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p
Nanoparticles
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Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are the building blocks for
realising a wide range of nanostructured
materials and devices, hence their synthesis
plays a key role in the development of
nanosciences and nanotechnologies.
A nanoparticle is defined as a nano-object with
all three external dimensions in the nanoscale
(1-100 nm)
nm).
Bottom-up Top-Down
Begins from nanostructured Begin with the bulk material
building blocks and then and process to obtain
assembles them into the final nanoparticles
nanoparticles.
material. Example methods: milling,
Example methods: liquid etching or lithography.
h
phase or gas ((vapour)) phase
h Typically leads to wastage
synthesis. material, broad distribution of
nanoparticles
p and impurities.
p
M th d
Method S l
Scale C t
Cost
Coprecipitation Industrial Low
Sol-gel processing Industrial Low
Microemulsions Industrial Low
Hydrothermal / Solvothermal Industrial Medium
Microwave synthesis Lab High
p
Template synthesis
y Lab High
g
Biomimetic synthesis Not actually used High
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{ P= vapour pressure
Pe=saturation vapour pressure
S ((supersaturation
p ) S=P/Pe
Nucleation
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Nucleation Particle
Growth
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Small particles
All the p
particles experience
p the
same fate
High
g purity
p y particles
p
HOW ?
By reducing gas flow
By increasing the total pressure in
the reactor
13
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FTIR spectra:
CH SiH H2O Presence of typical
90
InfraRed feature of
SiO
mission
SiC
Transm
SiC
80
4000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800
Wavenumber (cm
(cm-1)
1)
Intensity (a.u.)
60
SiC 12
XRD 40
-crystalline 20
SiC
0
26 28 30 32 34 36 38
2 (degrees)
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Nanoparticle Applications
This diagram show some example sectors where
nanoparticles can be applied:
Textiles
Food
Energy
and
Production
Agriculture
Nanoparticle
A li ti
Applications Steel and
Healthcare
Metal
Applications
Processing
Surface
Electronics
g
Coatings
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