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School of Engineering
LAB MANUAL: BE- 204
Subject BE 204
Code:
Semes
ter: I st
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
Aim: To perform a chain survey in the field and prepare a survey Drawing using Ranging
process and offsetting.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
i) Chain
ii) Tape
iii) Arrows
iv) Ranging Rods
v) Plumb bob
vi) Pegs
vii) Hammer
viii) Field book, Pencil, Eraser, Scale etc.
THEORY:
Chain survey is the most common survey usually done in all the engineering
projects for the preparation of the plans. In this only linear measurements are taken in the field
and no angular measurements are to be taken. Chain is the main instruments of the linear
distances and hence it is known as chain survey.
PRINCIPLE:-
The principle of chain surveying is Triangulation. Triangulation means to
provide a frame work consisting of number of connected triangles .Triangle is the only simple
figure that can be plotted from lengths of the sides measured in the field .All triangles should be
well conditioned.
PROCEDURE:-
First of all fix a point on ground. Fix a wooden peg there so that the peg
remains nearly 15 cm above the ground surface. Mark this point in the field
book as point A locate this point by measuring the distance of this point
in reference to nearby permanent objects .Sketch out these points in the
field book and write down their respective distances in the field book.
1) Fix a Ranging rod in the direction of proposed alignment some distance
apart so that ranging rod is clearly visible.
2) Now spred out the chain in the direction of ranging rod already fixed.
Keeping handle of one end of chain at point A. Make chain straight a in
ranging with the ranging rod. Fix a arrow at the other end of the chain .Note
down the distance of surrounding objects on either sides of the chain line
with the help of tape by drawing offsets and note the distances in field book
by drawing sketches of the objects with appropriate name of the objects.
Fix the peg at the other end of the
chain .Number this peg at one chain or 20/30m.
Carry on this survey in the forward direction
till you reach to ranging rod already fixed by you.
RESULTS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Ranging rod should be held /erected vertical.
2)
3)
4) Hand signals by main surveyor should be clear.
5) Assistant or surveyor should move according to the hand signals hold the
ranging rod vertically from side. Small flag or handkerchief can be used
very long distances.
Gunters Chain
Number Of Pg No.
Department : Experiments
Civil Engineering Code: BE - No. : 2 Roll
204 No.
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
Aim:
To perform traverse surveying with prismatic compass, check for Local attraction and
determine corrected bearings.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Prismatic Compass with stand
2. Plumb bob
3. Arrows
4. Ranging Rod
5. Tape
6. Field book
THEORY:
The branch of surveying in which the directions of survey lines are determined by compass and
length is measured directly on the ground by taping is called compass survey.
BEARING: It is the horizontal angle between the reference meridian and survey line
through one of the extremities of the survey line
PROCEDURE:
1) Fix the closed traverse ABCD on ground by fixing ranging rods.
2) Set up the compass at the station A.
3) Complete the temporary adjustments.
4) Sight the object at B and note down the F.B. of line AB and measure the
distance.
5) Sight of objects at D and note down the B.B. of DA.
6) Sight the instrument to station B performs all the temporary adjustments.
7) Sight the object at A and the B.B. of AB.
8) Take F.B. of BC and measure the length of BC.
9) Check whether the difference of F.B. and B.B is 180 or not,at all stations
10)
11)
12) if not,than find corrected bearing and local attraction.
13) Continue the same process all at other stations.
14) Plot the traverse from noted length and F.B.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULTS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Check the prismatic compass before use for vertical threads, magnetic needle and free
movement of graduated ring assembly extra.
2) Do the centering carefully and check it before next step is carried out.
3) Use small spherical stone to check the centering and allow it to fall freely from highest
point possible, just below the compass/tripod.
4) Secure the tripod legs firmly into the ground before centering.
5) Do not hold tripod legs while bisecting and taking readings etc.
hQUESTIONAIRE:
1. Draw neat and clean sketch of prismatic compass.
2. Write difference between prismatic and surveyor compass.
Number Of Pg No.
