CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

1. CHANGES IN MATTER

1. Matter is living and non living things that have mass and fill space.
2. Matter differs in physical characteristics such as shape, colour and hardness.
3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles in constant and random motion.
4. The Kinetic Theory of Matter.
The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energy
The motion is called particles kinetic energy and this theory of matter states that:
Matter consists of fine and discrete particles
Particles always move, vibrate and rotate randomly.
The temperature of matter increases as the particles kinetic energy increases
5. All matter exists in one of the three states:
Solid Liquid Gas
Diagram
of particles

Arrangement Particles are packed
of particles together in a regular pattern
The particles vibrate from
Movement of
side to side and spin around
particles
their fixed position
Particles are not packed
closely in regular pattern.
Particles move freely
Particles are also held
together by a strong
attractive forces
Particles are widely
space
Move freely in all
direction at high speeds

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

i) MELTING POINT is a temperature where a solid turns into a liquid
The melting point of ice is 00C
When a liquid is heated the particles given more energy and they start to move faster and
further apart. At certain temperature the particles break free of one another and the liquid turns
into steam
ii) BOILING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas
The boiling point of water is 1000C
A liquid can turn into gas even at low temperature. It only occurs at the surface of a liquid.
This process is called evaporation. Some substance go directs from solid state to gaseous
This process is called sublimation.
If a gas loses their kinetic energy, the gas turns into water.
Condensation is a process when a gas turns into liquid.
iii) FREEZING is a process when a liquid turns into a solid.
Examples.
melting boiling
Ice Water Gas

freezing condensation

2. ATOM STRUCTURE

Particle Symbol Position Electrical charge Relative mass

Proton p Inside the nucleus Positive 1
Neutron n Inside the nucleus Neutral 1
Electron e Outside the nucleus Negative 1/1840

Key
electron

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 proton

neutron

3. PROTON NUMBER, NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOM

i) Proton number
Each atom of the same element has certain number of proton, neutron and electron
Therefore the chemical and physical properties of element are different
This difference in proton number caused the atom from different element behave differently .
The number of protons in an atom is called the proton number
All atom of the same element have the same proton number
The mass of an atom depends on the number of proton and neutrons it contains
ii) Nucleon number
The total number of proton and neutron in an atom shell is called then nucleon number.
The number of nucleon number of proton + number of neutron
An atom is electrically neutral hence the number of electron is equal to the number of
proton.
iii) Isotopes
The differences of nucleon number in the same elements are called isotopes
Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have the
same number of proton
The isotopes have the same chemical properties but differences in physical properties
Hydrogen isotopes (Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3) have slightly different boiling
point.
Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

Proton 1 1 1
Electron 1 1 1
Neutron 0 1 2
Proton number 1 1 1
Nucleon number 1 2 3
Physical properties different
Chemical properties same

4. THE PERIODIC TABLE

The Periodic Table is a longitunal grid of every element that exist.
Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number.

Nucleon number 14
Proton number
7
N Symbol

Nitrogen Name of element

The elements
Group are arranged in order of increasing proton number.
The A row Table.
proton number increases from lef to right across thePeriodic
IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII1HHe2LiBeBCNOFNe34567
of elements in Periodic Table
is called period and numbered
1,2,3,4,5,6,and 7..
Period The first element is very reactive
solid and the last element is a non-
reactive gas
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There are 8 columns in the Periodic
51
Table. The column in Periodic Table
is called group and numbered I,II
,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII
 5.
5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES

Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions

Atoms Molecules Ions
Formed when two or more This chemical particles are
An atom is the : atom are combined called ions
Solid particle of an chemically Particles with opposite charges
element that can take Usually a molecule made
attract by strong electrostatic
part in a chemical of metal and non-metal
forces between them
change. atoms that are bound by a
chemical bond. Metals have a tendency of lack
Neutral particles electrons to become positive
Two types of molecules:
Metal are made of Molecule of element is a ions.
atom particles that are molecule made up of the Non-metals have a tendency
arranged closely by same atom to give electrons to become
strong attractive forces negative ions
Eg. copper contains Most ionic compounds are
only copper atom. Molecule of compound a made up of metal ion and non-
molecule that made up metal ions.
of different atoms
Na+aaa Cl-
a+
A sodium chloride compound is made
of a sodium ion and chloride ion
Physical properties of substances
PHYSICAL Substance made of
PROPERTIES ATOM MOLECULE ION
Solid (for all metal
Physical state at
except mercury) Solid, liquid or gas Solid
room temperature
Gas (For noble gases)
Melting point /
High for metal Low High
Boiling point
All metal are good Conduct electricity
Electrical Do not conduct
conductivity of when molten state or
conductivity electricity
electricity dissolved in water
Weak Van der Waals Strong electrostatic
Attraction forces Strong metallic bond
forces forces

