaydividethroughbyafactorofsin,giving:

Inthelaststepwesimplytookthereciprocalofeachofthethreeterms.Sinceallthreetermsarepositivethishastheeffectofreversingtheinequities,e.g.if2<3
then>.

Wehaveseenthatif0<sin1thensin()/isalwayslessthan1and,inaddition,isalwaysgreaterthancos().Noticethatasgetscloserto0,socosgets
closerto1.Informally:asgetssmaller,sin()/is"squeezed"between1andcos,whichitselfitheadingtowards1.Itfollowsthatsin()/tendsto1astends
to0fromthepositiveside.

Forthecasewhereisaverysmallnegativenumber:1<0,weusethefactthatsineisanoddfunction:

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Limitof(cos()1)/astendsto0

Thelastsectionenablesustocalculatethisnewlimitrelativelyeasily.Thisisdonebyemployingasimpletrick.Inthis
calculation,thesignofisunimportant. Squeeze:Thecurvesy=1and
y=cosshowninred,thecurve
y=sin()/showninblue.

Thewellknownidentitysin2+cos2=1tellsusthatcos21=sin2.Usingthis,thefactthatthelimitofaproductistheproductofthelimits,andtheresult
fromthelastsection,wefindthat:

Limitoftan()/astendsto0

Usingthelimitforthesinefunction,thefactthatthetangentfunctionisodd,andthefactthatthelimitofaproductistheproductofthelimits,wefind:

Derivativeofthesinefunction

Tocalculatethederivativeofthesinefunctionsin,weusefirstprinciples.Bydefinition:

Usingthewellknownangleformulasin(+)=sincos+sincos,wehave:

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Usingthelimitsforthesineandcosinefunctions:

Derivativeofthecosinefunction

Fromthedefinitionofthederivative

Tocalculatethederivativeofthecosinefunctioncos,weusefirstprinciples.Bydefinition:

Usingthewellknownangleformulacos(+)=coscossinsin,wehave:

Usingthelimitsforthesineandcosinefunctions:

Fromthechainrule

Tocomputethederivativeofthecosinefunctionfromthechainrule,firstobservethefollowingthreefacts:

Thefirstandthesecondaretrigonometricidentities,andthethirdisprovenabove.Usingthesethreefacts,wecanwritethefollowing,

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Wecandifferentiatethisusingthechainrule:

Therefore,wehaveproventhat

Derivativeofthetangentfunction

Fromthedefinitionofthederivative

Tocalculatethederivativeofthetangentfunctiontan,weusefirstprinciples.Bydefinition:

Usingthewellknownangleformulatan(+)=(tan+tan)/(1tantan),wehave:

Usingthefactthatthelimitofaproductistheproductofthelimits:

Usingthelimitforthetangentfunction,andthefactthattantendsto0astendsto0:

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Weseeimmediatelythat:

Fromthequotientrule

Onecanalsocomputethederivativeofthetangentfunctionusingthequotientrule.

Thenumeratorcanbesimplifiedto1bythePythagoreanidentity,givingus,

Therefore,

Proofsofderivativesofinversetrigonometricfunctions
Thefollowingderivativesarefoundbysettingavariableyequaltotheinversetrigonometricfunctionthatwewishtotakethederivativeof.Usingimplicit
differentiationandthensolvingfordy/dx,thederivativeoftheinversefunctionisfoundintermsofy.Toconvertdy/dxbackintobeingintermsofx,wecandraw
areferencetriangleontheunitcircle,lettingbey.UsingthePythagoreantheoremandthedefinitionoftheregulartrigonometricfunctions,wecanfinally
expressdy/dxintermsofx.

Differentiatingtheinversesinefunction

Welet

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Where

Then

Usingimplicitdifferentiationandsolvingfordy/dx:

Substituting infromabove,

Substituting infromabove,

Differentiatingtheinversecosinefunction

Welet

Where

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Then

Usingimplicitdifferentiationandsolvingfordy/dx:

Substituting infromabove,weget

Substituting infromabove,weget

Differentiatingtheinversetangentfunction

Welet

Where

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Then

Usingimplicitdifferentiationandsolvingfordy/dx:

Leftside:

Rightside:

Therefore,

Substituting infromabove,weget

Differentiatingtheinversecotangentfunction

Welet

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Where

Then

Usingimplicitdifferentiationandsolvingfordy/dx:

Substituting intotheabove,

Substituting infromabove,weget

Seealso
Trigonometry
Calculus
Derivative
Tableofderivatives

References
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Bibliography
HandbookofMathematicalFunctions,EditedbyAbramowitzandStegun,NationalBureauofStandards,AppliedMathematicsSeries,55(1964)

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