,e;j pah

,e;j pah> xU Jizf;f z;l k; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j paf; flw;fiuapd; ePsk;

6100 fp.kP.
xU fz;lj;j pw;F hpa gz;Gfs;>
midj;Jk ,e;j pahtpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;> INuhg;gpa ehLlfSld;> #a];
,e;j pahit |xU Jizf; fz;lk;| vd;W fhy;tha;(Suez canal) topahfTk;> rPdh>
miof;fpNwhk;. [g;ghd; kw;Wk; M];j pNuypah ehLfSld;
kyhf;fh ePh;r;re;j p (Nakacca Strait)
miktplKk; gug;g sTk;
topahfTk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
,e;j pah 8bfphp 4 tl ml;rk; Kjy; nray;fspy; <Lgl ,e;j pahtpd; miktplk;
37bfph 6 tl ml;rk; tiuapYk; 63bfphp 7 VJthf cs;sJ.
fpof;F jPh;f;fk; Kjy; 97bfphp 7 fpof;F
jPh;f;fk; Kjy; 97bfphp 25 fpof;F jPH;f;fk; ,e;j paj; jpl;l Neuk;
tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ. ,e;j pahtpd; eLNt myfhghj;
topahf nry;Yk; 82bfphp 30bfphp fpof;Fj;
20bfphp 30 tlf;F ml;rkhd flfNuif
jPh;f;fk; ,e;j paj; jpl;l Neuj;ij fzf;fpl
,e;j pahtpd; FWf;fhf nrd;W ehl;il ,U
cjTk; jPh;f;fkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j paj; jpl;l Neuk; fphpd;tpr; 0bfphp
,e;j pah 32>87>263 r.f.kP. gug;gsit jPh;f;fNeuj;ijtpl 5 kzp 30 epkplk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 2001-,y; kf;fs; njhif Kd;djhf cs;sJ.s
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 1028 kpy;ypad;
,e;j pa -murpay; gphpTfs;
kf;fs;njhifia ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;j pah 28 khepyq;fshfTk;> 7
,e;j pah tlf;Nf fh\;kPh; Kjy;
a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshfTk;> nkhop
fd;d pahFkhp tiu 3214 fp.kP. ePsj;ijAk;
mbg;gilapy; eph;thf trjpf;fhf
Nkw;Nf F[uhj; Kjy; mUzhrygpuNjrk;
tiu 2933 fp.kP. mfyj;ijAk;. gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
t. khepyq;f s; Jiyefuk; Gug;G Kf;f s;n jhif 2001 kf;f s;
vz; (kpy;y pdpy;) njhif
1 kp= 10 ,yl;r k; mlh;j ;j p
r.fp.kP
1. Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj; 275.008 76 275
2. mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; ,l;lhefh; 83.743 1.1 13
3. m];]hk; jp];g+h; 78.483 2.7 340
4. gPfhh; ghl;dh 99.200 83 880
5. rl;B];fh; uha;g;g+h; 135.194 21 154
6. Nfhth ghdh[p 3>702 1.3 363
7. F[uhj; fhe;j pefh; 196.024 50 258
8. `hpahdh rz;bfh; 44.212 21 477
0. ,kkhr;rygpuNjrk; rpk;yh 55.673 6 109
10 [k;K-fh\;kPh; =efh;>[k;K 222.236 10 99
11. [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp 74.677 26 338
12. fh;ehlfh ngq;f@h; 191.791 52 275
13. Nfush jpUtde;j Guk; 38.863 31 819
14.. kj;j pagpuNjrk; Nghghy; 308.252 60 196
15. kfhuh\;buk; Kk;ig 307.690 96 314
16. kzpg;g+h; ,k;ghy; 22.327 2 107
17. Nkfhyah Rpy;yhq; 22.429 2 103
18. kpNrhuk; I];thy;; 21.081 0.8 42
19. ehfhyhe;J Nfh`pkh 16.579 1 120
20 xhprh GtNd];th; 155.707 36 236
21. gQ;rhg; rz;bfh; 50.362 24 482

1
 ,e;j pah

22. uh[];j hd; n[a;g;g+h; 343.239 56 165

23. rpf;fpk; fhz;lf; 7096 0.5 76
24. jkpo;ehL nrd;id 130.058 62 478
25. jphpGuh mfh;j ;j hyh 10.486 3 304
26. cj;j h;fz;l; Nluh^d; 51.125 8 159
27. cj;j pugpuNjrk; yf;Ndh 242.286 166 689
28. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; nfhy;fj;j h 88.752 80 904

A+dpad; gpuNjuq;f s;

1. nly;yp nly;yp 1.438 13 9294

2. me;j khd;-epNfhgh; jPTfs; Nghh;l; 8.249 0.3 43
gpNsah;
3. rz;bfh; Rz;bfh; 114 0.9 7903
4. jhjh;- ehfh;Ntyp Rpy;thrh 491 0.2 449
5. lhkd;-ila+ lhkd; 112 0.1 1411
6. ,yl;rj;j PT ftuj;j p 32 6 1894
7. GJr;Nrhp GJr;Nrhp 492 0.9 2029

,e;j pahtpd; ,aw;i f mikg;G gphpTfs; gpuNjrj;j pYs;s gpuk;kGj;j pu gs;sjhf;F tiu ePz;L
nry;fpd;wd.
,e;j pa epyg;gFjp gy khWgl;l Gtpapay;
epyj;Njhw;wq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,q;Fs;s gy kiyfs; fly; kl;lj;j pypUe;J
epyj;Njhw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j pahtpd; 8000 kPl;lUf;F Nky; cauk; nfhz;lit.
,aw;ifaikg;ig Ie;J ngUk; gphpTfshfg; ,k;kiyfs; [k;K-fh\;kPh;> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;>
gphpf;fhyk;. tq;fhsk;> rpf;fpk; kw;Wk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
Mfpa khepyq;fspilNa gutpAs;sd.
mitahdtd:
,kakiy cUthdtpjk;
1. tlf;F kiyfs;
2. tl,e;j pa ngUk; rkntspfs; gy kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G xNu xU
3. jPgfw;g gPlg+kp epyg;gFjpjhd; ,Ue;j J. ,ijr;Rw;wp ngUq;fly;fs;
4. flw;fiug; rkntspfs; #o;e;j pUe;j d. ,t;thW ,Ue;j epyg;gFjpf;F
5. jPTfs; |ghQ;rpah| (Pangea) vd;Wk; mijr; Rw;wpAs;s ePh;g;
gFjpf;F |ghe;j yhrh| (Panthalasa)vd;Wk;
,e;j pahtpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 29.3 kiyfs; kw;Wk;
Fd;WfshfTk; 2.7 gPlg+kpfshfTk; 43 miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rkntspfshfTk; cs;sJ. ,g;gue;j epyg;gFjp ,U gFjpfshfg;
gphpe;j J. tlgFjp |mq;fhuh| (Angaraland) vd;Wk;
,kakiyfs;
njd;gFjp Nfhz;Lthdh(Gondwanaland) vd;Wk;
tlf;F kiyfs; vd;gJ ,ka kiyfis ngahplg;gl;ld. ,e;j ,uz;L epyg;gFjpia
Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,J cyfpNyNa kpf cah;e;j gphpf;Fk; ePh;g;gFjpf;F nlj;j P]; fly; (Tethys Sea)
kiyfshFk;. ,k;kiyfspd; cah;e;j rhpTg; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fly; fpof;F Nkw;fhf
gFjpfs; vg;NghJk; epue;j ukhd gdpahy; gutpapUe;j J.
%bAs;sjhy; ,kakiyfis |gdp ciwtplk;|
(Abode of Snowl) vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. mq;fhuh kw;Wk; Nfhz;Lthdh gFjpapypUe;J
cUthfp tUk; MWfs;> jhd; nfhz;L te;j
,kakiyfs; |tpy;| Nghd;w tbtj;j py; 2500 gbTfis nlj;j P]; flypy; gbaitj;j d. ePz;l
fp.kP. ePsj;j pw;F Nkw;F -fpof;fhf mike;Js;sd. fhyj;j pw;F gpwF ,g;gbTfs; Gtpapd; cs; ,af;f
Nkw;Nf [k;K fh\;kPhpy;; cs;s rpe;J
gs;sj;j hf;fpypUe;J fpof;Nf mUzhr;ryg;
2
 ,e;j pah
tpirfshy; cah;e;J ,kakiyfs; ,kakiyapd; tlf;F kiyj;njhliu
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; kbg;G kiyfis cUthf;fd. `pkhj;hp vd;fpNwhk;. ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 6000kP
MFk;. ,k;kiyj;njhlh; tlf;Nf rpe;J
,kakiyfis Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf gs;sj;j hf;fpypUe;J njd;fpof;fpy; cs;s gpuk;kGj;j pu
NkYk; %d;W cl;gphpTfshf gphpf;fhyk;. gs;sj;j hf;F tiu ePz;L nry;fpd;wd.
Mitahtd
cyfpYs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuq;fspy; gy
m. Nkw;F ,kakiyfs; M. kj;j pa ,kakiyfs; ,k;kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;Js;sd. cyfpNyNa
,. fpof;F ,kakiyfs; kpf cauKs;s 8848kP cauk; nfhz;l vtnu];l;
kiyr;rpfuk; ,q;F mike;Js;sJ. fQ;rd;[q;fh
(3598kP) eq;fgh;tj; ( 8126kP) jtsfphp 0167kP) kw;Wk;
m.Nkw;F ,kakiyfs; ee;j hNjtp (7517kP) Mfpa rpfuq;fSk; ,q;F
mike;Js;sd.
tlNkw;F ,e;j pahtpYs;s ghkPh;
Kbr;rpypUe;J fpof;fhf fhuNfhuk; kiyfs; fq;ifapd; gpwg;gplkhd fhq;Nfhj;hp
nry;fpd;wd. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j gdpahWk;> aKidapd; gpwg;gplkhd aKNdhj;j php
rpfukhd Nf2 (K2) vdg;gLk; fhl;tpd; M];bd; gdpahWk; ,q;Nf mike;Js;sd.
(Godwin Austin) ,k;kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;Js;sJ. kiyfspd; FWf;Nf fhzg;gLk; ,aw;ifg;
gy;Nlhuh (Baltora) kw;Wk; rpahr;rpd; (Siachin) vDk; ghijfis fztha;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. fh\;kPhpYs;s
,U ngUk; gdpahWfSk; fhuNfhuk; kiyfspd; nrh[pyh fhztha;> rpf;fpkpy; cs;s ehJyh kw;Wk;
njw;F mike;Js;sd. [yg;Gyh Nghd;wit `pkhj;j phpapYs;s Kf;fpa
fztha;fhsFk;.
ylhf; (Ladakh) kw;Wk; [h];fh; (Zashar)
vd;w ,U kiyj; njhlh;fs; fhuNfhuk; kiyj; 2. ,khr;r y; (Himachal)
njhlh;fSf;F ,izahf mike;Js;sd. ylhf;
kiyj;njhlhpd; njhlh;r;rp ylhf; gPlg+kp (Ladakh Tlf;Nf ,khj;j php kiyf;Fk; njw;Nf rpthypf;
kiyf;Fk; ,ilNa ,khyr;ry; kiyj;njhlh;
Plateau) vdTk; mJNt ,e;j pahtpYs;s kpf
mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; ruhrhp mfyk; 80 fp.kP.
cah;e;j gPlg+kpahfTk; mikfpwJ. ,J tlNkw;F
MFk; ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 3700 kP Kjy; 4500 kP
fh\;kPhpy; mike;Js;sJ.
tiu khWgLfpwJ.
M. kj;j pa ,kakiyj; njhlh;f s; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s ePz;l kiyj;njhluhf
ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J njd;fpof;F fh\;kPhpd; gPh;ghQ;rhy; (Pirpanjal) njhlh; cs;sJ.
Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,kakiyfis kj;j pa ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;j py; [k;K-fh\;kPhpy; ,Ue;J
,kakiyfs; vd;fpNwhk;. ,k;kiyfspd; mfyk; tUk; jt;yjhh; (Dhauladar) kiyj;njhlh; ePz;L
Nkw;fpy; 400 fp.kP. Kjy; fpof;Nf nry;yr; nry;y nry;fpwJ. ,k;kiyj;njhlh;fSf;F ,ilNa
50 fp.kP tiu khWgLfpwJ. ,jd; cauk; fh\;kPh;> fhq;fpuh> FYgs;sj;j hf;Ffs;
Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf mjpfhpj;Jf;Nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd.
nry;fpwJ.
Gfo;ngw;w kiy thoplq;fshd =efh;>
,kakiyfs; ,sk; kbg;G kiyfshy; ghfy;fk;> Fy;khh;f;> %Nrhhp kw;Wk; iedplhy;
(Young Fold Moultains) MdJ vd;gij kj;j pa Nghd;witfSk; ,q;F mike;Js;sd. Gdpj
,kakiyfspYs;s cah;e;j rpfuq;fs; mjpfkhf ,lq;fshd mkh;ehj;> Nfhjhh;ehj;> gj;j ehj; kw;Wk;
,Ug;gijf; nfhz;Nl mwpayhk;. it\;ztpNjtp Nfhapy;fSk; rpwg;G kpf;f
,k;kiyj;njhlh;fs; gs;sj;j hf;F fshYk;> ,lq;fshf ,khr;ry; kiyj;njhlhpy;
gPlg+kpfshYk; mWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;j pa mike;Js;sd.
,kakiyfspy; tlf;F njw;fhf %d;W ,izahd
kiyj;njhlh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 3. rpthypf; (Siwalik)

1. `pkhj;h p 2. `pkhr;r y; 3. Rpthypf; rpthypf; ,kakiyapd; njd;gFjpapy; rpthypf;

kiyfs; cs;sd. ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 1000kP
`pkhj;h p(Himadri) MFk;. ,J fspkz;zhYk;> nkd;ghiwfshYk;
Md njhlh;r;rpaw;w kiyahFk;.