Department : Experiments
Civil Engineering Code: BE - No. : 3 Roll
204 No.
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
AIM: To perform leveling exercise by height of instrument of Rise and fall method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Dumpy leve
2. Auto level
3. Levelling staff
4. Field book
THEORY:
Two methods are in general use; the "rise and fall" method and the "height of collimation"
method. The latter reduce levels relative to the instrument height. As it has inferior in-built
checks kit should not be used and will not be covered here. The "rise and fall" methods shall be
used for reduction of all site leveling. Reduction shall be carried out on site before packing up to
ensure that the leveling has been done correctly.
Leveling:
The process of finding the elevation at a specified location relative to another known elevation.
Benchmark and its types: A permanent object that has a known elevation
B.S. Back sights are used to establish the height of instrument.
F.S. Foresights are used to establish the elevation at another location, often a turning point.
I.S. The hreading on the rod when held at a location where the elevation is to be determined but
not used as a turning point.
PROCE
D
DURE:
1. Fix the dumpy level on tripod and do all the temporary Adjustment.
CALCULATION:
Solve above problem by both methods.
Height of instrument method-(HI)
RL = HI-FS
HI=RL+BS
Arithmetic Check: BS-FS=Last RL First RL
Rise and fall method:
Arithmetic Check: BS-FS=Last RL First RL= Rise - Fall
RESULTS:
k
PRECAUTIONS
1) Careful work is necessary for good leveling.
2) It is necessary that the instrument should be kept in good adjustment and always care
should be taken to see that the bubble is in the centre of its run when sides are taken to a
bench mark are a change point.
3) If the lengths of the B.S. and F.S. distances are kept nearly equal the effects of
collimation error, curvature of the earth and refraction will tend to neutralize.
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. Define BS, IS, FS, HI and RL.
Number Of Pg No.
Department : Experiments
Civil Engineering Code:BE - No. : 4 Roll
204 No.
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
AIM:
To determine
THEORY:
(A) Standard consistency:
The object of this test is to know the amount of water to be added to the cement to get a paste of
normal consistency, i.e., the paste of a certain standard solidity, which is used to fix the quantity
of water to be mixed in cement before performing tests for setting time, soundness &
compressive strength.
When water is mixed with cement to form a paste, reactions take place. In the pure form, the
finely ground cement extremely sensitive to water. Out of the three main compounds, Viz.
C3A,C3S & C2S, C3A reacts quickly with water to form a jelly like compound which starts
solidifying. The action of changing from a liquid state to a solid state is called setting.
The time when water is added to the cement & the time at which needle of 1mm square fails to
pierce the test block to a depth of about 5mm from the bottom of the mould.
Final setting time is the period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and
the time at which needle of 1mm diameter attachment makes an impression on the test block.
PROCEDURE
For standard consistency
1. For preparing 1 mould take 300 gm of cement passing through 850 micron sieve and
prepare a paste of cement with a weighed quantity of water (84ml ) taking care that the
time of gauging is between 3-5 min. the gauging time is counted from the time of adding
of water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould.
2. Fill the vicat mould resting upon non porous plate with this paste. After completely filling
the mould, smooth of the surface of the paste by single movement of the palm making it
level with the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel air.
3. Place the test block in the mould with non porous resting plate under the rod attached
with the plunger A. lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and
release it quickly. Allowing it to sink into the paste
4. Prepare the trial paste with varying % of water and test as described above until the
amount of water necessary for the standard consistency as defined is obtained.
Note: Varying percentage of water firstly 4%, that is 24%, 28% & 32% and then at an interval of
1% and 0.25% between the percentage range determined by the previous test.
khhnasz
1. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging with 0.85 P water , where P = standard
aaaconsistency as found before . The gauging time again kept between 3 to 5 min start
the stopwatch at the instant when the water is added to the cement.
2. Fill the vicat mould and smooth off the surface of the test paste marking it level with
the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is know as test block.
3. For the determination of initial setting time,place the test block confined in the mould
and resting on non porous plates under the rod attached with the needle B, lower the
needle gently in contact with the surface of the rest block and release quickly,
nAllowing it to penetrate into the test block.
4. Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5mm measured
from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsed between the time when water is
added to the cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the test block by
5mm is the initial setting time.
5. For determination of final setting time replace the needle B of the Vicat apparatus by
the needle with an annular attachment C.The cement is considered finally set when,
upon applying the needle C gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an
impression there on , while the attachment fails to do so. In the event of scum forming
on the determination of final setting
OBSERVATIONS:
For standard Consistency
Mass of cement taken for 1 mould =.
