NAME: ................................................. PARALLEL: ......................... DATE: ...................

THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM AND
DISEASE
Chapter 17 pp 449-468
There are 4 sections, each containing a different style of question:

1. SECTION A: Extended Response Questions (x 3) Total 12 marks

2. SECTION B: Structured Factual Recall (x 2) Total 6 marks

3. SECTION C: Multiple Choice (x 22) Total 22 marks

4. SECTION D: Data Analysis (x 3) Total 18 marks

TOTAL 58 MARKS

The questions should all

be answered in the spaces
provided. For the Multiple
Choice questions, use a
pencil to draw a circle around
the best answer, A, B, C or D.

You may use books and notes but

the answers should be your
independent work. This is not a
collaborative activity!
Section A: EXTENDED RESPONSE

1. Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.

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(Total 4 marks)

2. Define the terms active, passive, natural and artificial immunity.

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(Total 4 marks)

3. Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.

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(Total 4 marks)

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Section B: STRUCTURED FACTUAL RECALL

4. (a) State the difference between an antigen and an antibody.

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(1 )

(b) Explain antibody production.

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(3)
(Total 4 marks)

5. Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacterial but not viral diseases.

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(Total 2 marks)

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Section C: MULTIPLE CHOICE
(Draw circles in pencil around the letters A, B, C or D to indicate the best answers)

6. What name is given to the molecules that bind to foreign proteins that enter the body?

A. Antigens

B. Antibodies

C. Allergens

D. Antibiotics
(Total 1 mark)

7. Which factors related to mucous membranes protect the body against microbes?

I. Production of lysozyme

II. Secretion of alkaline solutions

III. Trapping of microbes

A. I and II only

B. II and III only

C. I and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

8. How do skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to infection?

Skin Mucous membranes

A. Skin is tough and forms an effective Mucous membranes are thick and
physical barrier. elastic so pathogens are repelled.
B. Phagocytes on the skin surface trap Mucus is moved out of the body
pathogens. by the beating of hair-like cilia.
C. Skin is tough and forms an effective Pathogens are trapped by sticky
physical barrier. mucus.
D. Phagocytes on the skin surface trap The acidity of mucus kills harmful
pathogens. bacteria.
(Total 1 mark)

9. How do phagocytic leucocytes help to protect against disease?

A. They secrete bacterial toxins by exocytosis.

B. They ingest pathogens by endocytosis.

C. They produce antigens to destroy pathogens.

D. They produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.

(Total 1 mark)

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10. Which sequence of events correctly describes the destruction of pathogens in body tissues
by phagocytic leucocytes?

A. Amoeboid motion endocytosis chemical recognition enzymatic digestion

B. Chemical recognition amoeboid motion enzymatic digestion endocytosis

C. Amoeboid motion chemical recognition enzymatic digestion endocytosis

D. Chemical recognition amoeboid motion endocytosis enzymatic digestion

(Total 1 mark)

11. Why are there many different types of lymphocyte in the body?

A. Each type can recognize one specific antibody and produces a specific antigen against it.

B. Each type can recognize one specific antigen and produces a specific antibody against it.

C. Each type can recognize one antigen and engulf it by phagocytosis.

D. Each type can recognize one antibody and engulf it by phagocytosis.

(Total 1 mark)

12. Which of the following best describes antibodies?

A. Made by phagocytes and specific to one antigen

B. Made by lymphocytes and specific to one antigen

C. Made by leucocytes and non-specific

D. Made by phagocytes and non-specific

(Total 1 mark)

13. Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A. Viruses do not have metabolic pathways for the antibiotic to target.

B. Viruses have developed resistance to antibiotics.

C. Viruses destroy T-lymphocytes before the antibiotic can work.

D. Viruses mutate quickly when challenged by an antibiotic.

(Total 1 mark)

14. What is a pathogen?

A. A virus that causes a disease.

B. Any organism or virus that causes a disease.

C. A disease caused by bacteria or viruses.

D. Any organism transmitted from humans to humans.

(Total 1 mark)

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15. Which is not true of active immunity?

A. It can be produced by exposure to a disease causing organism.

B. It can be produced artificially.

C. It can be produced by a virus.

D. It can be transferred via the colostrum.

(Total 1 mark)

16. Colostrum, the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth, also contains antibodies that can
be absorbed into the babys blood. What type of immunity is the baby acquiring from its mother?

A. Passive

B. Antigen

C. Active

D. Artificial
(Total 1 mark)

17. What is the correct order in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

A. Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody inject antigens into animal fuse B-cells with
tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.

B. Inject antigens into animal isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells with
tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.

C. Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells with tumour cells inject antigens
into animal harvest monoclonal antibodies.

D. Inject antigens into animal fuse cultured B-cells with tumour cells isolate B-cells
producing specific antibody harvest monoclonal antibodies.
(Total 1 mark)

18. Some infectious diseases are treated by injecting the patient with antibodies after they have been
exposed to the disease.

What type of immunity is this?

A. Artificial and active

B. Artificial and passive

C. Natural and passive

D. Natural and active

(Total 1 mark)

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19. Which of the following explains clonal selection?

A. Memory cells are present at birth.

B. Antigens activate specific immune responses.

C. The body selects which antigens it will respond to.

D. People with similar genes respond to antigens in a similar way.

(Total 1 mark)

20. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding to a
bacterial infection?

I. Antigen presentation by macrophages

II. Activation of B-cells

III. Activation of helper T-cells

A. I, II, III

B. I, III, II

C. III, II, I

D. II, III, I
(Total 1 mark)

21. Which of the following is/are necessary to produce monoclonal antibodies?

I. Tumour cells

II. Plasma (B) cells

III. Macrophages

A. II only

B. I and II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

22. A blood clot contains a network of protein. What is the protein?

A. Fibrin

B. Fibrinogen

C. Hemoglobin

D. Thrombin
(Total 1 mark)

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23. Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an
infection?