3
 ,e;j pah
FWfyhd ePz;l ^d; (Duns) vdg;gLk; jua; (Terai) vd;gJ NrWk;> rfjpAk; nfhz;l
gs;sj;j hf;F fs; rpthypf; kiyj;njhlhpy; xU epyg;gFjp MFk;. ghgh; gbTfspy;;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kiwe;j pUe;j MWfs; kPz;Lk; ,g;gFjpapy;
Nluh^idf; $wyhk;. Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,j;j uha;> ghgh; gFjpf;F njw;fpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J Rkhh; 15 fp.kP. Kjy; 30 fp.kP.
MWfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; $ohq;fw;fs;> tiu mfyk; nfhz;lJ ,J <ug;gjk; nfhz;l
ghiwfSk rpthypf; kiyfspd; mbthuj;j py; gba gFjpahFk;. ,J fhLfs; tsh;tjw;Fk;> gy;NtW
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpthypf;fpd; njd;gFjpapy; tpjkhd fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; tho;tjw;Fk;
nkd;Jfs;fshd gbTfs; juha; rkntspia JizGhpfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd jhua; gFjpfs;
cUthf;F fpd;wd. ,J mlh;e;j fhLfs; Njhl;lg; gFjpfshf khw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
tsh;tjw;F k; rJg;G epyq;fs; cUthtjw;Fk;
JizGhpfpd;wd. gq;fhh; (Bhangar) vd;gJ tz;ly; gbTfshy;
cUthd epyj;Njhw;wk;. ,q;Fs;s gbTfs; ahTk;
,. fpof;F ,kakiyfs; gioa tz;;ly; kz;zhy; Mdit. ,it
nts;sg;ngUf;Fr; rkntspfspy; mike;Js;sd.
Gpuk;kGj;j puh> MW ,kakiyfspd;
fpof;Nfhuhg; Gtp vy;iyahf mikfpwJ. ,it ngUk;ghYk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit.
,e;j pahtd; fpof;F vy;iyfSld; cs;s
fhlh; (Khaddar) vd;gJ MWfshy; nfhz;L
,k;kiyfis |g+h;thr;ry;|(Purvanchal) vd;W
tug;gLk Gjpa tz;ly; kz;. ,J nts;sg;
miof;fpd;Nwhk;. ,it eLj;j u cauk ngUf;F rkntspapd; ,U fiufspd; kPJk;
nfhz;lit. tlf;fpy; gl;fha; (Patkai Hills) kw;Wk; gbaitf;fg;gLk; gbTfshFk;. nts;sg;ngUf;F
ehfh Fd;WfSk; (Naga Hills) njw;fpy; kPNrh Vw;gLk; fhyq;fspy; ,g;gbTfs; kPJ NkYk; Gjpa
Fd;WfSk; (Mizo Hills) fpof;F ,kakiyapy; gbTfs; te;J Nrh;fpd;wd.
mlq;fpAs;sd. ,k;kiyfs; ,ilapy; Nkw;F
Kfkhf jpUk;gp Nkfyhahtpy; cs;s tq;fNjr tl ,e;jpar; rkntspia %d;W gphpTfshfg;
vy;iy topahfr; nry;fpwJ. ,q;F n[ae;j pah gphpf;f yhk;. mitahtd
(Jaintia) fhNuh (Garo) kw;Wk; fhrp (Khasi Hills) 1.uh[];j hd; rkntsp 2.gQ;rhg; -`hpahd rkntsp
Fd;Wfs; fpof;F Nkw;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 3.gpuk;k Gj;u h rkntsp
2.tl ngUk; rkntspfs; 1.uh[];j hd; rkntsp
,kakiyapd; njw;Nf mike;Js;sit tl uh[];j hd; rkntsp> Muty;yp
ngUk; rkntspfshFk;. ,it rpe;J fq;if kw;Wk; kiyj;njhlUf;F Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;sJ.
gpuk;kGj;j puh MWfspd; gbTfshy; cUthdjhFk;. ,g;gFjpapd; Kf;fpa Mwhfj; jpfo;tJ |Y}dp MW|
,r;rkntsp 2400 r.fp.kP. ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,J fl;r; Flhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. Y}dp Mw;wpd;
,g;gbTfs; ghgh; vdg;gLk; fuLKulhd tlgFjp cs;ehl;L tbfhy; mikg;Gfs; nfhz;L
gbTfisAk;> juha; vdg;gLk;; rJg;G gbTfisAk; ngUk; gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. twz;l
gq;fhh; vdg;gLk; gioa gbTfisAk; fhlh; Mw;Wg;gLiffs; gytw;iwAk ,q;F fhzyhk;.
vdg;gLk; Gjpa tz;ly; gbTfisAk; nfhz;lJ. gy cg;G VhpfSk; uh[];j hd; rkntspapy;
mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; n[a;g;g+Uf;F Nkw;Nf
ghgh; (Bhabar) kz; gbTfs;
mike;Js;s |rhk;ghh; Vhp| kpfg;nghpa VhpahFk;.
kiyabthuj;j py; Vwj;j ho 8 Kjy; 16 fp.kP. tiu
mfyj;j pw;F gbe;Js;sJ. kiyfspypUe;J tUk; 2.gQ;r hg;- `hpahd rkntspfs;
MWfs; jhq;fs; nfhz;L tUk; gbTfis tz;ly;
tprpwpfshf kiyabthuq;fspy; gba itf;fpd;wd. tskhd gQ;rhg;-`hpahdh rkntspfs;
,g;gbTfspy; Ez;Jiwfs; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy;> ,e;j pag; ghiytdj;j pd; tlfpof;Nf mike;Js;sd.
mjd; topahf XLk; MWfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;L nly;yp KfL (Delhi ridge) gQ;rhg; `hpahdh
epyj;j b ePuhf XLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mw;wpd; rkntspfis fq;ifr; rkntspapypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ.
Nkw;gug;G twz;l Mw;Wg;gFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gQ;rhg; `hpahdh rkntsp> rl;ny[;> gpah];>
uhtp MWfshy; Vw;gLk; gbTfshy; MdJ.
`hpahdhtpYs;s fhf;uh ejpf;Fk akdh ejpf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l epyg;gug;Ng `hpahdh rkntspahf
mikfpwJ.
4
 ,e;j pah
3.fq;i fr; rkntsp ,J Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpe;J
cs;sJ. Mdhy; eh;kij -jgjp gFjpfspy;
fq;ifr; rkntsp kpfg; gue;j rkntsp. ,J fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ. eh;kij MW
Nkw;fpYs;s aKdh Mw;wpypUe;J fpof;fpYs;s jPgfw;g gPlg+kpia ,U rkkw;w gFjpfshfg;
tq;fNjrk; tiu Rkhh; 1500 fp.kP. ePsj;JlDk;> gphpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tlgFjpia kj;j pa
ruhrhp 300 fp.kP. mfyj;JlDk; gutpAs;sJ. ,J cah;epyq;fs; vd;Wk;> njd; gFjpia jf;fhz
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fk; gPlg+kp vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; gutpAs;sJ.
m. kj;j pa cah;e pyq;f s;
fq;ifr; rkntspapDila rhpT fpof;F
kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Nehf;fp nkd;rhpthf 1.khs;t h gPl g+kp (Malwa Plateau)
mike;Js;sJ. ,r;rkntspapd; Nkw;gFjpapy
fq;if> aKidapd; Mw;wpilr; rkntsp(Doab) Muty;yp kiy> tpe;j pa kiy kw;Wk;
mike;Js;sJ. ,r;rkntspapd; fpof;fpy; gz;ly;fhd;l; Mfpatw;why; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
Nuh`py;fz;l; jho;epyk; mike;Js;sJ. yhth vdg;gLk; vhpkiyf; Fok;ghy; cUthfp
fUg;G kz;zhy; Md gFjpahFk;. rhk;gy; ejpAk;
fq;if rkntspapd; jho;e;j gFjpapy; mjd; JizahWfSk; Nrh;e;J gPlg+kpapd; tl
fq;fh-gpuk;khGj;j puh MWfs; gy;NtW gFjpapy; gy gpsTfis
,izahWfshfg; gphpe;J cyfpNyNa kpfg;gue;j (Rasvines)cz;lhf;fpAs;sJ.
rkntspia cUthf;fp cs;sd. ,r;rkntspapd;
jho;gFjp Re;j utdk; vd miof;fg;LfpwJ. 2.gz;l y;f hd;l ; cah;e pyk;( Bundelkhand)
,g;gFjp Xjj;j hy; Vw;gLk; mlh;e;j rJg;G epyf;
fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r;rkntsp ,J aKidahw;wpd; njd; gFjpapy;
fopKfq;fs;> rJg;Gepyf;fhLfs;> kzy; jpl;Lf;fs; mike;Js;sJ. ,j;j Pg;ghiwfshYk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; jPTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gPl;th kw;Wk; nfd; Nghd;w MWfs; Mokhd
gs;sj;j hf;Ffis cUthf;fpAs;sd.
4.gpuk;;k hGj;u h rkntsp
3.gfy;f z;l ; (Baghelkhand)
,J tlngUk; rkntspapd; fpof;Nfhug;gFjp
gpuk;khGj;uh Mw;wpidAk; mjd; gy;NtW gfy;fz;l; ikf;fhyh kiyj; njhlhpd;
JizahWfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpuk;kGj;j puh fpof;Nf mike;Js;sJ. gPlg+kpapd; kj;j pag;gFjp
MW rhq;Ngh vd;w ngaUld; jpngj;j py; Nrhd; Mw;Wf;Fk; kfhejp Mw;Wk; ,ilNa
cUthfpwJ. mJ ,e;j pahtpw;F s; EioAKd; ePh;gphpNklhf mike;Js;sJ.
|jpfhq;| Mog; gs;sj;j hf;if cUthf;fp> m];]hk;
gs;sj;j hf;fpy; EiofpwJ.
,r;rkntsp tlfpof;fpypUe;J njd;Nkw;F
Nehf;fp rhpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nkw;F g; gFjpiaj;
jtpu ,r;rkntsp cah;e;j kiyfshy; 4.Nrhl;l hehfGhp gPl g+kp (Chotonagpur Pleateau)
#og;gl;Ls;sJ tlfpof;fpYs;s m];]hhk;
Fd;WfspypUe;J gy;NtW JizahWfs; Njhd;wp Nrhl;lh ehfg+hp gPlg+kp kj;j pa cah;
epyq;fspd; tl fpof;Fg; gFjpapy mike;Js;sJ.
gpuk;kGj;uh Mw;Wld; ,ize;J tz;ly; tprpwpfis
jhNkhjh;> Rgh;zNufh> Nfhay; kw;Wk; guhf;rh;
(Alluvial Fans) Vw;glj;Jfpd;wd. fspkz; epiwe;j
MWfs; ,jd; topahfg; gha;fpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapd;
rJg;G epyq;fs; kpf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;j papy; jhNkhjh; MW Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfg;
tz;ly; tprpwpfshy; |juha;| vdg;gLk; rJg;G
gha;fpwJ.
epyf;fhLfs; cUthfpAs;sd.
,g;gFjp gPlg+kpfshYk;. kiyfshYk;
3.jPg fw;g gPl g+kp #og;gl;Ls;sJ. `rhhpghf; gPlg+kp> jhNkhjh;
jPgfw;g gplg+kp tl ,e;j pa rkntspf;F Mw;wpd; tlf;fpYk;> uhQ;rpg; gPlg+kp njw;Fg;
njw;Nf mike;Js;sJ. ,J Kf;Nfhztbtk; gFjpapYk; ,uh[;kfhy; Fd;Wfs; tlfpof;fpYk;
nfhz;lJ ,jidr; Rw;wp tlf;Nf Muty;yp> mike;Js;sd.
tpe;j pah> rhj;g+uh uh[;k;fhy; kiyj;njhlh;fSk;>
M. jf;f hz gPl g+kp (Decean Plateau)
Nkw;Nf Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk;> fpof;Nf
fpof;F j;njhlh;r;rpkiyfsk; mike;Js;sd.
5
 ,e;j pah
tl Nkw;F jpirapy; tpe;j pa rhj;g+uh ,k;kiyj;njhlhpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp nkd;rhpthff;
kiyj;njhlh;fisAk; tlf;fpy; kfhNjt; kw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp
ikf;fyh kiyj;njhlh;fisAk; Nkw;fpy; MWfs; fpof;Fr; rhptpy; cUthfp fpof;fhfg;
Nkw;F j;njhlh;r;rp kiyfisAk;> fpof;fpy; fpof;Fj; gha;e;J tq;fhstphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wd.
njhlh;r;rp kiyfisAk; vy;iyfshf
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jhy; fztha; (Thal Ghat)> Nghh; fztha;
(Bhor Ghat) kw;Wk; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; Mfpait
jf;fhzgPlg+kp Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfr; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa
rhpe;Js;sJ. mjd; fhuzkhf kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fztha;fs; MFk;. Nkw;fpy; nfhq;fz
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp MWfs; fpof;F Nehf;fpg; flw;fiug;gFjpf;Fk; fpof;Fj; jf;fhzgPlg+kpf;Fk;
gha;e;J tq;fhstphpFlh flYld; fyf;fpwJ. ,ilapy; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;F
jf;fhz gPlg+kpapd; tl gFjp ,f;fztha;fs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jPg;ghiwfisAk; fhpry; kiyj;njhlUld; fpof;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk;>
,izf;fpwJ. Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; ePyfphp kiyapy;
xd;wpizfpd;wd. ,q;F kpf caukhd
njYq;fhdh gPlg+kpapypUe;J Nfhjhthp>
njhl;lngl;lh (2637kP) kiyr;rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ.
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; ngz;zhW MWfs; XLfpd;wd.
Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; njd; gFjpapy; cs;s
jPg fw;g ,e;j pahtpYs;s kiyj;n jhlh;;f s; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; Nfus flw;fiuia
jkpo;ehl;Lld; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,uapy; ghijfs;
1.Muty;y p kiyj;n jhlh; %yk; ,izf;fpwJ.

Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh; cyfpNyNa njd;dpe;j pahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk;

kpfg;goikahd kbg;G kiyj; njhluhFk;. MidKbahFk;. (2695kP) ,jpypUe;J tlf;fpy;
Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf cah;e;j |FUrpfhh;| MidkiyAk;> tlfpof;fpy; godp kiyAk; kw;Wk;
(Gurushikhar) (1722kP) rpfuk mG kiyapy; njw;fpy; VykiyAk gphpe;J nry;fpd;wd. kiy
mike;Js;sJ. thoplkhd |nfhilf;fhdy;| godpkiyapd; njd;
Kidapy; mike;Js;sJ. Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiy
2.tpe;j pa kiyj;n jhlh; fd;dahFkhpf;F 20 fp.kP J}uj;j py; KbtilfpwJ.
tpe;j pa kiyj;njhlh; eh;kij Mw;wpd; <. fpof;F j;n jhlh;r ;r p kiyj;n jhlh;
gs;sj;j hf;fpw;F Nky; nrq;F j;J rhpthf cah;e;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;kiyj;njhlh; fq;ifahw;wpd; fpof;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; ngUk;ghYk;
njhFjpfSf;Fk; njd;d pe;jpa MWfSf;F k; ,ilNa fpof;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;Yfpd;wd.
eph;g;ghpNklhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,it xhprhtpYs;s kfhejpf;Fk;> jkpo;ehl;bYs;s
itif Mw;wpw;fk; ,ilapy; gpsTgl;l Fd;Wfshf
3.rhj;g +uh kiyj;n jhlh; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it njhlh;r;rpahd kiyfs;
my;y. Nfhjhthp kw;Wk; fpU\;zh MWfSf;F
,k;kiyj;njhlh; eh;kij kw;Wk; jgjp ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapy;; ,k;kiyfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
MWfSf;F eLtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J Nfhjhthp Mw;Wg;gs;sj;j hf;F fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
VOkiyfisf; nfhz;l kiyj; njhlh;r;rpahFk;. kiyfis tlgFjp kw;Wk; njd; gFjp vd ,U
gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fpwJ. (1501kP) vd;w rpfuk;
,. Nkw;F j; njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;f s; ( Western fhzg;gLfpwJ. njd; gFjpapy; ey;ykiy vd;w
Ghats) gpurpj;j p ngw;w njhlh; cs;sJ.
Nkw;F j; njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;fs; tlf;F 4.flw;f iu rkntspfs;
njw;fhf ePz;L> jf;fhz gPlg+kpf;F Nkw;F
vy;iyahf mikfpd;wJ. ,itfs; tlf;Nf jgjp ,J Nkw;fpy; uhd; Mg; fl;rpypUe;J fpof;Nf
ejpapypUe;J njw;Nf fd;d pahFkhp tiu Rkhh; 1600 fq;if gpuk;kGj;uh rkntsp tiu 6000 fp.kP. J}uk;
fp.kP. tiu gutpAs;sd. Nkw;F j;njhlh;r;rp gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
kiyahdJ Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntspapy; kiyf;Fk; mugpf; flYf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epyg;gFjp
nrq;F j;j hf cah;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Nkw;Fj; flw;fiur; rkntsp vdg;gLfpwJ.
fhuzkhf> Nkw;fpy; ejpfs; Ntfkhf gha;fpd;wd. fpof;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyf;Fk;; tq;fhs
NkYk; rhuhtjp Mw;wpd; N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rp (270 kP) tphpFlhtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;;l epyg;gFjp fpof;Ff;
Nghd;w gy ePh;tP;o;r;rpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. flw;fiur; rkntsp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;L
6
 ,e;j pah
flw;fiur; rkntspfSk; ,e;j pahtpd; njd;Nfhbapy; flw;fiur; rkntspapy; nfhy;NyU Vhp
mike;Js;s fd;d pahFkhpapy; re;j pf;fpd;wd. mike;Js;sJ.

Nkw;F f; flw;f iur; ;r kntsp jkpo;ehl;Lr; rkntsp Gypfhl; VhpaapypUe;J

fd;dpahFkhp tiu 1076 fp.kP. ePz;L gutpAs;sJ.
Nkw;F f; flw;fiu rkntsp tlf;fpy fl;r;
gFjpapy; cs;s uhd; Kjy; njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp 5.,e;j paj; jPT fs;
tiu ePz;ls;sJ. ,J F[uhj;ijj; jtpu kw;w
gFjpfspy; FWfyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. F[uhj; rkntsp> ,e;j pag; ngUq;flypy; ,U ngUk; jPTf;
fl;r; kw;Wk; fj;j pathh; gfjpfspd; fpof;F g; gFjpapy; $l;lq;fs; cs;sd. me;j khd; kw;Wk; epNfhgh;
eh;kij> jgjp> khfp kw;Wk; rgh;kjp MWfshy; jPTfs; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpYk; ,yl;rj;j PTfs; mugpf;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. F[uhj;j pd; njd; gFjp kw;Wk; flypYk; cs;sd.
fhk;gl;bd; flw;fiug; gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J F[uhj;
rkntsp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J rJg;G me;j khd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; 6 tlf;F Kjy;
epyq;fspd; njhlh;r;rpahFk;> cah; Xjq;fspd; NghJ 14 tlf;F ml;rk; tiuapYk; 90 fp. Kjy; 94 jPh;f;f
flw;fiuapy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ ,it 572 jPTfisf;
nfhq;fz rkntsp> F[uhj;j pw;F njw;fpypUe;J nfhz;lJ. ,tw;wpy; 38 jPTfs; kl;LNk
Nfhth tiu Rkhh; 500 fp.kP. tiu gutpAs;sJ. thoplq;fshf cs;sd.
fh;ehlfh rkntsp> NfhthtpypUe;J kq;f@h; tiu me;j khd; jPTf; $l;lq;fis epNfhghh; jPTf;
ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. kyghh; rkntsp> $l;lq;fspypUe;J 10bfphp fhy;tha; (Ten degree)
kq;f@Uf;F k; fd;d pahFkhpf;F k; eLNt
gphpf;fpwJ. me;j khd; epNfhghhpd; njd;Nfhb
mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F rpwg;G mk;rq;fshf Vhpfs;>
Kidia ,e;j puh Kid vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;.
fopfs; kw;Wk; fhay;fs; (backwater)
,q;Fs;s jPTfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit vhpkiyfshy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ntk;g ehL Vhp Nfushtpd; kpfg; cUthdjhfTk; rpy gtsg; ghiwfshy;
nghpa VhpahFk;. MditahfTk; cs;sJ.
mugpf; flypy; mike;Js;s ,yl;rj;j PTfs;
$l;lq;fspys;s 27 jpTfspy; 11 jPTfspy; kl;LNk
kdpjh;fs; trpf;fpd;wdh;. Nyf;fbt;];> kpdpf;fha;
kw;Wk; mkpdpjptp jPTf; $l;lq;fis 1973-Mk;
Mz;L ,yl;rj;j PTfs; vd kWngahpl;L mioj;j dh;.
fpof;F flw;f iu rkntsp ,itaidj;Jk; gtsg;ghiwfshy; cUthdit.
fpof;F flw;fiu rkntsp Nkw;F tq;f ,e;j pa epyj;N jhw;w ikg;g pd; Kf;f paj;J tk;
Mw;Wr; rkntspapypUe;J fd;d pahFkhp tiu
gutpAs;sJ fpof;F flw;fiu rkntspahdJ> Nkw;F ,e;j pahtpd; tlgFjpapy; cs;s
flw;fiu rkntspiatpl gue;Jk;> mfykhfTk; ,kakiyfs; njd;Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;wpidj;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kfhejp kw;Wk; fpU\;zh jLj;J> ey;ykiog; nghopitAk;> gdpg;nghopitAk;
MWfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; flw;fiuia ekf;Fj; jUfpwJ. ,k;kiyfs; ,y;yhjpUg;gpd;>
tlrh;f;fhh; flw;fiu vdTk; fpU\;zh kw;Wk; ,e;j paj; Jizf; fz;lj;j pd; ngUk;gFjp
fhtphp MWfSf;F k; ,ilNa cs;s flw;fiu Nrho ntg;gkhdjhfTk;> twz;l ghiytdkhfTk;
kz;ly flw;fiu vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. khwpapUf;ff;$Lk;.
cj;fy; rkntsp xhprh flw;fiuapypUe;J 400 fp.kP.
J}uk; ePz;L> kfhejp Mw;W rkntspiaAk;
cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. |rpypfh Vhp|
kfhejp Mw;wpd; njw;Nf mike;Js;s ,e;j pahtpd;
kpfg;nghpa VhpahFk;.
Me;j pur; rkntsp ngh;fk;g+h; kw;Wk; Gypfhl; Vhpf;F
,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,r;rkntsp> Nfhjhthp
fpU\;zh Mw;Wr; rkntspfshy; MdJ. Me;j pu

ngah; ePs k; gug;G Mw;w pd; gpwg;g plk; fyf;F kplk; gadilAk; gFjp
7
 ,e;j pah

fp.kP r.fp.kP
rpe;J 3100 3>21>290 ifyh\; kiyj;njhlh; mugpf;fly; ,e;j pah> ghfp];j hd;
fq;if 2480 3>37>000 myf;ee;j h tq;fhstphpFlh cj;j pug;gpunjrk;> gPfhh;
Nkw;Ftq;f hsk;
aKid 1300 3>59>000 aKNdhj;hp tq;fhstphpFlh Nly;yp> `hpahdh
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
gpuk;kGj;uh 885 2>40>000 rkhAq; gdpahW tq;fhstphpFlh tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;
fhtphp 800 87>900 FlFkiy tq;fhstphpFlh fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL
Nfhjhthp 146 3>12>812 ehrpf;Fd;Wfs; tq;fhstphpFlh Me;j pug;gpuNjuj;j pd;
njd;fpof;Fg; gFjp
fpU\;zh 1400 2>59>000 kfjgNy];tuh; tq;fhstphpFlh kfhuh\;buh>
Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;
eh;kij 1312 98>796 mkh;fz;lf; kiy mugpf;fly; kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
jgjp 724 65>145 gr;khhp kiy mugpf;fly; kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
Nfhkjp 805 30>437 ,kakiy tq;fhstphpFlh cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
fhf;uh 1080 1>27>500 rpthypf; kiyj;njhlh; jhh; ghiytdg; `hpahdh> gQ;rhg;>
gFjpapy; kiwfpwJ cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
kfhejp 858 1>41>600 rhj;g+uh kiyj;njhlh; tq;fhstphpFlh rl;b];fh;> [hh;fz;l;
itif 240 7>000 Vyfphp kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL
nghpahW 244 5>398 Vyfphp kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL> Nfush
jhkpuguzp 123 4400 mfj;j pah; kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL
,kakiyapy; cUthFk; MWfSf;F k; jPg fw;g MWfSf;F k; cs;s NtWghLfs;

,kakiyapy; cUthFk; MWfs; jPgfw;g MWfs;

,kakiyapy; cUthFk; rpe;J> fq;if> jPgw;g MWfshd kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh>
gpuk;kGj;j puh MWfs; gdp ciwe;j fhtphp> eh;kjh kw;Wk; jgjp MWfs; jPgfw;g gPlg+kpapy;
kiyfspy; cUthfpd;wd. cUthfpd;wd.
,it nghpa Mw;W tbepyq;fisAk; ,it rpwpa ePh;gpbg;GfisAk; rpwpa Mw;W
ePh;gpbg;GfisAk; nfhz;lit tbepyq;fisAk; nfhz;lit
,it Mokhd tbt FWfpa gs;sj;j hf;Ffs; ,it mfykhf Mokw;w gs;sjhf;Ffs; topNa
topahf gha;fpd;wd. gha;fpd;wd.
,e;j MWfs; tw;whj MWfshFk;. ,e;j MWfs; gUt fhyq;fspy; kl;LNk XLfpd;wd.
,it gUtkioapypUe;Jk; gdp gUkioia ek;gpNa ePiug; ngWfpd;wd.
cUFtjhYk; ePiug; ngWfpd;wd.
,itfs; rkntspapy; XLtjhy; ,it rPuw;w gPlg+kpapy; XLtjhy; Nghf;Ftuj;j pwF
Nghf;F tuj;j pw;F cjTfpd;wJ. gad;gLtjpy;iy.
fq;fh-gpuk;kGj;j puh MWfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fp XLk; MWfs; rpwpa fopKfq;fisAk;
Mw;WKfj;Jthuj;j py; nghpa tz;ly; rpwpa nly;lhf;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
nly;lhf;fis cUthf;F fpwJ.
fpis MWfs; xU MwdhJ mUfpYs;s kiyg;gFjpapy;
(Tributary) cUthfp mJ Kjd;ik Mw;Wld; xd;W Nrh;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf aKid MW fq;ifapd; MW gthdp>
mkuhtjp Mfpa MWfs; fhtphpapd; fpis MWfs;.
Jiz MWfs; xU MW mjd; filg;gFjpapy; fliy NrUfpd;w
(Distributary) gFjpfs Kjd;ik MwhdJj gy
fpisfhsf gphpe;J flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
nly;lh (Delta) Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;j py; fhzg;gLk; Kf;Nfhz
tbtpyhd tz;ly; gbTfs; nly;lh vd;fpNwhk;.
fopKfk; (Estuary) Mw;W Kfj;Jthuj;j py; Xjq;fspd; fhuzkhf Mw;wpd;
ey;y flypd; cg;G ePUk; xd;W fyf; fpwJ. ,g;gFjp
nly;lhNghy; ,y;yhky; Mokhd ,Uf;Fk;
cjhuzkhf eh;kij Mw;wpd; fopKfg;gFjp
fhyepiy

8
 ,e;j pah

,e;j pahtpd; gy;NtWgl;l ,aw;if ,Ue;J ,e;j pahit Nehf;fp tPRk;

epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; gy;NtW fhyepiyia fLk; Fsph; fhw;iwj; jLf;fpwJ.
cUthf;F fpd;wd. tl ,e;j pahtpd;
fhyepiy> njd; ,e;j pa fhyepiyapy; 2. kioiaf; nfhz;LtUk; njd;
,Ue;J> ntg;gk;> kiog;nghopT Nkw;Ff; gUtf;fhw;wpid ,kakiyj;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; khWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. njhlh; jLj;J> fhw;wpy; cs;s
,e;j pahtpd; gy;NtW fhyepiyfisAk; <ug;gjj;j pid tlfpof;F kw;Wk;
mtw;iw ephz;apf;F k; fhuzpfis gw;wpAk; rpe;J fq;if rkntspf;F kioahfg;
ehk; fhz;Nghk;. nghopa top tFf;fpd;wd.