1 Percentage of water
2 Initial Reading
3 Final Reading
1 Time in min
2 Initial Reading
3 Final Reading
4 Height not
penetrate,mm
RESULTS:
PRECAUTION:
Basic Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Code of exp.BE 204
Created by: Mr. Nitesh Patidar Approved by: HOD- CE
Sanghvi Institute of Management & Science, Indore
Number Of Pg No. 1/3
Department : Experiments
Civil Engineering Code:BE - No. : 5 Roll
204 No.
APPARATUS:
Iron pan
Weighing machine
spatula
Trowel
Slump cone apparatus
Tamping rodu
Graduated cylkninder
THEORY:
Unsupported fresh concrete, flows to the sides and sinking in height takes Place. This vertical
settlement is known as slump. Slump increases as the water-content increased. For different
works different values of slump is recommended.
Slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability of cement concrete. It gives
an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used for different works.
PROCEDURE
1. Mix the dry constituent thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add Water.
2. Place the mixed concrete in the cleaned slump cone mould in the 3 Layers. Each of
approximately of the height of the mould. Tamp Each layer 25 times with tamping rod
distributing the strokes in a Uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould. For the
second And subsequenht layers the tamping rod should penetrate into the Underlying layer.
3. Strike off the top with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mould is Exactly filled.
4. Remove the cone immediately, raising it slowly & carefully in the Vertical direction.
5. As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the Subsidence of concrete in
mm which will give the slump.
Note:Any slump specimen which collapse or shears off laterally gives Incorrect result and if
this occurs the test ism repeated, only true slump Should be measured.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULTS:
PRECAUTIONS:
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. What do you mean by Workability & Consistency of the freshly mixed concrete?
2. What are Segregation & Bleeding?
3. On what factor segregation depends.
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
THE
ORY: It is a usual practice to use bricks of known crushing strength .As the masonry walls
have to bear certain loads, hence it is of almost importance to known as to what maximum load
the bricks can take up without getting crushed, (adopting a suitable factor of safety).Thus
specimens of all the bricks to be used in brick masonry works are subjected to crushing strength
test in a compression testing machine.
The frog is provided in bricks for proper bonding. The bricks are placed in various courses
in masonry work with frog on upside except in the top most course.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE
1. Take the give sample of bricks for which % of water absorption test has already been
Conducted.
2. Fill the frogs with 1:3 cement mortar flush with brick surface.
3. Keep these bricks wet for 24 hrs. by covering them in wet gunny bags and then Immerse
thhem in water of 2days more.
4. After lapse of 3days from the date of filling up of frogs, take the bricks out of water & Wipe
off the moisture appearing on the surface.
5. Measuring mean length &width by taking 3 measurements one each side
yk& bottom total 12 measurements.
6. Calculate mean area of each brick.
.,
7. Keeping sample brick between two plywood sieces, place it between the loading plateForm of
chompression testing machine.
8. Apply load on the brick at a uniform rate of 140kg/sq.cm till the specimen fails.
9. Calculate compressive strength (at crushing) by dividing the load applied at the crushing Brick
by the area of the bed surface of the brick.
10. Repeat steps (5),(6)&(7) for other samples of bricks and enter observations for all the
Specimen tested in the prescribed side.
11. An average value of compressive strength (crushing strength) for 5 specimen bricks should
be considered.
OBSERVATIONS:
1.
2.
Compressive Strength =
RESULT:
PRECAUTION:
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. Why frog is provided in bricks?
Basic Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Code of exp.BE 204
Created by: Mr. Nitesh Patidar Approved by: HOD- CE
Cross Grade Ex VG G Fr M F
c Signature
AIM:
To verify the law of parallelogram of forces.
REQUIREMENTS:
Law of parallelogram of forces state that If two forces acting at a point be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
point.
R= P+Q+2PQCOS x
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the white sheet of paper on the board with the help of drawing pins.
2. Attach the scale pans on two ends of a string and place this string on the two pulleys
provided at the corners.
3. At the midpoint of this strings attach another string. Attach third pan at the free end of this
string and allow it to hang.