A . B.

L evel of L evel of
a n tib o d y a n tib o d y

T im e T im e
V I V I

C . D .

L evel of L evel of
a n tib o d y a n tib o d y

T im e T im e
V I V I

V = V a c c in a tio n I = In fe c tio n
(Total 1 mark)

24. Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses?

A. Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses

B. Viruses have a way of blocking antibiotics

C. Viruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics

D. Viruses do not have a metabolism

(Total 1 mark)

25. Which types of cells in the immune system destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses?

A. Activated B-cells

B. Cytotoxic T-cells

C. Phagocytic macrophages

D. Plasma cells formed by clonal selection

(Total 1 mark)

26. Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?

A. Cytotoxic T-cells

B. Phagocytes

C. Macrophages

D. Memory cells
(Total 1 mark)

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27. What is required to form a blood clot?

I. Platelets

II. Clotting factors

III. Antibodies

IV. Fibrinogen

A. I and II only

B. I, II and III only

C. I, II and IV only

D. I, II, III and IV

(Total 1 mark)

Section D: DATA ANALYSIS

28. A number of chemicals have been shown to cause tissue damage due to the production of free
radicals. Free radicals are chemicals, such as superoxides and peroxides, which can react to damage
DNA and lipids. Antioxidants produced by our body, such as reduced glutathione, combine with free
radicals and decrease tissue damage. Reduced glutathione reacts with free radicals and in the process
is converted to oxidized glutathione.

Recently dietary antioxidants such as lignins, have also been shown to protect against tissue damage.
Flaxseed is known to contain lignins but its antioxidant effects have yet to be evaluated. Research
was done to see if flaxseed could help prevent damage to the liver by tetrachloromethane.
Metabolism of tetrachloromethane by the liver leads to the formation of free radicals. Rats were
pretreated by oral injection with flaxseed extract (+) or corn oil () (control) for three days and then
injected with buffered saline solution (control) or tetrachloromethane. The glutathione levels were
then measured.

5 o x id iz e d g lu ta th io n e

4 re d u c e d g lu ta th io n e

G lu ta th io n e c o n te n t / 3
n m o l m g - 1 liv e r tis s u e 2

P re -tre a tm e n t w ith 0
fla x s e e d e x tra c t + +

C o n tro l T e tra c h lo ro m e th a n e

[Source: Endoh, et al J Vet Medical Science, (2002), 64, page 761]

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(a) (i) State the reduced glutathione content of liver tissue injected with
tetrachloromethane with no flaxseed pretreatment.

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(1)

(ii) Calculate the total glutathione content (oxidized + reduced) in liver tissue treated with
flaxseed extract but not injected with tetrachloromethane.

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(1)

(b) Describe the effect of tetrachloromethane injection on total glutathione and reduced
glutathione content in liver tissue without flaxseed pretreatment.

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(2)

(c) Predict, using the data, the effect of using flaxseed extract in protecting liver tissue from
damage due to tetrachloromethane.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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29. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease caused by elevated serum cholesterol levels resulting in
deposition of lipids in arteries. Diet modification, weight reduction and exercise are initially prescribed
to alleviate high cholesterol levels. Due to health and possibly genetic reasons, these attempts may be
unsuccessful. Drugs may then be prescribed to lower cholesterol production. One of the enzymes that
can be competitively inhibited by these drugs is involved in the pathway for the synthesis of bile and
steroid hormones.

The safety and effectiveness of a new member of a family of drugs called statins was investigated.
The effect of the drug on the blood serum levels of cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (high levels
are unhealthy), high density lipoproteins (high levels are healthy) and triglycerides (high levels are
unhealthy) are shown below.

Serum blood level / % change from baseline

Low density High density
Dose of drug / mg Cholesterol
lipoproteins lipoproteins
Triglycerides

0 (placebo) 4 4 3 10
10 29 39 6 19
20 33 43 9 26
40 37 50 6 29

[Source: adapted from Parke-Davis, (2000), Lipitor (Atorvastatin Calcium) tablets, Spec #0155G247,
page 4, Parke-Davis, New York, www.216.86.213.73/2pdfs/0494lipitor.pdf]

(a) State the dose that was most effective in raising the level of high density lipoproteins in the
treated groups.

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(1)

(b) State the relationship between dose and cholesterol levels.

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(2)

(c) Distinguish the effect of dose size on low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins.

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(1)

(d) Explain the use of a placebo in these investigations.

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(1)

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 (e) Suggest one possible physiological side effect when taking statins for atherosclerosis.

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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

30. The diagrams show the death rate in January from influenza in Canada and the United Kingdom
(UK). Canada is a very large, sparsely populated country. The United Kingdom is a densely
populated island.

C anada
1 0 0 0 0 0 in h a b ita n ts

20
D e a th ra te fro m

15
in fu e n z a p e r

10
5
0
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971
W in te r s e a s o n

U n ite d K in g d o m
1 0 0 0 0 0 in h a b ita n ts

80
D e a th ra te fro m

60
in fu e n z a p e r

40
20
0
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971
W in te r s e a s o n

[Source: G Vihoud, et al., (2006), Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, (4), pages 661668]

(a) (i) Identify the year in which there were no observed deaths from influenza in either
country.

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(1)

(ii) Calculate the total number of deaths from influenza in 1968 in Canada assuming the
population size was 19.8 million.

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(1)

(b) Compare the death rates between Canada and the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1963.

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

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