ml;r q;f s;( Latitude) 3. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh; njd; Nkw;Fg;

gUtf;fhw;wpid jLf;fhjjhy; ,jd;
23bfphp 30 tl ml;rkhd flf Nuif ehl;bd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp kpff; Fiwe;j
FWf;Nf nry;fpwJ. flfNuiff;F njw;Nf kiog;nghopitg; ngw;W
mike;Js;s gFjpfs; g+kj;j pa Nuiff;F kpf ghiytdkhf cs;sJ.
mUNf cs;sjhy; Mz;L KOtJk;
mjpfkhd ntg;gj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j pahtpd; fhyepiy
flfNuiff;F tlf;NfAs;s gFjpfs;
|khd;# d;| (Monsson)vd;w nrhy;
kpjntg;gkz;lyj;j py; mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt ,g;gFjpfs; Fsph;fhyq;fspy; Fiwe;j mNugpa nrhy;yhd |nksrpk;|(Mausim)
ntg;gj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. vd;gjpypUe;J te;j J. ,jd; nghUs;
gUtfhyk; vd;gjhFk;. ,f;fhw;W
flypypUe;J J}uk; (Distabce from the sea) MWkhjq;fs; njd; Nkw;F
jpirapypUe;Jk;> mLj;j MW
,e;j pahtpy; flfNuiff;F khjq;fs; tlfpof;F jpirapypUe;Jk;
tlf;fpYs;s ,lq;fspy; tPRfpwJ. Nfhilfhyj;j pw;Fk;
|fz;lfhyepiy|(Continental Climate ) ,ilNa jq;fsJ jpiria KOtJk;
epyTfpwJ. flfNuiff;F njw;fpy; khw;wpf; nfhz;L tPRk; fhw;WfSf;F
mike;Js;s ,lq;ffs; Nkw;fpy; mugpf; gUtfhw;W vd;W ngah;.
flyhYk;> fpof;fpy; tq;fhstphpFlhtpYk;> ,g;gUtf;fhw;wpdhy; ,e;j pahtpy;
njw;fpy; ,e;j pag; ngUq;flyhYk; |ntg;gkz;ly gUtf;fhw;W| fhy
#og;gl;Ls;sjhy;. nj.ntg;gf;fhyepiy epiy epyTfpwJ.
(Equable Climate)fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gUtfhyk; (Season)
n[l; fhw;N whl;l k; (Jet Streams)
thdpiy epGzh;fs;> gUtfhw;W
tspkz;lyj;j pd; cah; mLf;Ffspy; khw;wj;j py; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j pahtpd;
fhzg;gLk; fhw;Nwhl;lj;j pid n[l; fhyepiyia ehd;F ntt;NtW gUt
fhw;Nwhl;lk; vd;fpwNwhk;. ,f;fhw;Nwhl;lk; fhyq;fshfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;.
,e;j pahtpy; gUtf; fhw;wpd; njhlf;ff;
fhyj;ijAk;> mJ KbtilAk; fhyj;ijAk; mitahtd.
eph;zapf;fpwJ. 1. Fsph;fhyk; (brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp
tiu)
kiyfspd; mikT (Position Of Mountains) 2. Nfhilf;fhyk; (khh;r; Kjy; Nk
xU ,lj;j pd; fhyepiyia tiu)
3. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W ([Pd; Kjy;
eph;zapg;gjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwd;wd.
nrg;lk;gh; tiu)
vLj;Jf;fhl;lfh
4. tlfpof;F gUtfhw;W (mf;Nlhgh;
1. tl ,e;j pahtpy; cs;s cah;e;J Kjy; etk;gh; tiu)
,kakiyj;njhlh;> kj;j pa Mrpahtpy;

9
 ,e;j pah

1. Fsph;fhyk; (brk;g h; Kjy; gpg;u thp 2. Nfhilfhyk; (khh;r; Kjy; Nk tiu)

tiu)
Nfhilf;fhyk; khh;r; khjk; njhlq;fp Nk
Fsph;fhyj;j py;> #hpadpd; nrq;Fj;J khjk; tiu ePbf;Fk;. ,g;gUtj;j py;
fjph;fs; kfu Nuifapd; (Tropic of #hpadpd; nrq;Fj;J fjph;fs; flfNuifapd;
Capricorn) kPJ tpOfpwJ. ,jdhy; tl kPJ tpOfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j pahtpd;
,e;j pa epyg;gFjp kpfTk; Fsph;tile;J tlgFjpapy; ntg;gj;j pd; msT mjpfkhfpwJ.
ruhrhp ntg;gk; 21bfphp nry;rpa];f;F ,e;j mjpf ntg;;gk; fhuzkhf tl
fPohf fhzg;gLfpwJ. gfy; kw;Wk; ,uT ,e;j pahtpy; Fiwe;j fhw;wOj;j k;
Neu ntg;gepiyapy; NtWghL cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F khwhf> njd;dpe;j pa
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. gFjpfspy; kpjkhd fhyepiyNa
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,g;gFjp flYf;F
,e;j pahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjpapy; mUfhikapy; mike;Js;sJ. tl
Fiwe;j ntg;gk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mq;F ,e;j pahitf; rhl;bYk; ,q;F Fiwe;j
cah; mOj;j k; cUthfpwJ. ntg;gk; epyTtjhy; cah; fhw;wOj;j k;
,jw;F khwhf njd; ,e;j pahtpy; cUthfpwJ.
mugpf;fly; kw;Wk; tq;fhs tphpFlh
Mfpa gFjpfspy; jho;T mOj;j k; tspkz;ly mOj;j epiyapd;
cUthfpwJ ,jd; tpisthf fhw;whdJ fhuzkhf fhw;whdJ njd; Nkw;fpypUe;J
cah; mOj;j k; gFjpapypUe;J njd; tlfpof;fhf mugpf;fly; kw;Wk; tq;fhs
,e;j pahit Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,e;j f; tphpFlhtpy; tPRfpwJ. ,J Nk khjj;j py;
fhw;Wf;F gpd;d ilAk; gUtf;fhw;W Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpfSf;F Kd; gUt
(Reterating Monsoon) vd;W ngah;. kioiaj; jUfpwJ.

,f;fhw;W epyj;j pypUe;J fliy

Nehf;fp tPRtjhy; kio mjpfk; |khQ;r huy;| (Mango Showers)
jUtjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,f;fhw;W tq;fhs
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,bAld; $ba kioahdJ
tphpFlhit flf;F k;nghOJ rpwpjsT
Nfush kw;Wk; fh;ehlf flw;fiug; gFjpfspy;
<ug;gjj;ij ngWtjhy; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk;
tpisAk; khq;fha;fs; tpiutpy; Kjph;tjw;F
njw;F Me;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pw;F Fsph;fhy
cjTfpwJ.
kioiaj; jUfpwJ. ,JNt
gpd;d ilAk; gUtfhw;wpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; tlfpof;F ,e;j pag; gFjpfspy; tPRk;
MFk;. jyf;fhw;W |ehh;nt];lh;| (Norwesters)
,Nj Neuj;j py; kj;j paj;j iuflypy; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;j yf;fhw;W
xU jho; mOj;j k; cUthfp fpof;F gQ;rhg;gpy; fhy;igrhfp (igrhfp khj rPuopT)
Nehf;fp efh;e;J <uhd; kw;Wk; (Kalbaisagi) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mg;ghdp];j hidf; fle;J ,e;j pahit
te;j ilfpwJ. ,j;j ho;T mOj;j k; ,e;j pahtpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; tlNkw;F
gFjpfspy; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; gfy; Neuj;j py;
|Nkw;fpe;j pa ,ila+Wfhw;W| (Western
tPRk; typikahd ntg;gf;fhw;W |Y}|
disturbance)vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,j;j ho;tOj;j j;ij ,e;j pahtpw;F
nfhz;L tUtjpy; n[l; fhw;Nwhl;lk; 3. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ([Pd ; Kjy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpff;fpwJ. nrg;l k;g h; tiu)
,jd; fhuzkhf gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; Nfhilf;fhyj;j pw;F gpd;> njd;
`hpahdh> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrj;j pw;Fg; Nkw;Fg;gUtf;fhw;wpd; njhlf;fj;Jld;
gdpg;nghopitj; jUfpwJ. ,k;kio kiof;fhyk; njhlq;FfpwJ. mjpf
NfhJikk tpisr;rYf;F kpfTk; ntg;gj;j y; FiwtOj;j k; cUthfpwJ. Nk
gadspf;fpwJ. khj ,Wjpf;Fs; ,e;j pahtpd; tlNkw;F
gFjpapd; ngUk;gug;gpy; jho;tOj;j k;

10
 ,e;j pah

mikfpwJ. mNj Neuj;j py; ngUq;fly;fs; ,jdhy;j hd; Nkw;F uh[];j hdpd; xU gFjp
Fsph;tiltjhy; mq;F cah; mOj;j k; ghiytdkhf mike;Js;sJ.
Vw;gLfpwJ. fhw;W flypy; ,Ue;J ,e;j pa
epyg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,g;gphpthdJ ,khrygpuNjrj;ij
,f;fhw;iwNa njd; Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W mile;J> gpd; tq;fhstphpFlh fpisf;
vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. fhw;Wld; fye;JtpLfpwJ. ,it rpthypf;
Fd;Wfshy; jLf;fg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpd;
,f;fhw;W g+kj;j pa Nuifia kiyabthuj;j py; ey;y kiog;nghopit
flf;F k;NghJ mjd; jpir khw;wg;gl;L jUfpd;wd.
njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;whf tPRfpwJ.
,f;fhw;W ,e;j pag; ngUq;flypypUe;J tq;f hs tphpFlh fpis
Njhd;Wtjhy; mjpf <ug;gjj;ij jhq;fpa
fhw;whf cs;sJ. Nfushtpd; njd; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;
gFjpia milAk;NghJ gyj;j ,b ,f;fhw;whdJ <ug;gjj;ij jhq;fptUk;
kpd;d Yld; $ba kioia mspg;gjd; %yk; fhw;whFk;. ,J fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;j pah
njd;Nkw;F gUtfhyk; Muk;gpg;gij Fd;Wfspd; kPJ NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjk;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,jid gUtkio ntbg;G jhq;fptUk; ,f;fhw;whdJ Gdy;tbt
Fd;Wfspd; kPJ Nkhjp jpBnud Nky;
(Monson Burst) vd;gh;.
vOk;Gtjhy; ,e;j pahtpNyNa mjpf kio
nghJthf njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ngWk; ,lkhd rpuGQ;rpf;F fdkioiaj;
,e;j pa jPgfw;g mikg;ghy; ,Ufpisfshf jUfpwJ.
gphpfpwJ. mitahtd. ,f;fhw;wpd; xU gFjp
1. mugpf;fly; fpis ,kakiyfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L Nkw;F Nehf;fp
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis efh;e;J fq;if rkntspf;F kioiaj;
jUfpwJ. ,J NkYk; Nkw;F Nehf;fp efu
mugpf;f ly; fpis euf jk;kplKs;s <ug;gjj;ij ,og;gjhy;
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdhtpw;F kpff; Fiwe;j
mugpf;flypy; ,Ue;J tPRk; msT kioiaj; jUfpwJ.
,f;fhw;wpd; xU gFjp Kjypy; Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiy kPJ NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjkpf;f ,Wjpahf tq;fhstphpFlh fpis
,f;fhw;W kiyr;rhpTfspd; topNa caNu fhw;W mugpf;fly; fpisAld; Nrh;e;J
vOk;gp> Fsph;tile;J Nkw;F flw;fiu ,kakiyapd; mbthukhd rpthypf; Fd;W
gFjpf;F gyj;j kioiaj; jUfpwJ. Nkw;F gFjpfSf;F mjpf kiog; nghopitj;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; fhw;W NkhJk; jpirapy; jUfpd;wd.
mike;Js;s Kk;ig 150 nr.kP. kioiaAk;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; kiwtpYs;s ,e;j gUtj;j py; jkpo;ehl;by; twz;l
kio kiwT gpuNjrj;j py; cs;s GNd 50 epiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,J
nr.kP kioiaAk; ngWfpd;wd. mugpg;fly; fpis fhw;Wf;F kio kiwTg;
gFjpapYk;> tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis
,jd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp tpe;j pa fhw;Wf;F ,izahfTk; mike;Js;sJ.
rhj;g+uh kiyfspd; topNa nrd;W uh[;kfhy;
Fd;Wfspd; kPJ Nkhjp Nrhlh ehfg+hp 3. tlfpof;F gUt fhw;W (mf;N lhgh ; -
gPlg+kpf;F mjpf kiog; nghopitj; jUfpwJ. etk;g h;)

,f;fhw;wpd; %d;whtJ gFjp #hpad; kfuNuifia Nehf;fp efu

uh[];j hid Nehf;fp efh;fpwJ. mq;F Muk;gpg;gjhy;> njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W
Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh; fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F tl,e;j pahtpy; ,Ue;j nrg;lk;gh; khjk;
,izahf cs;sJ. mjdhy; ,f;fhw;W ,uz;lhtJ thuj;j py; gpd;Ndhf;fp tu
kiy kPJ Nkhj ,ayhjjhy;. Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
uh[];j hDf;F kiog;nghopit jUtjpy;iy. ,e;j pa epyg;gFjp ntg;gj;ij
,of;fpwJ. epyj;j pd; ntg;gepiy Fiwe;J

11
 ,e;j pah

nrd;whYk; flypd; ntg;gk; ,d;Dk; 50 nr.kP.f;Fk; Fiwthf kio ngWk;

kpjkhfNt cs;sJ. ,jdhy; fly; gFjpfs; gh\;kPhpd; tlgFjp> njw;F gQ;rhg;>
gFjpapy; Fiwe;j mOj;j k;> epyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;F uh[];j hd;> kw;Wk; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
cah; mOj;j k; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fhw;W kiyfspd; kio kiwTg; gFjpapYs;s
cah; mOj;j j;j py; ,Ue;J Fiwe;j jf;fhz gPlg+kpg;gFjpfs;.
mOj;j j;ij Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. mjhtJ
epyj;j pypUe;J fliy Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,J
Fsph;e;j twz;l fhw;W vd;gjhy;
epyg;gFjpf;F kioiaj; jUtjpy;iy. ,aw;i f tsq;f s;
Mdhy; ,J tq;fhstphpFlhitf; Kf;f pa kz; tiffs;
flf;F k;nghOJ <ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rp>
Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F fdj;j ,e;j pahtpy; cs;s kz;iz>
kioiaj; jUfpwJ. Me;j pug; gpuNjrKk;> mitfspd; gug;G kw;Wk; Ntshz;
jkpo;ehLk; Fsph;fhyj;j py; ey;y kioiag; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; nghWj;J Ie;J
ngWfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;j py; tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mitahtd.
tq;fhstphpFlhtpy; mbf;fb Gay;fs;
cUthfp Nrhokz;ly flw;fiuia 1. tz;ly; kz;(Alluvial Soil)
xl;bAs;s gFjpfSf;F caph; Nrjj;ijAk;> 2. fhpry; kz;(Black Soil)
nghUs; Nrjj;ijAk; cz;L gz;Zfpd;wd. 3. nrk;kz; (Red Soil)
4. ruis kz;; kw;Wk; (Laterite Soil)
5. twz;l ghiytd kz;(Desert Soil)
kio guty;
1. tz;l y; kz;
kiog;nghoptpd; mbg;gilapy;
ek;ehl;il gd;tUk; 4 gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;. tz;ly; kz; ,uz;L tifahf
mitahtd. gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit fhjh; kw;Wk; ghq;f h;
MFk;.
1. kpf mjpf kio ngWk; gFjpfs;
,J ney;> NfhJik> fUk;G> gUj;j p
200 nr.kP.f;F s; mjpfkhd kiongWk; kw;Wk; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; gaphpLtjw;F
fpof;F ,kakiypad; njw;F rhpT> Vw;w kz;zhFk;. fq;if-gpuk;khGj;j pu
m];]hk;> tq;fhsk;> nfhq;fzk; kw;Wk; jho;e;j Mw;Wr;rkntspapy; rzy;
kyghh; flw;fiuia cs;slf;fpa Nkw;F gaphplg;gad;gLfpwJ.
flw;fiug; gFjpfs; MFk;.
2. fhpry; kz;
2. mjpf kio ngWk; gFjpfs;
,k;kz; Nfhjhthp> eh;kjh> kw;Wk; jgjp
100 nr.kP. Kjy; 200 nr.kP. kionngWk; Mw;Wg; gs;sjhf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gFjpfshtd. kj;j pa fq;ifr;rkntsp ,k;kz; <ug;gj;ij jd;Ds; Njf;fpitf;Fk;
Nkw;F kiyj;njhlh;> fpof;F k`huh\;buk;> rpwg;Gj;j d;ik ngw;wjhy; Gifapiy>
kj;j pa gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fspy; Fwpg;ghf fLF>
#hpafhe;j p> goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs;
3. kpjkhd kio ngWk; gFjpfs;
tpistjw;F Vw;wjhf mikfpwJ. ,k;kz;
50 nr.kP Kjy; 100 nr.kP. tiu gUj;j p> ney;> NfhJik> Nrhsk;>
kiongWk; gFjpfs; Nky; fq;ifg; jpidtiffs; kw;Wk; fUk;G Kjypa gahp
gs;sjhf;F > fpof;F uh[];j hd;> gQ;rhg;> tpisa kpfTk; Vw;wJ.
fh;ehlfk;> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
fhpry; kz; ngUkstpy; kfuh\;buk;>
mlq;fpa njd; jf;fhz gPlg+kpg;gFjpfs;
F[uhj;> kj;j pa gpuNjrj;j py; xU gFjp>
MFk;.
Me;j pg;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo; ehl;bd; njd;
4. Fiwthd kio ngWk; gFjpfs;