6. METALS AND NON-METALS

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1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals

Physical properties Metals Non-metals

Surface Shiny Dull
Ductility Ductile Non-ductile
Malleability malleable Brittle
Electrical conductivity Good electric conductor Poor conductor
Thermal conductivity Good thermal conductor Poor thermal conductor
Tensile strength Very strong Weak

2. The uses of metal and non metal

Name Physical characteristics Uses

Gold Shiny surface
Jewellery
Silver Can withstand corrosion
Ductile Gas and water piping
Copper Malleable Copper tooling and statue
Good conductor of electricity Electrical wires
Light and strong In making the bodies of aeroplane
Aluminium Good conductor of electricity Cooking utensil and electrical cables
Malleable Used as cans for drinks and food
Ductile To make engine parts o the car
Iron
Malleable Used in construction industry
Carbon exists in two forms:
As jewellery
Carbon i) Diamond
Used as lead in making pencils
ii) Graphite
Noble gas Neon and argon are not reactive Used in lights bulbs
Sulphur Yellow in colour and burns easily Used in manufacturing car batteries

7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

Solutions are i) Dissolving a solid into a liquid eg. Dissolve sugar into water
1. made by: ii) Dissolving a liquid into a liquid eg Dissolve alcohol into water
Pure substances are substances that contains only one type of
What is pure substance.
2.
substance? They do not have other substances eg sugar contains only sugar
molecules.
Characteristics of Pure substances have fixed boiling point and melting point. Eg. Pure
3.
Pure Substances water boils at 100 C and pure ice melts at 0 C
Method of
4. i) Filtration ii) Crystallisation iii) Distillation
purification

5. i) Filtration - The process to separate solid from solution

ii) Crystallisation - The process of forming crystal from liquid or gas
iii) Distillation - The process to obtain a pure substance from a mixture of solution
1. The liquid mixture is heated until the required substance boils and turns into vapour
2. The vapour cools down and condenses into a pure liquid
iv) Fractional distillation
Two or more liquids can mix together to form a solution
This solution can be separated by fractional distillation
This is done by using fractional distillation
A fractionating column separate liquids in the order of boiling points.
The liquid with the lowest boiling point is obtained first

PAPER 1

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1. The diagram shows a change in the state of matter.

X Y

The state of X and Y are

X Y
A Solid Gas
B Solid Liquid
C Liquid Gas
D Liquid Liquid

2. The diagram shows the changes in the three state of matter.

Solid

S P Q T

R
Liquid Gas
U

In which processes is heat absorbed from the surrounding?

A. P,Q,U
B. Q,R,S
C. R,S,T
D. S,T,P

3. The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in three state of matter.

What is process E?

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 A Boiling
B Melting
C Freezing
D Condensation

4. Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?

A Ice
B Water
C Steam
D Vapour

5. What happen to the temperature when ice melts?

A Vary
B Increase
C Decrease
D Remain constant

6. Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature when
water is heated until it boils?

A Temperature (C) C Temperature (C)

A

Time Time

Temperature (C) Temperature (C)

B
D

Time Time

7. Which of the following particle and charge is correctly matched?

Subatomic Particle Charge

A Proton Positive
B Neutron Negative
C Electron Positive
D Neutron Negative

8. Which of the following statements is true about isotopes?

A Different chemical characteristics

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 B Different in proton and neutron number
C Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
D Same number of neutrons but different number of protons

9. The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O.

Element Proton Number Nucleon Number

L 5 11
M 6 12
N 6 14
O 7 14

Which elements are isotopes?

A L and M
B M and N
C N and O
D L and O

10. What is the basic of the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?

A Proton number
B Neutron number
C Electron number
D Nucleon number

11. The diagram below shows an element Z

16

8
Which of the following is true about Z?

A It has 16 protons
B It has 8 neutrons
C The nucleon number is 8
D The number of electron is 16

12. What is the melting point of pure water?

A -5C
B 0C
C 100C
D 107C
13. What is the characteristic of a molecular substance?