4. Put weight in the pans and bring these in equilibrium position.
5. hMark the point on the white sheet by using mirror strip. Put the mirror strip under the
string and see image of the string and mark point exactly in the same direction.
6. Remove the white sheet and draw three lines with the help of the point marked. These three
lines will meet at a point.
7. Draw two lines selecting a suitable scale form loads on the sheet and complete
parallelogram. Measure angle between the lines.
8. Measure the diagonal of the parallelogram. This will be equal to the third force, for
verification of law.
9. Repeat the procedure three times by changing the weights.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Weight
(in
grams)
J
CALCULATIONS:
(a) Draw space diagram and vector diagram for each set of observations.
(b) Compile the value of resultant and compare it with the experiment value for each set of
observations.
(c) Calculate the percentage error by using the following formulas.
Where P, Q & R are weights in pans.
RESULT:
PRmfECAUTIONS:
AIM:
REQUIREMENT:
a. Universal force table
b. Weight
c. Weight hanger
THEORY:
The law of polygon of force states If a number of coplanar forces are represented in
magnitude and direction by the sides of an open polygon, taken in order, their resultant is
represented by the closing side of the polygon, taken in the opposite order.
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATIONS:
1. Draw the space diagram and corresponding vector diagram for each set
Of observations.
2. If the polygon is not closing, compute the % of error for each set of
Reading.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Mark the directions of the forces only after the system has come to rest.
2. Measure the angles carefully.
3. Weights should be hung gently, without any jerk.
4. For equilibrium position the ring should be at center.
5. Strings should be light and inextensible
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. What is the difference between force polygon and funicular polygon?
2. What are the analytical and graphical conditions of equilibrium of a
Rigid body?
3. What is the free body diagram? Draw the FBD for a closed ring?
4. What are equilibrant and resultant?
AIM:
To find out bending moment at the section of beam and verify it.
REQUIREMENT:
1. Bending moment apparatus,
2. Weights,
3. Meter scale.
THEORY:
Bending moment apparatus consists of simply supported wooden beam AB of length(l) and
supported at the ends with hinge at a point O distance d1 from the left end. The hinge is
countered balanced supported by spring balanced at vertical distance (y). Bending moment
apparatu;jhfs is analogous to a simply supported beam AB with hinge at the point O .
Bending moment M1 at O can be calculated by finding out RA &RB then bending moment
M1. As there is hinge at O and moment at hinge is always zero, the beam can collapse at O.
The beam is supported & counter balanced by moment M2.the bending moment at any
section of beam is algebraic summation of moments of all the forces on left of right hand side
of the sectionn.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the lengths d1 and d2 and the span of the beam and vertical distance y.
2. Check tmhe horizontally of the beam with spirit level.
3. Note down the initial reading of string balanced at the condition of no load (S1).
4. Place the loads W1 and W2 of known magnitude and measures their positions X1 and
X2.
5. Note down the final reading of spring balance.
6. Repeat the above steps by varying magnitude and position of loads.
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Span of the beam should be measured between the centers of the supports
2. Ensure horizontality of the beam with spirit level before taking the reading.
3. Take zero reading of the spring.
4. Place the loads gently without jerk.
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. What is beam, and classify beams on the basis of various support conditions?
2. State different systems of loading?
3. What is shear force and bending moment?
4. What is the relation between Shear force and bending moment?
5. What is the pure bending?
6. What is point of contraflexture or point of inflexion?
7. What is the effect of hinge on SF & BM?
AIM:
REQUIREMENT:
THEORY:
The parallel force apparatus consists of a graduated beam supported on two compression
balance springs and beam has equidistant grooves across its lengths. Stirrups with hooks and
knife-edges can be suspended in the grooves. Load is applied through these hooks.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the initial readings of the spring balanced at both ends in order to determine
the weights of the beam.
2. Place the weight hangers in desired grooves and suspends two known weights W1 and
W2 to the jhooks of these weight hangers.
3. Note down the final readings of the spring balances. Also note down the distances of
weights from one end of the beam.
4. Repeat the experiment at least six times by changing the weights in different positions.
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
QUESTIONAIRE:
1. What is the parallel force?
2. What is simply supported beam? Draw its diagram?
Number Of
Experiments
Civil Engineering