12
 ,e;j pah

khtl;lq;fs; Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa kiyapd; jho;e;j rhpTfspYk;> m];]hk;>

jf;fhz gPlg+kp gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. xhprhtpd; rpy gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. nrk;k z; 2.ntg;g kz;l y gUtf;f hw;W fhLfs;] ;

NfhJik> ney;> gUj;j p> fUk;G kw;Wk; <ukhd gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; tlfpof;F
gUg;Gtiffs; ,k;kz;zpy; khepyq;fspYk;> ,kakiyapd;
gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by; ngUk; mbthuq;fspYk;> [hh;fhz;l;> Nkw;F xhprh>
gFjpfs; fh;elfhtpd; njd;gFjp Nfhth> rl;B];fh; kw;Wk; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd;
tlfpof;F Me;j puh> kj;j pag; gpuNjrk; fpof;Fr; rhpTfs; Nghd;w gFjpfspYk;
kw;Wk; xhprh Mfpa gFjpfspy; nrk;kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gutp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
twz;l gUtf;fhw;W fhLfs; jPgfw;g
4. ruiskz; gPlg+kpapYk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
cj;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pd; rkntsp gFjpfspYk;
,k;kz;zpy; fhg;gp> ,ug;gh;> Ke;j php fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kw;Wk; kuts;sp Kjypa gaph;fs;
gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;kz; 3.FWq;f hL kw;W k; Kl;G jh;f hLfs;
Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfh>
fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiypapd; cr;rpfs ehl;bd; tlNkw;F gFjpapYs;s miu
kw;Wk; xhprh> Nfush kw;Wk; mrhkd; rpy ghiytdk; gFjpfshd F[uhj;>
gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uh[];j hd;> kj;j pagpuNjrk;>
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> njd;Nkw;F gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
5. twz;l ghiytd kz; Nkw;F `hpahdh Mfpa gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J jtpu ,t;tiff;
,k;kz; tskpy;yhJ ,Ue;j hYk; ePh;ghrd fhLfs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; kio
trjpAld; rpy gFjpfspy; Ntshz;ik kiwT gFjpfshd k`huh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;>
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. NfhJik> ney;> ghh;yp> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL Mfpa
jpuhl;ir kw;Wk; jh;g+rzp Nghd;wit gFjpfspy; cs;sd.
tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4.ghiytdj; jhtuk;
,e;j pahtpd; tdtsq;f s;
uh[];j hd;> fl;r; kw;Wk;
,e;j pahtpy; fhLfspd; F[uhj;j pYs;s nrsuh\;buh njd;Nkw;F
nkhj;j g;gug;gsT Rkhh; 63.72 kpy;ypad; rJu gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlg+kp gFjpfspy;
fpNyhkPl;lh; ,e;j pa gug;gstpy; Rkhh; 19.38 ghGy; kuq;fs; tsh;fpd;wd.
,e;j pahtpYs;s ,aw;if jhtuj;j pd; 5.khq;F Nuht; fhLfs;
tshr;rp fhyepiy> ntg;gk;> kiog;nghopT>
jiu mikg;G kw;Wk; kz; Nghd;w Gtpapay; ,t;tiff;fhLfs;> fq;if> kfhejp>
fhuzpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;j g;gLfpwJ. Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp Mw;wpd;
,f;fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j pa nly;lh gFjpfspYk;> me;j khd; epNfhghh;
,aw;if jhtuj;ijf; fPo;f;fz;lthW jPTfspd; flw;fiu gFjpfspYk; Vuhskhf
tifg;gLj;j g;gl;Ls;sJ. fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;F flw;fiuapd; rpy
gFjpfspYk; ,f;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahd td: Nkw;F tq;fhsj;j py; ,f;fhLfs; Re;j utdk;
vd miog;gh;.
1.ntg;g kz;l y gRik khwhf;f hLfs;
6.kiyf;f hLfs;
gRik khwhf;fhLfs; ngUk;ghYk;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;F gFjpapYk; kiyf;fhLfis ,U ngUk;
kw;Wk; me;j khd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspYk;> gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;. mit

13
 ,e;j pah

1. ,kakiyj;njhlhpYs;s Gy;n tspfs;

kiyf;fhLfs;
2. jPgfw;g gPlg+kp kw;Wk; mq;Fs;s ,e;j pahtpy; tsUk; Gy;ntspfspy;
kiyj; njhlh;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rthdh my;yJ ];nlg;gp Gy;ntspfSld;
fhLfs; xg;gpl ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j pa
Gy;ntspfs <ukhd kz; cs;s
,kakiyj;njhlhpy; 1000kP. cauj;j pypUe;J jiug;gFjpfspYk;> cg;Gg;gFjpfspYk; rpy
2000kP cauk; tiu gRik khwhj mfd;w Fd;Wg;gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,iyf;fhLfs; (Ever green leaf trees) ,g;Gy;ntspfis ,U tiffshfg;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Xf; (Oak) gphpf;fyhk;.
nr];nel;(Chestnut) Nghd;w kuq;fs; 1. jho;epyg;Gy;ntsp
Kf;fakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2. Nkl;Lepyg; Gy;ntsp
1500kPl;lhpypUe;J 3000 kPl;lh; cauk; 1.jho;e pyg;G y;n tsp: ,it 30 nr.kP. Kjy;
igd;(Pine) bNahlh; (Deodar) rpy;th; gPh; 200 nr.kP. tiu Mz;L ruhrhp kioasTk;>
(Silver fir) ];g+U]; (Spruce) kw;Wk; nrlh; mjpfkhd Nfhil fhy ntg;gKk; nfhz;l
(Cedar) Nghd;w Crpapiy kuq;fs; cs;sd. gFjpfspy; tsUfpd;wd.
Crpapiyf; fhLfs; ,kakiyapd; njw;F ,t;tifg;Gy;n tspfs; gy;NtW
rhpTfs; kw;Wk; tlfpof;F ,e;j pah Nghd;w kz;tiffspYk; tsUfpd;wd.
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;Gy;ntspfs; fhy;eilfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F
cfe;j J. gQ;rhg;> cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;;>
3600 kPl;lh; cauj;j pw;F Nky; `hpahdh> gPfhh;> kw;Wk; tlNkw;F m];]hk;
Crpapiyf; fhLfSk; Gy;ntspfisAk; gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jhz;b My;igd; jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F rpy;th; /gph; (Silver 2.Nkl;L epyg; Gy;n tspfs;: ,g;Gy;ntspfs;
fir)[Pdpngh;];(Junipers) igd;(Pines) 1000 kP cauj;j pw;F Nky; cs;s ,kakiyg;
gFjpfspYk; fh;elhfhtpYs;s Nkw;F
gph;r;r];(Birches) Nghd;w nghJthd kuq;fs;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;l
tsh;fpd;wd. kpf cauk; nfhz;l gFjpfspYk; tsUfpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
gFjpfspy; Nkhr]; kw;Wk; ypr;;rd;];> Nrhyh fhLfspd; rpWgFjpfspYk;
Nghd;witNa jhtuq;fspd; gFjpahf
,g;Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mikfpd;wd.
Njrpa tdf;n fhs;i f
jPgfw;g ,e;j pahtpy; kiyf;fhLfs;
%d;W gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit. ,e;j pah 1894-Mk; Mz;by; Njrpa
tdf;nfhs;if xd;iw Vw;gLj;j paJ.
1. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; kPz;Lk; 1952-Mk; Mz;bYk; 1988-Mk;
2. tpe;j pa kiyg;gFjp Mz;bYk; ,f;nfhs;if jpUj;j p
3. ePyfphp kiyg;gFjp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ePyfphpapyss ntg;gkz;lyf; fhLfis
fdpkq;fs;
Nrhyh]; (Sholas) vd;W cs;@h; ngahpy;
miof;fpwhh;fs;> ,t;tiff; fhLfs; rhj;g+uh ,Uk;;G j;j hJ
kw;Wk; ikf;fyh kiyj;njhlh;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F tsUk; Kf;fakhd cyfpd; nkhj;j ,Uk;Gj;j hJ
kuq;fs; Nkf;Ndhypah(Magnolia) yhuy; ,Ug;gpy; 20 rjtPjk; ,Uk;Gj;j hJ ,e;j pahtpy;
(Laurel) rpd;Nfhdh (Cinchona) kw;Wk; mike;Js;sJ. ,Uk;Gj;j hJ ,Ug;gpy;
u\;ahtpw;F mLj;J ,e;j pah ,uz;lhtJ
Ntl;by; (Wattle) Nghd;wit MFk;.
,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j pahtpd;
,Uk;Gj;j hJ kpf cah;e;j juk; tha;e;j J.

14
 ,e;j pah

,e;j pahtpy; rl;B];fh; khepyj;j py; GJggpf;f ,ayhj vhprf;j p tsq;f s;

Jh;f;(Durg) gFjpAk;> [hh;fz;l;by; cs;s
rpq;Gk;(Singh bhum) khtl;lk;> xhprhtpYs;s epyf;f hp
Re;j h; fhh;f; kha+h;gQ;r; (Mayurbhanj) epyf;fhp fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vdTk;
fpNahd;[hh;(Keonijher) khtl;lq;fspYk;> miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhth> fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
khepyq;fspYk; rpy gFjpfspYk; 67 rjtPjk; ehl;bd; vhprf;j p Njit
,Uk;Gj;j hJ fhzg;gLfpwJ. epyf;fhp %yk; g+h;j ;j p nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
epyf;fhp Kf;fpakhf ,Uk;G v/F
khq;f dPR njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;j g;gLfpwJ.

khq;fdPR cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah epyf;fphpapd; juk; kw;Wk; fhh;gd;

Ie;j htJ ,lj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ. cyfpd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; gy tiffshf
khq;fdPR gbTfspy; 20 rjtPj k; ,e;j pahtpy; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mitahtd Me;j uirl;>
,Ug;ghjhf fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kj;j pa gpl;Lkpd];> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; kuf;fhp ().
gpuNjrj;j pYs;s ghyfhl;bYk; (Balaghat)
epyf;fhp Ruq;fspy; ngUk; ghyhdit
xhprhtpy; fpNahQ;rfhh; (Keonijhar)
tlfpof;F ,e;j pahtpy; mike;Js;sd.
Nghidfhh;f; (Boonaigarh) gFjpfspYk; ,jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F epyf;fhp>
fh;ehlfj;j py; ngy;yhhp (Bellary)rpj;uJh;f;fh [hh;fz;l;> kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;> rl;B];fh; kw;Wk;
(Chitradurga) rpNkhfhtpYk; (Shimoga) xhprhtpy; cw;gj;j pahfpwJ. kPjKs;s xU
jkpo;ehL kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;> gPfhh; Mfpa gq;F epyf;fhp Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;>
khepyq;fspYk; fpilf;fpd;wd. Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;> cj;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pypUe;J
fpilf;fpwJ.
ghf;i rl;
ngl;N uhypak;
,e;j pahtpy; ghf;irl; fpilf;F k; Kf;fpa
,lq;fshf rl;B];fh khepyj;j py; gpyh];g+h; 63 rjtPjk; Kk;ig-i`apypUe;Jk;> 16
(Bilaspur) xhprh khepyj;j py; rk;gy;g+h; rjtPjk; m];]hkpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
(Sambalpur) kw;Wk; fhyfe;j papYk; kPjKs;s 3 rjtPjk; mUzhry gpuNjrk;>
(Kalahandi) Nfhth> F[uhj;> fh;ehlfh Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL Nghd;w
khepyq;fspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.
kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL Nghd;wit MFk;.
vz;n za; Rj;j pfhpg;G Miyfs;
jhkpuk;
,e;j pahtpy; nkhj;j k; 18 vz;nza;
[hh;fz;l; khepyj;j pYs;s
Rj;j pfhpg;G Miyfs; cs;sd. fTfhj;j p
rpq;GkpYk;(Singhbhum)Me;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pYs;s
(Guwathi) guhzp(Barauni)fahyp(Kayali)
Fz;^h; kw;Wk; ney;Y}hpYk;> kj;j pa
`hy;j pah(Haldia)
gpuNjrj;j pYs;s ghyfhl; (Balaghat)
uh[];j hd;; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepyq;fspy; kJuh(Mathura)bf;gha;(Digboi)
rpy gFjpfspYk; jhkpuk; fpilf;fpwJ. ghzpgl;(Panipet)
Kk;ig(Mumbai)tprhfg;gl;bdk;(Visakhapatnam
)kzyp(Manali)ehfg;gl;bdk;(Nagapattnam)
ikf;f h nfhr;rpd; (Kochi)nghq;if fhd; (Bongaigaon)
Ekhypfh; (Numaligarh)kq;f@h;
cyfpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah (Mangalore)[hk; efh; (Jamnagar)
60 rjtPj k; gq;fspf;fpwJ. Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;;>
[hh;fz;l;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; uh[];j hd; Mfpa ,aw;i f vhpthA
khepyq;fs; ikf;fh cw;gj;j p nra;Ak;;
khepyq;fshFk;. Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buk;>
F[uhj; m];]hk;> me;j khd;-epNfhghh;