A High melting point

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 B Good conductor of heat
C Good conductor of electricity
D The attractive forces are weak

14. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Substances Particles
A Chlorine atoms
B Carbon dioxide atoms
C Sodium chloride molecules
D Lead bromide ions

15. The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it.
Force

Atoms in metal The atom layers

slides on each other

What is the property of metal involved in the diagram?

A Solid
B Shiny
C Ductile
D Malleable

16. Isotope X has 17 proton number and 37 nucleon number.How many

protons and neutrons does it have?

Protons Neutrons
A 17 17
B 17 37
C 17 20
D 18 17

17. Which of the following processes represent melting?

A B

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 Solid Liquid Gas

C D

18. Which of the following subatomic particles have charges?

A Electrons only
B Neutrons and protons
C Electrons and protons
D Electrons and neutrons

19. The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which is an electron?

A
C

B D

20. Which of the following particle is positively charge?

Particle Proton number Electron number

A L 3 2
B M 6 6
C N 9 10
D O 17 18

21. Which of the following is the characteristic of a metal?

A Low melting point

B Have a dull surface
C Bad conductor of heat
D Good conductor of electricity

22. Which of the following group in the Periodic Table is named correctly?

Group Name
A I Halogens
B II Alkali earth metals
C III Alkali metals
D IV Noble gases

23. Which of the following comparisons between metals and non-metals is true?

Metals Non-metals
A Shiny surface Dull surface
B Low melting point High melting point

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 C Not malleable Malleable
D Not ductile Ductile

24. The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances
S,T,U and V.

Substances Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)

S 115 445
T -39 357
U -113 -30
V 78 216

Which substances are in the solid state at room temperature?

A S and T C S and V
B T and U D U and S

25. Which of the following A, B, C and D represents gas particles?

A B

C D

26. Which of the following non-metal can conduct electricity?

A Helium C Carbon
B Sulphur D Oxygen

27. Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open.
What is the name of the process?

A Melting C Condensation
B Sublimation D Evaporation

28. Why is it difficult to compress a solid?

A Solid particles are far apart

B Solid particles are very big
C Solid particles are closely arranged
D Solid particles are held together by a strong force
29. Which of the following is correct about pure water?

Boiling points (C) Melting points (C)

A 0 0
B 100 0

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 C 0 100
D 100 100

30. Which of the following is the physical properties of a non-metal?

A Have shiny surface

B Electrical conductors
C Poor thermal conductor
D Are closely packed particles

31. The diagram shows the structure of two particles L and M.

L M

3p 3p
3n 4n

Which of the following is correct about L and M?

A They are molecules

B Ions with same charge
C Ions with different charge
D Atoms of the same elements.

32. The diagram below shows an atom A.

7
A
3

How many electrons are present in an atom A?

A. 3 C. 7
B. 4 D. 10

33. The diagram shows a simple Periodic Table.

S
P
Q
R

Which element represents a metal?

A. P C. R
B. Q D. S

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34. Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol?

A. Evaporation
B. Sublimation
C. Simple distillation
D. Fractional distillation

35. Which of the following elements are non-metals?

A. Copper, iron, gold

B. Copper, carbon, gold
C. Zinc chlorine, sulphur
D. Carbon, chlorine, sulphur

36. Which of the following is a common use of non-metal?

A. To make the blade of knives

B. For making the bodies of car
C. In the production of telephone wire
D. To insulate the handle of cooking pans

37. The boiling point of pure water is 100C. When salt dissolved in it, what is the
effect on its boiling points?

A. The boiling point will decrease

B. There is no effect on the boiling point
C. The boiling point will be higher than 100C
D. The boiling point will increase and then decrease

38. What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution?

A. Filtrate the solution

B. Evaporate the solution
C. Distill the solution in flask
D. Put the solution in freeze

39. Which of the following pair is correct?

Process Energy
A. Freezing Released
B. Boiling Released
C. Condensation Absorbed
D. Evaporation Released

40. Which of the following atoms X,Y,Z have 2 neutrons.

Atoms Proton number Nucleon number

X 3 7
Y 4 6
Z 6 8
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 A. X,Y and Z C. Y and Z only
B. X and Y only D. X and Z only

41. The diagram shows elements P and Q in a Periodic Table.

What is the similarity between P and Q?

