For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is

the least of the

allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2
(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section
4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)
For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)
where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =
eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.
For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or
3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec
= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)
For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)
where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)
Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements
The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =
eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)

For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is

the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec
= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)
For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)
where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by
Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)
Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements
The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine
an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny
(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2
(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section
4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)
Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements
The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine
an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny
(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section

4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2
(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable

stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.

4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)
For shapes subject to lateral buckling, the allowable bending moment Ma is
the least of the
allowable compres- sive bending moment Mac, the allowable tensile bending moment
Mat, and Fb S
where
Fb = allowable compression bending stress given by

Section 3.4.11 or 3.4.14

S = section modulus of the entire cross-section
4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength
An additional limitation shall be placed on the allow- able stress for colum
ns in which local
buckling of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculate
d ?exural buckling
stress of the column, assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable
stress shall not
exceed the value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3
Frc = ec cr
u
(Eq. 4.7.4-1)

For Fcr /nu < Fc (Eq. 4.7.4-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for column given in Section 3.4.7
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1

Fec

= p_2_E
(kL /r )2

(Eq. 4.7.4-3)

Frc = allowable stress for column with buckled elements

The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress given in Section
4.7.2.
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength
The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams w
hose ?anges consist
of thin, ?at ele- ments supported on one edge and in which local buckling
of the cross section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling s
tress of the beam,
calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shal
l not exceed the
value given by
F 1/3F 2 /3

Frb =

eb cr
ny

(Eq. 4.7.5-1)

For Fcr /ny < Fc (Eq. 4.7.5-2)

where
Fc = allowable stress for beam given in Section 3.4.11 or Section 4.9
Fcr = element local buckling stress given in Section 4.7.1
Feb = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.1
1-3 and Section
4.9 with ny = 1.0
Frb = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also
shall not exceed
the allowable
stress for the section given in Section 4.7.2.
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Bending De?ection
The effective width concept shall be used to determine

an effective section for the moment of inertia used to cal- culate de?ections.

For sections containing elements covered in Sections 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, or

3.4.19 with b/t or
h/t values exceed- ing 1.65S2 and elements covered in Sections 3.4.16.2 or
3.4.16.3 with Fcr < fa, the effective width be of a thin element subjected to di
rect compression
stresses is:
If fa = Fcr , be = b (Eq. 4.7.6-1)
If fa > Fcr , be = bvFcr /fa (Eq. 4.7.6-2)