15
 ,e;j pah

jPTfspy; ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;if vhpthA fhf;uguh(F[uhj;)iff;fh (fh;ehlfh)Mfpa

,Ug;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j khd; jPTfspy; ,lq;fspy; mZkpd;rf;j p epiyaq;fs;
kl;LNk 47.6 kpy;ypad; f.kP. ,Ug;G cs;sJ. cs;sd.
rkPgj;j py;; fpU\;zh> Nfhjhthp tb
epyq;fspy; mjpf msT ,aw;if vhpthA #hparf;j p
,Ug;G cs;sjhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j pah mad kz;lyj;j py;
mike;Js;sjhy; mstpl Kbahj #hpa
rf;j pia ngWfpd;wJ. nghpa mstpy; #hpa
kpd;r f;j p mdy;k pd;r f;j p rf;j papy; kpd; rf;j pahf kw;Wk; ikak;
F[uhj;j pYs;s g+[; mUNf mike;Js;s
,e;j pahtpd; nkhj;j kpd; cw;gj;j papy; khjhGhpahFk;.
70 rjtPj k; mdy; kpd;epiyaq;fspypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpwJ. m];]hk;> [hh;f;fz;l;> fhw;W rf;j p
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F tq;fk; kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehL mfpa khepyq;fs; mdy; jkpo;ehL> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh>
kpd;rf;j pia nghpJk; rhh;e;Js;sd. gQ;rhg;> F[uhj;> Nfush> kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;>
`hpahdh> uh[];j hd;> fh;ehlfh> Nfush> kfhuh\;buk; Nghd;w khepyq;fspYk;
xhprh kw;Wk; nly;yp Mfpa khepyq;fYk; ,yl;rj;j PtpYk; fhw;Wrf;j p cw;gj;j p
mdy; kpd; rf;j pia cw;gj;j pnra;fpd;wd. ikaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ePh ;k pd;r f;j p Xjrf;j p

,e;j pahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; epiyak fhk;Ng tisFlh 7000 nkfhthl;

1997-Mk; Mz;by; lhh;[pypq;fpy; rf;j p jpwidg; ngw Vw;w ,lkhFk;. NkYk;
epWtg;gl;lJ. kw;nwhU epiyak; 1902-Mk; fl;r; tisFlh (1000 nkfhthl;) kw;Wk;
Mz;L fhNthp Mw;wpy; cs;s rptrKj;j puk; Re;j utdg;gFjpfspy; (100 nkfhthl;)
ePh;tPo;r;rpapy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,r;rf;j pia cw;gj;j p nra;ayhk;.

jw;NghJ ,e;j pahtpd; 25 rjtPjk;

kpd;rf;j p> ePh;kpd; epiyaq;fspy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;> miyrf;j p
fh;ehlfh> Nfush> [k;K fh\;kPh;> jphpGuh> jpUtde;j Guj;j pw;F mUfpy; cs;
Nkfyhah kw;Wk; rpf;fpk; Mfpa |tpfpd;[k;| vd;w ,lj;j py; 150 nkfhthl;
khepyq;fspy; ePh;kpd; rf;j p cw;gj;j p miy rf;j p cw;gj;j p epiyak;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Nfush kpd; cw;;gj;j pf;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; xU nkfhthl;
ePh; cw;gj;j p jpl;lq;fisNa kpfTk; miy rf;j p cw;gj;j p epiyak;
rhh;e;Js;sJ. mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; xU nkfhthl;
miy rf;j p cw;gj;j p epiyak; me;j khd; -
mZkpd; rf;j p
epNfhghh; jPTfspYk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhhpak; cs;sJ.
fdpkj;j pypUe;J mZkpd;rf;j p cw;gj;j p
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,f;fdpkq;fs; [hh;fz;l; Ntshz;n jhopy;
kw;Wk; Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;fspUe;J Ntshz;i kapd; tiffs;
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nfus flw;fiuapd;
kz;zpy; cs;s Nkhdirl;bypUe;J ek; ehl;by; ehd;F tifahd
ANudpak; ngwg;gLfpwJ. cyfpd; Njhhpag; Ntshz;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
gbTfspy; ,e;j pahtpy; 50 rjtPj k; cs;sJ. mitahtd:
,e;j pahtpy; jhuhg+h; (khfuh\;buk;) 1. goikahd Ntshz;ik (Primitive
fy;ghf;fk; (jkpo;ehL)uhtj;gl;lh(Nfhl;l- Agriculture)
,uh[];j hd;) eNuhuh(cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;)

16
 ,e;j pah

2. jd;d piwT Ntshz;ik 3. tzpf Ntshz;i k

3. tzpf Ntshz;ik ,j;j ifa Ntshz;ikia gue;j

Ntshz;ik vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLth; ,k;Kiw
4. Njhl;l Ntshz;ik gQ;rhg;> F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk; kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehL Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
1.goikahd Ntshz;i k gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;>
4. Njhl;l Ntshz;i k
kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;> xhprh> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; Nfush khepyq;fspy; rpwpa mstpy; ,g;gaph;fs; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fshd tlfpof;F
eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. goikahd khepyq;fspd; Fd;Wg;gFjpfspYk;>
Ntshz;Kiw gy;NtW ngah;fspy; Nkw;Ftq;fhsk; kw;Wk; njd;dpae;j pahtpy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m];]hk; |[Pk;| (Jhum) ePyfphp> Midkiy kw;Wk; Vykiyr;
vdTk;> xhprh kw;Wk; Me;j pug;gpuNjrj;j py; rhpTfspYk; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
nghL (Podu)vdTk; kj;j pag;gpuNjrj;j py;
|khrd;| (Mashan)vdTk; Nfushtpy;
|nghd;d k;| (Ponam)vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gaph; rhFgb Kiwfs;
2. jd;d piwT Ntshz;i k tptrhapfs; gaph; rhFgb Kiwiaj;
jPh;khdpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j pahtpy; fPNo cs;s
tlfq;ifr; rkntsp njd; fhtphp ml;ltizapy; cs;sthW gaph;rhFgb Kiw
fpU\;zh> Nfhjhthp kw;Wk; kfhejp
eilngWfpd;wdh;.
rkntspfspy; ,k;Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ngah; Kiw gaph;f s;

xU Nghfk; xU gah; Njapiy>fhg;gp> fUk;G
,U Nghfk; ,uz;L gaph;fs; NfhJik> fLF
%d;W Nghfk; ,uz;Lf;F Nky; ghh;yp> fLF>
NfhJik>

,e;j pa Ntshz;i kapd; gUtfhyq;f s;

Ntshz; eltbf;iffs; gUtkio nghopaj;Jtq;Fk; [Pd; khjj;j py; Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
,e;j pa Ntshz;ik xU Mz;by; %d;W gaph;fs; tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW.

ngah; tpijf;F k; gUtk; mWtil fhyk; Kf;f pag;g aph;f s;

fhhp/g;(kharif) [Pd; etk;gh; khj Jtf;fk; Ney;> Nrhsk;> gUj;j p
(gUtkio njhlq;F k; rzy;> fUk;G> fliy
fhyk;
uhgp etk;gh; khh;r; NfhJik> Gifapiy
gaph;fs;(Rabi) (Fsph;fhyj; Jtf;fk;) (Nfhil Muk;gk;) fLF> gUg;G tif jhdpaq;fs;
khh;r; [Pd; goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> jz;zPh;
iraj; (Nfhil Jtf;fk;) (gUt kio Muk;gk; gok;> nts;shpf;fha;
gaph;fs;(Zaid)

czTg; gaph;f s; cw;j ;j p 1.ntg;gepiy> kiog;nghopT> kz;tiffs;

Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J gytpj czTg;

17
 ,e;j pah

gaph;fs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j pahtpd; jPtdkhfpwJ. jpid tiffs; vy;yh

czTg; gaph;fshtd: khepyq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;lhYk; tiffs;
vy;yh khepyq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
ney; kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh> xhprh> gPfhh;>
kfhuh\;buk; kw;Wk; F[uhj; Nghd;wit
jPgw;gj ,e;j pahtpd; Kf;fpa;
Kf;fpakhd cw;gj;j p khepyq;fshf cs;sd.
czthd mhprp 44 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;
epyj;j py; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J cyfpd; gUg;G tiffs;
mhprp tpistpf;fg;gLk; kpfg;nghpa gug;ghFk;.
Cyfpd; ney; cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah Gujr;rj;Jkpf;f mtiuapdj;ijr;
,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j pahTk;> rhh;e;j gaph; tifNa gUg;G tiffs; MFk;.
rPdhTk; cyf ney; cw;gj;j papy; 90 gl;lhzp> Jtiu cSe;J> gr;irg; gapW>
rjtPj j;ij cw;gj;j p nra;fpd;wd. gQ;rhg; nfhs;S Nghd;wit gUg;G tifshFk;.
kw;Wk; `hpahdh khepyq;fspy; kio vj;j ifa fhyepiyapYk; twl;rpapYk; $l
Fiwthf cs;sjhy; ePH;ghrdj;j pd; gUg;G tiffs; tsuf; $bait.
cjtpAldk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. Rfe;j ;-5>
Rf;ujhuh-1 Nghd;w tPhpa fyg;gpd tpij kj;j pag; gpuNjrk;>
tiffs; `hpahdh> nly;yp> [k;K fh\;kPh;> uh[];j hd;>`hpahdh> gQ;rhg;> kfuh\;buk;>
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrj;j pd; cah;epyq;fs;> F[uhj;> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL
cj;uhQ;ry; gFjpfspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd. Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpf mstpy;
tl ,e;j pahtpy; Nkw;F tq;fk;> gQ;rhg;> gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh Mfpa
khepyq;fspYk; njd;d pe;j pahtpy; jkpo;ehL> fUk;G
Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; Nghd;w khepyq;fspYk; fUk;G xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gapuhFk;.
ney; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kfhejp> ,J mjpf ntg;gKk; <ug;gjKk; nfhz;l
Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp nly;lh fhyepiyapy; ed;F gapuhfpd;wJ. ,e;j pah
gFjpfspy; Mz;bw;F %d;W Kiw ney;gaph; fUk;G cw;gj;j papd; gpwg;gplkhFk;. fUk;G
rhFgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j pa tptrha cw;gj;j papy; gpNurpYf;F mLj;j ,lj;j py;
Muha;r;rpf;fofk; (1929)-Mk; Mz;L ,e;j pah cs;sJ. cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;>
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1977-Mk; Mz;Nl mhprp jkpo;ehL> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> fh;elfh>
cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah jd;dpiwT F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk;> gPfhh;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
mile;Jtpl;lJ. cah;;j u gRkjp mhprp `hpahdh Mfpait fUk;G gaphpLk;
Vw;WkjpAk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. khepyq;fshFk;.
NfhJik gUj;j p
NfhJik mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;j p gUj;j p ,e;j pahtpd; Kf;fpakhd
nra;Ak; khepyq;fs; cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> ,iog;gaph; MFk;. ,J gUj;j pahiyf;Fj;
uh[];j hd;> kj;j pagpuNjrk;> rl;B];fh;> Njitahd %yg;nghUis mspf;fpwJ.
kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj; kw;Wk; Me;j pug;
gpuNjrk; MFk;. ,J ntg;g kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;ly
fhyepiyapy; ed;whf tsh;fpwJ. fhpry;
kz;> gUj;j p gaphpLtjw;F Vw;;w kz; MFk;.
gUj;j p cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah ehd;fhk;
,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. F[uhj;>
jpid tiffs;
kfhuh\;buk;> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh>
jhdpag; gapuhd jpid tiffs; ney; jkpo;ehL> kj;j pagpuNjrk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
kw;Wk; NfhJikf;F ,ilg;gl;l gapuhFk;. `hpahdh Mfpait gUj;j p mjpfkhf
tskw;w kz;zpYk; ,it ed;F tpisAk; khepyq;fshFk;.
tsh;fpd;wd. ,it twl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk;
gaph;fs;. ,it fhy; eilfSf;Fk; rzy; gaph;

18
 ,e;j pah

rzy; gaph; Nkw;F tq;fj;j pYs;s Mfpa khepyq;fs; Njapiy gaph;

fq;fh gpuk;khGj;j puh rkntspfspYk; gPfhh;> cw;gj;j papy; Kf;fpa ,lk;; tfpf;fpd;wd.
xhprh> m];]hk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyhah Mfpa
gFjpfspy; kl;LNk gapuhfpwJ. Vnddpy; fhg;g p
,g;gapUf;F ntg;gKk; <ug;gjKk; nfhz;l
fhyepiy Njit. NkYk; rzy; gaph; ,e;j pahtpd; 60 rjtPjk; fhg;gp
tsu xt;nthU Mz;Lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; fh;elhfj;j py; cw;gj;j p nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
tz;ly; kz;izf; nfhz;Ls;s nts;sr; fhg;gp gapuhFk; kw;w khepyq;fs; jkpo;ehL
rkntspfspy; cs;s kz; Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; Nfush.

Gifapiy ,ug;g h;

Gifapiy cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah %d;whtJ ,ug;gh; gaphplg;gLk; gug;gstpy;

,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. kw;w ,U Kd;dzp ,e;j pah MwhtJ ,lj;ijAk;> ,ug;gh;
tfpf;F k; ehLfs;-rPdh kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh cw;gj;j papy; Ie;j htJ ,lj;ijAk;
If;fpa ehLfs; MFk;. ,e;j pahtpy; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs;
Gifapiy cw;gj;j p nra;Ak; khepyq;fs; njd;dpe;j pahtpy; mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; 95 rjtPjg;gug;G
jkpo;ehL> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;.
Nfush khepyj;j pd; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
vz;n za; tpj;J f;f s; mbtuhj;j pYk;> 5 rjtPjk; jkpo;ehL>
fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; me;j khd; epf;Nfhghh;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jPTfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ntg;g kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyq;fspy;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j pahtpy; goq;f s; kw;W k; fha;f wpfs;
ghkhapy; kw;Wk; Mypt; vz;nza; jtpu
goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs;
vy;yhtpjkhd vz;nza tpj;Jf;fSk;
cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij
tpsptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tfpf;fpwJ.
epyf;fliy> vs;> fLF> #hpafhe;j p>
Mkzf;F > Njq;fha; > NrhahgPd;]; Mg;gy; ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;> fh\;kPh; kw;Wk;
Nghd;wit ,e;j pahtpy; gapuhFk; vz;nza; cj;uhQ;ry; Mfpa khepyq;fspYk;
tpj;Jf;fs; MFk;. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; thiog;gok; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; kfhuh\;bu
gy;NtW nghUl;fshfTk;> fhy;eil khepyq;fspYk; MuQ;Rg;gok; kfuh\;buk;>
jPtdkhfTk;> vUthfTk; cj;uhQ;ry;> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
kw;Wk; Nfush Mfpa khepyq;fspYk;
gad;gLj;j g;gLfpd;wd.
jpuhl;ir cj;uhQ;ry;> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;>
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;j papy; Kf;fpa [k;K-fh\;kPh;> kfuh\;buk;> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;>
,lk; ngWk; khepyq;fs; F[uhj;> jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk Mfpa
kfhuh\;buk;> jkpo;ehL> Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;> khepyq;fspy; mjpf mstpy;
kj;j pagpuNjrk;> xhprh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk; . cw;gj;j pahfpwJ. Cyf fha;fhwpfs
cw;gj;j papy; 13 rjtPjj;ij ,e;j pah
Njhl;l Ntshz;i k mspf;fpwJ.