A. Nucleon number C. Chemical properties

B. Proton number D. Physical properties

42. The diagram shows some physical properties of substances L, M and N.

Properties Substances L Substances M Substances N

Physical state at room
Gas Solid Gas
temperature
Boiling point Low High Low
Attraction force Low Strong Low

What are L, M and N?

L M N
A. Ammonia Oxygen Iron
B. Iron Oxygen Ammonia
C. Oxygen Ammonia Iron
D. Ammonia Iron Oxygen

43. The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.

What happened during the process?

A. Heat is being absorbed

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 B. The particles move slower
C. The particles move closer apart
D. Kinetic energy of particles decrease

44. Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of crude oil.
Why can we use that process?

A. Crude oil is not reactive

B. The size of the components are different
C. The kinetic energy of components are different
D. The boiling points of the components are different

45. Which of the following is true about impure substance.

A. It has a fixed boiling point

B It has a fixed melting point
C It consists of one substance
D It consists of more than one substance

46. A substance P boils at 105C. What is P ?

A. Alcohol
B. Pure water
C. Naphthalene
D. Sugar solution

47. Which of the following object is made of metal?

A. Glass cutter
B. Electric cable
C. Casing for telephone
D. Insulator of electric wire

PAPER 2

SECTION A

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1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of atomic
substance, ionic substance and molecular substance.

A Switch

Cardboard
Carbon rod
Substance

Bunsen burner

Diagram 1
The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1

Ammeters reading /A
Type of substance
Solid state Melting state
Lead powder 1.5 1.2

Sulphur powder 0.0 0.0

Lead(II) bromide powder 0.0 1.8

Table 1
(a) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable:

[ 1 mark]
ii) Responding variable:

[ 1 mark]
iii) Constant variable:

[ 1 mark]

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 (b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.
..
..
..
[ 1 mark]
Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class.

Atomic substance Ionic substance Molecular substance

[ 2 marks]

2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to obtain pure water from salt water.

Thermometer

Leibig condenser
Salt water

Distillate

Diagram 2

(a) State the variables in this experiment.

i. Manipulated variable:

[ 1 mark]
ii. Responding variable:

[ 1 mark]

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 (b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

..
[ 1 mark]

(c) The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference?

..............................

.............................
[ 1 mark]

(d) What is the change of state in the Leibig condenser?

..............................
[ 1 mark]
(e) What is the name of the process in Diagram 2?

..........................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]

SECTION B

1. Diagram 3 shows the Periodic Table with some elements denoted by

letters P,R,S and T.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

P F
R

T S

Diagram 3

a) . What is the name of the

i) Vertical column : .
[ 1 mark]
ii) Horizontal row : ..
[ 1 mark]

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 b) What property changes from P to R?

.
[ 1 mark]
c) Give one physical property of S.

.
[ 1 mark]
d) What is the name of the group where T belongs?

.
[ 1 mark]
e) What is the proton number of R?

..
[ 1 mark]
f) What is the electron number of P?

..

4. Table 3 below shows the number of protons, neutrons and nucleon

number of particles A,B,C and D.

Particle Number of protons Number of neutrons Nucleon number

A 11 12
B 17 35
C 20 37
D 20 22

Table 3
a) Complete the table above
[2 mark]
b) i) Which pair of particles are isotope?

..
[1 mark]
ii) Give your reason for the answer in b) i)

..

..
[1 mark]

c) Particle A is a neutral atom. How many electrons does A have?

..
[1 mark]

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 SECTION C

1. Study the statement below carefully.

Molecular substances are not conduct electricity in all state

Atomic substances are good electric conductor

You are given a copper metal, a sulphur roll, connecting wire ,switch and
ammeter.

(a) Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement. (1 mark)

(b) Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following.
(i) Aim of experiment (1 mark)
(ii) Variables (2 marks)
(iii) List of apparatus (1 mark)
(iv) Method (4 marks)
(v) Tabulation of data (1 mark)

2. a) Give five differences between metal and non-metal (4 marks)

b) Diagram 4 shows three substances.

Bromine Sulphur Iodine

Substance

DIAGRAM 4

You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answer should

be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal.

Develop an initial concept of a non-metal.
Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal.
Give reason for each example.
Build the real concept of a non-metal. (6 marks)

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