Njapiy thdtpy; Gul;r pfs;

Njapiyr; nrb MoKs;s jiyg;G cw;gj;j p rhh;e;j J
nropg;ghd kz;Zld; $ba ntg;g kz;ly gRikg;gul;rp Ntshz; cw;gj;j p
my;yJ Jiz ntg;g kz;ly fhyepiyapy; Ntz;ikg;gul;rp ghy; nghUl;fs;
gapuhfpwJ. 3000 mb Kjy; 4000 mb tiu rhk;gy; Gul;rp Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhopg;
cauq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s kiyr;rhpTfs; gz;izfs;
,g;gaph; tsu Vw;witahFk;. M];]hk;> nghd; Gul;rp goq;fs; cw;gj;j p
Nkw;F tq;fk;> Nfush kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL kQ;ry; Gul;rp vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
ePyg;Gul;rp fly; nghUl;fs;

19
 ,e;j pah

,e;j pah njhopyfq;f s; rh;f ;f iu Miyfs;

gUj;j p Miyfs; rh;f;fiu Miyfs; ,e;j pahtpd;

,uz;lhtJ kpfg; nghpa njhopyhFk;.
gUj;j pahiyfs; 14 rjtPj k; cw;gj;j pg; rh;f;fiu Miyfs; fUk;G
nghUl;fisAk; 35 kpy;ypad; gaphplg;gLkplq;fspy; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
njhopyhsh;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;igAk; Vnddpy;>
Njrpa nkhj;j cw;gj;j papy; k4
rjtPj j;ijAk; toq;F fpwJ. 1. fUk;G vil ,of;Fk; nghUshFk;.
2. fUk;Gr;rhw;wpy; Rf;Nuh]; msT
kfhuh\;buj;j pYs;s> Kk;ig gUj;j p Fiwtjhy; mjpf ehl;fs; ghJfhj;J
Miyfs; Kd;d piy tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,J itj;j pUf;f KbahJ.
,e;j pahtpy; khd;nr];lh; vd 3. mjpf J}uj;j pw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. KbahJ.
4. fUk;G mWtil kw;Wk; rhW gpopjy;
fPo;f;fz;l fhuzpfs;> Kk;ig gUj;j p ,uz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;j pw;Fs;
MiyfSf;F rhjfkhf cs;sd. Kbtjhy; kw;w; fhyq;fspy; rh;f;fiu
JiwKfj;j pd; miktplk; Miy Ntiyapd;wp ,Uf;Fk;.
Kbf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;a; ,e;j pahtpd; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;j papy; 70
VJthf cs;sJ. rjtPjk; rh;f;fiuapid cj;j pugpuNjrk; kw;Wk;
gPfhh; khepyq;fs; kl;LNk cw;gj;j p
gUj;j p tpisAk; ,lq;fSf;Fk;
nra;fpd;wd. Mifapdhy; ,e;j gFjp
MiyfSf;F k; ,ilapy; Njitahd
rh;f;iu kz;lyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,uapy; kw;Wk; rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J
kfhuh\;buk;> gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> fh;elhfh>
,izg;G cs;sJ.
jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa
E}ypio jahhpg;gjw;F <ug;gjk; khepyq;fspy; rh;f;fiu Miyfs; mjpf
nfhz;l fhyepiy cjTfpwJ. mstp;y; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by;
%yjdg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epjp trjp ney;ypf;Fg;gk;> Gf@h;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; kw;Wk;
vspjhf fpilf;fpd;wd. ghz;bauh[Guk; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;j pf;F Gfo;
gzpahl;fs; Vuhskhf fpilf;fpd;wdh;. ngw;w ,lq;fhsFk;.
gUj;j pahiyfs; nrwpe;J fhzg;gLk; ,e;j pa murhq;fk; rh;f;fiu tpw;gidapy;
khepyq;fs; kfhu\;buk;> F[uhj;> Nkw;F ,ul;il tpiy (Dual Price) Kiwiag;
tq;fhsk;> cj;j pugpuNjrk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL gad;gLj;JfpwJ. Rh;f;fiu Miy jdJ
MFk;. cw;gj;j papy; 40 rjtPjk; murhq;fj;j pw;F
cyfpy; gUj;j pahil cw;gj;j p nra;Ak; eph;zapj;j tpiyapy; ju Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
ehLfspy; ,e;j pah %d;whk; ,lj;ijAk;> murhq;fk; epaha tpiyf;filfs; %yk;
tpepNahfpf;fpwJ. kPjp 60 rjPtjk; rh;f;fiu
gUj;j pahil tzpfj;j py; ,uz;lhk;
,lj;ijAk;> ,e;j pa njhopw;rhiyfspy; cw;gj;j pia Miy re;ijfspy; mjpf
Kjy; ,lj;j pYk; cs;sJ. tpiyapy; tpw;fpd;wd.
rh;f;fiu cw;gj;j papy; cyfpy; ,e;j pa
rzy; Miyfs;
ehd;fhtJ ,lj;j py; cs;sJ. kw;w %d;W
rzy; cw;gj;j papy; ,e;j pah Kjyplk; ehLfs;> fpa+gh> gpNurpy; kw;Wk; u\;ah>
tfpf;fpwJ. Vw;Wkjpapy; tq;fhsNjrj;j pw;F ,e;j pah cghp rh;f;fiuia mnkhpf;f If;fpa
mLj;J cs;sJ. Vwj;j ho 90 rjtPjk; ehLfs;> If;fpa muR> ,e;Njhdprpah>
rzy; Miyfs; Nkw;F tq;fj;j py; `{f;sp kNyrpah> <uhd; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Mfpa
Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;sd. ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;fpwJ.
rkPgfhykhf cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; rzy; fhfpj miy
Miyfspd; guty; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
20
 ,e;j pah

kuf;$o;> %q;fpy; kw;Wk; rhgha; jw;nghOJ ,J lhlh v/F FOkk; (TSL)

Gw;fs;> cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l fhfpjq;fs;> vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fUk;Gr;rf;if Nghd;wtw;iw
%yg;nghUl;fshfg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jd; ,J> ,e;j pahtpy; goikahd nghpa
miktplk; fdkhd %yg;nghUl;fis mjpf xUq;fpize;j ,Uk;G v/F MiyahFk;.
mstpYk; re;ijia kpff; Fiwe;j lhlh v/F epWtdk; cyfpd; ,Uk;G v/F
mstpYk;; rhh;e;Js;sJ. fhfpj cw;gj;j papy; cw;gj;j papy; gj;j htJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
Kd;d zpapy; cs;s khepyq;fs; Nkw;F
tq;fhsk;> kfhuh\;buk;> kj;j pagpuNjrk; 2. ,e;j pa ,Uk;G v/F FOkk; (IISCO)
fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Me;j pug;gpuNjrk; MFk;.
Fy;b (Kulti) ghd;g+h; (Burnpur) kw;Wk;
,Uk;G v/F njhopyfq;f s; miktplq;f s; `puhg+h; (Hirapur) v/F Miyfs;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L ,e;j pa ,Uk;G v/F
,e;j pahtpy; Kf;fakhd ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk; 1919-Mk; Mz;L gh;d;g+hpy;
njhopyfq;fs; epyf;fhp Ruq;fSfSf;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
mUfpNyh my;yJ ,Uk;Gj;j hJ FOkkhFk;. ,e;j FOkk; 1972-y;
ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F mUfpNyh Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;L ,e;j pa v/F
my;yJ ,uz;bw;F k; ,ilapNyh Mizaj;j pd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
mike;Js;sd. ngUk;ghyhd ,Uk;G v/F (SAIL STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD).
njhopyfq;fs; NrhlhehfGhp gPlg+kp gFjpapy;
mike;Js;sd. Vnddpy;. 3. tp];;N t];t iuah ,Uk;G v/F
cah;j u ,Uk;Gj;j hJ [hh;fz;l;> epWtdk; (VISL)
gPfhh;> xhprh> kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;> rl;B];fh;
1923-Mk; Mz;L (ik#h; v/F epWtdk;)
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepyq;fspypUe;J
tp];Nt];tiuah ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. fh;ehlfhtpYs;s \pNkhfh
[hh;fz;by; [hhpah> rpq;Gk;> Nkw;F khtl;lj;j pd; gj;uhtjp vd;w ,lj;j py;
tq;fj;j py; uhzpfQ;r; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jukhd epyf;fhp Vuhskhff; fpilg;gjhy;
4. m),e;J];j hd; v/F epWtdk; -gpyha ;
cah;uf v/F cw;gj;j pf;F VJthf cs;sJ.
(HSL)
cNyhfj;ij vspjpy; cUf;ff; $ba
,sf;fp Nkw;F tq;fk; kw;Wk; [hh;fz;l; rl;B];fh; khepyj;j py; Jh;f;
khepyq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ. khtl;lj;j py; gpyha; vd;w ,lj;j py; 1959-Mk;
Mz;L gpyha; epWtdk; u\;ahtpd;
uhQ;rpapy; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> [gy;g+h; cjtpNahL njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; jd;ghj;j py; rpypf;fh> kj;j pa
gpuNjrj;j py; lhyikl;> gPfhhpy; Fthh;l;]; M. ,e;J];jhd; v./F epWtdk;- &h;N fyh
Ruq;fq;fs; midj;Jk; mUfpNyNa (HSL)
mike;Js;sd.
,e;j epWtdk; 1959-Mk; Mz;L
,Uk;G v/F njhopyfq;f spd; guty; xhprhtpy; cs;s Re;j h;fhh;f; khtl;lj;j py;
&h;Nfhyh vd;Dkplj;j py; n[h;kdpapd;
,e;j pahtpd; 11 xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l cjtpNahL njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
v/F njhopyfq;fSk; 150 rpwpa v/F
MiyfSk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; rpwpa ,. ,e;J ];j hd; v/F epWtdk;- Jh;f hg+h;
cUis MiyfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. (HSL)

1. lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopyfk; (TISCO) Jh;f;fhg;g+h; v/F epWtdk; Nkw;F

tq;fk; th;j khd; khtl;lj;j py; 1959-,y;
1907-Mk; Mz;by; lhlh ,Uk;G v/F ,q;fpyhe;J cjtpNahL mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
fk;ngdp [hk;n \l;g+hpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

21
 ,e;j pah

<. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; nghfhNuh kpd;dpak; njhopyfk; Kjy; Kjyhf 1850-
(HSL) Mk; Mz;L thndhyp jahhpg;Gld;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1950-Mk; Mz;L ,e;j pa
,e;j epWtdk; [hh;fz;l; khepyj;j py; njhiyNgrp epWtdk; ngq;f@Utpy;
`rhhpghf; khtl;lj;j pYs;s nghfhNuhtpy; Muk;gpj;j gpd;> ,j;njhopyfk; Gj;Jzh;T
1964-Mk; Mz;L u\;ahtpd; cjtpNahL ngw;wJ. kpd;dpay; nghUl;fs; jahhpg;gpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. v/F jahhpg;gpy; ngq;f@U Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Mifahy;
cUthFk; fopT (Waste) nghUl;fs; rpe;j php ngq;f@U kpd;dpay; jiyefuk;
cuj;-njhopyfj;j py; cu cw;gj;j pf;Fg; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;dpay;
gad;gLfpwJ. njhopyfq;fs; fhzg;gLk; efuq;fs;
i`juhghj; > nly;yp> Kk;ig> nrd;id>
5. Nryk; v/F Miy nfhy;fj;j h> fhd;g+h;> GNd> yf;Ndh>
n[a;g;g+h; kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;.
jkpo;ehl;by; Nryj;j py; v/F epWtdk;
mikf;fg;gl;L 1982 Kjy; v/F cw;gj;j p Nghf;F tuj;J kw;W k; jfty; njhlh;G
nra;J tUfpd;wJ. cyfj;j uk; tha;e;j
JUg;gpbf;fhj v/F jahhpg;gpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; Rhiy Nghf;F tuj;J
tfpf;fpwJ. ,q;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; v/F
Nkw;fpj;j pa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp ,e;j pa rhiy topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 3>314 kpy;ypd; fp.kP. ePsk; nfhz;L cyfpd;
,uz;lhtJ nghpa rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;j hf
6. tp[aefh; v/F Miy mike;Js;sJ.

fh;elhfhtpYs;s N`hy;gl; khtl;lj;j py; fpuhk rhiyfs;

Nlhh;efy; vd;w ,lj;j py;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpuhk rhiyfs; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fs;>
efuq;fSld; ,izf;Fk; rhiyfshFk;.
7. tprhfg;g l;b dk; v/F Miy ,r;rhiyfs; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;j hy;
guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;j pahtpy;
tprhfg;gl;bdj;j py; ,e;J];j hd; v/F 26>50>000 fp.kP. ePsKs;s fpuhkrhiyfs;
epWtdk; 1992 Kjy; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
flw;fiuNahuj;j py; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kjy;
,Uk;G v/F Miy MFk;. ek;ehl;bd; juk; khtl;l rhiyfs;
cah;j ;j ug;gl;l xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l etPd
,Uk;G v/F njhopyfkhFk;. ,J khtl;l rhiyfs; fpukq;fis
Vw;Wkjpia Nehf;fpkhff; nfhz;l v/F khtl;lj;j pd; jiyefuq;fSld;
njhopyfkhFk;. ,izf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw khefuhl;rpfSk;
efuhl;rpfSk; guhkhpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j pahtpy;
thfdj; njhopyfk; khtl;l rhiyfs; 4>67>763 fp.kP. ePsj;j jpw;F
mike;Js;sd.
Kjy; thfdj;njhopyfk; 1947-Mk;
Mz;L Fh;yhtpy; (Kk;ig) gphpkpah; khepy neLQ;r hiyfs;
Ml;Nlhnkhigy; vd;w ngahpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1948-Mk; Mz;L khepy neLQ;rhiyfs; khepyj;j pd;
,e;J];j hd; Nkhl;lhh; epWtdk; cj;j ughuh jiyefuj;Jld; gy;NtW khtl;lj;
(nfhy;fj;j h)tpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. thfd jiyefuq;fis ,izf;fpwJ. khepy
cw;gj;j p nra;Ak; ikaq;fs; Kk;ig> nghJg;gzp Jiwahy; mikf;fg;gl;L>
nrd;id> nfhy;fj;j h> nly;yp> GNd> guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. khepy
mfkjhghj;> yf;Ndh> rjhuh kw;Wk; ikk#h;. neLQ;rhiyfis 1>31>899 fp.kP. ePsj;j pw;f
,e;j pahtpy; mike;Js;sd.
kpd;d pak; njhopyfk;
Njrpa neLQ;r hiyfs;

22
 ,e;j pah

Khepy jiyefuq;fis Njrpa ,izrhiyfSlDk; 363 ePsj;j pw;F

jiyfeuj;Jld; ,izf;F k; rhiyfNs> ,izf;fpwJ.
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfshFk;. ,tw;iw
kj;j pa nghJg;gzpj;Jiw guhkhpj;J vy;i yNahur; rhiyfs; (Border Roads)
tUfpwJ. ,e;j pahtpy; 70>548 fp.kP.
J}uj;j pw;F Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; vy;iyNahuh rhiyfs; ek; ehl;bd;
mike;Js;sd. tlf;F kw;Wk; tlfpof;F vy;iyfspy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j pa muR 1960-Mk;
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyapy; Fiwthd Mz;by; mikf;fg;l;l vy;iyNahu rhiy
ePsKila NH 47. ,J 5.9 fp.kP. mikg;G (Border Roads Organisation)
ePsKilajhFk;. vh;zhFk;-nfhr;rp ,r;rhiyfisg; guhkhpf;fpwJ. vy;iyNahu
JiwKfj;ij ,izg;gjhf cs;sJ. rhiy mikg;ghy; (BRO) cyfj;j pNyNa
caukhd ,lj;j py; (4279 kP. cauj;j py;
Mjpf ePsKila Njrpa neLQ;rhiy mikf;fg;l;Ls;sJ)kdhypiaAk; (Manali)
NH7. ,J cj;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pYs;s (,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;) fh\;kPhpYs;s Ny(Leh)
thuzhrpapypUe;J> fd;d pahFkhp tiu
vd;w ,lj;ijAk; ,izj;Js;sJ.
nry;fpwJ. ,jd; ePsk; 2>369 fp.kP.
,e;neLQ;rhiy [gy;g+h;> ehf;g+h;> ,uapy; Nghf;F tuj;J
i`juhghj; kw;Wk; ngq;f@U Mfpa
khefuq;fis ,izf;fpwJ. Kjy; ePuhtp ,uapy; Kk;igf;Fk;
jhNdf;Fk; ,ilNa 1853-Mk; Mz;L 34
jq;f ehw;f u rpwg;G neLQ;r hiyfs; fp.kP. J}uj;j pw;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j pa
uapy;Nghf;Ftuj;J Mrpahtpy; kpfg; nghpaJ.
,it Vw;j ;j ho 14>846 fp.kP. ePsj;j pw;F
cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ nghpajhFk;. ,J
,e;j pahtpd; Kf;fpa efuq;fis ,izf;Fk;
FWf;fpYk; neLf;fpYkhf 63.273 fp.kP. 7025
rhiyfshf mike;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy;
,uapy; epiyaq;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
mlq;fpAs;s Kf;fpa topfshtd.
MWtop rpwg;Gr; rhiyfs; Rkhh; 5846
fp.kP. J}uj;j pw;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrd;id> Kk;ig> nly;yp> nfhy;fj;j h>
Mfpa khefuq;fis ,izf;fpwJ. ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J tiyahdJ gy;N t W
tifahd ,Ug;G ghijfs;
tlnjd; gFjpfis ,izf;Fk;
rhiyfs; =efiuAk; fd;d pahFkhpiaAk; 1. mfyg;ghij (1.435kP)>
,izf;fpwJ. fpof;F Nkw;F gFjpfis
,izf;F k; rhiyfs; rpy;rhh;-Nghh;ge;j iu 2. kPl;lh;ghij (1kP)>
,izf;fpwJ. ,tw;wpd; nkhj;j ePsk; 7300
fp.kP. 3. FWfpa ghijfspy; (0.610 kP)
nray;gLfpwJ.
Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fis jq;f ehw;fu
rhiyfSlJk;> Kf;fpa
,e;j pa ,uapy; Nghf;F tuj;J 17 kz;l yq;f shfg; gphpf;f g;g l;L s;s J.

t.vz; kz;l yq;f s; j iyikaplq;f s;

1. kj;j pa uapy;Nt Kk;ig
2. fpof;F uapy;Nt nfhy;fhj;j h
3. fpof;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt ghl;dh
4. fpof;F flw;fiu uapy;Nt GtNd];th;
5. Nfhq;fd; uapy;Nt etpKk;ig
6. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt Nly;yp
7. tlNkw;F uapy;Nt N[a;g;g+h;
8. tlf;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt Myfhghj;

23
 ,e;j pah

9. tlfpof;F Nfhuf;g+h;
10. tlfpof;F vy;iyNahu khypfhd;
uapy;Nt
11. njw;F vy;iyNahu uapy;Nt Nrd;id
12. njw;F kj;j pa uap;y;Nt Nrfe;j ughj;
13. njd;fpof;F uap;y;Nt Nfhy;fj;j h
14. Njd;fpof;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt Gpyh];g+h;
15. Njd;Nkw;F uapy;Nt `Pg;sp
16. Nkw;F uapy;Nt Kk;ig
17. Nkw;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt [gy;g+h;

,uapy; Nghf;F tuj;J njhFjpapy; Foha; top Nghf;F tuj;J

,aw;i faikg;g pd; gq;F
ek;ehl;by; %d;W Kf;fpakhd Foha;
,e;j pahtpd; ,aw;if mikg;G ,uapy; topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Nghf;F tuj;J mikg;gpy; ngUk; gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ. 1. m];]hk; vz;nza; fpzWfspypUe;J
nfs`hj;j p> g&dp> myfhghj;
fuLKulhd epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;l topahf cj;j pugpuNujrj;j pys;s
,kakiy gFjpfspy; ,uapy; ghij fhd;g+h; tiu nry;Yk; Foha;
mig;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhf nray; Nghf;Ftuj;J.
vdNt %d;W ,uapy; ghijfs; 2. F[uhj;j pYs;s ryhahtpypUe;J
kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (Salaya)tpuhk;fk;> kJuh> nly;yp>
Nkw;F uh[];j hdpd; twl;rp> Nrhdpghj; topahf gQ;rhgpYs;s
gpuk;kGj;j puh gs;sj;j hf;fpd; mbf;fb [ye;j h; (Jalandhar) tiu nry;Yk;
Vw;gLk; nts;sk;> tlfpof;F Foha; Nghf;Ftuj;J.
,e;j pahtpd; mlh;e;j fhLfs; kw;Wk; 3. F[uhj;j pYs;s `[puhtpypUe;J
fuL Kulhd jiuaikg;G (Hazira) kj;j pa gpuNjrj;jpd; tp[a;g;g+h;
Nghd;wtw;why; ,g;gFjpfspy; Fiwe;j topahf cj;j pug;gpuNjrj;j pYs;s
vz;zpf;ifapy; ,uapy; ghijfs; n[fjp\;g+h;(Jagdishpur) tiu nry;Yk;
mike;Js;sJ.
Foha; Nghf;Ftuj;J.
tl,e;j pah rkntsp tskpf;f
tz;ly;kz; nfhz;l rkepyk;> mjpf ,tw;iwj; jtpu Kk;ig flypUs;s |Kk;ig
kf;fs; njhif nfhz;lJ. tsh;r;rp i`| vz;nza; fpzWfspypUe;J
ngw;w tptrha epyq;fSk;> mjdhy; Kk;igf;Fk;> Kk;igapypUe;J GNdf;Fk;
,g;gFjp mlh;e;j ,uapy; ghij ,ilapy; mike;Js;s Foha;topfSk; ,jpy;
tiyaikg;ig nfhz;l gFjpahf mlq;Fk;.
mike;Js;sJ.
jPgfw;g ,e;j pah NkLgs;sq;fisf; ePh ;t opg;N ghf;F tuj;J
nfhz;l gPlg+kpg; gFjpia cilaJ.
ePh;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J nkhj;j k; 14>500
vdNt> kpjkhd ,uapy;
fp.kP. J}uk; eilngWfpwJ. mjpy; 5685 fp.kP.
tiyaikg;Ng fhzg;gLfpwJ.
J}uk; MWfspYk; 400 fp.kP. J}uk;
Mass Rapid Transit System- MRTS nrd;i d fhy;tha;fspYk; ve;j pug;glFfs; %yk;
eilngWfpwJ. ,e;j pa ePh;top Mizak; 5
cauj;j py; mikf;fg;gl;l ,uapy; Njrpa ePh;topfis fz;lwpe;Js;sJ.
ghijapy; nry;git. ,it njw;F ,uapy;
kz;lyj;j hy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ. jw;rkak;> Njrpa ePh ;t op vz; 1 - fq;ifapy; cs;s
nrd;id flw;fiuapypUe;J Ntsr;Nrhp tiu myfhghj;-`hy;bah(Allahabad-Haldia)
25 fp.kP J}uj;j pw;F nry;fpwJ.
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz; 2 - gpuk;kGj;j puhtpy; cs;s
irajpah-Jghp(Saidiay-Dhubri)ghij

24
 ,e;j pah

Njrpa ePh ;t op vz; 3 - Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; 4. Nfhr;rp fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsk;- nfhr;rp
rk;gf;fhu fhy;tha; (Champakara) kw;Wk;
cj;Nahf kz;ly;fhy;tha; (Udyogmandal ,e;j pa muR JiwKfj;Jiwapy; jdpahh;
KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis
canal) nfhy;yk;-Nfhl;lhGuk; ghij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j pa JiwKfr; rl;lk;
1908 kw;Wk; JiwKfr; rl;lk; 1963 ,it
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz;. 4 - fpU\;zh> Nfhjhthp
,uz;Lk; jdpahh; KjyPL nra;tjw;F top
MWfspy; cs;s rPuhghj; (Wazirabad)
Nfhypd.
tp[athlh ghij> fhf;fpelhlh GJr;Nrhp
ghij> gj;uhryk; uh[Ke;j phpg; ghij thd; topg;N ghf;F tuj;J
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz;. 5 -kfhejp>gpuhkzp Kjy; thd;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J
MWfspd jy;r;rhh;-jk;khuh (Talcher- ,e;j pahtpy; 1911-Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fpaJ.
Dhamara)ghijj fpof;F f; flw;fiu fhy;tha; Mdhy; cz;ikahd njhlf;fk; 1932-,y;
kq;fy;fhb-ghujPg; (Mangalgadi-Paradeep) tiu N[.Mh;.b. lhlh mth;fshy; lhlh
ePbj;j pUf;fpwJ. Vh;iyd;]; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1946-Mk;
Mz;L Vh; ,e;j pah vd;W ngah; khw;wg;gl;L>
fly;t opg; Nghf;F tuj;J gpd;dh; 1953-,y; thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J
Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j pahtpd; flw;fiuapd; nkhj;j
ePsk; 7516 fp.kP. Mfk; ,jpy; 13 nghpa ,e;j pad; Vh;iyd;]; cs;ehl;L
JiwKfq;fSk; 187 eLj;j u kw;Wk; rpwpa Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;Fk; Vh; ,e;j pah ntspehl;L
JiwKfq;fSk; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;Fk; Vw;gLj;j g;gl;lJ.
,j;JiwKfq;fspd; topahf 95 rjtPj ,t;tpuz;Lk; thd;top epWtdq;fs; kl;LNk
ntspehl;L tzpfk; eilngWfpwJ. nghpa ,e;j pa thd;topr; Nritia 1986-Mk;
JiwKfq;fs; midj;Jk; kj;j pa murpd; Mz;L tiu Nkw;nfhz;L te;j d. gpd;dh;
fl;Lg;ghl;bys;s JiwKf nghWg;Gf; jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifapdhy; gy
fofj;j hy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. eLj;j u jdpahh; thd; top epWtdq;fSk; ,jpy;
kw;Wk; rpwpa Jiwkfq;fs; khepy; murhy; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.
eph;thfpf;fg;gLfpwd;wd.
2007-Mk; Mz;L ,e;j pa muR Vh;
Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;j pah kw;Wk; ,e;j pad; Vh;iyd;];
nghpa JiwKfq;fs; fz;l;yh> Kk;ig> epWtdq;fis xd;wpizj;J Ne\dy;
[t`h;yhy; NeU> kh;kNfhth> GJ kq;f@h; VgpNa\d; fhh;g;gNu\d; Mg; ,e;j pah
kw;Wk; nfhr;rp MfpadthFk;. Fpof;F ypkpnll; vd;w ngahpy; cUthdJ. ,e;j pa
flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s nghpa tpkhd epiya nghWg;G Mizak; (Airport
JiwKfq;fs; J}j;Jf;F b> nrd;id> Authority of Inida) 1995-,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
vz;Z}h;> tprhfg;gl;bdk;> gpujPg;> `hy;j pah
kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;j h Mfpait. jfty; njhlh;G
,e;j pa fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypy; mQ;r y; Nrit:
Mrpahtpy; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;j pYk;> cyfpy; 16 -
MtJ ,lj;ijAk; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j pahtpy; ,e;j pa mQ;ry; Nrit 1857 Mk;
ehd;F Kf;fpa fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsq;fs; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;W cyfpy;
cs;sd. kfg;nghpa tiyg;gpd;dyhf cUthfpAs;sJ.

mitahtd: thndhyp:

1. ,e;J];j hd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk;- ,e;j pahtpy; 1927 Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
tprhfg;gl;bdk; thndhyp xypgug;gl;lJ. 1936 Mk; Mz;L
2. fhh;ld; hPr; njhopw;rhiy-nfhy;f;j h |mfpy ,e;j pa thndhyp| vdg; ngah; khw;w k;
3. Nkrfhd;lhf;- Kk;ig nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1957 Kjy; Mfhrthzp
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

25